Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| identification of toxigenic clostridium difficile strains using a toxin b gene-specific oligonucleotide probe. | we describe the use of a new specific synthetic oligonucleotide probe, deduced from the sequence of the gene for clostridium difficile toxin b, to identify toxigenic strains of c. difficile. this probe does not hybridize to the dna of non-toxigenic strains of c. difficile nor to dna isolated from different clostridium species, including c. sordellii. none of the enteric pathogenic bacteria tested were seen to hybridize with the probe. a preliminary study of direct probing of faecal specimens ind ... | 1992 | 1513339 |
| nosocomial diarrhoea due to a single strain of clostridium difficile: a prolonged outbreak in elderly patients. | an outbreak of diarrhoea occurred in an acute geriatric ward of a hospital (a). it affected six patients initially and was found to be due to a single strain of clostridium difficile. there was little evidence for asymptomatic carriage of this strain or others in the hospital patients. the following three months saw an increase in the number of symptomatic cases of c. difficile disease in two peripheral hospitals, b and c. patients had been moved from the outbreak ward to these hospitals. of 18 ... | 1992 | 1514452 |
| [eremomycin in the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis in golden hamsters]. | the efficacy of eremomycin, a new glycopeptide antibiotic, was studied on a model of antibiotic-associated colitis in golden hamsters. the colitis was induced by intraperitoneal or intragastric administration of lincomycin. in a dose of 100 mg/kg administered orally once a day for 5 days eremomycin protected the animals from the lincomycin-induced colitis: some animals survived, the others died in later periods. when the animals were infected with a pathogenetic strain of clostridium difficile f ... | 1992 | 1514862 |
| cytotoxicity of clostridium difficile toxin a for human colonic and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. | the use of bacterial exotoxins may constitute novel adjuncts to treatment of gastrointestinal tract malignancies. clostridium difficile toxin a was evaluated for its cytotoxic effect in vitro on 24 human cell lines and strains including carcinomas of the colon, pancreas, prostate, lung, breast, and lymphoid malignancies, as well as nonmalignant tissues. all nine colon and five pancreas cell lines were extraordinarily sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of clostridium difficile toxin a at very low ... | 1992 | 1516066 |
| influence of radiotherapy on intestinal microflora in cancer patients. | we investigated in 15 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix or endometrium, who were undergoing postoperative radiation therapy, the effects of different fractionated radiation exposures on counts of fecal bacteria, on the growth of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens enterotoxin production. we observed a generally significant decrease in intestinal microflora after the first radiation exposure, whereas at the end of radiotherapy all bacteria increased and reached basal val ... | 1992 | 1517812 |
| correlation between cytotoxin production and sporulation in clostridium difficile. | correlation between cytotoxin production and sporulation was demonstrated when a clostridium difficile culture was inoculated into fresh broth to give an initial count of less than 10 vegetative cells/ml with no spores. under these conditions, cytotoxin was produced and released during sporulation. addition of a sporulation inhibitor (acridine orange, 30 mg/l), resulted in a marked decrease in both sporulation and cytotoxin production, despite there being no change in the number of vegetative ce ... | 1992 | 1518037 |
| laparotomy for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. | clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis is an increasingly common nosocomial infection that usually responds to oral antibiotics. presentation as an acute abdomen occurred in 12 patients, leading to 14 laparotomies. a distinctive clinical picture was observed: advanced age, recent treatment with antibiotics, fever, abdominal pain, tenderness, marked leukocytosis, and ileus. only six of the 12 patients had diarrhea. five were immunosuppressed. abdominal computed tomographic scan ... | 1992 | 1524485 |
| evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a. | 1992 | 1526247 | |
| [prevention of acute otitis media. amoxicillin versus glycoproteins from klebsiella pneumoniae. study in children under 5 years of age]. | several studies in the english language literature have shown that continuous antibiotic prophylaxis is more effective than a placebo in preventing recurrent otitis media. in this prospective, randomized trial the effectiveness of continuous amoxicillin therapy was compared with that of glycoproteins from klebsiella pneumoniae (gkp). the two treatments were administered during 3 months to children aged 1 to 5 years, who had at least 3 episodes of otitis media within the 3 months preceding their ... | 1992 | 1533455 |
| low levels of coagulation inhibitors in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | to investigate levels of coagulation inhibitors in sera from patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis, commercially available antigen assays were used for immunochemical determination of antithrombin iii, protein c and free protein s. sera from patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis showed significantly lowered levels of all measured inhibitors as compared to controls (student's t test). protein c (mean +/- sd): 0.70 +/- 0.30 vs. 1.28 +/- ... | 1992 | 1533851 |
| clinical illnesses associated with isolation of dysgonic fermenter 3 from stool samples. | the clinical significance of the fastidious organism df-3 isolated from stool cultures is unclear. we sought to improve our understanding of this organism and to further define its association with human disease. stool cultures for df-3 were obtained from three sources: an ongoing study of enteric pathogens in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, a screening procedure in which all stool samples submitted for clostridium difficile toxin assay were cultured for df-3, and stool ... | 1992 | 1537908 |
| comparison of five cultural procedures for isolation of clostridium difficile from stools. | several procedures have been described for the culture of clostridium difficile from stool specimens. the goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of five of these methods for the isolation of c. difficile from feces of patients suspected of having c. difficile-associated illness. a total of 564 stool specimens were cultured by using heat shock, ethanol treatment (et), and direct plating on carr-scarborough cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) with horse blood (c/s medium), bb ... | 1992 | 1537928 |
