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identification of two small regulatory rnas linked to virulence in brucella abortus 2308.hfq is an rna-binding protein that functions in post-transcriptional gene regulation by mediating interactions between mrnas and small regulatory rnas (srnas). two proteins encoded by bab1_1794 and bab2_0612 are highly over-produced in a brucella abortus hfq mutant compared with the parental strain, and recently, expression of orthologues of these proteins in agrobacterium tumefaciens was shown to be regulated by two srnas, called abcr1 and abcr2. orthologous srnas (likewise designated abcr1 and ...201222690807
polar growth in the alphaproteobacterial order rhizobiales.elongation of many rod-shaped bacteria occurs by peptidoglycan synthesis at discrete foci along the sidewall of the cells. however, within the rhizobiales, there are many budding bacteria, in which new cell growth is constrained to a specific region. the phylogeny of the rhizobiales indicates that this mode of zonal growth may be ancestral. we demonstrate that the rod-shaped bacterium agrobacterium tumefaciens grows unidirectionally from the new pole generated after cell division and has an atyp ...201222307633
long chain n-acyl homoserine lactone production by enterobacter sp. isolated from human tongue surfaces.we report the isolation of n-acyl homoserine lactone-producing enterobacter sp. isolate t1-1 from the posterior dorsal surfaces of the tongue of a healthy individual. spent supernatants extract from enterobacter sp. isolate t1-1 activated the biosensor agrobacterium tumefaciens ntl4(pzlr4), suggesting production of long chain ahls by these isolates. high resolution mass spectrometry analysis of these extracts confirmed that enterobacter sp. isolate t1-1 produced a long chain n-acyl homoserine la ...201223202161
metabolic modeling of denitrification in agrobacterium tumefaciens: a tool to study inhibiting and activating compounds for the denitrification pathway.a metabolic network model for facultative denitrification was developed based on experimental data obtained with agrobacterium tumefaciens. the model includes kinetic regulation at the enzyme level and transcription regulation at the enzyme synthesis level. the objective of this work was to study the key factors regulating the metabolic response of the denitrification pathway to transition from oxic to anoxic respiration and to find parameter values for the biological processes that were modeled ...201223087683
characterization of a novel agrobacterium tumefaciens galactarolactone cycloisomerase enzyme for direct conversion of d-galactarolactone to 3-deoxy-2-keto-l-threo-hexarate.microorganisms use different pathways for d-galacturonate catabolism. in the known microbial oxidative pathway, d-galacturonate is oxidized to d-galactarolactone, the lactone hydrolyzed to galactarate, which is further converted to 3-deoxy-2-keto-hexarate and α-ketoglutarate. we have shown recently that agrobacterium tumefaciens strain c58 contains an uronate dehydrogenase (at udh) that oxidizes d-galacturonic acid to d-galactarolactone. here we report identification of a novel enzyme from the s ...201222493433
atlast4ss: a curated database for type iv secretion systems.the type iv secretion system (t4ss) can be classified as a large family of macromolecule transporter systems, divided into three recognized sub-families, according to the well-known functions. the major sub-family is the conjugation system, which allows transfer of genetic material, such as a nucleoprotein, via cell contact among bacteria. also, the conjugation system can transfer genetic material from bacteria to eukaryotic cells; such is the case with the t-dna transfer of agrobacterium tumefa ...201222876890
bacteriophytochrome controls carotenoid-independent response to photodynamic stress in a non-photosynthetic rhizobacterium, azospirillum brasilense sp7.ever since the discovery of the role of bacteriophytochrome (bphp) in inducing carotenoid synthesis in deinococcus radiodurans in response to light the role of bphps in other non-photosynthetic bacteria is not clear yet. azospirillum brasilense, a non-photosynthetic rhizobacterium, harbours a pair of bphps out of which abbphp1 is a homolog of atbphp1 of agrobacterium tumefaciens. by overexpression, purification, biochemical and spectral characterization we have shown that abbphp1 is a photochrom ...201223173079
linear chromosome-generating system of agrobacterium tumefaciens c58: protelomerase generates and protects hairpin ends.agrobacterium tumefaciens c58, the pathogenic bacteria that causes crown gall disease in plants, harbors one circular and one linear chromosome and two circular plasmids. the telomeres of its unusual linear chromosome are covalently closed hairpins. the circular and linear chromosomes co-segregate and are stably maintained in the organism. we have determined the sequence of the two ends of the linear chromosome thus completing the previously published genome sequence of a. tumefaciens c58. we fo ...201222582388
surface contact stimulates the just-in-time deployment of bacterial adhesins.the attachment of bacteria to surfaces provides advantages such as increasing nutrient access and resistance to environmental stress. attachment begins with a reversible phase, often mediated by surface structures such as flagella and pili, followed by a transition to irreversible attachment, typically mediated by polysaccharides. here we show that the interplay between pili and flagellum rotation stimulates the rapid transition between reversible and polysaccharide-mediated irreversible attachm ...201222053824
Random insertional mutagenesis in fungal genomes to identify virulence factors.Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) has become an important tool for functional genomics in fungi. ATMT-based approaches such as random insertional mutagenesis and targeted knockout are widely used for gene functional analysis in plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we describe a protocol for the identification of pathogenicity and virulence genes through random insertional mutagenesis using the fungal wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae as an example for the protocol.201222183674
Transient silencing of the grapevine gene VvPGIP1 by agroinfiltration with a construct for RNA interference.Grapevine is an economically important crop, and the recent completion of its genome makes it possible to study the function of specific genes through reverse genetics. However, the analysis of gene function by RNA interference (RNAi) in grapevine is difficult, because the generation of stable transgenic plants has low efficiency and is time consuming. Recently, transient expression of genes in grapevine leaves has been obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration (agroinfiltration). We th ...201221932028
Phosphate-bound structure of an organophosphate-degrading enzyme from Agrobacterium radiobacter.OpdA is a binuclear metalloenzyme that can hydrolyze organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. In this study the crystal structure of the complex between OpdA and phosphate has been determined to 2.20Å resolution. The structure shows the phosphate bound in a tripodal mode to the metal ions whereby two of the oxygen atoms of PO(4) are terminally bound to each metal ion and a third oxygen bridges the two metal ions, thus displacing the µOH in the active site. In silico modelling demonstrates th ...201222112835
