Publications

practice corner: swine flu in 2009: what does the future hold?		2009	19605660
[influenza with virus a/h1n1: questions and answers].		2009	19606577
swine flu pandemic: mission accomplished?		2009	19606878
molecular analysis and characterization of swine and human influenza viruses isolated in hungary in 2006–2007.	in order to provide additional information to the epidemiological situation in middle europe and open further possibilities to investigate the transmission of influenza viruses between species, the viral genomes of three influenza a virus isolates (one human and two swine) collected from north-east hungary in 2006–2007 have been fully sequenced and characterized. the sequence analysis reveals strong geographical relationships between the internal genes of the two swine viruses; the human isolate ...	2009	19609664
the path of a pandemic.		2009	19469332
number of confirmed swine flu cases could be "tip of iceberg".		2009	19470565
lessons from outbreaks of h1n1 influenza.	a new h1n1 triple-reassortant "swine" influenza virus was recently described in individuals from the united states and mexico who presented with respiratory symptoms, and the same virus was subsequently confirmed in patients from several countries around the world. the circumstances surrounding the emergence of this pathogen, and the factors that facilitated the initial cross-species transmission, are still incompletely understood. it became apparent in the early days of the outbreak that the vi ...	2009	19470591
interspecies transmission and host restriction of avian h5n1 influenza virus.	long-term endemicity of avian h5n1 influenza virus in poultry and continuous sporadic human infections in several countries has raised the concern of another potential pandemic influenza. suspicion of the avian origin of the previous pandemics results in the close investigation of the mechanism of interspecies transmission. entry and fusion is the first step for the h5n1 influenza virus to get into the host cells affecting the host ranges. therefore receptor usage study has been a major focus fo ...	2009	19471865
preparation will pay off. regardless of what happens with swine flu, pandemic bound to strike.		2009	19472506
time to rethink the uk's response to swine flu?		2009	19474010
swine flu. report from the uk "epicentre".		2009	19474032
confirmation of the first hong kong case of human infection by novel swine origin influenza a (h1n1) virus diagnosed using ultrarapid, real-time reverse transcriptase pcr.		2009	19474268
geographic dependence, surveillance, and origins of the 2009 influenza a (h1n1) virus.		2009	19474418
evolution of the m gene of the influenza a virus in different host species: large-scale sequence analysis.	influenza a virus infects not only humans, but also other species including avian and swine. if a novel influenza a subtype acquires the ability to spread between humans efficiently, it could cause the next pandemic. therefore it is necessary to understand the evolutionary processes of influenza a viruses in various hosts in order to gain better knowledge about the emergence of pandemic virus. the virus has segmented rna genome and 7th segment, m gene, encodes 2 proteins. m1 is a matrix protein ...	2009	19476650
characterization of triple reassortant h1n1 influenza a viruses from swine in ohio.	an h1n1 influenza a virus, a/swine/ohio/24366/07, was isolated from pigs in an ohio county fair. twenty-six people who came in contact with the infected pigs developed respiratory disease and two of these people were laboratory confirmed as h1n1 by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc). the a/swine/ohio/24366/07 virus we isolated from swine was shown at the cdc to have 100% identical genome sequence to the human virus associated with the county fair. this prompted us to characteri ...	2009	19477087
swine flu outbreak. new details on virus's promiscuous past.		2009	19478151
swine flu attention turns to the tropics.		2009	19478748
africa and swine influenza virus.		2009	19480028
h1n1 strain in humans causes concerns over animal impacts.		2009	19480613
cluster analysis of the origins of the new influenza a(h1n1) virus.	in march and april 2009, a new strain of influenza a(h1n1) virus has been isolated in mexico and the united states. since the initial reports more than 10,000 cases have been reported to the world health organization, all around the world. several hundred isolates have already been sequenced and deposited in public databases. we have studied the genetics of the new strain and identified its closest relatives through a cluster analysis approach. we show that the new virus combines genetic informa ...	2009	19480812
to baptise a virus and its disease.		2009	19480815
pigs might fly.		2009	19483041
the role of swine in the generation of novel influenza viruses.	the ecology of influenza a viruses is very complicated involving multiple host species and viral genes. avian species have variable susceptibility to influenza a viruses with wild aquatic birds being the reservoir for this group of pathogens. occasionally, influenza a viruses are transmitted to mammals from avian species, which can lead to the development of human pandemic strains by direct or indirect transmission to man. because swine are also susceptible to infection with avian and human infl ...	2009	19486316