| purification and characterization of the lethal toxin (alpha-toxin) of clostridium septicum. | clostridium septicum lethal (alpha-toxin) was purified and found to be a basic protein (pi 8.4) of approximately 48 kda that is both lethal and hemolytic. the alpha-toxin had a hemolytic activity of approximately 2 x 10(7) hemolytic units per mg and a 50% lethal dose of approximately 10 micrograms/kg of body weight for mice. the alpha-toxin formed concentration-dependent, sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant aggregates of approximately 230 kda. mice immunized with alpha-toxin showed a significant in ... | 1992 | 1541552 |
| reduction in the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in an acute care hospital and a skilled nursing facility following replacement of electronic thermometers with single-use disposables. | to determine if the spread of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is related to the use of electronic thermometers in an acute hospital and a chronic healthcare facility. | 1992 | 1541811 |
| [colitis associated with antibiotics: diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile in a 10-year old child]. | 1992 | 1543301 | |
| specific binding of nucleotides and nad+ to clostridium difficile toxin a. | binding of nucleotides, a tetrapolyphosphate, and nad+ to purified toxin a of clostridium difficile was determined by monitoring changes in intrinsic fluorescence following excitation at 280 nm, and recording emissions at 340 nm. binding was specific for concentrations over the range 5 to 100 microm for atp, gtp, and their respective non-hydrolysable analogues amp-pnp and gpp(nh)p, tetrapolyphosphate and nad+. | 1992 | 1544441 |
| a non-haemagglutinating form of clostridium difficile toxin a. | analysis of crude culture filtrate of clostridium difficile by mono q-anion exchange fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) demonstrated that toxin a had distinct peaks of activity for cytotoxicity and haemagglutination, as also did highly purified toxin a obtained by thyroglobulin affinity chromatography (tg) followed by two sequential anion-exchange chromatographic steps with q-sepharose ff and mono q. from tg unbound fractions a highly cytotoxic but weakly haemagglutinating variant (toxin ... | 1992 | 1548692 |
| an unusual case of myxedema megacolon with features of ischemic and pseudomembranous colitis. | myxedema megacolon is rare; usually, it manifests with abdominal distention, flatulence, and constipation. herein we describe a 72-year-old man who had intermittent diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain for more than a year. cultures of stool specimens for clostridium difficile enterotoxin were variably positive and negative. colonoscopic biopsy specimens were thought to be consistent with chronic ischemia. thyroid function tests showed severe hypothyroidism; the patient's symptoms resolved wit ... | 1992 | 1548953 |
| lack of care giver hand contamination with endemic bacterial pathogens in a nursing home. | prevalences of clostridium difficile and multiply resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) were determined in nursing staff and residents of a 233-bed long-term care facility. twenty of 38 (52.6%) patients in the long-term care ward and three of 69 (4.3%) in the skilled-nursing ward were colonized with mrsa; 16 of 48 (33%) patients in the long-term care ward and seven of 52 (13%) in the nursing home ward were colonized with c. difficile. none of the 79 staff members whose hands were cultured had c ... | 1992 | 1554142 |
| comparative study of immunological properties and cytotoxic effects of clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l. | we compared the immunological properties and cytotoxic effects of clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l. these two cytotoxins are immunologically related in that the cytotoxic effect of either toxin can be neutralized by the polyclonal antiserum prepared against either cytotoxin. on the other hand, polyclonal antiserum prepared against clostridium difficile enterotoxin a did not cross-react with the cytotoxins b and l when tested by cytotoxic neutralization test nor by ... | 1992 | 1557784 |
| diarrhea in hospitalized patients. | clostridium difficle has been associated with diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving antibiotic therapy and may be nosocomially acquired. rehabilitation hospital inpatients may require frequent antibiotic intervention and are thus at risk, although few reports of epidemics at such centers have been published. this study describes the impact of c. difficle-related disease among rehabilitation hospital inpatients. a retrospective review was conducted of all inpatients evaluated for diarrhea i ... | 1992 | 1558730 |
| clostridium difficile toxin-induced reactive arthritis in a patient with chronic reiter's syndrome. | the first case of clostridium difficile toxin-induced reactive arthritis in a patient with chronic reiter's syndrome is described and compared with previous cases of reactive arthritis associated with this organism. this case demonstrates how distinct clinical manifestations may develop at different times in reiter's syndrome, according to the infecting organism. diagnostic terminology is discussed in this context. clostridium difficile should now be considered a firmly established cause of reac ... | 1992 | 1563383 |
| evaluation of the latex agglutination test for detection of clostridium difficile. | we compared two clostridium difficile latex agglutination tests, meritec from meridian diagnostic (cincinnati, ohio) and cdt from becton-dickinson (cockeysville, md), on 289 specimens submitted for tissue culture cytotoxicity using mrc-5 cells. when compared with cdt, the meritec latex agglutination test had a sensitivity of 90% (26/29), a specificity of 97% (251/260), and a correlation of 96%. meritec was compared with tissue culture cytotoxicity on 357 specimens. meritec had a sensitivity of 7 ... | 1992 | 1580756 |
| simultaneous detection of toxin a and toxin b genetic determinants of clostridium difficile using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction was developed to simultaneously detect the presence of toxin a and toxin b genes of clostridium difficile. a 1050-bp fragment of the toxin b gene and a 1217-bp fragment of the toxin a gene were amplified from 42 toxic strains of c. difficile; however, from 10 nontoxic strains the toxin gene fragments were not amplified; these data demonstrate that this multiplex polymerase chain reaction procedure can be used to differentiate between toxic and nontoxic strai ... | 1992 | 1581867 |