brucella abortus efp gene is required for an efficient internalization in hela cells.numerous chromosomal virulence genes (chv) have been shown to play an important role in the ability of agrobacterium tumefaciens to transform plants. the a. tumefaciens chvh gene encodes a protein similar in sequence to the escherichia coli elongation factor p (ef-p). in a. tumefaciens this factor is required for tumor formation and for full expression of the vir genes, exerting its activity at a post-transcriptional level. cross-complementation assays suggest that the chvh gene and the efp gene ...201221983596
Targeted Gene Replacement in Fungal Pathogens via Agrobacterium tumefaciens- Mediated Transformation.Genome sequence data on fungal pathogens provide the opportunity to carry out a reverse genetics approach to uncover gene function. Efficient methods for targeted genome modifications such as knockout and in locus over-expression are in high demand. Here we describe two efficient single-step cloning strategies for construction of vectors for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). Targeted genome modifications require integration by a homologous double crossover event, which is ...201222183645
Reasons for lower transformation efficiency in indica rice using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation: lessons from transformation assays and genome-wide expression profiling.Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation has been routinely used in rice for more than a decade. However, the transformation efficiency of the indica rice variety is still unsatisfactory and much lower than that of japonica cultivars. Further improvement on the transformation efficiency lies in the genetic manipulation of the plant itself, which requires a better understanding of the underlying process accounting for the susceptibility of plant cells to Agrobacterium infection a ...201222089972
mercury-resistant rhizobial bacteria isolated from nodules of leguminous plants growing in high hg-contaminated soils.a survey of symbiotic bacteria from legumes grown in high mercury-contaminated soils (almadén, spain) was performed to produce a collection of rhizobia which could be well adapted to the environmental conditions of this region and be used for restoration practices. nineteen hg-tolerant rhizobia were isolated from nodules of 11 legume species (of the genera medicago, trifolium, vicia, lupinus, phaseolus, and retama) and characterized. based on their growth on hg-supplemented media, the isolates w ...201222246528
agrobacterium tumefaciens membrane-bound ferritin (mbfa) plays a role in protection against hydrogen peroxide toxicity and is negatively regulated by the iron response regulator (irr).an agrobacterium tumefaciens membrane-bound ferritin (mbfa) mutant was generated to assess the physiological functions of mbfa in response to iron and hydrogen peroxide (h(2) o(2) ) stresses. wild-type and the mbfa mutant showed similar growth under high- and low-iron conditions. the mbfa mutant was more sensitive to h(2) o(2) than wild-type. expression of a functional mbfa gene could complement the h(2) o(2) -hypersensitive phenotype of the mbfa mutant and a rhizobial iron regulator (rira) mut ...201222268462
characterization of halomonas sp. h11 α-glucosidase activated by monovalent cations and its application for efficient synthesis of α-d-glucosylglycerol.an α-glucosidase (hag) with the following unique properties was isolated from halomonas sp. h11 strain: 1) high transglucosylation activity; 2) activation by monovalent cations; and 3) very narrow substrate specificity. the molecular mass of the purified hag was estimated at 58 kda by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). hag showed high hydrolytic activities toward maltose, sucrose, and p-nitrophenyl α-d-glucoside (pnpg), but to almost no other disaccharides or m ...201222226947
[genetic transformation of pinellia ternata with agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated shsp genes].to establish an efficient genetic transformation system of pinellia ternata.201223627174
nitrite-mediated synthesis of chiral epichlorohydrin using halohydrin dehalogenase from agrobacterium radiobacter ad1.in the current study, the haloalcohol dehalogenase hhec gene from agrobacterium radiobacter ad1 was synthesized and expressed in escherichia coli. after purification using ni-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography, hhec was used in the synthesis of chiral epichlorohydrin in the presence of no₂⁻. the optimal ph, temperature, and no₂⁻ concentration for enantioselectivity are 5.0, 37°c, and 60 mm, respectively. the maximum velocity and michaelis constant values for (s)-epichlorohydrin are 71 ...201223586826
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation as a tool for insertional mutagenesis in thermophilic fungus thermomyces lanuginosus.to establish a stable transformation system of the thermophilic fungus thermomyces lanuginosus for its insertional mutagenesis.201223457794
optimization of agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of cotyledonary node explants of vigna radiata.a reproducible and highly efficient protocol for genetic transformation mediated by agrobacterium has been established for greengram (vigna radiata l. wilczek). double cotyledonary node (dcn) explants were inoculated with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba 4404 harboring a binary vector pcambia 2301 containing neomycin phosphotransferase (npt ii) gene as selectable marker, β-glucuronidase (gus) as a reporter (uida) gene and annexin 1 bj gene. important parameters like optical density of agroba ...201223420384
stable transformation of suspension-cultured glycyrrhiza inflata batalin cells with agrobacterium tumefaciens.a protocol for the efficient genetic transformation of licorice (glycyrrhiza inflata batalin) cells in suspension culture using agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated t-dna delivery is described. g. inflata cells in suspension culture were infected with a. tumefaciens strain lba4404 harbouring the binary vector pcambia1303, which contains the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene and a hygromycin resistance gene (hpt ii), respectively, under the transcriptional control of the camv35s promoter. opti ...201223413755
soybean genetic transformation: a valuable tool for the functional study of genes and the production of agronomically improved plants.transgenic plants represent an invaluable tool for molecular, genetic, biochemical and physiological studies by gene overexpression or silencing, transposon-based mutagenesis, protein sub-cellular localization and/or promoter characterization as well as a breakthrough for breeding programs, allowing the production of novel and genetically diverse genotypes. however, the stable transformation of soybean cannot yet be considered to be routine because it depends on the ability to combine efficient ...201223412849
[scopolamine and hyoscyamine synthesis in hair roots culture of datura metel].to establish the hair roots culture system of datura metel and study the hair roots growth and biosynthesis of scopolamine and hyoscyamine in hair roots culturing system.201223397717
[construction and pathogenicity tests of a mutated specific fragment scf73 in verticillium dahliae].to identify preliminarily the specific fragment scf73's function in verticillium dahlia virulence.201223383504
