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molecular detection of hepatitis e virus in rivers in the philippines.to understand the hepatitis e virus (hev)-pollution status in the environment in the philippines, a total of 12 water samples were collected from rivers in manila city for detection of hev rna. three of 12 samples were positive for hev rna indicating that hev is circulating in the philippines. phylogenetic analysis classified all of the hev sequences into genotype 3.201424591433
hepatitis e virus: current concepts and future perspectives.for many years, hepatitis e was considered a disease found only in certain developing countries. in these geographical settings, hepatitis e virus (hev) causes a self-limiting hepatitis in young adults, except in pregnant females, in whom the mortality is 25 %. our understanding of hev has changed radically in the past decade. it is now evident that hev is a threat to global health. this review article considers the current concepts and future perspectives of hev and its effects on human health, ...201424585215
calcineurin inhibitors stimulate and mycophenolic acid inhibits replication of hepatitis e virus.many recipients of organ transplants develop chronic hepatitis, due to infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). although chronic hev infection is generally associated with immunosuppressive therapies, little is known about how different immunosuppressants affect hev infection.201424582714
autochthonous hepatitis e virus infection in europe: a matter of concern for public health?human hepatitis e virus (hhev) is the proposed name for a diverse group of rna viruses from the family hepeviridae that cause acute hepatitis among humans. waterborne strains are regularly imported into europe by international travelers, and virus transmission of zoonotic strains via contaminated aliments is involved in autochthonous cases. therefore, in europe, hepatitis e displays a unique dual character, having features of both imported and autochthonous infections. environmental involvement ...201426357613
an orf1-rearranged hepatitis e virus derived from a chronically infected patient efficiently replicates in cell culture.hepatitis e is an increasingly reported disease in industrialized countries. studies on the replication cycle of hepatitis e virus (hev) are hampered due to the lack of efficient and robust cell culture systems for this virus. we describe the successful isolation of hev derived from a chronically infected kidney transplant patient held under immunosuppressive therapy. inoculation of serum sample 47832 onto the human lung carcinoma cell line a549 resulted in the replication of the virus as shown ...201424750215
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in humans living in high pig density areas of germany.an increase in acute autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) infections has been recorded in germany. these are suspected to be zoonotically transmitted from wild boar, deer and domestic pig. the latter may represent a major reservoir for hev. in this study, 537 sera from humans living in westphalia and lower saxony, representing areas of high pig density in germany, were tested for the presence of hev-specific antibodies. among them were 302 individuals with occupational, direct contact to pigs a ...201424744181
comparison of real-time pcr and antigen assays for detection of hepatitis e virus in blood donors.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is recognized as an emerging and often undiagnosed disease in industrialized countries, with asymptomatic infections actually occurring in blood donors. sensitive detection of hev-rna is crucial for diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. we evaluated the analytical sensitivity and performance of three hev rt-pcr assays (realstar hev reverse transcription-pcr [rt-pcr], hepatitis@ceeramtools, and amplicube hev rt-pcr) for screening of individuals for hev ...201424740079
development of a blocking elisa for detection of antibodies against avian hepatitis e virus.a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (belisa) was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin g antibodies against avian hepatitis e virus (hev). in the belisa, the coating antigen was a truncated protein containing c-terminal 268-amino acid region of orf2 from an avian hev strain isolated in china (cahev) and blocking antibody was a monoclonal antibody (mab) 1h5 recognizing the epitope within amino acids 384-414 in the c-terminal 268-amino acid region. the concentration of blocking ma ...201424735599
prospective study of hepatitis e virus infection among pregnant women in france.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has a poor prognosis among pregnant women from high endemic countries. hev-prevalence and incidence among pregnant women is unknown in high-income countries such as france. this prospective study was conducted to assess hev infection in this setting.201424716485
induction of antibody and interferon-γ production in mice immunized with virus-like particles of swine hepatitis e virus.virus-like particles (vlps) composed of the truncated capsid protein of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) were developed and immune responses of mice immunized with the vlps were evaluated. igg titers specific for the capsid protein of swine hev were significantly higher for all groups of mice immunized with the vlps than those of the negative control mice. splenocytes from mice immunized with the vlps also produced significantly greater quantities of interferon (ifn)-γ than interleukin (il)-4 and i ...201424690608
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in pigs from different farming systems in the netherlands.sporadic nontravel-related hepatitis e virus (hev) infections have been reported in industrialized countries. these infections are caused by zoonotic hev genotypes 3 and 4 that circulate in swine, wild boar, and deer. in the netherlands, hev rna has been detected in >50% of the pig farms, and hev-specific antibodies were detected in ∼70% of the slaughter pigs. in the current study, hev seroprevalences were investigated in pigs raised on conventional, free-range, and organic farms in the netherla ...201424680077
