Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| evaluation of a rapid enzyme immunoassay for the detection of clostridium difficile in stools. | 1994 | 8050446 | |
| characterization of six murine monoclonal antibodies specific for toxin b of clostridium difficile. | six murine hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for toxin b of clostridium difficile have been generated from toxin-immunized female rbf/dnj mice. all six antibodies were reactive in western blots with a > 200-kd protein in the supernatants of the toxigenic strain 10463 and were unreactive with similarly prepared material from the nontoxigenic strain 2037. polyclonal antisera from rabbits immunized with toxin b reacted on western blots primarily with toxin b, a 40 ... | 1994 | 8050780 |
| comparison of four commercially available rapid enzyme immunoassays with cytotoxin assay for detection of clostridium difficile toxin(s) from stool specimens. | rapid (2.5- to 3.5-h) enzyme immunoassays (eias) for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins have been developed. we report the results of simultaneous testing of 700 fresh stool specimens by the tissue culture cytotoxin assay and four eias (bartels prima system c. difficile toxin a eia, cambridge biotech cytoclone a+b eia, meridian diagnostics premier c. difficile toxin a eia, and techlab c. difficile tox-a test eia). in cases of disagreement, culturing for toxigenic c. difficile was perf ... | 1994 | 8051237 |
| comparison of fecal lactoferrin latex agglutination assay and methylene blue microscopy for detection of fecal leukocytes in clostridium difficile-associated disease. | the fecal lactoferrin assay was more sensitive (75%) than methylene blue microscopy (40%) for the detection of leukocytes in clostridium difficile toxin-positive fecal samples. although limited sensitivity and specificity precludes its use as a laboratory screening test, it may be a more useful initial test in an algorithm for clinically suspected c. difficile-associated disease. | 1994 | 8051268 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients with hiv positivity and aids: a prospective controlled study. | to compare the clinical manifestations and therapeutic responses of clostridium difficile infection in hiv-infected and noninfected individuals. | 1994 | 8053439 |
| aids and the gut. | there are increasing challenges for the practising gastroenterologist in treating aids-related gastrointestinal diseases. the differential diagnoses of dysphagia and odynophagia include cytomegalovirus (cmv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection, non-specific aphthous ulceration and non-aids oesophageal diseases, especially reflux oesophagitis. chronic subacute abdominal pain with nausea, vomiting, early satiety and weight loss is suggestive of an obstructive lesion caused by lymphoma or kapo ... | 1994 | 8054532 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea: pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment. | clostridium difficile, the bacterium responsible for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis, has become a significant cause of morbidity and prolonged hospital stays, largely because of the increasing use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. this gram-positive organism, which can lay dormant in its spore form in the environment for extended periods of time, proliferates in the colon when the normal colonic flora is compromised by antibiotic use. c. difficile produces intestinal inflammation and di ... | 1994 | 8055233 |
| patterns and prognosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | the incidence of clostridium difficile colitis has increased during recent years, presumably because of liberal use of broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens. | 1994 | 8055732 |
| assay of cytopathogenic toxins in cultured cells. | 1994 | 8057936 | |
| gene cloning in clostridium difficile using tn916 as a shuttle conjugative transposon. | a pbr322-based vector, pci195, containing a 4.2-kb region of the conjugative transposon tn919 was used as a vector for gene cloning in clostridium difficile. the plasmid was found to integrate into the chromosome of a bacillus subtilis strain that contained tn916 delta e. southern blot analysis of the recombinant demonstrated that pci195 had inserted into tn916 delta e by a recombination event. the transposon::plasmid structure could be transferred, by filter mating, from b. subtilis to c. diffi ... | 1994 | 8058827 |
| identification of outbreak-associated and other strains of clostridium difficile by numerical analysis of sds-page protein patterns. | seventy-three cultures of clostridium difficile isolated both during, and in the period immediately following, an outbreak of infection in a group of three hospitals, were characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) of whole-cell proteins. each protein pattern was characterized by the presence of one or two dense bands which were highly reproducible. the protein patterns were used as the basis for a numerical analysis which divided the s ... | 1994 | 8062865 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: epidemiological data from western australia. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) was investigated retrospectively at a 690-bed teaching hospital for the period 1983-92. our aims were to determine: (i) the distribution by age and sex of patients with cdad, (ii) the possibility of a seasonal trend and, (iii) the influence of infection control procedures, contamination of the hospital environment and the use of third-generation cephalosporins. the laboratory diagnosis of cdad was based on demonstration of the or ... | 1994 | 8062869 |