[transgenic plant regeneration of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) haboring mammalian cyp2e1 gene].cyp2e1 enzyme encoded by cyp2e1 gene plays an important role in metabolism of heterogeneous organics in mammalian liver cells. the transgenic plant with cyp2e1 can metabolize various low molecular weight organic pollutants. however, it is unclear the mechanism of expression control of cyp2e1 in transgenic plant. in this study, plasmid psld50-6 with cyp2e1 and pkh200 with gus as control were transformed into agrobacterium tumefaciens gv3101 separately. then, the cyp2e1 or gus genes were transferr ...201223311134
rhizobium radiobacter endophthalmitis following intravitreal ranibizumab injection.we present the first reported case of acute endophthalmitis due to rhizobium radiobacter after an intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.201223275789
transcription factor atbzip60 regulates expression of ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase genes in transgenic cells.the arabidopsis thaliana bzip60 (atbzip60) transcription factor regulates stress signaling. however, its molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. in this investigation, cell suspension cultures of two different plant species rice (oryza sativa l.) and white pine (pinus strobes l.) were transformed using agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba4404 harboring pbi-atzip60. integration of the atbzip60 gene into the genome of rice and white pine has been confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), ...201223275191
agrobacterium tumefaciens recognizes its host environment using chve to bind diverse plant sugars as virulence signals.agrobacterium tumefaciens is a broad host range plant pathogen that combinatorially recognizes diverse host molecules including phenolics, low ph, and aldose monosaccharides to activate its pathogenic pathways. chromosomal virulence gene e (chve) encodes a periplasmic-binding protein that binds several neutral sugars and sugar acids, and subsequently interacts with the vira/virg regulatory system to stimulate virulence (vir) gene expression. here, a combination of genetics, x-ray crystallography ...201223267119
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of penicillium expansum pe-12 and its application in molecular breeding.lipase produced by penicillium expansum is widely used in laundry detergent and leather industry; however, the absence of an efficient transformation technology sets a major obstacle for further enhancement of its lipase productivity through advanced gene engineering. in this work, agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) was investigated for p. expansum pe-12 transformation, using hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) as a selectable marker gene. as a result, we revealed that the ...201223265791
involvement of rpon in regulating bacterial arsenite oxidation.in this study with the model organism agrobacterium tumefaciens, we used a combination of lacz gene fusions, reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr), and deletion and insertional inactivation mutations to show unambiguously that the alternative sigma factor rpon participates in the regulation of as(iii) oxidation. a deletion mutation that removed the rpon binding site from the aioba promoter and an aacc3 (gentamicin resistance) cassette insertional inactivation of the rpon coding region eliminated ai ...201222660703
dynamics of seed-borne rice endophytes on early plant growth stages.bacterial endophytes are ubiquitous to virtually all terrestrial plants. with the increasing appreciation of studies that unravel the mutualistic interactions between plant and microbes, we increasingly value the beneficial functions of endophytes that improve plant growth and development. however, still little is known on the source of established endophytes as well as on how plants select specific microbial communities to establish associations. here, we used cultivation-dependent and -indepen ...201222363438
the pepper extracellular xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase inhibitor protein gene, caxegip1, is required for plant cell death and defense responses.plants produce various proteinaceous inhibitors to protect themselves against microbial pathogen attack. a xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase inhibitor1 gene, caxegip1, was isolated and functionally characterized in pepper (capsicum annuum) plants. caxegip1 was rapidly and strongly induced in pepper leaves infected with avirulent xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria, and purified caxegip1 protein significantly inhibited the hydrolytic activity of the glycoside hydrolase74 family xylogluca ...201223093361
integration of bioinformatics and synthetic promoters leads to the discovery of novel elicitor-responsive cis-regulatory sequences in arabidopsis.a combination of bioinformatic tools, high-throughput gene expression profiles, and the use of synthetic promoters is a powerful approach to discover and evaluate novel cis-sequences in response to specific stimuli. with arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) microarray data annotated to the pathoplant database, 732 different queries with a focus on fungal and oomycete pathogens were performed, leading to 510 up-regulated gene groups. using the binding site estimation suite of tools, best, 407 conse ...201222744985
recent advances in soybean transformation and their application to molecular breeding and genomic analysis.herbicide-resistant transgenic soybean plants hold a leading market share in the usa and other countries, but soybean has been regarded as recalcitrant to transformation for many years. the cumulative and, at times, exponential advances in genetic manipulation have made possible further choices for soybean transformation. the most widely and routinely used transformation systems are cotyledonary node-agrobacterium-mediated transformation and somatic embryo-particle-bombardment-mediated transform ...201223136488
in vitro antibacterial activity of cysteine protease inhibitor from kiwifruit (actinidia deliciosa).the need for replacing traditional pesticides with alternative agents for the management of agricultural pathogens is rising worldwide. in this study, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (cpi), 11 kda in size, was purified from green kiwifruit to homogeneity. we examined the growth inhibition of three plant pathogenic gram-negative bacterial strains by kiwi cpi and attempted to elucidate the potential mechanism of the growth inhibition. cpi influenced the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria agrobacte ...201224426085
detection, characterization, and biological effect of quorum-sensing signaling molecules in peanut-nodulating bradyrhizobia.bacteria of the genus bradyrhizobium are able to establish a symbiotic relationship with peanut (arachis hypogaea) root cells and to fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to nitrogenous compounds. quorum sensing (qs) is a cell-cell communication mechanism employed by a variety of bacterial species to coordinate behavior at a community level through regulation of gene expression. the qs process depends on bacterial production of various signaling molecules, among which the n-acylhomoserine la ...201222736981
significance of bacteria in oviposition and larval development of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis.microbial ecology of phlebotomine sand flies is not well understood although bacteria likely play an important role in the sand fly biology and vector capacity for leishmania parasites. in this study, we assessed the significance of the microbial community of rabbit feces in oviposition and larval development of lutzomyia longipalpis as well as bacterial colonization of the gut of freshly emerged flies.201222827861