the resurgence of swine-origin influenza a (h1n1).	unexpectedly, swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv, informally known as swine flu) appeared in north america at the very end of the 2008-2009 influenza season and began to spread internationally. as the world mobilizes for a potential pandemic, this article summarizes the developments in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.	2009	19487554
trials and tribulations.....and now swine flu.		2009	19490130
swine flu, pandemics, and critical care.		2009	19490596
swine flu panic is being spread by ignorance.		2009	19491743
likelihood that an unsubtypeable influenza a virus result obtained with the luminex xtag respiratory virus panel is indicative of infection with novel a/h1n1 (swine-like) influenza virus.		2009	19494066
swine influenza: then and now.		2009	19494369
genetic and antigenic evolution of swine influenza viruses in europe and evaluation of their zoonotic potential.	swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory viral infection of pigs that has become enzootic in areas densely populated with pigs. like other influenza a viruses, swine influenza virus (siv) is genetically unstable and able to accumulate antigenic drifts and/or antigenic shifts. the pig is susceptible to both avian and human influenza viruses and can serve as an intermediate host in influenza virus ecology. zoonotic agents may emerge in pigs following the modification of an established sw ...	2009	19497089
origins of the new influenza a(h1n1) virus: time to take action.	to gain insight into the possible origins of the 2009 outbreak of new influenza a(h1n1), we performed two independent analyses of genetic evolution of the new influenza a(h1n1) virus. firstly, protein homology analyses of more than 400 sequences revealed that this virus most likely evolved from recent swine viruses. secondly, phylogenetic analyses of 5,214 protein sequences of influenza a(h1n1) viruses (avian, swine and human) circulating in north america for the last two decades (from 1989 to 2 ...	2009	19497253
epidemiology of new influenza a (h1n1) virus infection, united kingdom, april-june 2009.	following the previous report to eurosurveillance on 14 may 2009, the number of confirmed cases of new influenza a(h1n1) has continued to increase in the united kingdom. by 31 may, uk surveillance activities had detected a total of 252 confirmed cases. seventy (28%) were related to travel to the united states and mexico. there is evidence of spread in households, schools and the community with increases in secondary (n=40), tertiary (n=125) and sporadic (n=13) cases. the new influenza a(h1n1) vi ...	2009	19497255
association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha with fever and pulmonary lesion score in pigs experimentally infected with swine influenza virus subtype h1n2.	the relationship between tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha level, body temperature, and pulmonary lesion score was determined in 3-week-old pigs inoculated intranasally with swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n2. the expression of tnf-alpha was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluids by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and lung tissues by immunohistochemistry. in bal fluid, tnf-alpha concentration was maximal at 1 days post-inoculation (dpi), declined markedly by 3 dpi (p<0.05) and s ...	2009	19498287
design of multiplexed detection assays for identification of avian influenza a virus subtypes pathogenic to humans by smartcycler real-time reverse transcription-pcr.	influenza a virus (iav) epidemics are the result of human-to-human or poultry-to-human transmission. tracking seasonal outbreaks of iav and other avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes that can infect humans, aquatic and migratory birds, poultry, and pigs is essential for epidemiological surveillance and outbreak alerts. in this study, we performed four real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rrt-pcr) assays for identification of the iav m and hemagglutinin (ha) genes from six known aivs infecting pi ...	2009	18971359
molecular cloning and characterization of porcine mx2 gene.	mx, an interferon-inducible protein, is found in various vertebrates and confers resistance to several rna viruses. at least two mx proteins occur in vertebrates, and these proteins are key components of innate defense against viral infection. in mice and humans, the two mx genes have different antiviral activities. both mx1 and mx2 have also been detected in pigs, although only a partial sequence of porcine mx2 has been reported, and there is no information on its antiviral activity. here, we r ...	2009	18977535