| clostridium difficile after antibiotic therapy. | 1994 | 8068383 | |
| possible red-man syndrome associated with systemic absorption of oral vancomycin in a child with normal renal function. | to report possible red-man syndrome (rms) associated with oral administration of vancomycin. | 1994 | 8068993 |
| [sequelae of prolonged consumption of honey in excessive amounts]. | a case of a 46-year patient with honey poisoning is presented. it is worth mentioning that honey eaten for a long time may produce severe pathologies. honey in the south-eastern poland, where the patient lives, contains not only water, sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose, dextrins, and nitrogen compounds but also low levels of antibiotics and sulphonamides, used as prophylaxis against honey-bee diseases, heavy metals ions, and various bacteria. | 1994 | 7675708 |
| genotyping of clostridium difficile isolates. | 1994 | 7533782 | |
| cp-96,345, a substance p antagonist, inhibits rat intestinal responses to clostridium difficile toxin a but not cholera toxin. | toxin a from clostridium difficile mediates acute inflammatory enterocolitis in experimental animals, while cholera toxin causes noninflammatory secretory diarrhea. the purpose of this study was to investigate whether an antagonist to the peptide substance p, a constituent of primary sensory neurons known to participate in inflammatory responses, would inhibit toxin a-mediated enteritis in the rat ileum. pretreatment of rats with cp-96,345 (2.5 mg per kg of body weight), a substance p antagonist ... | 1994 | 7508124 |
| ten years of prospective clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance and treatment at the minneapolis va medical center, 1982-1991. | to understand the epidemiology, risks, and management of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) and to establish and evaluate reliable methods of surveillance. | 1994 | 7632199 |
| pseudomembranous colitis associated with hirschsprung's disease. | 1994 | 7888555 | |
| treatment of clostridium difficile diarrhoea with brewer's yeast. | 1994 | 7904014 | |
| diarrhoea associated with clostridium difficile in aids patients receiving rifabutin. | 1994 | 7905569 | |
| neutrophil recruitment in clostridium difficile toxin a enteritis in the rabbit. | neutrophil infiltration is a prominent feature of clostridium difficile-associated enteritis and colitis. the aim of this study was to examine the importance of neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil-mediated tissue damage in c. difficile toxin a-induced enteritis. competitive binding experiments using purified 3h-toxin a demonstrated the presence of a single class of medium affinity receptors on rabbit neutrophils (kd 7 x 10(-8) m). pertussis toxin and the nonhydrolyzable gtp analog gtpgamma s b ... | 1994 | 7907603 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhoea and rifabutin. | 1994 | 7908385 | |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhea: specificity of abdominal ct for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | to evaluate the specificity of abdominal computed tomography (ct) in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | 1994 | 8134552 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b acts on the gtp-binding protein rho. | clostridium difficile toxin b exhibits cytotoxic activity that is characterized by the disruption of the microfilamental cytoskeleton. here we studied whether the gtp-binding rho protein, which reportedly participates in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, is involved in the toxin action. toxin b treatment of chinese hamster ovary cells reveals a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in the adp-ribosylation of rho by clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme in the cell lysate. disruption of ... | 1994 | 8144660 |
| epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile gastrointestinal disease is an important nosocomial infection and is associated with recent antibiotic use. this study evaluated c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) over a 2-yr period. | 1994 | 8147353 |
| a particle counting immunoassay for the direct detection of clostridium difficile serogroup specific antigen in faecal specimens. | the potential of a particle counting immunoassay (pacia) for the direct detection of clostridium difficile serogroup g specific antigen in faecal specimens was evaluated. f(ab')2 fragments from a rabbit anti-serogroup g antiserum were covalently coupled to carboxylated latex beads. this reagent was mixed with acid extracts of faecal specimens and the reaction was assayed with an optical counter which discriminated unagglutinated from agglutinated latex particles. culture for c. difficile, faecal ... | 1994 | 8151678 |