plant innate immunity induced by flagellin suppresses the hypersensitive response in non-host plants elicited by pseudomonas syringae pv. averrhoi.a new pathogen, pseudomonas syringae pv. averrhoi (pav), which causes bacterial spot disease on carambola was identified in taiwan in 1997. many strains of this pathovar have been isolated from different locations and several varieties of hosts. some of these strains, such as hl1, are nonmotile and elicit a strong hypersensitive response (hr) in nonhost tobacco leaves, while other strains, such as pa5, are motile and elicit a weak hr. based on the image from a transmission electron microscope, t ...201222911741
improvement of coenzyme q10 production: mutagenesis induced by high hydrostatic pressure treatment and optimization of fermentation conditions.coenzyme q10 (coq10, ubiquinone), a potent antioxidative dietary supplement, was produced by submerged fermentation using agrobacterium tumefaciens instead of chemical synthesis or solvent extraction. agrobacterium tumefaciens 1.2554 was subjected to mutagenesis using a series of treatments including high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) treatment, uv irradiation, and diethyl sulfate (des) treatment to obtain mutant strains showing higher coq10 production than wild-type strains. a mutant strain pk38 w ...201223091351
catalytic activity of halohydrin dehalogenases towards spiroepoxides.a novel activity of halohydrin dehalogenases towards spiroepoxides has been found. the enzyme from arthrobacter sp. (hhea) catalysed highly regioselective azidolysis of spiroepoxides containing 5, 6 and 7-membered cycloalkane rings, while the enzyme from agrobacterium radiobacter (hhec), besides high regioselectivity, also displayed moderate to high enantioselectivity (e up to >200) that can be applied for the kinetic resolution of chiral spiroepoxides. the orientations of spiroepoxides in the a ...201222622806
key residues for controlling enantioselectivity of halohydrin dehalogenase from arthrobacter sp. strain ad2, revealed by structure-guided directed evolution.halohydrin dehalogenase from agrobacterium radiobacter ad1 (hhec) is a valuable tool in the preparation of r enantiomers of epoxides and β-substituted alcohols. in contrast, the halohydrin dehalogenase from arthrobacter sp. ad2 (hhea) shows a low s enantioselectivity toward most aromatic substrates. here, three amino acids (v136, l141, and n178) located in the two neighboring active-site loops of hhea were proposed to be the key residues for controlling enantioselectivity. they were subjected to ...201222327597
binuclear metallohydrolases: complex mechanistic strategies for a simple chemical reaction.binuclear metallohydrolases are a large family of enzymes that require two closely spaced transition metal ions to carry out a plethora of hydrolytic reactions. representatives include purple acid phosphatases (paps), enzymes that play a role in bone metabolism and are the only member of this family with a heterovalent binuclear center in the active form (fe(3+)-m(2+), m = fe, zn, mn). other members of this family are urease, which contains a di-ni(2+) center and catalyzes the breakdown of urea, ...201222698580
expression of vp1 protein of serotype a and o of foot-and-mouth disease virus in transgenic sunnhemp plants and its immunogenicity for guinea pigs.recently, transgenic plants expressing immunogenic proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been used as oral or parenteral vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). they exhibit advantages like cost effectiveness, absence of processing, thermostability, and easy oral application. fmdv vp1 protein of single serotype has been mostly used as immunogen. here we report the development of a bivalent vaccine with tandem-linked vp1 proteins of two serotypes, a and o, present in transge ...201222720698
integration of a bacterial β-carotene ketolase gene into the mucor circinelloides genome by the agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method.plasmids introduced in mucor circinelloides (and most transformable mucorales) tend to replicate autonomously, and hardly ever integrate in the genome. this is critical if we want to express exogenous genes, because plasmids are easily lost during vegetative growth, and the ratio of plasmid molecules/nuclei is invariably low. linearized molecules of dna have been used to get their genomic integration but the transformation efficiency drops extremely. we have developed and highly optimized an eff ...201222711121
identification of small molecule inhibitors against seca of candidatus liberibacter asiaticus by structure based design.huanglongbing is the most devastating disease of citrus caused by candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (las). in the present study, we report the discovery of novel small molecule inhibitors against seca atpase of las by using structure based design methods. we built the homology model of seca protein structure of las based on the seca of escherichia coli. the model was used for in-silico screening of commercially available compounds from zinc database. using the glide flexible molecular docking me ...201222703844
agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush) with yeast hal2 gene.rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush.) is the most commonly used citrus rootstock in south asia. it is extremely sensitive to salt stress that decreases the growth and yield of citrus crops in many areas worldwide. over expression of the yeast halotolerant gene (hal2) results in increasing the level of salt tolerance in transgenic plants.201222691292
crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of the haloalkane dehalogenase data from agrobacterium tumefaciens c58.haloalkane dehalogenases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic reaction of a wide variety of haloalkyl substrates to form the corresponding alcohol and hydrogen halide products. data from agrobacterium tumefaciens c58 is a haloalkane dehalogenase that has a unique pair of halide-binding residues, asparagine (asn43) and tyrosine (tyr109), instead of the asparagine and tryptophan that are conserved in other members of the subfamily. data was expressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystalli ...201222684062
top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology.many plant bacteriologists, if not all, feel that their particular microbe should appear in any list of the most important bacterial plant pathogens. however, to our knowledge, no such list exists. the aim of this review was to survey all bacterial pathologists with an association with the journal molecular plant pathology and ask them to nominate the bacterial pathogens they would place in a 'top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. the survey generated 458 votes from the international ...201222672649
resource and competitive dynamics shape the benefits of public goods cooperation in a plant pathogen.cooperative benefits depend on a variety of ecological factors. many cooperative bacteria increase the population size of their groups by making a public good available. increased local population size can alleviate the constraints of kin competition on the evolution of cooperation by enhancing the between-group fitness of cooperators. the cooperative pathogenesis of agrobacterium tumefaciens causes infected plants to exude opines--resources that provide a nearly exclusive source of nutrient for ...201222671559