| multicenter evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay for detection of clostridium difficile enterotoxin a. | the premier clostridium difficile toxin a enzyme immunoassay (pta eia) (meridian diagnostics, inc., cincinnati, ohio) for rapid diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis (aac) was evaluated in a multicenter study. stool samples from 421 patients suspected of having aac were tested for toxin a by the pta eia and for toxin b by three tissue culture assays (tca) employing wi-38 cells (new england deaconess hospital) in conventional tubes or foreskin fibroblasts (children's hospital) or vero cells ... | 1992 | 1583104 |
| measurement of fecal lactoferrin as a marker of fecal leukocytes. | while diarrheal illnesses are extremely common in communities and hospitals throughout the world, an etiologic diagnosis may be expensive and cost-ineffective. although the presence of fecal leukocytes are helpful in the diagnosis and specific therapy of inflammatory diarrheas, this requires prompt microscopic examination of fecal specimens (preferably obtained in a cup rather than a swab or diaper) by a trained observer. we developed a simple, sensitive test for the detection of leukocytes in f ... | 1992 | 1583125 |
| confirmation that the latex-reactive protein of clostridium difficile is a glutamate dehydrogenase. | 1992 | 1583152 | |
| separate isolation of clostridium difficile spores and vegetative cells from the feces of newborn infants. | a modified taurocholate-cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar medium, ph 5.5, on which vegetative cells alone could grow, was newly devised for separate isolation of clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores from feces. the ratio of c. difficile-positive feces from healthy newborn infants younger than 10 days of the age was 30.8%, and 93.3% of feces from healthy infants older than 20 days were positive for c. difficile. c. difficile spores alone were detected in twenty-one samples (75%) of ... | 1992 | 1584078 |
| proteolytic activity of clostridium difficile. | ten isolates of clostridium difficile expressing different degrees of toxigenicity and virulence in an animal model were assayed for the production of proteolytic enzymes by various methods. all strains demonstrated some activity in one or more of the assay systems. there was no direct correlation between toxigenic status and enzyme production. however, those strains known to be highly virulent in a hamster model were the most proteolytic. the most commonly detected enzyme was cell associated, a ... | 1992 | 1588579 |
| massive haemorrhage due to rectosigmoid ulcers in a patient with extensive burns. | a 36-year-old white-skinned male was admitted with 45.5 per cent burns, mostly of full skin thickness. severe rectal bleeding from rectal ulcerations developed on postburn day 12. various conservative attempts at management failed, and after multiple transfusions, abdominoperineal resection was carried out with eventual complete recovery. complications during his acute phase included pseud. aeruginosa sepsis and clostridium difficile diarrhoea. extensive skin grafts were required. the cause of t ... | 1992 | 1590937 |
| evaluation of a new commercial clostridium difficile toxin a enzyme immunoassay using diarrhoeal stools. | a new, commercially available enzyme immunoassay for the detection of toxin a in stool specimens, the premier clostridium difficile toxin a test (meridian diagnostics), was evaluated using 228 diarrhoeal stool specimens. using a cytotoxin assay on hela cells as the reference method, this new test resulted in a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 95%. using the presence or absence of a toxigenic strain in the stools as the reference method, the sensitivity was similar to that of the cytotoxin ... | 1992 | 1597202 |
| susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to tosufloxacin. | the in vitro activity of tosufloxacin against anaerobic cocci, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides spp. and fusobacteria was determined by the agar dilution method. this activity was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol. tosufloxacin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol were the most active agents tested. tosufloxacin has an ... | 1992 | 1597207 |
| influence of cefpirome on pharyngeal and faecal flora after single and multiple intravenous administrations of cefpirome to healthy volunteers. | the effect of single and multiple 2 g doses of i.v. cefpirome on pharyngeal and faecal flora was studied in ten male volunteers. there was no effect on pharyngeal flora. after a single dose, cefpirome had no effect on faecal flora but numbers of escherichia coli were reduced below the detection limit during multiple dose treatment. no strains of clostridium difficile were selected in this study and only a slight increase in the numbers of candida spp. were found. cefpirome, therefore, has little ... | 1992 | 1601763 |
| comparative sequence analysis of the clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | the six clones ptb112, ptb324, ptbs12, pcd122, pcd14 and pcd13 cover the tox locus of clostridium difficile vpi 10463. this region of 19 kb of chromosomal dna contains four open reading frames including the complete toxb and toxa genes. the two toxins show 63% amino acid (aa) homology, a relatedness that had been predicted by the cross-reactivity of some monoclonal antibodies (mab) but that is in contrast to the toxin specificity of polyclonal antisera. a special feature of toxa and toxb is thei ... | 1992 | 1603068 |
| microbic superinfection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease. | to assess the association between symptomatic relapse of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and superinfection with enteropathogenic microorganisms, we determined prospectively the incidence of infections with enteropathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and helminths in patients with confirmed longstanding ibd. sixty-four patients with ibd (49 with crohn's disease [cd] and 15 with ulcerative colitis [uc]) were consecutively enrolled in the study when relapse occurred. multiple biopsies for histological a ... | 1992 | 1607606 |
| surgical abdomen due to clostridium difficile-induced colitis. | 1992 | 1612351 | |
| morphological changes of cultured endothelial cells after microinjection of toxins that act on the cytoskeleton. | clostridium novyi alpha-toxin and c. difficile toxins a and b (all 200 to 300 kda) and c. botulinum c2-i toxin (50 kda) caused a delayed and persistent retraction and rounding of microinjected cells. microinjected phalloidin acted fast and reversibly. unlike c2-i toxin, phalloidin passed through the intercellular junctions. specific antitoxin applied to the medium did not prevent the action of microinjected c. novyi or c. difficile toxin b. microinjected antitoxin protected against the toxins ap ... | 1992 | 1612768 |
| [bacterial gastrointestinal infections: acute gastroenteritis]. | the diagnosis of bacterial gastrointestinal infections is based on anamnesis, clinical signs and simple examinations of feces (fecal leucocytes, occult blood). thereby it can be decided, whether a microbial identification by culture or an antibiotic therapy is indicated. in case of noninvasive infections mediated by enterotoxins, an oral substitution of liquid will suffice. an antibiotic therapy is indicated in case of severe, febrile dysentery, shigellosis, cholera, typhoid fever as well as sev ... | 1992 | 1615459 |