| [diarrhea associated with antibiotic therapy]. | the authors suggest rational procedures to prevent the antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) clostridium difficile positive or not, considering its high cost (both to stay in hospital and for specific therapy). twenty-four cases of diarrhea starting during antibiotic therapy and until one month from its interruption was assessed. twelve (50%) was found clostridium difficile (+); 12 (50%) was clostridium difficile (-); no case of pseudomembranous colitis was found. two hospitalized patients shared ... | 1994 | 8152577 |
| practical considerations in the laboratory diagnosis of bacterial enteric infections. | diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are important causes of morbidity in the united states, and considerable laboratory resources are spent to detect these enteric pathogens. this article reviews recent developments in the detection and identification of campylobacter spp, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, and clostridium difficile, and outlines cost-effective strategies for use of stool cultures. | 1994 | 8154450 |
| genotyping of clostridium difficile isolates. | arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr) was used to genotype clostridium difficile isolates from various sources. four major molecular types were identified among strains from the american type culture collection previously typed by serogroup and from isolates from patients at the university of california, davis medical center, from a patient at a utah institution, and from the environment. these groups contained subgroups that displayed, in addition to the common group bands, at l ... | 1994 | 8158046 |
| reactive arthritis induced by clostridium difficile. | 1994 | 8160472 | |
| clostridium difficile colonization and diarrhea at a tertiary care hospital. | clostridium difficile is the major identifiable infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhea. a prospective study was conducted at new england deaconess hospital (boston) to examine risk factors for c. difficile carriage at both admission and follow-up. specimens from patients admitted to two wards (one medical, one surgical) and three intensive care units (two surgical, one medical) were cultured weekly until discharge. for 89 (18%) of 496 patient admissions, at least one culture was positive. the p ... | 1994 | 8161624 |
| soy fiber delays disease onset and prolongs survival in experimental clostridium difficile ileocecitis. | clostridium difficile colitis is a disabling complication in critically ill patients who commonly receive broad-spectrum antibiotics and liquid diets. to date, there is no experimental model specifically designed to investigate the effects of liquid diets on this type of colitis. the addition of fiber to liquid diets normalizes gut structure and improves absorptive function in selected conditions of intestinal dysfunction. the purposes of this study were the following: (1) to develop a reproduci ... | 1994 | 8164305 |
| hyperphosphorylation of calnexin, a chaperone protein, induced by clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | exposure of mccoy cultured cells to clostridium difficile cytotoxin b or okadaic acid (oa), a potent phosphatase inhibitor, results in similar morphological changes. using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we have detected a protein of approximately 77 kda, with a pi of 4.5 (termed pp77) which is hyperphosphorylated in both cases. the level of phosphorylation of pp77 is increased by 293% and 35% after treatment with c. difficile cytotoxin b or oa, respectively. this protein was identified by ... | 1994 | 8074658 |
| etiology and management of toxic megacolon in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | we report six cases of toxic megacolon in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). one case, at an early stage of hiv infection, mimicked a severe attack of crohn's disease, with a negative search for infectious agents. subtotal colectomy was successfully performed with an uneventful postoperative course. the five other cases concerned patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at a late stage of immunodeficiency. they were related to clostridium difficile or cytomegalovirus (cmv) ... | 1994 | 8076773 |
| two-year study of endemic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in new caledonia. | a longitudinal study of diarrheal disease among patients of all ages with acute diarrhea was carried out in new caledonia from january 1990 to december 1991. stool samples from 2,088 diarrheal patients were examined for parasites, rotavirus, and bacterial pathogens. potential sources of contamination (drinking water, seawater and bovine and porcine feces) were investigated. one or more enteric pathogens were identified in 41.8 and 40.6% of the persons with diarrhea, in 1990 and 1991, respectivel ... | 1994 | 8077399 |
| special organism isolation: attempting to bridge the gap. | 1994 | 8077647 | |