transgenic expression of mshsp23 confers enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses in tall fescue.tall fescue (festuca arundinacea schreb.) is an important cool season forage plant that is not well suited to extreme heat, salts, or heavy metals. to develop transgenic tall fescue plants with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress, we introduced an alfalfa hsp23 gene expression vector construct through agrobacterium-mediated transformation. integration and expression of the transgene were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, northern blot, and western blot analyses. under normal growth condit ...201225049632
additive and competitive effects of bacteria and mn oxides on arsenite oxidation kinetics.arsenic (as) is a redox-active metalloid whose toxicity and mobility in soil depend on oxidation state. arsenite [as(iii)] can be oxidized to arsenate [as(v)] by both minerals and microbes in soil however, the interaction between these abiotic and biotic processes is not well understood. in this study, the time dependency of as(iii) oxidation by two heterotrophic soil bacteria (agrobacterium tumefaciens and pseudomonas fluorescens) and a poorly crystalline manganese (mn) oxide mineral (δ-mno(2)) ...201222642773
sinorhizobium americanum symbiovar mediterranense is a predominant symbiont that nodulates and fixes nitrogen with common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) in a northern tunisian field.a total of 40 symbiotic bacterial strains isolated from root nodules of common bean grown in a soil located in the north of tunisia were characterized by pcr-rflp of the 16s rrna genes. six different ribotypes were revealed. nine representative isolates were submitted to phylogenetic analyses of rrs, reca, atpd, dnak, nifh and noda genes. the strains 23c40 and 23c95 representing the most abundant ribotype were closely related to sinorhizobium americanum cfnei 156(t). s. americanum was isolated f ...201222633818
screening a cdna library for protein-protein interactions directly in planta.screening cdna libraries for genes encoding proteins that interact with a bait protein is usually performed in yeast. however, subcellular compartmentation and protein modification may differ in yeast and plant cells, resulting in misidentification of protein partners. we used bimolecular fluorescence complementation technology to screen a plant cdna library against a bait protein directly in plants. as proof of concept, we used the n-terminal fragment of yellow fluorescent protein- or nvenus-ta ...201222623495
[study on genetic transformation of antigen g3vp7 gene of human rotavirus in peanut].in order to increase the expression level of target gene and to simplify the purifying process of separation and purification, we performed the transgenetic research of antigen vp7 gene into peanut via agrobacterium tumefaciens. the plant binary expression vector is pbog3vp7 harboring fusion gene oleosin-vp7, which is promoted by ole-promoter. cotyledon nodes were used as transformation recipients. transformed individuals were obtained through selection on medium containing 125 mg l-1 kan. integ ...201222616184
agrobacterium tumefaciens tumor morphology root plastid localization and preferential usage of hydroxylated prenyl donor is important for efficient gall formation.upon agrobacterium tumefaciens infection of a host plant, tumor morphology root (tmr) a bacterial adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferase (ipt), creates a metabolic bypass in the plastid for direct synthesis of trans-zeatin (tz) with 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(e)-butenyl 4-diphosphate as the prenyl donor. to understand the biological importance of tmr function for gall formation, we compared tmr and trans-zeatin secretion (tzs) another agrobacterial ipt that functions within the bacterial cell. al ...201222589470
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation for investigating pathogenicity genes of the phytopathogenic fungus colletotrichum sansevieriae.agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) has become a common technique for dna transformation of yeast and filamentous fungi. in this study, we first established a protocol of atmt for the phytopathogenic fungus colletotrichum sansevieriae. binary t-dna vector containing the hygromycin b phosphotransferase gene controlled by the aspergillus nidulans gpda promoter and the trpc terminator was constructed with pcambia0380 and used with three different strains lba4404, gv3101, and gv ...201222585286
principles of carbon catabolite repression in the rice blast fungus: tps1, nmr1-3, and a mate-family pump regulate glucose metabolism during infection.understanding the genetic pathways that regulate how pathogenic fungi respond to their environment is paramount to developing effective mitigation strategies against disease. carbon catabolite repression (ccr) is a global regulatory mechanism found in a wide range of microbial organisms that ensures the preferential utilization of glucose over less favourable carbon sources, but little is known about the components of ccr in filamentous fungi. here we report three new mediators of ccr in the dev ...201222570632
immunocompetent truncated e2 glycoprotein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) expressed in nicotiana tabacum plants: a candidate antigen for new generation of veterinary vaccines.the bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is the etiological agent responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical diseases in cattle. the glycoprotein e2 is the major envelope protein of this virus and the strongest inductor of the immune response. there are several available commercial vaccines against bovine viral diarrhea (bvd), which show irregular performances. here, we report the use of tobacco plants as an alternative productive platform for the expression of the truncated version of e2 glycopr ...201222554468
setting up a platform for plant-based influenza virus vaccine production in south africa.during a global influenza pandemic, the vaccine requirements of developing countries can surpass their supply capabilities, if these exist at all, compelling them to rely on developed countries for stocks that may not be available in time. there is thus a need for developing countries in general to produce their own pandemic and possibly seasonal influenza vaccines. here we describe the development of a plant-based platform for producing influenza vaccines locally, in south africa. plant-produce ...201222536810
agroinfiltration of intact leaves as a method for the transient and stable transformation of saponin producing maesa lanceolata.a method has been developed to genetically transform the medicinal plant maesa lanceolata. initially, we tested conditions for transient expression of gfp-bearing constructs in agroinfiltrated leaves. leaf tissues of m. lanceolata were infiltrated with agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying a nuclear-targeted gfp construct to allow the quantification of the transformation efficiency. the number of transfected cells was depended on the bacterial density, bacterial strains, the co-cultivation time, an ...201222534683