hepatitis e seroprevalence among blood donors: a pilot study from western india.hepatitis e virus (hev) is emerging as a potential threat to blood safety after several cases of transmission by transfusion or transplantation have been described. currently, blood donors in india are not screened for hev. the studies conducted on hev in recent times in india have focused on epidemiology and future perspectives, but there is no published study on blood donors. to address possible issues surrounding blood safety and risk of hev transmission within the indian blood supply, hev se ...201424678170
development and validation of a genotype 3 recombinant protein-based immunoassay for hepatitis e virus serology in swine.hepatitis e virus (hev) is classified within the family hepeviridae, genus hepevirus. hev genotype 3 (gt3) infections are endemic in pigs in western europe and in north and south america and cause zoonotic infections in humans. several serological assays to detect hev antibodies in pigs have been developed, at first mainly based on hev genotype 1 (gt1) antigens. to develop a sensitive hev gt3 elisa, a recombinant baculovirus expression product of hev gt3 open reading frame-2 was produced and coa ...201424676472
light and darkness: prevalence of hepatitis e virus infection among the general population.human hepatitis e virus (hhev) spreads early in life among the population in areas endemic for genotype 1 and infects mainly adults in areas endemic for genotype 3, where it would be responsible for about 10% of cases of suspected acute viral hepatitis of unknown etiology and for a number of subclinical, unrecognized infections. the overall prevalence of antibody to hhev is high in most of the former areas and low in most of the later ones, but wide regional differences have been recorded in bot ...201424672733
genetic host specificity of hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes epidemic and sporadic cases of hepatitis worldwide. hev genotypes 3 (hev3) and 4 (hev4) infect humans and animals, with swine being the primary reservoir. the relevance of hev genetic diversity to host adaptation is poorly understood. we employed a bayesian network (bn) analysis of hev3 and hev4 to detect epistatic connectivity among protein sites and its association with the host specificity in each genotype. the data imply coevolution among ∼70% of polymorphic si ...201424667049
autochthonous hepatitis e virus infections: a new transfusion-associated risk?hepatitis e virus (hev) has been recognized since 2004 as a transfusion-transmissible infectious agent, and recent epidemiological data suggest that it may pose a safety threat to the blood supply. it has recently become obvious that hepatitis e is endemic in industrialized countries, and that more infections are autochthonous than travel-associated. epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis suggests that hev infection has to be considered as a zoonosis and that viral transmission from animals ( ...201424659945
complete genome of hepatitis e virus from laboratory ferrets.the complete genome of hepatitis e virus (hev) from laboratory ferrets imported from the united states was identified. this virus shared only 82.4%-82.5% nt sequence identities with strains from the netherlands, which indicated that the ferret hev genome is genetically diverse. some laboratory ferrets were contaminated with hev.201424655541
serological and molecular evidence of a plausible transmission of hepatitis e virus through pooled plasma.recently, hepatitis e virus has been recognized as a new transfusion-associated risk; however, its efficiency of transmission through blood products requires further investigation. asymptomatic viremia of short duration has been observed in blood donors from several european countries to the rate of <1:10,000 and hev transmission in recipients of blood products has been documented in japan and europe. although hev rna was detected in large plasma fractionation pools used for manufacturing of pla ...201424830322
can hepatitis e virus be considered as an etiology of cryptogenic cirrhosis? 201424829744
subclinical circulation of avian hepatitis e virus within a multiple-age rearing and broiler breeder farm indicates persistence and vertical transmission of the virus.in a prospective longitudinal study, a broiler breeder flock and its progeny were monitored for the presence of avian hepatitis e virus (hev) rna and antibodies. the flock was part of a multiple-age farm where the presence of avian hev with clinical signs (increased mortality and decreased egg production) was demonstrated in several previous production cycles. samples were taken twice at the rearing site and several times at the production site from broiler breeders including cockerels and day-o ...201424828493
current epidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in the united states: low seroprevalence in the national health and nutrition evaluation survey.analysis of the national health and nutrition evaluation survey (nhanes) 1988-1994 dataset found a relatively high seroprevalence (21%) of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in the u.s. general population. using data obtained within the nhanes 2009-2010 survey, where a high performance assay for hev was used, we estimated the weighted seroprevalence of hev infection among u.s. individuals 6 years and older. we also evaluated factors associated with hev seropositivity. a total of 8,814 individuals ...201424824965
bioaccumulation efficiency, tissue distribution, and environmental occurrence of hepatitis e virus in bivalve shellfish from france.hepatitis e virus (hev), an enteric pathogen of both humans and animals, is excreted by infected individuals and is therefore present in wastewaters and coastal waters. as bivalve molluscan shellfish are known to concentrate viral particles during the process of filter feeding, they may accumulate this virus. the bioaccumulation efficiencies of oysters (crassostrea gigas), flat oysters (ostrea edulis), mussels (mytilus edulis), and clams (ruditapes philippinarum) were compared at different time ...201424795382