| wide diversity of clostridium difficile types at a tertiary referral hospital. | nosocomial clostridium difficile infection was investigated at a hospital with 15 cases of c. difficile diarrhea per 1000 discharges. from january 1991 to may 1991, patients admitted or transferred to five wards or units had weekly rectal swabs taken for culture; in addition, all cytotoxin-positive stools were cultured. restriction enzyme analysis (rea) was used for molecular typing. among 205 isolates from 39 patients with c. difficile diarrhea and 67 asymptomatically colonized, 55 distinct rea ... | 1994 | 8077719 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: a surgical disease? | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is an increasingly common nosocomial infection caused by clostridium difficile and its toxins. the disease is usually successfully treated with oral vancomycin. the toxic form of pmc, which requires surgical intervention, is uncommon and often carries a high mortality rate. the indications and recommended surgical procedure and the results of current surgical treatment remain unclear. | 1994 | 8079179 |
| decrease in nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use. | to report the investigation and effective control of a nosocomial epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8080497 |
| vascular and glomerular effects of clostridium difficile toxin a peptide on the isolated rat kidney. | toxin a peptide from clostridium difficile caused damage and secretion in the intestinal mucosa. these effects are mediated in part by pro-inflammatory substances. in order to evaluate and compare the biologic effect of toxin a on renal vascular, glomerular and tubular functions, we studied this toxin in isolated rat kidneys. isolated kidneys from adult male wistar rats (260-320 g) were perfused with krebs-henseleit solution containing 60 mg/ml dialyzed bovine serum albumin. we studied the effec ... | 1994 | 8081300 |
| clostridium difficile nosocomial infections--still lethal and persistent. | 1994 | 8083502 | |
| a sustained outbreak of clostridium difficile in a general hospital: persistence of a toxigenic clone in four units. | to evaluate the endemicity and epidemiology of toxigenic clostridium difficile in a sustained outbreak of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8083503 |
| antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enteritis due to clostridium difficile. | although pseudomembranous colitis is relatively common following antibiotic exposure, there have been few reported cases of pseudomembrane formation involving the small intestine. herein we report a case of pseudomembranous enteritis of the small and large intestine that occurred after antibiotic exposure. the etiologic organism appears to be clostridium difficile, as evidenced by the characteristic pseudomembranous lesions and a positive elisa for toxin a in an ileal tissue specimen. | 1994 | 8086563 |
| utility of newer techniques for classification and identification of pathogenic anaerobic bacteria. | results of genetic and biochemical analyses have broadened our understanding of taxonomic relationships among groups of anaerobic bacteria and have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infection. conventional bacteriologic methods are still of prime importance for the detection and identification of anaerobic pathogens. the use of nucleic acid probes has so far been restricted to research laboratories. a polymerase chain reaction-generated probe would be most useful for the rapid ... | 1994 | 8086572 |
| clostridium difficile: history of its role as an enteric pathogen and the current state of knowledge about the organism. | clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. it accounts for 10%-25% of all cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and virtually all cases of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. clinical features that distinguish infection with c. difficile from that due to many other enteric pathogens are hyperpyrexia, leukemoid reactions, toxic megacolon, pseudomembranous colitis, hypoalbuminemia, and chronic ... | 1994 | 8086574 |
| genetic basis for antibiotic resistance in anaerobes. | this review focuses on genetic and molecular data regarding antibiotic resistance in anaerobes, particularly clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides species, and prevotella species. the determinants of resistance are frequently transferable through a conjugation-like process; plasmid self-transfer, plasmid mobilization, or (in bacteroides species) chromosomal conjugative elements can be involved. the determinants can be localized on transposons. at the genetic level, resistan ... | 1994 | 8086579 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1994 | 8190139 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1994 | 8190140 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1994 | 8190141 | |
| ventricular arrhythmias associated with flosequinan. | 1994 | 8193436 | |
| investigation of an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection in a general hospital by numerical analysis of protein patterns by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | one hundred forty-five cultures of clostridium difficile, including strains from an apparent nosocomial outbreak of infection, were characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins. each protein pattern was characterized by the presence of one to three dense bands which were highly reproducible. the first 100 strains (in chronological order) were used as the basis for a numerical analysis which divided the strains into 17 phenons ( ... | 1994 | 8195391 |