brachypodium distachyon promoters as efficient building blocks for transgenic research in maize.the biotechnological approach to improve performance or yield of crops or for engineering metabolic pathways requires the expression of a number of transgenes, each with a specific promoter to avoid induction of silencing mechanisms. in maize (zea mays), used as a model for cereals, an efficient agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system has been established that is applied for translational research. in the current transformation vectors, the promoters of the 35s gene of the cauli ...201222523343
the quorum-sensing protein trar of agrobacterium tumefaciens is susceptible to intrinsic and tram-mediated proteolytic instability.trar of agrobacterium tumefaciens is a luxr-type transcription factor that regulates genes required for replication and conjugation of the tumour-inducing plasmid. trar binds the pheromone 3-oxo-octanoylhomoserine lactone (oohl) and requires this molecule for folding into a protease-resistant, soluble conformation. even after binding to oohl, trar is degraded at readily detectable rates. here we show that the n-terminal domain of trar, which binds oohl, is more resistant to degradation than the ...201222515735
the p25 pathogenicity factor of beet necrotic yellow vein virus targets the sugar beet 26s proteasome involved in the induction of a hypersensitive resistance response via interaction with an f-box protein.p25, a beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) pathogenicity factor, interacts with a sugar beet protein with high homology to arabidopsis thaliana kelch repeat containing f-box family proteins (fbk) of unknown function in yeast. fbk are members of the skp1-cullin-f-box (scf) complex that mediate protein degradation. here, we confirm this sugar beet fbk-p25 interaction in vivo and in vitro and provide evidence for in planta interaction and similar subcellular distribution in nicotiana tabacum le ...201222512382
predictive models for transient protein expression in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.) can optimize process time, yield, and downstream costs.the transient expression of recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins in plants can suffer inter-batch variation, which is considered a major drawback under the strict regulatory demands imposed by current good manufacturing practice (cgmp). however, we have achieved transient expression of the monoclonal antibody 2g12 and the fluorescent marker protein dsred in tobacco leaves with ∼ 15% intra-batch coefficients of variation, which is within the range reported for transgenic plants. we developed mo ...201222511291
cerebral abscess caused by rhizobium radiobacter: first case report. 201222495225
[agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) for the screening for genes involved in laccase glucose repression in the pathogenic yeast cryptococcus neoformans].to identify genes in glucose repression of laccase in the human pathogen cryptococcus neoformans.201222489459
genome-wide analysis of a talea-introduced transgenic populus simonii × populus nigra dwarf mutant.a dwarf mutant (dwf1) was obtained among 15 transgenic lines, when talea (tamarix androssowii late embryogenesis abundant gene) was introduced into populus simonii × populus nigra by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. under the same growth conditions, dwf1 height was significantly reduced compared with the wild type and the other transgenic lines. because only one transgenic line (dwf1) displayed the dwarf phenotype, we considered that t-dna insertion sites may play a role in the ...201222489122
agrobacterium tumefaciens can obtain sulphur from an opine that is synthesized by octopine synthase using s-methylmethionine as a substrate.agrobacterium tumefaciens incites plant tumours that produce nutrients called opines, which are utilized by the bacteria during host colonization. various opines provide sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous, but virtually nothing was previously known about how a. tumefaciens acquires sulphur during colonization. some strains encode an operon required for the catabolism of the opine octopine. this operon contains a gene, msh, that is predicted to direct the conversion of s-methylmethionine ...201222486934
several components of skp1/cullin/f-box e3 ubiquitin ligase complex and associated factors play a role in agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.• successful genetic transformation of plants by agrobacterium tumefaciens requires the import of bacterial t-dna and virulence proteins into the plant cell that eventually form a complex (t-complex). the essential components of the t-complex include the single stranded t-dna, bacterial virulence proteins (vird2, vire2, vire3 and virf) and associated host proteins that facilitate the transfer and integration of t-dna. the removal of the proteins from the t-complex is likely achieved by targeted ...201222486382
ssef, a type iii effector protein from the mammalian pathogen salmonella enterica, requires resistance-gene-mediated signalling to activate cell death in the model plant nicotiana benthamiana.type iii effector proteins (t3es) of many gram-negative pathogenic bacteria manipulate highly conserved cellular processes, indicating conservation in virulence mechanisms during the infection of hosts of divergent evolutionary origin. in order to identify conserved effector functions, we used a cross-kingdom approach in which we expressed selected t3es from the mammalian pathogen salmonella enterica in leaves of nicotiana benthamiana and searched for possible virulence or avirulence phenotypes. ...201222471508
the novel solanum tuberosum calcium dependent protein kinase, stcdpk3, is expressed in actively growing organs.calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) are key components of calcium regulated signaling cascades in plants. in this work, isoform stcdpk3 from solanum tuberosum was studied and fully described. stcdpk3 encodes a 63 kda protein with an n-terminal variable domain (ntv), rich in prolines and glutamines, which presents myristoylation and palmitoylation consensus sites and a pest sequence indicative of rapid protein degradation. stcdpk3 gene (circa 11 kb) is localized in chromosome 3, shares the ...201222922879
incidence of genome structure, dna asymmetry, and cell physiology on t-dna integration in chromosomes of the phytopathogenic fungus leptosphaeria maculans.the ever-increasing generation of sequence data is accompanied by unsatisfactory functional annotation, and complex genomes, such as those of plants and filamentous fungi, show a large number of genes with no predicted or known function. for functional annotation of unknown or hypothetical genes, the production of collections of mutants using agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) associated with genotyping and phenotyping has gained wide acceptance. atmt is also widely used to ...201222908038
transient and stable expression of antibodies in nicotiana species.expression and purification of recombinant proteins produced in plants is emerging as an affordable alternative to using more costly mammalian bioreactors since plants are capable of producing mammalian proteins at high concentrations. there are two general methods of expressing foreign proteins in plants, namely, transient expression and stable transgenic expression. both methods have advantages which serve different purposes. nicotiana benthamiana is primarily used as plant host for transient ...201222907365