| review of the in vitro antibacterial activity of cefprozil, a new oral cephalosporin. | cefprozil is a newer oral cephalosporin with a spectrum of activity against organisms that include gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. a review of published data shows that cefprozil is active (susceptibility, less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml; moderate susceptibility, 16 micrograms/ml; resistance, greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml) against gram-positive species such as streptococci, methicillin-susceptible staphylococci, and listeria monocytogenes; it may have marginal activi ... | 1992 | 1617037 |
| typing of toxic strains of clostridium difficile using dna fingerprints generated with arbitrary polymerase chain reaction primers. | clostridium difficile is the causative agent for pseudomembranous colitis in humans. toxic strains of c. difficile produce two toxins, toxin a and toxin b. a reliable and definitive method of typing the toxic strains of c. difficile is needed since nosocomial cross infection is a primary concern in hospitals and other health care facilities. a method for typing toxic strains of clostridium difficile using arbitrary polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers is presented in this study. the c. diffic ... | 1992 | 1624110 |
| sensitivity in culture of epithelial cells from rhesus monkey kidney and human colon carcinoma to toxins a and b from clostridium difficile. | the effect of toxins a and b from clostridium difficile on human colon carcinoma cells (ht-29, epithelial), rhesus monkey kidney cells (ma-104, epithelial) and green monkey kidney cells (vero, fibroblast) was studied. both toxins caused rounding of ht-29 cells and rounding with projections remaining attached to the substrate in ma-104 and vero cells; however, the sensitivity to each toxin varies considerably. toxin a was detected in ng by vero, pg by ht-29 and fractions of pg by ma-104 cells; fo ... | 1992 | 1626323 |
| comparison of the vidas clostridium difficile toxin a immunoassay with c. difficile culture and cytotoxin and latex tests. | the vidas clostridium difficile toxin a immunoassay (cda) is a new, automated, enzyme-linked fluorescent-antibody assay for detection of c. difficile toxin a antigen in stool specimens. simultaneous, parallel testing was performed by using the vidas cda, the culturette brand cdt latex test for c. difficile antigens, and conventional laboratory cell culture tests for c. difficile, cytotoxicity and c. difficile culture. one hundred ninety-four consecutive fresh soft or liquid stool samples submitt ... | 1992 | 1629341 |
| [antibiotic-induced diarrhea and its prevention]. | 1992 | 1631462 | |
| effect of yogurt on clindamycin-induced clostridium difficile colitis in hamsters. | yogurt exhibits in vitro bactericidal activity against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, including clostridium difficile. in the present studies, we tested whether yogurt ingestion could prevent or ameliorate antibiotic associated colitis in the clindamycin-treated hamster model. male golden syrian hamsters were given 5 mg/kg clindamycin subcutaneously 24 hr before and 6 hr following inoculation with 0.5 ml of less than 10, 10(3), 10(5), or 10(6) cfu/ml of c. difficile. hamsters in the con ... | 1992 | 1728517 |
| structural properties and evolutionary relationships of pspa, a surface protein of streptococcus pneumoniae, as revealed by sequence analysis. | analysis of the sequence for the gene encoding pspa (pneumococcal surface protein a) of streptococcus pneumoniae revealed the presence of four distinct domains in the mature protein. the structure of the n-terminal half of pspa was highly consistent with that of an alpha-helical coiled-coil protein. the alpha-helical domain was followed by a proline-rich domain (with two regions in which 18 of 43 and 5 of 11 of the residues are prolines) and a repeat domain consisting of 10 highly conserved 20-a ... | 1992 | 1729249 |
| [a lethal course in pseudomembranous enterocolitis during the parenteral administration of vancomycin and imipenem]. | a 48-year-old woman required mechanical ventilation after aortic valve replacement for decompensated aortic valve stenosis when bleeding complications developed and rethoracotomy had to be performed. acute renal failure necessitated haemodialysis. septic fever of unknown aetiology failed to respond to oxacillin, cefotaxim and tobramycin. the endotracheal cannula and central venous catheter were changed on the 24th postoperative day and the antibiotic treatment altered to 250 mg imipenem and 125 ... | 1992 | 1730214 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b disrupts the barrier function of t84 monolayers. | the contribution of toxin b to clostridium difficile-associated infection is undefined. toxin b induces dramatic phenotypic alterations (cytotoxic effects) in cultured mesenchymal and nonintestinal epithelial cells, yet its effects on intestinal epithelial cells are not clearly understood. the alterations induced by toxin b in nonintestinal cells appear to be secondary to toxin-induced redistribution of filamentous actin. it has not been determined whether toxin b exerts similar effects on cultu ... | 1992 | 1732112 |
| [cephalosporins--a common cause of nosocomial clostridium difficile diarrhea]. | 1992 | 1734138 | |
| [debatable questions on clostridium difficile diarrhea]. | 1992 | 1734150 | |
| clostridium difficile in children with malignant disease. | 1991 | 1742187 | |
| tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. | the tetracyclines are effective in the treatment of chlamydia, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and rickettsial infections and also can be used for gonococcal infections in patients unable to tolerate penicillin. these drugs may cause gastrointestinal irritation, diarrhea, phototoxic dermatitis, and vestibular damage, and fatal reactions due to hepatotoxicity have occurred in pregnant women. chloramphenicol has a broad spectrum of bacteriostatic activity, but its association with suppression of the bone m ... | 1991 | 1749296 |
| relapse versus reinfection with clostridium difficile. | relapse of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea occurs in 15-20% of patients; however, whether relapse is due to an endogenous source of the organism or reinfection from the environment remains unclear. restriction enzyme analysis (rea) of chromosomal dna was used to type multiple isolates from ten patients who had experienced apparent relapses. more than half the relapses were due to infection with a new strain of c. difficile. the remaining patients were infected with the same strain, bu ... | 1991 | 1752311 |