hepatitis e-associated encephalopathy in a renal transplant recipient.hepatitis e virus genotype 3 is not rare in developed countries, and may cause chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. this may not only lead to abnormalities in liver test and malaise, but to severe neurological symptoms as well. in this case, chronic hepatitis e infection caused encephalopathy, an atactic gait, lhermitte's sign, incomplete bladder emptying and peripheral sensory neuropathy in a renal transplant recipient. the diagnosis was not performed until years after the onset of ...201424789162
phylogeography and phylodynamics of european genotype 3 hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus is classified into four genotypes that have different geographical and host distributions. the main cause of sporadic autochthonous type e acute hepatitis in developed countries is genotype 3, which has a worldwide distribution and widely infects pigs. the aim of this study was to make hypotheses concerning the origin and global dispersion routes of this genotype by reconstructing the spatial and temporal dynamics of 208 hev genotype 3 orf-2 sequences (retrieved from public dat ...201424787998
older men with unexplained hepatitis.a 59-year-old caucasian man presented with painless jaundice for 6 weeks. he drank 70 units of alcohol per week. examination revealed jaundice, spider angiomata and a 3 cm firm hepatomegaly. initial bloods: bilirubin 152 µmol/l, alanine aminotransferase 1484 iu/l, alkaline phosphatase 130 iu/l, γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase 1224 iu/l and international normalised ratio 1.1. a standard liver screen was normal, and an abdominal ultrasound/ct scan suggested cirrhosis, confirmed by liver biopsy on day 5. ...201424903723
a systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus in africa.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a newly recognized serious threat to global public health and africa is suspected to be among the most severely affected regions in the world. understanding hev epidemiology in africa will expedite the implementation of evidence-based control policies aimed at preventing the spread of hev including policies for the use of available resources such as hev vaccines.201424902967
hepatitis e virus serosurvey among pet dogs and cats in several developed cities in china.infection by hepatitis e virus (hev), as a zoonotic disease virus, is well studied in pigs in china, but few studies in pets have been performed. this study was designed to characterize the prevalence of hev infection among pet dogs and cats in major metropolitan areas of china. we conducted a seroepidemiological survey from 2012 to 2013 in 5 developed cities, beijing, shanghai, canton, shenzhen and macao, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the overall hev seroprevalence in 658 dog an ...201424896257
severe acute hepatitis e in an hiv infected patient: successful treatment with ribavirin.in industrialized countries, most cases of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in humans are autochthonous, mainly through foodborne and zoonotic transmission routes. in europe, genotype 3 is a cause of acute self-limiting viral hepatitis, but can also be responsible for chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. ribavirin has been successfully used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis e and in a few cases of severe acute hepatitis e in immunocompetent patients. we report here the case of a ...201424894604
past and present of hepatitis e in the netherlands.recent studies show that endemic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection occurs frequently in some developed countries. in the netherlands in 2013, the routine screening of 35,220 plasma donations for hev rna showed 20 donors to be viremic (1:1761), which seems to contradict reports of declining hev seroprevalence in the recent past.201424889277
multiplex hydrolysis probe real-time pcr for simultaneous detection of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus.detection of hepatitis viral infections has traditionally relied on the circulating antibody test using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. however, multiplex real-time pcr has been increasingly used for a variety of viral nucleic acid detections and has proven to be superior to traditional methods. hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) are the major causes of acute hepatitis worldwide; both hav and hev infection are a main public health problem. in the present study, a one-step ...201424886818
pcr detection and analysis of potentially zoonotic hepatitis e virus in french rats.hepatitis e virus has been detected in a wide range of animals. while genotypes 1-2 of this virus infect only humans, 3-4 can spread from animals to humans and cause sporadic cases of human disease. pig, and possibly also rats, may act as a reservoir for virus. from a public health perspective it is important to clarify the role of rats for infection of humans. rats often live close to humans and are therefore of special interest to public health. rats live of waste and inside the sewage system ...201424886183
maternal-fetal hepatitis e transmission: is it underestimated?hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted virus; and several modes of transmission have been proposed, including blood transfusion, person to person transmission, and transplacental transmission. hev during pregnancy is associated with an unfavorable prognosis for mothers and in severe cases can cause acute fulminate hepatitis and death. transplacental transmission of hev usually results in unfavorable outcomes of pregnancy, mainly fetal loss, preterm labor, and hepatic dysfunction i ...201426356414
rapamycin and everolimus facilitate hepatitis e virus replication: revealing a basal defense mechanism of pi3k-pkb-mtor pathway.humans are frequently exposed to hepatitis e virus (hev). nevertheless, the disease mainly affects pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. organ recipients receiving immunosuppressants, such as rapalogs, to prevent rejection have a high risk for developing chronic hepatitis following hev infection. rapalogs constitute potent inhibitors of mtor including rapamycin and everolimus. as a master kinase, the mechanism-of-action of mtor is not only associated with the immunosuppressive capaci ...201424859454
hepatitis e virus infection, papua new guinea, fiji, and kiribati, 2003-2005. 201424856799