fusion of c3d with hemagglutinin enhances protective immunity against swine influenza virus.	h1n1 and h3n2 are the dominant subtypes causing swine influenza in china and other countries. it is important to develop effective vaccines against both h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes of swine influenza virus (siv). we examined the effects of a dna vaccine expressing an influenza ha fused to three copies of murine complement c3d in mice. plasmids encoding soluble ha (sha), complete ha (tmha), or a soluble fused form of ha (sha-mc3d3) were constructed from the h3n2 subtype of siv. the immune response was ...	2009	19010505
pb2 protein of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strain a/chicken/yamaguchi/7/2004 (h5n1) determines its replication potential in pigs.	it has been shown that not all but most of the avian influenza viruses replicate in the upper respiratory tract of pigs (h. kida et al., j. gen. virol. 75:2183-2188, 1994). it was shown that a/chicken/yamaguchi/7/2004 (h5n1) [ck/yamaguchi/04 (h5n1)] did not replicate in pigs (n. isoda et al., arch. virol. 151:1267-1279, 2006). in the present study, the genetic basis for this host range restriction was determined using reassortant viruses generated between ck/yamaguchi/04 (h5n1) and a/swine/hokka ...	2009	19052090
further evidence for infection of pigs with human-like h1n1 influenza viruses in china.	classical swine and avian-like h1n1 influenza viruses were reported widely in swine population worldwide, but human-like h1n1 swine viruses were reported occasionally. in 2006, a human-like h1n1 swine virus (a/swine/guangdong/96/06) was isolated from pigs in guangdong province, which was reported in china for the first time. to get further evidence for infection of pigs with human-like h1n1 influenza viruses, we analyzed eight gene segments of three human-like swine h1n1 viruses (a/swine/guangdo ...	2009	19063926
genetic correlation between h3n2 human and swine influenza viruses.	h3n2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza virus which circulates in human and swine population throughout the world.	2009	19083267
characterization of a canadian mink h3n2 influenza a virus isolate genetically related to triple reassortant swine influenza virus.	in 2007, an h3n2 influenza a virus was isolated from canadian mink. this virus was found to be phylogenetically related to a triple reassortant influenza virus which emerged in canadian swine in 2005, but it is antigenically distinct. the transmission of the virus from swine to mink seems to have occurred following the feeding of animals with a ration composed of uncooked meat by-products of swine obtained from slaughterhouse facilities. serological analyses suggest that the mink influenza virus ...	2009	19116358
performance of a commercial swine influenza virus h1n1 and h3n2 antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in pigs experimentally infected with european influenza viruses.	the idexx swine influenza virus h1n1 and h3n2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are used worldwide, but their capacity to detect antibodies to european swine influenza viruses (sivs) has not been documented. a total of 313 well-defined sera from siv seronegative pigs and pigs experimentally infected with european sivs were used to compare the performance of both elisas and the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. the elisas largely failed to detect pigs that had been infected with h1 ...	2009	19139506
reverse genetics-generated elastase-dependent swine influenza viruses are attenuated in pigs.	influenza a virus causes significant morbidity in swine, resulting in a substantial economic burden. swine influenza virus (siv) infection also poses important human public health concerns. it has been shown that conversion of the haemagglutinin (ha) cleavage site from a trypsin-sensitive motif to an elastase-sensitive motif resulted in attenuated viruses in mouse models. however, application of this attenuation approach in a natural host has not been achieved yet. here, we report that using rev ...	2009	19141446
human case of swine influenza a (h1n1), aragon, spain, november 2008.	a human case of swine influenza a (h1n1) in a 50-year-old woman from a village near teruel (aragon, in the north-east of spain), with a population of about 200 inhabitants, has been reported in november 2008.	2009	19232228
a human case of swine influenza virus infection in europe--implications for human health and research.	swine are susceptible to the same influenza a virus subtypes as humans--h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2--and the histories of influenza in pigs and people are closely linked. many swine influenza viruses are a result of reassortment and their genes are composed of human and avian and/or swine virus genes. indeed, it is known that both human and avian influenza viruses occasionally transmit to pigs, and that pigs can serve as "mixing vessels" for these viruses, meaning that viruses can exchange genetic mater ...	2009	19232229
[preparation of monoclonal antibodies against ha protein of subtype h1 of swine influenza virus].	to prepare the monoclonal antibodies(mab) against the ha protein of subtype h1 of swine influenza virus (siv).	2009	19257989