production of engineered long-life and male sterile pelargonium plants.pelargonium is one of the most popular garden plants in the world. moreover, it has a considerable economic importance in the ornamental plant market. conventional cross-breeding strategies have generated a range of cultivars with excellent traits. however, gene transfer via agrobacterium tumefaciens could be a helpful tool to further improve pelargonium by enabling the introduction of new genes/traits. we report a simple and reliable protocol for the genetic transformation of pelargonium spp. a ...201222935247
agroinoculation of the cloned infectious cdnas of lettuce chlorosis virus results in systemic plant infection and production of whitefly transmissible virions.lettuce chlorosis virus (lcv) is a single stranded, positive strand rna virus that is solely transmitted by specific whitefly vectors (bemisia tabaci biotypes a and b) but not by mechanical leaf-rub inoculation. the roles of viral encoded proteins involved in the infection cycle of lcv have not yet been characterized due to the lack of reverse genetic tools. we present here a report of the successful development of an agrobacterium-mediated inoculation system for the cloned cdna constructs of lc ...201222926259
enhancement of ganoderic acid accumulation by overexpression of an n-terminally truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase gene in the basidiomycete ganoderma lucidum.ganoderic acids produced by ganoderma lucidum, a well-known traditional chinese medicinal mushroom, exhibit antitumor and antimetastasis activities. genetic modification of g. lucidum is difficult but critical for the enhancement of cellular accumulation of ganoderic acids. in this study, a homologous genetic transformation system for g. lucidum was developed for the first time using mutated sdhb, encoding the iron-sulfur protein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase, as a selection marker. the tru ...201222941092
theoretical prediction and experimental verification of protein-coding genes in plant pathogen genome agrobacterium tumefaciens strain c58.agrobacterium tumefaciens strain c58 is a gram-negative soil bacterium capable of inducing tumors (crown galls) on many dicotyledonous plants. the genome of a. tumefaciens strain c58 was re-annotated based on the z-curve method. first, all the 'hypothetical genes' were re-identified, and 29 originally annotated 'hypothetical genes' were recognized to be non-coding open reading frames (orfs). theoretical evidence obtained from principal component analysis, clusters of orthologous groups of protei ...201222984411
structural basis for selective gaba binding in bacterial pathogens.gaba acts as an intercellular signal in eukaryotes and as an interspecies signal in host-microbe interactions. structural characteristics of selective eukaryotic gaba receptors and bacterial gaba sensors are unknown. here, we identified the selective gaba-binding protein, called atu4243, in the plant pathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens. a constructed atu4243 mutant was affected in gaba transport and in expression of the gaba-regulated functions, including aggressiveness on two plant hosts and deg ...201223043322
generation and characterization of the western regional research center brachypodium t-dna insertional mutant collection.the model grass brachypodium distachyon (brachypodium) is an excellent system for studying the basic biology underlying traits relevant to the use of grasses as food, forage and energy crops. to add to the growing collection of brachypodium resources available to plant scientists, we further optimized our agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated high-efficiency transformation method and generated 8,491 brachypodium t-dna lines. we used inverse pcr to sequence the dna flanking the insertion sites in th ...201223028431
expression, purification, crystallization and x-ray analysis of 3-quinuclidinone reductase from agrobacterium tumefaciens.(r)-3-quinuclidinol is a useful chiral building block for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and can be produced from 3-quinuclidinone by asymmetric reduction. a novel 3-quinuclidinone reductase from agrobacterium tumefaciens (atqr) catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of 3-quinuclidinone to (r)-3-quinuclidinol with nadh as a cofactor. recombinant atqr was overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized with nadh using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method at 293 k. cryst ...201223027756
construction of the intermediate vector pvbg2307 by incorporating vital elements of expression vectors pbi121 and pbi221.molecular chaperones of plasmid pbi121 carrying camv35s promoter and a nucleotide sequence of plasmid pbi221 were inserted into plasmid pcambia2300 to construct an intermediate vector: pvbg2307. this novel vector pvbg2307 contains a greatly expanded multiple cloning site with an adjacent imported camv35s promoter sequence. this vector allows controlled transformation of dna in both escherichia coli and agrobacterium tumefaciens. cloned pg, orf456, ipt genes and e8, a fruiting promoter, were ampl ...201223007987
genetic transformation and analysis of rice osapx2 gene in medicago sativa.the osapx2 gene from rice was cloned to produce pbi121::osapx2 dual-expression plants, of which expression level would be increasing under stressful conditions. the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase (apx) in the leaves and roots of the plants increased with increasing exposure time to different sodium chloride (nacl) and hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2))concentrations, as indicated by protein gel blot analysis. the increased enzyme yield improved the ability of the plants to resist the stress treatments. t ...201222848448
rapid, in situ detection of agrobacterium tumefaciens attachment to leaf tissue.attachment of the plant pathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens to host plant cells is an early and necessary step in plant transformation and agroinfiltration processes. however, bacterial attachment behavior is not well understood in complex plant tissues. here we developed an imaging-based method to observe and quantify a. tumefaciens attached to leaf tissue in situ. fluorescent labeling of bacteria with nucleic acid, protein, and vital dyes was investigated as a rapid alternative to generating re ...201222848046
identification of amino acid residues important for the function of agrobacterium tumefaciens irr protein.the key amino acid residues that influence the function of the agrobacterium tumefaciens iron response regulator protein (irr(at) ) were investigated. several irr(at) mutant proteins containing substitutions in amino acids corresponding to candidate metal- and haem-binding sites were constructed. the ability of the mutant proteins to repress the promoter of the membrane bound ferritin (mbfa) gene was investigated using a promoter-lacz fusion assay. a single mutation at residue h94 significantly ...201222817265
evaluation of guar gum derivatives as gelling agents for microbial culture media.guar gum, a galactomannan, has been reported to be an inexpensive substitute of agar for microbial culture media. however, its use is restricted probably because of (1) its highly viscous nature even at high temperatures, making dispensing of the media to petri plates difficult and (2) lesser clarity of the guar gum gelled media than agar media due to impurities present in guar gum. to overcome these problems, three guar gum derivatives, carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar and h ...201222806052