new hepatitis e virus genotype in camels, the middle east.in a molecular epidemiology study of hepatitis e virus (hev) in dromedaries in dubai, united arab emirates, hev was detected in fecal samples from 3 camels. complete genome sequencing of 2 strains showed >20% overall nucleotide difference to known hevs. comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed a previously unrecognized hev genotype.201424856611
outbreak of hepatitis e in urban bangladesh resulting in maternal and perinatal mortality.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes outbreaks of jaundice associated with maternal mortality. four deaths among pregnant women with jaundice occurred in an urban community near dhaka, bangladesh, in late 2008 and were reported to authorities in january 2009. we investigated the etiology and risk factors for jaundice and death.201424855146
enhancement of interferon induction by orf3 product of hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes both the endemic and epidemic spread of acute hepatitis in many parts of the world. hev open reading frame 3 (orf3) encodes a 13-kda multifunctional protein (vp13) that is essential for hev infection of animals. the exact role of vp13 in hev infection remains unclear. in this study, vp13 was found to enhance interferon (ifn) production induced by poly(i · c), a synthetic analog of double-stranded rna. poly(i · c) treatment induced a higher level of ifn-β mrna in he ...201424850742
a systematic review of hepatitis e virus infection in children.a systematic review was conducted, seeking all literature relevant to the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features, and outcome of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in children. transmission is thought to be primarily from fecal-oral transmission, with the role of transmission from animal reservoirs not being clear in children. worldwide, seroprevalence is <10% up to 10 years of age, with the exception of 1 of 5 studies from india and the sole study from egypt. seroprevalence increases wit ...201424846637
establishment of culture systems for genotypes 3 and 4 hepatitis e virus (hev) obtained from human blood and application of hev inactivation using a pathogen reduction technology system.it has been demonstrated that the hepatitis e virus (hev) can be transmitted via blood transfusion, and the risk of hev transmission via transfusion has become a major global concern. an hev culture system for blood-derived hev has been sought to obtain valuable knowledge of the virus and the risk of hev infection through blood products.201424845192
no transmission of hepatitis e virus in pigs fed diets containing commercial spray-dried porcine plasma: a retrospective study of samples from several swine trials.hepatitis e virus (hev) has been reported in the human population and pigs are a recognized reservoir for hev and a possible source of hev transmission to humans. spray-dried porcine plasma (sdpp) is an ingredient commonly used in feed for pigs around the world. even though processing conditions used to produce sdpp should be adequate to inactivate hev, it was of interest to analyze commercial sdpp samples for presence of genome and antibodies (ab) against hev and to retrospectively analyze seru ...201425539662
acute hepatitis e virus infection and association with a subacute thyroiditis. 201425536654
genome-wide comparisons of phylogenetic similarities between partial genomic regions and the full-length genome in hepatitis e virus genotyping.besides the complete genome, different partial genomic sequences of hepatitis e virus (hev) have been used in genotyping studies, making it difficult to compare the results based on them. no commonly agreed partial region for hev genotyping has been determined. in this study, we used a statistical method to evaluate the phylogenetic performance of each partial genomic sequence from a genome wide, by comparisons of evolutionary distances between genomic regions and the full-length genomes of 101 ...201425542033
hepatitis e in developed countries: current status and future perspectives.hepatitis e virus (hev) was for many years thought to be found almost exclusively in developing countries, where it is a major health issue. recent studies have shown that hev causes acute and chronic infection in developed countries. in these geographical settings, hev is primarily a porcine zoonosis caused by genotypes 3 (hev3) and 4 (hev4). the clinical phenotype of hepatitis e continues to emerge, and recent data show that hev is associated with a range of neurological syndromes including gu ...201425517900
epidemiology and associated risk factors of hepatitis e virus infection in plateau state, nigeria.a cross-sectional study in nigeria was undertaken to determine the epidemiology, seroprevalence, and associated risk factors, of hepatitis e virus (hev). a total of 462 subjects were used for the study, categorized into four groups: apparently healthy persons, pregnant women, hiv positive subjects, and animal handlers. information was obtained from subjects using interviewer-administered questionnaire. blood samples were collected and analyzed for hev antibodies (igg and igm) using enzyme-linked ...201425512696
[hepatitis e virus infection in patients with clinical diagnosis of viral hepatitis in colombia].hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emergent virus of global importance; it is the etiological agent of sporadic cases and outbreaks of hepatitis. the epidemiology of this infection in colombia is unknown.201425504123
first report of chronic hepatitis e in renal transplant recipients in portugal.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection can be responsible for chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients, and can rapidly evolve into fibrosis and/or hepatic cirrhosis. we present two cases of chronic hepatitis e, emphasizing the need to be aware of this entity as a growing etiology of hepatitis in transplant and immunocompromised patients.201425500665
seroprevalence and risk factors associated with hepatitis e virus infection in three species of pet birds in northwest china.hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of hepatitis e, has been reported in a wide variety of animals, including birds, but little is known of hev infection in pet birds in northwest china. the objective of the present investigation was to examine hev seroprevalence in three species of pet birds, namely, eurasian siskin, oriental skylark, and black-tailed grosbeak from gansu. serum samples collected from 685 pet birds from august 2011 to september 2012 were examined independently for the p ...201425530995