| gastrointestinal carriage of clostridium difficile in cats and dogs attending veterinary clinics. | cats and dogs being treated at two veterinary clinics were investigated for gastrointestinal carriage of clostridium difficile using selective solid and enrichment media. thirty-two (39.5%) of 81 stool samples yielded c. difficile. there were significant differences in isolation rates between clinics, 61.0% of animals being positive at one clinic compared to 17.5% at the other (chi-square, p less than 0.005). of 29 animals receiving antibiotics, 15 (52.0%) harboured c. difficile while 11 (23.9%) ... | 1991 | 1752313 |
| [antibiotic-induced gastrointestinal side effects]. | 1991 | 1752371 | |
| clostridium difficile in faecal flora after perioperative prophylaxis with ampicillin or ceftriaxone. | 1991 | 1753154 | |
| development of a rapid enzyme immunoassay for clostridium difficile toxin a and its use in the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated disease. | a rapid (2.5 h) direct enzyme immunoassay (eia) for clostridium difficile toxin a was developed for clinical use. specimen centrifugation and filtration were not required. the eia detected toxin a levels in patient stool as low as 20 pg (2 ng/ml of stool). the test was 5,000 times more sensitive for toxin a than it was for toxin b and did not react with a panel of other bacterial species with the exception of one highly toxigenic strain of clostridium sordellii. the eia was compared with the cyt ... | 1991 | 1757540 |
| clinical and microbiological observations on cdc group df-3, a gram-negative coccobacillus. | sequential stool cultures submitted for routine culture were screened for the presence of cdc group df-3. of 690 specimens, 11 (1.6%) yielded moderate to heavy growth of df-3. information on the 11 patients from whom these specimens were obtained showed that 4 had a history of prolonged diarrheal disease that resolved after specific therapy to eradicate df-3, while for the other 7 patients no clear role could be established. microbiological characterization of the stool isolates and 10 cdc strai ... | 1991 | 1761678 |
| pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in children beyond the first year of life: manifestations and management. | beyond infancy, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (pci) is rare. data concerning pathogenesis and treatment are limited. our experience with 12 children was examined to define predisposing factors, presentation, treatment, and outcome. nine children were immunosuppressed, thus identifying an important etiologic subgroup. presentation was variable but included abdominal pain, distention, diarrhea and hematochezia. clostridium difficile was found in 3 patients and cytomegalovirus in 1. radiograph ... | 1991 | 1765911 |
| evaluation of the proposed interaction of nucleic acid with clostridium difficile toxins a and b and the effects of nucleases on cytotoxicity. | both dna and rna were found to co-purify with clostridium difficile toxin b but not toxin a. dnaase treatment greatly reduced the cytotoxicity of toxin b but not of toxin a. rnaase had no effect on either toxin. the effects on toxin b were shown to be due to a contaminating protease and could be inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. | 1991 | 1769556 |
| evaluation of cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar and cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose broth for recovery of clostridium difficile from environmental sites. | cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) and cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose broth (ccfb) containing either 500 or 250 micrograms of cycloserine per ml were compared for efficacy in the isolation of clostridium difficile from hospital ward environmental sites. a rodac imprint technique was used to inoculate prereduced ccfa. moistened swabs were used to inoculate prereduced ccfb from environmental sites immediately adjacent to the rodac sample sites. ccfa (6% positive) was significantly more sen ... | 1991 | 1774277 |
| identification of the latex test-reactive protein of clostridium difficile as glutamate dehydrogenase. | computer analysis showed that the gene encoding the latex test-reactive protein of clostridium difficile exhibited high levels of homology with glutamate dehydrogenases from various sources. further analysis demonstrated that the recombinant protein possessed glutamate dehydrogenase activity. our results show that the protein that reacts in commercial latex tests for c. difficile is a glutamate dehydrogenase. | 1991 | 1774279 |
| nontoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile lack the genes for both toxin a and toxin b. | a total of 39 toxigenic and 20 nontoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile were tested for the presence of either toxin a or toxin b by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). all toxigenic strains produced cytotoxin as assayed by using highly sensitive fetal lung fibroblasts and were positive for toxin a as well as toxin b in the pcr assay. all nontoxigenic strains failed to produce toxin and were negative in the pcr assay. this study shows that nontoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile lack ... | 1991 | 1774285 |
| use of the polymerase chain reaction for the specific and direct detection of clostridium difficile in human feces. | the polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of clostridium difficile, the etiologic agent of antibiotic-associated colitis. an upstream primer identical to a coding region (segment i) of the c. difficile 16s rrna gene and a downstream primer complementary to a highly conserved region of eubacterial 16s rrna served to amplify a targeted 270-base-pair fragment of genomic dna. this technique allowed the detection of as few as 10 c. difficile organisms among 10(6) escherichia coli bacte ... | 1991 | 1775837 |
| diarrheal disease due to clostridium difficile in general practice. | a total of 288 stool samples from patients attending their general practitioners was examined for the presence of clostridium difficile. c. difficile or its cytotoxin was found in 16 patients (5.5%) and was the most common enteric pathogen detected. most patients had only mild to moderate diarrhea but in the majority of patients the diarrhea was protracted. eleven of the 16 patients had received antimicrobial agents in the 3 mths preceding onset of diarrhea and there was good circumstantial evid ... | 1991 | 1784528 |
| [current status of clostridium difficile: recent advances in diagnostic materials and treatment of colitis and diarrheas associated with antibiotic therapy]. | clostridium difficile infection covers several clinical pictures which have been identified only recently. the majority are based upon imbalance in the intestinal ecosystem. major advances in recent years concerning this type of infection have involved: a) better knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms, in particular the demonstration of a 2nd toxin, essential to the understanding of c. difficile infections; b) better codification of the management of these disorders. this is aimed today at t ... | 1991 | 1793250 |