| lessons from diarrheal diseases: demography to molecular pharmacology. | from diarrheal diseases come profound lessons about health and population growth, microbial pathogenesis, and the molecular pharmacology of signal transduction. epidemics such as cholera, hemorrhagic colitis, salmonellosis, and cryptosporidiosis remind us of how interdependent we are, sharing enteric microbial flora on a global scale. diarrhea morbidity and mortality teach us that disease and poverty do not control but are associated with population overgrowth. great advances are being made in u ... | 1994 | 8195598 |
| oligosaccharide sequences attached to an inert support (synsorb) as potential therapy for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. | toxin a produced by clostridium difficile, the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, was shown to bind to synthetic oligosaccharide sequences attached to an inert support (synsorb). the oligosaccharide sequences that bind to toxin a were related to sequences previously identified as potential receptors for the toxin. various synsorbs containing a variety of oligosaccharides were examined for their potential to neutralize toxin a activity from toxin-conta ... | 1994 | 8195606 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: role of second- and third-generation cephalosporins. | to better define the role of multiple risk factors for cytotoxic clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8201240 |
| a randomized placebo-controlled trial of saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for clostridium difficile disease. | objective--to determine the safety and efficacy of a new combination treatment for patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdd). the treatment combines the yeast saccharomyces boulardii with an antibiotic (vancomycin hydrochloride or metronidazole). design--a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group intervention study in patients with active cdd. patients received standard antibiotics and s boulardii or placebo for 4 weeks, and were followed up for an addition ... | 1994 | 8201735 |
| [mechanism on the production of clostridium difficile toxins]. | 1994 | 8201770 | |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is commonly associated with the use of antibiotics but may follow administration of other drugs and has occurred in patients who have not received any medication. cases related to antibiotic administration are thought to be due to changes in normal intestinal flora that allow overgrowth of clostridium difficile and elaboration of toxin. clusters of cases in hospitals suggest nosocomial transmission of the bacteria. the stool cytotoxin assay is the most specific test for ... | 1994 | 8202415 |
| putting back the bugs: bacterial treatment relieves chronic diarrhoea. | 1994 | 8309401 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1994 | 8304370 | |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 6-1993. a 31-month-old girl with fever, diarrhea, abdominal distention, and edema. | 1994 | 8284009 | |
| recurrent pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile in aids. | 1994 | 8300102 | |
| human antibody response to clostridium difficile toxin a in relation to clinical course of infection. | this study investigated whether differences in fecal and serum antitoxin a antibody levels may account for the duration of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and the occurrence of relapses. by an enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay, we tested 40 patients with cdad including 25 patients without immunodeficiency and 15 patients receiving antineoplastic drugs. two hundred eighty serum samples and 80 normal stool samples were investigated as controls. in nonimmunocompromised patients, se ... | 1994 | 8300199 |
| growth inhibition of clostridium difficile by intestinal flora of infant faeces in continuous flow culture. | growth of clostridium difficile was inhibited more strongly in continuous flow (cf) culture with c. difficile-negative faeces of infants than with c. difficile-positive faeces. culture of faecal flora of infants yielded a greater variety of bacterial species in c. difficile-negative than in c. difficile-positive faeces. in the mixed cf culture of c. difficile with enterococcus avium, bacteroides distasonis, eubacterium lentum, c. ramosum, c. perfringens and either escherichia coli or klebsiella ... | 1994 | 8114067 |
| island flap anoplasty for anal canal stenosis and mucosal ectropion. | anoplasty is a technique used to treat patients with mucosal ectropion and anal canal stenosis. the island flap design has been demonstrated to have distinct advantages over the older forms of anoplasty. few reports have addressed the long-term results of this procedure. a review of all patients undergoing island flap anoplasty between 1987 and 1992 was performed. twenty-eight patients were identified. indications for anoplasty included anal stenosis in 20 patients and mucosal ectropion in eight ... | 1994 | 8116980 |
| toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | the toxins produced by clostridium difficile share several functional properties with other bacterial toxins, like the heat-labile enterotoxin of escherichia coli and cholera toxin. however, functional and structural differences also exist. like cholera toxin, their main target is the disruption of the microfilaments in the cell. however, since these effects are not reversible, as found with cholera toxin, additional mechanisms add to the cytotoxic potential of these toxins. unlike most bacteria ... | 1994 | 8117467 |
| comparison of two commercially available enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile in stool specimens. | clostridium difficile is the cause of most cases of pseudomembranous colitis, the most severe form of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. rapid diagnosis guides both the treatment and the control of nosocomial spread of infection. two enzyme immunoassay (eia) kits developed for the rapid detection of c. difficile toxin a in fecal specimens, premier (meridian diagnostics, cincinnati, ohio) and tox-a test (techlab, virginia polytechnic institute research park, blacksburg), were evaluated by using 410 ... | 1994 | 8126205 |
| [nosocomial epidemic outbreak of diarrhea from clostridium difficile. comparative study of diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics]. | clostridium difficile is considered as one of the principal enteropathogens of nosocomial origin in developed countries in the last decade. no nosocomial outbreaks have been described in spain. | 1994 | 8127164 |
| kinetics of appearance of intestinal lesions in mice mono-associated with a lethal or non-lethal strain of clostridium difficile. | the kinetics of the appearance of intestinal lesions induced by orogastric inoculation of gnotobiotic mice with a lethal strain of clostridium difficile (vpi) that produced toxins a and b in vivo and in vitro was studied and compared with the lesions induced by non-lethal c. difficile strain 786 that produced toxins a and b in vitro but only toxin b in measurable amounts in vivo. different portions of the intestine were removed 12, 20, 26 and 30 h after inoculation and studied by scanning electr ... | 1994 | 8107057 |
| [nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile infections]. | clostridium difficile (cd) is associated with diarrhea in hospital patients receiving antibiotic therapy and may be nosocomially acquired. an outbreak of cd diarrhea was observed among elderly patients in acute hospital and geriatric rehabilitation wards. all but 1 patient presenting with diarrhea had a toxin-positive stool culture. of patients with cd toxin-positive cultures, 4 died, 5 recovered completely and 1 became a chronic carrier. effective preventive measures are needed to reduce nosoco ... | 1994 | 8168741 |
| [incidence and importance of clostridium difficile in patients treated with antibacterial therapy or perioperative preventive cefoxitin administration]. | clostridium difficile and/or toxin b were isolated from the faeces of 3 (1.6%) of 184 patients within the first two days of hospitalisation in the university of tübingen, gynaecological clinic. with following stool samples from a total of 117 patients the isolation rate of c. difficile was examined in relation to the treatment with antibiotics. from the first group of 61 patients, who had had gynaecological operations and were not treated with any antibiotic, the isolation rate of c. difficile r ... | 1994 | 8174919 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin by enzyme immunoassay, tissue culture test and culture. | clostridium difficile toxin is frequently encountered in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (eia) detecting toxins a and b was evaluated, screening 148 stool specimens specifically submitted for the detection of c. difficile. a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97.5% were found compared to a tissue culture assay. the overall prevalence of c. difficile toxin was 22.1%. cephalosporins had been administered significantly more often to to ... | 1994 | 8181838 |
| aetiology of gastroenteritis at a major referral centre in saudi arabia. | to determine the causes of gastroenteritis at a major referral centre in saudi arabia, retrospective study was carried out on 58,110 fresh stools from 42,035 patients. examination of stool specimens for pathogens was based on the clinical judgement of the physician responsible, so that all specimens were not tested for the presence of all pathogen groups. bacterial enteropathogens were found in 7.7% of patients; salmonella species (51.7%) were found to be the most frequent pathogens followed by ... | 1994 | 8187944 |
| images in clinical medicine. clostridium difficile. | 1994 | 8272087 | |
| epidemiology of community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | the epidemiology of clinically recognized community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea was assessed in a retrospective cohort study of members of a health maintenance organization (hmo). potential cases were identified through positive toxin assay results and confirmed by review of automated full-text medical records. of 51 cases identified (7.7 per 100,000 person-years), 42 (82%) were diagnosed and treated exclusively in the ambulatory care setting; 33 cases occurred within 42 d ... | 1994 | 8277174 |