hepatitis e virus genotype 4 in yak, northwestern china. 201425419958
natural and experimental hepatitis e virus genotype 3-infection in european wild boar is transmissible to domestic pigs.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of acute hepatitis e in humans in developing countries, but sporadic and autochthonous cases do also occur in industrialised countries. in europe, food-borne zoonotic transmission of genotype 3 (gt3) has been associated with domestic pig and wild boar. however, little is known about the course of hev infection in european wild boar and their role in hev transmission to domestic pigs. to investigate the transmissibility and pathogenesis of wild boar- ...201425421429
seroepidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis e virus in western yunnan province.to investigate the seroepidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis e virus (hev) in western yunnan province.201425441993
evidence of hepatitis e infection in swine and humans in the east region of romania.swine hepatitis e virus (hev) is considered to be a new zoonotic agent due to its close genomic resemblance to the human hev. the aim of this study was to determine human hev seroprevalence in eastern romania and to characterize circulating swine hev sequences.201425447729
[analysis of epidemiologic and etiology of hepatitis e in hangzhou, 2004-2011].to comprehend the epidemiologic of hepatitis e and genetic characteristics of hepatitis e virus (hev) in hangzhou from 2004 to 2011.201425492286
toll like receptors in self-recovering hepatitis e patients with or without pregnancy.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes high mortality among pregnant women. pathogenesis of hev, especially during pregnancy, is poorly understood. our aim was to assess the role of toll-like-receptors (tlrs) in hepatitis e patients with pregnancy (antenatal care, anc) or without pregnancy (non-anc). the patient categories included acute-phase, non-anc (n=46) and anc patients (2nd/3rd trimesters, n=13) and non-anc patients (n=31) during convalescence. controls included apparently healthy non-anc (n=30) ...201425454620
rna transcripts of full-length cdna clones of rabbit hepatitis e virus are infectious in rabbits.hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of hepatitis e, is a single-stranded positive-sense rna virus belonging to the family hepeviridae. at least four genotypes of the family infect humans: genotypes 1 and 2 are transmitted to humans through contaminated water, while genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic and have animal reservoirs. a novel strain of hev recently identified in rabbits is a distant member of genotype 3, and thus poses a potential risk of zoonotic transmission to humans. the object ...201425381057
complete genome sequence of a rat hepatitis e virus strain isolated in the united states.hepatitis e virus is a common cause of acute hepatitis in humans. related viruses have been isolated from multiple animal species, including rats, but their impact on human health is unclear. we present the first full-length genome sequence of a rat hepatitis e virus strain isolated in the united states (la-b350).201425377700
analysis of hepatitis e virus-like sequence in chimpanzee. 201425368657
naked viruses that aren't always naked: quasi-enveloped agents of acute hepatitis.historically, viruses were considered to be either enveloped or nonenveloped. however, recent work on hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus challenges this long-held tenet. whereas these human pathogens are shed in feces as naked nonenveloped virions, recent studies indicate that both circulate in the blood completely masked in membranes during acute infection. these membrane-wrapped virions are as infectious as their naked counterparts, although they do not express a virally encoded protein o ...201426958733
epidemiology of hepatitis e virus in china: results from the third national viral hepatitis prevalence survey, 2005-2006.in china, hepatitis e virus (hev) is prevalent and causes disease, but its epidemiological profile is not well understood. we used a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect total antibodies to hepatitis e virus in 15,862 serum samples collected during the third national viral hepatitis prevalence survey. the results were analyzed to calculate estimates of hev seroprevalence and to examine the effects of some putative risk factors. the seroprevalence of hev in the general chinese p ...201425360522
hepatitis e virus and implications for blood supply safety, australia. 201425341023
hepatitis e virus infections in blood donors, france.we screened plasma samples (minipools of 96 samples, corresponding to 53,234 blood donations) from france that had been processed with solvent-detergent for hepatitis e virus rna. the detection rate was 1 hev-positive sample/2,218 blood donations. most samples (22/24) from viremic donors were negative for igg and igm against hev.201425340881
frequent hepatitis e virus contamination in food containing raw pork liver, france.food products containing raw pork liver are suspected to be vehicles for transmission of hepatitis e virus. four categories of food products, comprising 394 samples, were analyzed to determine hepatitis e virus prevalence. virus was detected in 3%-30% of the different categories. phylogenetic analysis showed high identity with human and swine sequences.201425340373
foodborne transmission of hepatitis e virus from raw pork liver sausage, france. 201425340356
prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies in serbian blood donors.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is rarely reported in industrialized countries, but recent studies have revealed quite variable seroprevalence rates among european populations, including blood donors. in serbia, very limited data about hev seroprevalence are available. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-hev igg antibodies and hev rna in the sera of volunteer blood donors in serbia.201425313610