| morphological changes in adherent cells induced by clostridium difficile toxins. | 1991 | 1794484 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile from an enhancement broth by gas-liquid chromatography. | gas-liquid chromatography (glc) was used to detect the presence of isocaproic acid produced by clostridium difficile from 54 stool samples grown in cycloserine-cefoxitin broth. isocaproic acid was detected in 12 samples of which 5 were confirmed to be clostridium difficile by culture and biochemical tests. the detection of isocaproic acid by glc together with the presence of presumptive colonies on primary selective culture media provides a more rapid laboratory diagnosis for clostridium diffici ... | 1991 | 1795558 |
| clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in hospitalized children with acute diarrhea. | a total of 498 children, aged 0-14 years, admitted at the b.c. roy memorial hospital for children, calcutta, were investigated for the occurrence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin. of the children in the investigation, 369 suffered from acute diarrhea. only 8.4% of these children had c. difficile in fecal samples and in vitro cytotoxin was demonstrated in 7%. in 27 (7.3%) of the patients with acute diarrhea c. difficile was isolated as the only pathogen. in contrast, among 129 control c ... | 1991 | 1797664 |
| comparison of oral cefpodoxime proxetil and penicillin v potassium in the treatment of group a streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. the cefpodoxime pharyngitis study group. | ninety-three patients with a diagnosis of acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis due to streptococcus pyogenes were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of cefpodoxime proxetil orally with food every 12 hours or 250 mg of penicillin v potassium orally on an empty stomach every six hours. treatment efficacy was evaluated in 30 cefpodoxime-treated and 33 penicillin-treated patients. after 10 days of treatment, s pyogenes was eradicated from the throat culture in 29 of the 30 cefpodoxime-treated patients and ... | 1991 | 1799915 |
| usefulness of semi-quantitative cultures in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated disease. | semi-quantitative stool cultures on ccfa were compared to cytotoxic assays for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated disease (cad). there was a significant correlation between the amount of clostridium difficile growth on ccfa, the presence of cytotoxin and a clinical diagnosis of cad in the 541 initial stool specimens tested. | 1991 | 1810735 |
| clinical manifestation of clostridium difficile enteritis in calcutta. | 233 cases with acute diarrhoea investigated, clostridium difficile was isolated as a sole pathogen from 17 (7.3%) cases. the major clinical features of these cases were watery diarrhoea (82.4%), bloody stool (17.6%), vomiting (64.8%), fever (17.6%) and abdominal pain (2.5%). fourteen (82.4%) of 17 c difficile isolates were found to produce cytotoxin as detected by verocell assay. | 1991 | 1814901 |
| isolation of a fibroblast mutant resistant to clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | a mutant of chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (don cells), resistant against clostridium difficile toxins a and b, was isolated after mutagenization with ethylmethanesulphonate and a two-step selection with toxin b. the mutant, termed cdtr-q, was 10(4) times more resistant to toxin b than wild-type cells and cross-resistant to toxin a (10(3) times more resistant). the resistance was overcome by increasing the dose of toxin. the resistance has been stable after cultivation for 40 generations in th ... | 1991 | 1816487 |
| colonization by clostridium difficile in hospitalized children: risk factors and typification of the isolated strains. | the frequency of colonization by clostridium difficile in 273 hospitalized children under 15 years of age was studied. feces were collected from patients attending the infectious disease service at the pediatric hospital imss, during a period of 11 months. no colonization was detected in 16 neonates; whereas 10 of 103 children (9.7%) under one year of age, 7 of 84 children (8.3%) from one to five years and 3 of 70 children (4.2%) from five to 15 years of age were colonized. the use of antibiotic ... | 1991 | 1819972 |
| toxigenicity and adherence in clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with and without diarrhoea. | the mechanisms by which clostridium difficile causes diarrhoea are unknown. the expression of putative virulence factors by 44 clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with and without diarrhoea was studied. toxins a and b were tested in cho and mrc-5 cells, respectively; adherence was measured in two substrates: hep-2 cells and polystyrene plates. the in vitro expression of toxins a and b by strains isolated from patients with diarrhoea was not significantly different from that by s ... | 1991 | 1819993 |
| in vitro activities of ramoplanin and four glycopeptide antibiotics against clinical isolates of clostridium difficile. | seventy strains of clostridium difficile, all isolated from symptomatic patients, were found to be uniformly susceptible to ramoplanin, a new glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotic, and to four glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin, and two semisynthetic teicoplanin derivatives). ramoplanin is recommended for further evaluation in the treatment of c. difficile-associated disease. | 1991 | 1826593 |
| antibiotic resistance of clostridium difficile isolates. | the activity of metronidazole, vancomycin, clindamycin and teicoplanin against clostridium difficile strains isolated from various origins in poland was investigated. mic was determined for metronidazole, clindamycin and teicoplanin. the disc-diffusion method was used for the vancomycin susceptibility test. three out of thirty-eight strains were resistant to vancomycin and twenty-eight were susceptible to teicoplanin. a widespread mic was observed for clindamycin and metronidazole. no correlatio ... | 1991 | 1828756 |
| a family of clostridial and streptococcal ligand-binding proteins with conserved c-terminal repeat sequences. | analysis of the derived amino acid sequences of toxins a and b from clostridium difficile has identified an extraordinarily large number of repeat amino acid units in the c-terminal regions of the proteins. nearly one third of each of the proteins consist of repeating units which appear, at least in the case of toxin a, to be responsible for carbohydrate binding. similar repeat units are also found in the c-terminal region of four glucosyltransferases from streptococcus mutans and streptococcus ... | 1991 | 1830357 |