gus expression in sweet oranges (citrus sinensis l. osbeck) driven by three different phloem-specific promoters.huanglongbing (hlb) is associated with candidatus liberibacter spp., endogenous, sieve tube-restricted bacteria that are transmitted by citrus psyllid insect vectors. transgenic expression in the phloem of specific genes that might affect ca. liberibacter spp. growth and development may be an adequate strategy to improve citrus resistance to hlb. to study specific phloem gene expression in citrus, we developed three different binary vector constructs with expression cassettes bearing the β-glucu ...201222801867
formation of complex extrachromosomal t-dna structures in agrobacterium tumefaciens-infected plants.agrobacterium tumefaciens is a unique plant pathogenic bacterium renowned for its ability to transform plants. the integration of transferred dna (t-dna) and the formation of complex insertions in the genome of transgenic plants during a. tumefaciens-mediated transformation are still poorly understood. here, we show that complex extrachromosomal t-dna structures form in a. tumefaciens-infected plants immediately after infection. furthermore, these extrachromosomal complex dna molecules can circu ...201222797657
targeting n-acyl-homoserine-lactones to mitigate membrane biofouling based on quorum sensing using a biofouling reducer.exploring novel biological anti-quorum sensing (qs) agents to control membrane biofouling is of great worth in order to allow sustainable performance of membrane bioreactors (mbrs) for wastewater treatment. in recent studies, qs inhibitors have provided evidence of alternative route to control membrane biofouling. this study investigated the role of piper betle extract (pbe) as an anti-qs agent to mitigate membrane biofouling. results demonstrated the occurrence of the n-acyl-homoserine-lactone ...201222796090
the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of plants. 201222786890
acquiring transgenic tobacco plants with insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance by fusion gene transformation.the advantages of gene 'stacking' or 'pyramiding' are obvious in genetically modified (gm) crops, and several different multi-transgene-stacking methods are available. using linker peptides for multiple gene transformation is considered to be a good method to meet a variety of needs. in our experiment, the bt cry1ah gene, which encodes the insect-resistance protein, and the mg ( 2 ) -epsps gene, which encodes the glyphosate-tolerance protein, were connected by a 2a or lp4/2a linker. linker 2a is ...201222777591
cell suspension culture-mediated incorporation of the rice bel gene into transgenic cotton.cotton plants engineered for resistance to the herbicides, glyphosate or glufosinate have made a considerable impact on the production of the crop worldwide. in this work, embryogenic cell cultures derived from gossypium hirsutum l. cv coker 312 hypocotyl callus were transformed via agrobacterium tumefaciens with the rice cytochrome p450 gene, cyp81a6 (bel). in rice, bel has been shown to confer resistance to both bentazon and sulfanylurea herbicides. transformed cells were selected on a liquid ...201222768325
cloning and functional analysis of a novel chitinase gene trchi1 from trichothecium roseum.chitinases produced by mycoparasites play an important role in disease control in plants. to explore the functions of chitinases in trichothecium roseum, we cloned a new chitinase gene named trchi1 from t. roseum by rt (reverse transcription)-pcr techniques. the t. roseum gene, trchi1, contains an 1278-bp orf that shares 76 % similarity with chitinase from bionectria ochroleuca (abv57861 3g6l_a). a plant expression vector, containing the trchi1 gene driven by the camv35s promoter, was constructe ...201222760177
cloning, transformation and expression of human interferon α2b gene in tobacco plant (nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi).molecular farming is the production of important recombinant proteins in transgenic organisms on an agricultural scale. interferons are proteins with antiviral and antitumor activities and can be used for viral infections and cancers treatments.201224624166
n-acyl homoserine lactone production by klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from human tongue surface.bacteria communicate by producing quorum sensing molecules called autoinducers, which include autoinducer-1, an n-hexanoyl homoserine lactone (ahl), and autoinducer-2. bacteria present in the human oral cavity have been shown to produce autoinducer-2, but not ahl. here, we report the isolation of two ahl-producing klebsiella pneumoniae strains from the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue of a healthy individual. spent culture supernatant extracts from k. pneumoniae activated the biosensors ag ...201222737019
quantitative image analysis and modeling indicate the agrobacterium tumefaciens type iv secretion system is organized in a periodic pattern of foci.the gram negative plant pathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens is uniquely capable of genetically transforming eukaryotic host cells during the infection process. dna and protein substrates are transferred into plant cells via a type iv secretion system (t4ss), which forms large cell-envelope spanning complexes at multiple sites around the bacterial circumference. to gain a detailed understanding of t4ss positioning, the spatial distribution of fluorescently labeled t4ss components was quantitativel ...201222860087
method: low-cost delivery of the cotton leaf crumple virus-induced gene silencing system.we previously developed a virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) vector for cotton from the bipartite geminiviruscotton leaf crumple virus (clcrv). the original clcrv vigs vector was designed for biolistic delivery by a gene gun. this prerequisite limited the use of the system to labs with access to biolistic equipment. here we describe the adaptation of this system for delivery by agrobacterium (agrobacterium tumefaciens). we also describe the construction of two low-cost particle inflow guns.201222853641
genetic transformation of european chestnut somatic embryos with a native thaumatin-like protein (cstl1) gene isolated from castanea sativa seeds.the availability of a system for direct transfer of antifungal candidate genes into european chestnut (castanea sativa mill.) would offer an alternative approach to conventional breeding for production of chestnut trees tolerant to ink disease caused by phytophthora spp. for the first time, a chestnut thaumatin-like protein gene (cstl1), isolated from chestnut cotyledons, has been overexpressed in three chestnut somatic embryogenic lines. transformation experiments have been performed using an a ...201223086811
development and bioassay of transgenic chinese cabbage expressing potato proteinase inhibitor ii gene.lepidopteran larvae are the most injurious pests of chinese cabbage production. we attempted the development of transgenic chinese cabbage expressing the potato proteinase inhibitor ii gene (pinii) and bioassayed the pest-repelling ability of these transgenic plants. cotyledons with petioles from aseptic seedlings were used as explants for agrobacterium-mediated in vitro transformation. agrobacterium tumefaciens c58 contained the binary vector pbbbasta-pinii-bar comprising pinii and bar genes. p ...201223136521
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