[search for rna of the hepatitis e virus autochthonous for russia in the most likely infection sources].the research carried out for 30 years from the moment of hepatitis e virus (hev) discovery has proved the presence of the autochthonous hev in non-endemic areas: europe and russia. monitoring of the hev antibodies (anti-hev) among the russian population has revealed regions with increased seroprevalence that testifies to high probability of local hev infection in these areas. contact with hev can represent special danger for patients of the risk groups. in this work, the blood sera testing was c ...201425335410
new foe treated with old guns - supportive role of steroids in the treatment of acute severe hepatitis e.autochthonous hepatitis e has been observed with growing incidence in industrialized countries. hepatitis e virus infection causes an acute hepatitis with spontaneous resolution in the majority of cases. however, in individual cases, hepatitis e may lead to life-threatening acute liver failure. in this report, we describe a case of acute liver injury caused by an autochthonous hepatitis e that resolved under steroid treatment. to our knowledge, this is the first case report describing supportive ...201425398314
hepatitis e virus egress depends on the exosomal pathway, with secretory exosomes derived from multivesicular bodies.our previous studies indicated that hepatitis e virus (hev) forms membrane-associated particles in the cytoplasm, most likely by budding into intracellular vesicles, and requires the multivesicular body (mvb) pathway to release virus particles, and the released hev particles with a lipid membrane retain the trans-golgi network protein 2 on their surface. to examine whether hev utilizes the exosomal pathway to release the virus particles, we analysed whether the virion release from plc/prf/5 cell ...201424970738
transmission, diagnosis, and management of hepatitis e: an update.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is an important public health concern in many developing countries, causing waterborne outbreaks as well as sporadic autochthonous hepatitis. hev is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route in endemic areas through drinking of contaminated water. however, zoonotic transmission from animal reservoirs to humans has also been suggested. three additional routes of hev transmission have been proposed to occur: blood borne, human to human, and vertical transmission ...201424966702
hepatitis e rorf2p stimulated and unstimulated peripheral expression profiling in patients with self-limiting hepatitis e infection.to improve the current knowledge on the involvement of peripheral lymphocytes in hepatitis e virus (hev) associated pathogenesis, we analyzed alterations in (1) immunophenotypic expressions (by flow cytometry) and (2) gene expression patterns (by taqman low density array) of activatory, inhibitory, integrin, homing, ectonucleotidase machinery, costimulatory, inflammatory markers, and t regulatory cells (treg) associated cytokines on hev rorf2p stimulated and unstimulated pbmcs of 43 acute hev pa ...201424963498
epidemiological investigation of the jaundice outbreak in lalkuan, nainital district, uttarakhand.in march 2013, cases of acute hepatitis were reported from lalkuan, nainital district. we investigated the outbreak to identify the source of infection and to facilitate control measures.201424963225
open reading frame 3 of genotype 1 hepatitis e virus inhibits nuclear factor-κappa b signaling induced by tumor necrosis factor-α in human a549 lung epithelial cells.hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the primary causative agents of acute hepatitis, and represents a major cause of severe public health problems in developing countries. the pathogenesis of hev is not well characterized, however, primarily due to the lack of well-defined cell and animal models. here, we investigated the effects of genotype 1 hev open reading frame 3 (orf3) on tnf-α-induced nucleus factor-κappa b (nf-κb) signaling. human lung epithelial cells (a549) were transiently transfected w ...201424959724
ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. 201424941186
ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. 201424941185
ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. 201424941184
ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. 201424941183
spf rabbits infected with rabbit hepatitis e virus isolate experimentally showing the chronicity of hepatitis.this study focused on investigating the pathogenesis seen in specific-pathogen-free (spf) rabbits following infection with a homologous rabbit hev isolate (chn-bj-rb14) and comparing it to that seen following infection with a heterologous swine genotype 4 hev isolate (chn-xj-sw13). three of the four animals inoculated with the homologous rabbit hev became infected, exhibiting an intermittent viremia, obvious fluctuations of liver function biomarkers alanine aminotransferase (alt) and aspartate a ...201424937350
naturally occurring animal models of human hepatitis e virus infection.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a single-stranded, positive-sense rna virus in the family hepeviridae. hepatitis e caused by hev is a clinically important global disease. there are currently four well-characterized genotypes of hev in mammalian species, although numerous novel strains of hev likely belonging to either new genotypes or species have recently been identified from several other animal species. hev genotypes 1 and 2 are limited to infection in humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 infect an e ...201424936039
detection of serum antibodies to hepatitis e virus in domestic pigs in italy using a recombinant swine hev capsid protein.the hepatitis e virus (hev) has been detected in both humans and animals, particularly pigs, worldwide. several evidences, including human infection following consumption of raw contaminated meat, suggest a zoonotic transmission of hev. in italy, large circulation of genotype 3 hev has been reported in swine, and recent studies have confirmed the involvement of this genotype in autochthonous human cases.201424934984