| oral vancomycin-induced rash: case report and review of the literature. | disseminated rash and pruritus are described in an 82-year-old woman with chronic renal failure following administration of oral vancomycin hydrochloride 125 mg q6h for the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. renal function was estimated to be 0.27 ml/s based on a serum creatinine of 177 mumol/l. after eight days of therapy, she developed a slightly raised maculopapular rash on her legs and torso, which spread to her abdomen and arms with continued treatment. vancomycin was discontinued ... | 1991 | 1840008 |
| [generalized toxic symptoms caused by clostridium difficile infection in a patient with wilms' tumor]. | this case report describes a 15 months-old patient with wilms' tumor, who was treated with radical operation and chemotherapy. during hospitalization the patient suffered from recurrent lung infections, which were treated with appropriate antibiotics. subsequently, the patient developed severe abdominal affection with daily melena, liver and kidney involvement, and generalized edema and hypertension. cl. difficile and its cytotoxin was demonstrated in feces, and the patient was successfully trea ... | 1991 | 1848955 |
| [response of the ird intestinal epithelial cell line to clostridium difficile toxins a and b in rats. effect of saccharomyces boulardii]. | in vivo, clostridium difficile acts by releasing 2 toxins: toxin a, an enterotoxin, and toxin b, a cytotoxin. this study was performed to determine: a) whether the rat epithelial intestinal cell line ird 98 responds to clostridium difficile toxin a and b; b) whether the yeast saccharomyces boulardii has an effect on this model. evaluation of 3h-thymidine incorporation into ird 98 cells exposed to toxin b revealed that dna synthesis was inhibited for low concentrations (10 ng/ml). for higher conc ... | 1991 | 1849105 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a induces a specific antisecretory factor which protects against intestinal mucosal damage. | peroral challenge with toxin a from clostridium difficile induced the formation of antisecretory factor in rats. the animals were given 100 micrograms of the toxin, which was followed by a pronounced diarrhoea and by the appearance of antisecretory factor in the pituitary gland. in electrofocusing, the induced antisecretory factor separated in two peaks (pi 5.4 and 5.0); both fractions showed a lectin-like binding to agarose. the pi 5.4 fraction inhibited cholera toxin as well as toxin a induced ... | 1991 | 1855687 |
| acute abdomen as the first presentation of pseudomembranous colitis. | acute abdomen was the presenting manifestation of pseudomembranous colitis in six men who had previously been treated with antibiotics and presented with abdominal distention, pain, fever, and leukocytosis with absent or mild diarrhea. plain abdominal radiographs revealed megacolon in two, combined small and large bowel dilation in three, with one of them showing volvuluslike pattern, and isolated small bowel ileus in one. emergency colonoscopy was performed successfully in all patients and reve ... | 1991 | 1860633 |
| newly documented antimicrobial activity of quinolones. | the improved antimicrobial activity of newer fluoroquinolones and novel applications recently found for the drugs already marketed are reviewed. several new compounds are more active against gram-positive bacteria than the presently marketed fluoroquinolones. win 57273, the most potent compound in vitro on a weight basis, is 16 to 128 times more active than ciprofloxacin against various staphylococci, streptococci, enterococcus spp., corynebacterium spp., listeria monocytogenes and bacillus spp. ... | 1991 | 1864284 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in calcutta. | during a 12-month period, clostridium difficile was isolated from 38 (11.1%) of 341 hospitalised patients suffering from acute diarrhoea and from five (3%) of 172 patients as control who were admitted with illnesses other than diarrhoea. it was the sole bacterial pathogen in 31 cases. 87% of the isolates obtained from patients with diarrhoea produced neutralisable cytotoxin. none of these patients had any history of previous treatment using antibiotics. no age or gender-specific high incidence w ... | 1991 | 1869797 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis: a clinical analysis and review of literatures]. | clostridium difficile has been well known to be a pathogen of pseudomembranous colitis. it is characterized by the formation of elevated plaques and pseudomembranes which result in varying degree of diarrhea. this series analysed 20 cases of pseudomembranous colitis diagnosed at chang gung memorial hospital between january 1985 and december 1989. the male to female ratio was 1:3. their ages ranged between 13 and 81 years, with a mean of 53.7 years. sixteen of our patients claimed to have taken a ... | 1991 | 1878812 |
| [clostridium difficile: a typing method for epidemiological studies]. | one hundred and twenty two strains of clostridium difficile were studied: 33 strains were isolated from stools of neonates or children, 89 cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea. the strains were identified by biochemical tests and gaz liquid chromatography of the fermentation products. a typing scheme for clostridium difficile were proposed by using a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole cell proteins. we studied the correlation between this typing and the serogrouping scheme based on s ... | 1991 | 1881693 |
| [secondary penetration of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt into the intestines. possible cause of a recurring sepsis?]. | we present a 28-year-old-patient with a severe head injury: skull fractures, epidural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, glasgow coma score 7, and aspiration following a motorbike accident. a systemic infection with symptoms of shock and staphylococcus aureus in blood culture specimens developed a few days after admission (later staphylococcus epidermidis was also cultured). a posttraumatic hydrocephalus was treated by a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt inserted at mini-laparotomy. in multiple microb ... | 1991 | 1883061 |
| development and application of a multiple typing system for clostridium difficile. | a combination of bacteriocin, bacteriophage, and plasmid typing techniques was used to differentiate strains of clostridium difficile. a typing set of 20 bacteriocin-producing strains was established after 400 isolates of c. difficile were screened for the ability to produce bacteriocin. these strains were used to type a collection of 114 isolates of c. difficile. forty-six (40%) of the 114 isolates were typeable, and 31 typing patterns were distinguishable. plasmid typing of the same 114 isolat ... | 1991 | 1892377 |