facing pandemic influenza threats: the importance of including poultry and swine workers in preparedness plans.	recent research has shown that poultry and swine workers, especially those with intense exposures, are at increased risk of zoonotic influenza virus infections. in multiple studies, us poultry workers and poultry veterinarians have evidence of previous infections with avian influenza virus. similarly, us swine workers have strong evidence of previous and acute infections with swine influenza viruses. mathematical modeling has demonstrated that such workers may accelerate the spread of pandemic v ...	2009	19276439
a comparison of the pathogenicity of avian and swine h5n1 influenza viruses in indonesia.	highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses are circulating in many countries. we recently discovered that these viruses have been transmitted to pigs on multiple occasions in indonesia. to investigate whether avian h5n1 influenza viruses adapted to mammals through their introduction into pigs, we examined the growth of avian and swine isolates in cell culture and compared their pathogenicity in mice. we found that swine isolates were less virulent to mice than avian isolates, suggesting that ...	2009	19288052
different evolutionary trajectories of european avian-like and classical swine h1n1 influenza a viruses.	in 1979, a lineage of avian-like h1n1 influenza a viruses emerged in european swine populations independently from the classical swine h1n1 virus lineage that had circulated in pigs since the spanish influenza pandemic of 1918. to determine whether these two distinct lineages of swine-adapted a/h1n1 viruses evolved from avian-like a/h1n1 ancestors in similar ways, as might be expected given their common host species and origin, we compared patterns of nucleotide and amino acid change in whole ge ...	2009	19297491
pathogenesis of swine influenza virus (thai isolates) in weanling pigs: an experimental trial.	the objective of this study is to investigate the pathogenesis of swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n1 and h3n2 (thai isolates) in 22-day-old spf pigs.	2009	19317918
panorama phylogenetic diversity and distribution of type a influenza virus.	type a influenza virus is one of important pathogens of various animals, including humans, pigs, horses, marine mammals and birds. currently, the viral type has been classified into 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes, but the phylogenetic diversity and distribution within the viral type largely remain unclear from the whole view.	2009	19325912
[development and preclinical study of new generation virosomal split influenza vaccine "grifor"].	new russian virosomal split vaccine against influenza "grifor" was developed. the vaccine is represented by mix of highly purified protective external and internal antigens of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses. developed technology of manufacture allowed to provide presentation of external antigens of influenza virus in the form of virosomes, and presentation of internal antigens in the form of micelles with maximal preservation of their antigenic activity. using electron microscopy, ele ...	2009	19338232
parotitis in a child infected with triple-reassortant influenza a virus in canada in 2007.	swine h3n2 influenza virus designated a/ontario/1252/2007 was isolated from a child with parotitis. diagnosis was confirmed by viral isolation and serological assays. a/ontario/1252/2007 was related to h3n2 triple reassortants that emerged in swine in the united states in 1998. three of five tested household members were also seropositive for a/ontario/1252/2007.	2009	19339469
multiple amino acid substitutions are involved in the adaptation of h9n2 avian influenza virus to mice.	to explore adaptation of avian influenza virus to mice we previously performed serial lung-to-lung passages of the influenza a/chicken/jiangsu/7/2002 (h9n2) strain, resulting in the isolation of a variant influenza strain lethal for mice. we now report that virulence correlates with improved growth characteristics on mammalian cells and extended tissue tropism in vivo. sequencing of the complete genomes of the wild-type and mouse-adapted viruses revealed 25 amino acid substitutions. some were fo ...	2009	19342184
isolation and genetic characterization of h5n2 influenza viruses from pigs in korea.	due to dual susceptibility to both human and avian influenza a viruses, pigs are believed to be effective intermediate hosts for the spread and production of new viruses with pandemic potential. in early 2008, two swine h5n2 viruses were isolated from our routine swine surveillance in korea. the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of surface proteins revealed that the sw/korea/c12/08 and sw/korea/c13/08 viruses were derived from avian influenza viruses of the eurasian lineage. however, although ...	2009	19359528