hepatitis e prevalence among hiv infected patients with elevated liver enzymes in the netherlands.in recent years chronic hepatitis e virus (hev) infections have been reported in immunosuppressed patients, including hiv-positive patients with low cd4 cell counts. because of delayed anti-hev seroconversion in patients with cd4 cell count<200 cells/ml it is difficult to draw firm conclusions on hev-seroprevalence in a population of hiv positive patients.201424929755
survey of canadian retail pork chops and pork livers for detection of hepatitis e virus, norovirus, and rotavirus using real time rt-pcr.over the past 15 years, hepatitis e virus (hev), norovirus (nov), and rotavirus (rv) have been hypothesized to be potentially zoonotic; swine and pork have been suggested as possible human infection sources for all 3 viruses. our objective was to estimate hev, nov, and rv prevalence and load on canadian retail pork chops and livers. using the canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars) sampling platform, pork livers (n=283) and chops (n=599) were collected, pro ...201424929681
decline in hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence in southeastern germany, 1996-2011.in the past decade, an increasing frequency of acute hepatitis e was noted in germany and other european countries. moreover, a high prevalence (17%) of hepatitis e virus (hev) immunoglobulin g antibodies (anti-hev) was recently found in the adult german population. although this suggests an emerging pathogen, reports from other countries gave hints to a completely new aspect: a possible decrease in anti-hev prevalence during the last decades. to investigate the time trends of hepatitis e in sou ...201424912687
optimization of the elution buffer and concentration method for detecting hepatitis e virus in swine liver using a nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.the aim of this study was to develop an optimal technique for detecting hepatitis e virus (hev) in swine livers. here, three elution buffers and two concentration methods were compared with respect to enhancing recovery of hev from swine liver samples. real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nested rt-pcr were performed to detect hev rna. when phosphate-buffered saline (pbs, ph 7.4) was used to concentrate hev in swine liver samples using ultrafiltration, real-time ...201424907649
transfusion-transmitted hepatitis e in germany, 2013.the reported igg seroprevalence against hepatitis e virus (hev) in german blood donations is 6.8%, and hev rna detected in 0.08%, but documented evidence for hev transmission is lacking. we identified two donations from a single donor containing 120 iu hev rna/ml plasma and 490 iu/ml. an infectious dose of 7,056 iu hev rna was transmitted via apheresis platelets to an immunosuppressed patient who developed chronic hev. further, transmission was probable in an immunocompetent child.201424906377
consensus proposals for classification of the family hepeviridae.the family hepeviridae consists of positive-stranded rna viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian species, as well as chickens and trout. a subset of these viruses infects humans and can cause a self-limiting acute hepatitis that may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. current published descriptions of the taxonomical divisions within the family hepeviridae are contradictory in relation to the assignment of species and genotypes. through analysis of existing sequence information ...201424989172
consensus proposals for classification of the family hepeviridae.the family hepeviridae consists of positive-stranded rna viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian species, as well as chickens and trout. a subset of these viruses infects humans and can cause a self-limiting acute hepatitis that may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. current published descriptions of the taxonomical divisions within the family hepeviridae are contradictory in relation to the assignment of species and genotypes. through analysis of existing sequence information ...201424989172
occurrence of hepatitis e virus infection in acute hepatitis in thailand.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is one of the enterically transmitted types of hepatitis. the present study was undertaken to estimate the occurrence of hev infection in sporadic acute hepatitis in thailand. serum samples were obtained from 614 suspected acute hepatitis patients at two large hospitals in bangkok during 2008, 2009, and 2011. acute hepatitis e was identified by the presence of anti-hev igm (4.8%) using indirect elisa kits and/or hev rna (4.5%) by a semi-nested reverse transcript ...201424984976
assessment of airborne virus contamination in wastewater treatment plants.occupational exposure to bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants (wwtp) and its consequence on workers' health are well documented. most studies were devoted to enumerating and identifying cultivable bacteria and fungi, as well as measuring concentrations of airborne endotoxins, as these are the main health-related factors found in wwtp. surprisingly, very few studies have investigated the presence and concentrations of airborne virus in wwtp. however, many enteric viruses are present in wast ...201424981824
hepatitis e virus seroprevalence among blood donors in jiangsu province, east china.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is responsible for over 50% of acute viral hepatitis cases, and the blood transfusion route has emerged as a possible means of sporadic hev infection. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hev among blood donors in east china.201424981426
incidence and natural history of hepatitis e virus coinfection among hiv-infected patients.to know the prevalence, incidence and factors associated with hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in hiv-infected individuals in spain, as well as to provide information on the natural history of hiv/hev coinfection.201424979724
hepatitis e virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantations are at risk of acquiring acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection, leading to chronicity. we review the incidence, sequela, extrahepatic manifestations, and treatment of hepatitis due to hev infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allohsct) recipients.201424977683