| [bacterial enterotoxins: structure, mode of action]. | the enterotoxins are macro-proteins, produced by enterotoxic bacterial strains acting in the human or animal intestine during digestive infections. in most cases, they induce diarrhoea (associated or not with tissue damage). these molecules differ in their structure and mechanism of action. some of them (cholera toxin, escherichia coli lt) activate a cyclase system (adenylate or guanylate cyclase), inducing water and electrolyte flux in the gut. conversely, others (toxins a and b, clostridium di ... | 1991 | 1897866 |
| protection against experimental pseudomembranous colitis in gnotobiotic mice by use of monoclonal antibodies against clostridium difficile toxin a. | the pathogenicity of clostridium difficile is due to the production of two toxins (toxins a and b). we prepared monoclonal antibodies against toxin a and determined whether axenic mice passively immunized with the monoclonal antibodies were protected against c. difficile disease. the mice were kept in an isolator and were given ascites fluid intravenously prior to challenge with a toxinogenic strain of c. difficile. control mice and mice receiving ascites fluid devoid of toxin antibody died with ... | 1991 | 1900059 |
| travelers' diarrhea among united states military personnel during joint american-egyptian armed forces exercises in cairo, egypt. | a study was conducted of travelers' diarrhea in a united states military population on deployment in cairo, egypt, during july and august 1987. acute diarrhea requiring medical attention developed in 183 (4%) of 4,500 troops. a possible etiologic agent was identified in 49% of all diarrhea cases. enteric pathogens associated with cases of diarrhea included: enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (17% st-producers, 13% lt-producers, and 3% lt/st-producers); shigella (9%); campylobacter spp. (2%); salmo ... | 1991 | 1900113 |
| [antibiotic associated recurrent diarrhea cured with fecal streptococci]. | 1991 | 1900554 | |
| binding kinetics of clostridium difficile toxins a and b to intestinal brush border membranes from infant and adult hamsters. | this study was undertaken to determine if the relative resistance of neonates and infants to clostridium difficile-associated intestinal disease can be related to age-dependent differences in intestinal receptors for c. difficile toxins a and b. brush border membranes (bbms) from the small intestines of adult and infant hamsters were examined for their ability to bind radiolabeled toxins a and b. [125i]toxin a bound to both infant and adult hamster bbms at physiological temperature, whereas [125 ... | 1991 | 1900806 |
| treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by clostridium difficile toxin. | we tested the hypothesis that children with chronic relapsing colitis induced by clostridium difficile toxin have defective antibody responses to c. difficile toxins as a cause of their underlying illness. six such children were tested for serum igg and iga antibody to c. difficile toxin a. these six children had lower igg anti-toxin a levels than 24 healthy children (p = 0.026) and 18 healthy adults (p = 0.0008). five patients treated with 400 mg intravenously administered gamma-globulin per ki ... | 1991 | 1901084 |
| purification and characterization of s layer proteins from clostridium difficile gai 0714. | the s layer of clostridium difficile gai0714 was shown to be composed of two proteins, of 32 kda and 45 kda, as determined by sds-page. the two proteins were extracted with 8 m-urea (ph 8.3) from a cell wall preparation and purified by deae-sepharose cl-6b chromatography followed by hplc gel filtration. when solubilized in 0.1 m-urea, both proteins appeared to exhibit dimeric forms, with respective molecular masses of about 61 kda and 99 kda, upon hplc. although the amino acid compositions of th ... | 1991 | 1901902 |
| molecular screening of clostridium difficile toxins a and b genetic determinants and identification of mutant strains. | three separate sets of polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to specifically detect the presence of a toxin a gene fragment, a toxin b gene fragment, and the entire toxin b gene. in addition toxin gene fragments that were amplified from well characterized toxic strains were tagged fluorescently and used as hybridization probes to screen c. difficile strains. a survey of 37 toxic strains and 10 non-toxic strains demonstrated that toxic strains normally contain the genetic composition fo ... | 1991 | 1903351 |
| characterization of rabbit ileal receptors for clostridium difficile toxin a. evidence for a receptor-coupled g protein. | the purpose of this study was to characterize the surface receptor for toxin a, the enterotoxin from clostridium difficile, on rabbit intestinal brush borders (bb) and on rat basophilic leukemia (rbl) cells. purified toxin a was radiolabeled using a modified bolton-hunter method to sp act 2 microci/micrograms, with retention of full biologic activity. 3h-toxin a bound specifically to a single class of receptors on rabbit bb and on rbl cells with dissociation constants of 5.4 x 10(-8) and 3.5 x 1 ... | 1991 | 1905325 |
| purification and characterisation of toxin b from a strain of clostridium difficile that does not produce toxin a. | most toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile produce both toxin a and toxin b. the toxin produced by c. difficile strain 8864 was characterised and compared with those produced by c. difficile strain 10463. toxin a was not detected by immunoassay in cultures from strain 8864 and all the cytotoxic activity produced by this strain was neutralised by antiserum to toxin b. toxin b from strain 8864 was purified and compared with toxin b from strain 10463. the size of the purified subunits of toxin ... | 1991 | 1906544 |
| enhancement of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by clostridium difficile toxin a: an in vitro study. | cells from the immune system exhibiting cytotoxic activity are able to kill tumor or infected cells in a major histocompatibility complex-restricted (cytotoxic lymphocytes) or non-restricted (natural killer cells) manner. in order to exert such a cytotoxicity they have to bind the target cell and release cytotoxic factors able to induce target cell death. treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with toxin a from clostridium difficile induced an enhancement of the cytotoxic efficien ... | 1991 | 1907410 |
| cytokine response by human monocytes to clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b isolated from strain vpi 10463 were tested for induction of cytokine release by human monocytes. toxin b at 10(-12) m activated human monocytes as measured by release of interleukin-1 (il-1), tumor necrosis factor (tnf), or il-6. these effects of toxin b were heat labile (51 degrees c, 30 min). toxin b was as effective as bacterial lipopolysaccharides in inducing il-1 beta but less effective in inducing tnf or il-6. toxin b and lipopolysaccharides were synerg ... | 1991 | 1910012 |