minimal molecular constraints for respiratory droplet transmission of an avian-human h9n2 influenza a virus.	pandemic influenza requires interspecies transmission of an influenza virus with a novel hemagglutinin (ha) subtytpe that can adapt to its new host through either reassortment or point mutations and transmit by aerosolized respiratory droplets. two previous pandemics of 1957 and 1968 resulted from the reassortment of low pathogenic avian viruses and human subtypes of that period; however, conditions leading to a pandemic virus are still poorly understood. given the endemic situation of avian h9n ...	2009	19380727
conserved amino acid markers from past influenza pandemic strains.	finding the amino acid mutations that affect the severity of influenza infections remains an open and challenging problem. of special interest is better understanding how current circulating influenza strains could evolve into a new pandemic strain. influenza proteomes from distinct viral phenotype classes were searched for class specific amino acid mutations conserved in past pandemics, using reverse engineered linear classifiers.	2009	19386124
swine influenza a (h1n1) infection in two children--southern california, march-april 2009.	on april 17, 2009, cdc determined that two cases of febrile respiratory illness occurring in children who resided in adjacent counties in southern california were caused by infection with a swine influenza a (h1n1) virus. the viruses from the two cases are closely related genetically, resistant to amantadine and rimantadine, and contain a unique combination of gene segments that previously has not been reported among swine or human influenza viruses in the united states or elsewhere. neither chi ...	2009	19390508
isolation and molecular characterization of equine h3n8 influenza viruses from pigs in china.	during 2004-2006 swine influenza virus surveillance, two strains of h3n8 influenza viruses were isolated from pigs in central china. sequence and phylogenetic analyses of eight gene segments revealed that the two swine isolates were of equine origin and most closely related to european equine h3n8 influenza viruses from the early 1990s. comparison of hemagglutinin (ha) amino acid sequences showed several important substitutions. one substitution caused the loss of a potential glycosylation site, ...	2009	19396578
novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1 in italy.	to date, three subtypes of swine influenza viruses, h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 have been isolated in italy. in 2006, a novel swine influenza virus subtype (h3n1) was isolated from coughing pigs. rt-pcr performed on lung tissues, experimental infection in pigs with the novel isolate, and cloning the virus by plaque assay confirmed this unique h and n combination. the novel isolate was also antigenically and genetically characterized. genetic and phylogenetic analysis showed that the complete ha gene of ...	2009	19398171
swine flu could come back in more virulent form after summer, european experts say.		2009	19403576
health department starts to stockpile masks for clinicians to combat swine flu.		2009	19403577
outbreak news. swine influenza.		2009	19405211
swine flu.		2009	19406879
infectious diseases. as swine flu circles globe, scientists grapple with basic questions.		2009	19407164
update: infections with a swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus--united states and other countries, april 28, 2009.	since april 21, 2009, cdc has reported cases of respiratory infection with a swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv) transmitted through human-to-human contact. this report updates cases identified in u.s. states and highlights certain control measures taken by cdc. as of april 28, the total number of confirmed cases of s-oiv infection in the united states had increased to 64, with cases in california (10 cases), kansas (two), new york (45), ohio (one), and texas (six). cdc and state and l ...	2009	19407737
update: drug susceptibility of swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) viruses, april 2009.	since april 21, 2009, cdc has reported cases of respiratory infection with a swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv) that is being spread via human-to-human transmission. as of april 28, the total number of confirmed s-oiv cases in the united states was 64; these cases occurred in california (10 cases), kansas (two), new york (45), ohio (one), and texas (six). the viruses contain a unique combination of gene segments that had not been reported previously among swine or human influenza viru ...	2009	19407738
update: swine influenza a (h1n1) infections--california and texas, april 2009.	on april 21, 2009, cdc reported that two recent cases of febrile respiratory illness in children in southern california had been caused by infection with genetically similar swine influenza a (h1n1) viruses. the viruses contained a unique combination of gene segments that had not been reported previously among swine or human influenza viruses in the united states or elsewhere. neither child had known contact with pigs, resulting in concern that human-to-human transmission might have occurred. th ...	2009	19407739