chronic hepatitis e in solid-organ transplantation: the key implications of immunosuppressants.solid-organ recipients infected with hepatitis e virus (hev) bear an extremely high risk of developing chronic hepatitis, although this virus only causes acute infection in the general population. immunosuppressive medication universally used after transplantation to prevent organ rejection appears to be a main risk factor for developing chronic infection. this review aims to overview and emphasize the current clinical and experimental evidence regarding the key implications of immunosuppressant ...201424977682
seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in general population in rural durango, mexico.the seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in rural areas in mexico has been poorly studied.201424976837
seroprevalence and evolutionary dynamics of genotype 4 hepatitis e virus in shandong province, china.to investigate the seroprevalence and evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis e virus (hev) and assess the ancestor of hevs in china's shandong province.201424976732
estimation of hepatitis e virus (hev) pig seroprevalence using elisa and western blot and comparison between human and pig hev sequences in belgium.zoonotic transmission of hepatitis e virus (hev) is of special concern, particularly in high income countries were waterborne infections are less frequent than in developing countries. high hev seroprevalences can be found in european pig populations. the aims of this study were to obtain prevalence data on hev infection in swine in belgium and to phylogenetically compare belgian human hev sequences with those obtained from swine. an elisa screening prevalence of 73% (95% ci 68.8-77.5) was deter ...201424975642
genetic characterization and serological prevalence of swine hepatitis e virus in shandong province, china.hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of hepatitis e, is classified into four major genotypes (1 to 4) and swine is the main natural reservoir for genotypes 3 and 4. in this study, a total of 106 bile samples from a slaughterhouse in the shandong province of china were tested for the partial orf2 gene of hev by rt-npcr to determine the virus genotypes, and two indirect elisa were developed for the detection of swine hev specific igm and igg antibodies in 980 serum samples from 24 farms, i ...201424975641
comparison of three in-house elisas for the detection of hepatitis e virus infection in pigs under field conditions.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a rna non-enveloped virus that comprises four genotypes. the genome of hev is organized into three open reading frames (orfs), and the orf2 is responsible for encoding capsid proteins. hev can infect a wide range of hosts, and pigs are considered the main reservoir. hev infection is considered a zoonosis and it is responsible for acute hepatitis in humans, especially in developing countries. the development of a blocking elisa would be of high value for screening purpo ...201425010789
identification and characterization of avian hepatitis e virus in 2013 outbreaks of hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in two us layer operations.two commercial midwestern egg-type chicken flocks experienced significant increases in mortality rates in april 2013 with clinical signs appearing in 17-week-old pullets on farm a and in 46-week-old hens on farm b. average weekly mortality was 0.44% over a 4-week period on farm a and 0.17% over an 8-week period on farm b. on farm a, flocks in the affected house had a 45% decrease in daily egg production from weeks 19 to 27 when compared with standard egg production curves (p < 0.01) while no dec ...201425010035
hepatitis e in patients with hepatic disorders and hiv-infected patients in croatia: is one diagnostic method enough for hepatitis e diagnosis?we assessed hepatitis e virus (hev) seroprevalence in patients with hepatic disorders as well as in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients and emphasised the issue of possible non-specific anti-hev seroresponse and need for combining diagnostic methods for hepatitis e diagnosis. over a two-year period, from march 2011 to february 2013, we determined anti-hev immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg by enzyme immunoassays (eia; mikrogen, germany) in 504 hepatitis patients negative for acute v ...201425005459
first report of hepatitis e virus circulation in domestic pigs in nigeria.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important cause of acute hepatitis in humans. zoonotic transmission between pigs and humans has been confirmed. human hev infection is common in nigeria; however, characterization of hev infection in other species was lacking. the objective of this study was to investigate hev infection in nigerian pigs. a total of 286 serum samples from six states in nigeria were tested for presence of anti-hev igg. ninety fecal samples from one of these states (plateau state) were ...201425002299
first case report of an acute hepatitis e subgenotype 3c infection during pregnancy in germany.hepatitis e is usually a self-limiting disease and an important cause of acute hepatitis in endemic countries in asia and africa. however, the mortality rate for pregnant women infected with hepatitis e virus (hev) in this area is about 25%. in germany, sporadic cases of acute hepatitis e infections have been described and the number of autochthonous infections is increasing. here we report an autochthonous hev subgenotype 3c infection in a 27-year old pregnant woman. this is the first documente ...201424996764
seroprevalence study of hepatitis e virus infection in two districts of the czech republic.the aim of this work was to retrospectively examine serum samples from 230 people living in two districts in the czech republic in year 1989 (znojmo and jihlava) for the igg antibodies against hepatitis e virus (hev). for examination, commercial elisa kit dia.pro was used and 13 seropositive persons were found, i.e. 5.7% of those examined. the seropositivity rate was higher in women (6.8%) than in men (3.7%), but the difference was not statistically significant. the age of examined persons did n ...201425025670
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