swine flu goes global.		2009	19407756
swine influenza: frequently asked questions.		2009	19408352
swine influenza: how much of a global threat?		2009	19410694
confirmation of first person to person transmission of swine flu in uk expected soon.		2009	19411405
are working hours more frightening than swine flu?		2009	19417043
towards a sane and rational approach to management of influenza h1n1 2009.	beginning in march 2009, an outbreak of influenza in north america was found to be caused by a new strain of influenza virus, designated influenza h1n1 2009, which is a reassortant of swine, avian and human influenza viruses. over a thousand total cases were identified with the first month, chiefly in the united states and mexico, but also involving several european countries. actions concerning influenza h1n1 2009 need to be based on fact and science, following recommendations of public health ...	2009	19422701
the origin of the recent swine influenza a(h1n1) virus infecting humans.	preliminary analysis of the genome of the new h1n1 influenza a virus responsible for the current pandemic indicates that all genetic segments are related closest to those of common swine influenza viruses.	2009	19422769
swine flu outbreak. out of mexico? scientists ponder swine flu's origins.		2009	19423781
swine flu outbreak. devilish dilemmas surround pandemic flu vaccine.		2009	19423782
swine flu outbreak. what role for antiviral drugs?		2009	19423784
emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus in humans.	on april 15 and april 17, 2009, novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv) was identified in specimens obtained from two epidemiologically unlinked patients in the united states. the same strain of the virus was identified in mexico, canada, and elsewhere. we describe 642 confirmed cases of human s-oiv infection identified from the rapidly evolving u.s. outbreak.	2009	19423869
implications of the emergence of a novel h1 influenza virus.		2009	19423870
triple-reassortant swine influenza a (h1) in humans in the united states, 2005-2009.	triple-reassortant swine influenza a (h1) viruses--containing genes from avian, human, and swine influenza viruses--emerged and became enzootic among pig herds in north america during the late 1990s.	2009	19423871
safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of poxvirus-based vector vaccines expressing the haemagglutinin gene of a highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in pigs.	this study investigates the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of different pox-vector vaccines expressing the haemagglutinin of a highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) (a/chicken/indonesia/7/03) in pigs. pigs were vaccinated twice, with a 4-week interval, with a fowlpox (trovac), a canarypox (alvac), or a vaccinia (nyvac) vector vaccine combined with an oil-in-water adjuvant, with the unadjuvanted nyvac, or left unvaccinated. six weeks after the second vaccination, all pigs w ...	2009	19428840
chief medical officer warns against complacency over swine flu.		2009	19429656
novel h1n1 influenza in people: global spread from an animal source?	richard irvine and ian brown of the veterinary laboratories agency discuss some epidemiological features of the novel h1n1 influenza virus that is currently causing concern among health authorities worldwide.	2009	19429933
vaccine-induced protection from egg production losses in commercial turkey breeder hens following experimental challenge with a triple-reassortant h3n2 avian influenza virus.	infections of avian influenza virus (aiv) in turkey breeder hens can cause a decrease in both egg production and quality, resulting in significant production losses. in north carolina in 2003, a triple-reassortant h3n2 aiv containing human, swine, and avian gene segments was isolated from turkey breeder hens (a/turkey/nc/16108/03). this viral subtype was subsequently isolated from both turkeys and swine in ohio in 2004, and in minnesota in 2005, and was responsible for significant losses in turk ...	2009	19431997
swine influenza.		2009	19433408
industrial food animal production and global health risks: exploring the ecosystems and economics of avian influenza.	many emerging infectious diseases in human populations are associated with zoonotic origins. attention has often focused on wild animal reservoirs, but most zoonotic pathogens of recent concern to human health either originate in, or are transferred to, human populations from domesticated animals raised for human consumption. thus, the ecological context of emerging infectious disease comprises two overlapping ecosystems: the natural habitats and populations of wild animals, and the anthropogeni ...	2009	19437076
molecular detection of a novel human influenza (h1n1) of pandemic potential by conventional and real-time quantitative rt-pcr assays.	influenza a viruses are medically important viral pathogens that cause significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world. the recent emergence of a novel human influenza a virus (h1n1) poses a serious health threat. molecular tests for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed.	2009	19439731
april 2009: an outbreak of swine-origin influenza a(h1n1) virus with evidence for human-to-human transmission.	a swine-origin influenza a(h1n1) virus is currently responsible for an outbreak of infections in the human population, with laboratory-confirmed cases reported in several countries and clear evidence for human-to-human transmission. we provide a description of the outbreak at the end of april 2009, and a brief review of the zoonotic potential of swine influenza viruses.	2009	19442755
swine flue outbreak. flu researchers train sights on novel tricks of novel h1n1.		2009	19443758
swine flue outbreak. swine flu names evolving faster than swine flu itself.		2009	19443759
outbreak of swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus infection - mexico, march-april 2009.	in march and early april 2009, mexico experienced outbreaks of respiratory illness and increased reports of patients with influenza-like illness (ili) in several areas of the country. on april 12, the general directorate of epidemiology (dge) reported an outbreak of ili in a small community in the state of veracruz to the pan american health organization (paho) in accordance with international health regulations. on april 17, a case of atypical pneumonia in oaxaca state prompted enhanced surveil ...	2009	19444150
swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus infections in a school - new york city, april 2009.	on april 24, 2009, cdc reported eight confirmed cases of swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv) infection in texas and california. the strain identified in u.s. patients was confirmed by cdc as genetically similar to viruses subsequently isolated from patients in mexico. since april 24, the number of cases in the united states and elsewhere has continued to rise. as of april 28, approximately half (45) of all u.s. cases of s-oiv infection had been confirmed among students and staff member ...	2009	19444151
amplification of four genes of influenza a viruses using a degenerate primer set in a one step rt-pcr method.	we designed a degenerate primer set that yielded full-length amplification of hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix (m), and non-structural protein (nsp) genes of influenza a viruses in a single reaction mixture. these four genes were amplified from 15 ha (1-15) and 9 na (1-9) subtypes of influenza a viruses of avian (n=16) origin. in addition, 272 field isolates of avian origin were tested by this method. full-length amplification of ha, na, m, and nsp genes was obtained in 242 (88.9%) ...	2009	19447141
swine flu panic shows how little we really care.	i have to confess that when the first reports of swine flu started circulating, i did have a strong sense of déjà vu - after all, we've been here before. back in 2003, the world was under threat from another potentially lethal virus that began in an economically deprived part of the world among animal stocks and briefly (according to some anyway) threatened to turn into a global pandemic--avian flu.	2009	19448575
[panic pandemic?].		2009	19448748
an influenza smiley.		2009	19449215
avian influenza in birds and mammals.	the disease syndromes caused by avian influenza viruses are highly variable depending on the host species infected, its susceptibility and response to infection and the virulence of the infecting viral strain. although avian influenza viruses have a broad host range in general, it is rare for an individual strain or subtype to infect more than one species. the h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) lineages of viruses that descended from a/goose/guandong/96 (h5n1 hpaiv) are unusual ...	2009	18485480
antiviral drug treatment for emerging swine flu.	of several infections, influenza virus infection is considered a serious problem. emerging of atypical influenza virus infection is a big challenge in antiviral drug treatment. the efficacy of antiviral drug in atypical influenza is still doubtful. in this specific article, the author will discuss and detail on antiviral drug treatment for the new emerging swine flu. the problems for antiviral drug treatment in case of swine flu are discussed. the current practice on usage of all available antiv ...	2009	19756328
influenza a(h1n1) and infection control guidelines for optometrists.	the emergence of a novel influenza a virus (influenza a[h1n1]), which has not circulated previously in humans, has led to the first global influenza pandemic in 41 years. influenza a(h1n1), commonly called 'swine flu', is a novel influenza virus made up of porcine, avian and human genes, and preferentially infects younger people. although influenza a(h1n1) does not appear to be likely to cause as many fatalities as previous influenza pandemics, attempts to contain it are necessary because people ...	2009	19758421
swine flu vaccine is a "thousandfold" safer than the infection, say experts.		2009	19759084