| [epidemiologic study of infectious diarrhea in infants]. | the authors considered the epidemiological and microbiological aspects of the infectious diarrhea caused by bacteria, protozoan and viruses observed at the infantile hospital, alessandria, and at the malpighi diagnostic center, chivasso, turin, over a period of 14 months. furthermore, a greater interest has been given to the role of clostridium difficile diarrhea, since hospitalized patients are often predisposed to the development of this disease due to the antimicrobial prophylaxis or therapy. | 1994 | 8706978 |
| drug risk factors associated with a sustained outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhea in a teaching hospital. | a case-control study was undertaken to identify and quantify antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial drug risk factors associated with a sustained outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhea on two medical (teaching and nonteaching) units and an oncology unit. in total, 80 cases associated with an endemic clone of toxigenic c difficile were compared with controls. eighty controls were selected from a group of 290 controls randomly chosen from the outbreak period. the controls were matched to cases acc ... | 1994 | 22346513 |
| comparison of culture, cytotoxin assay and two eia tests with clinical diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | the most common etiology of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients is clostridium difficile. no single laboratory test yields a definitive diagnosis. four methods were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity in patients who had clinically defined c difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 22346495 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in hiv-infected patients. | to identify risk factors associated with a first episode of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in patients with hiv infection. | 1993 | 8280409 |
| genomic fingerprinting of clostridium difficile isolates by using a random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay. | this study describes the use of a new and easy method called random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay to distinguish strains of c. difficile. we used two single short primers (ap4 and ap5) with arbitrary nucleotide sequences in a polymerase chain reaction to amplify genomic dna. the profiles observed after electrophoretic separation were able to distinguish 20 reference c. difficile strains previously serotyped by delmée's method. the fingerprints of 11 epidemiologically unrelated c. diffic ... | 1993 | 8282184 |
| [susceptibility of clostridium difficile strains to teicoplanin and ramoplanin]. | the in vitro activity of teicoplanin and ramoplanin against 113 clostridium difficile strains isolated from different origins was determined. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method. mic of teicoplanin and ramoplanin were twofold lower for clostridium difficile strains isolated from patient with pseudomembranous colitis. no correlation between the origin of the strains toxigenicity and susceptibility to teicoplanin and ramoplanin wa ... | 1993 | 8189828 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis in patients with kidney failure]. | two cases of pseudomembranous colitis in patients with renal failure are presented. both patients were treated with antibiotics. clinical course, bacteriologic examination of feces, and endoscopy of the colon plays an important role in the diagnosis of this complication. no gut endoscopy was performed in both patients due to severe disease course. pseudomembranous colitis was diagnosed by clinical symptoms and bacteriologic examination of feces out of which c. difficile was isolated. teicoplanin ... | 1993 | 8170819 |
| comparison of four methods in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | nine hundred forty-five stool specimens from patients suspected of having clostridium difficile disease were examined using a cell culture cytotoxicity assay (cta), two enzyme immunoassay (eia) kits (cytoclone for toxins a and b; vidas for toxin a) and a latex agglutination assay (cdt). one hundred nineteen specimens had positive titers (> or = 90) in the cta; clinical review of 16 discordant samples and 49 controls supported the significance of 90 as the positive cut-off titer. the performance ... | 1993 | 8112366 |
| effect of ceftibuten on the normal intestinal microflora. | 14 healthy volunteers were given 400 mg ceftibuten orally once daily for ten days. stool specimens were collected before, during and after ceftibuten administration. ceftibuten was well absorbed; on average 123 mg was excreted in urine 0-6 h after dosing, while only two volunteers had detectable concentrations of ceftibuten in faeces (< or = 3.2 mg/kg). there was an overgrowth of enterococci during the administration period, while the numbers of escherichia coli and anaerobic cocci were reduced. ... | 1993 | 8132366 |
| the effect of fce 22891, a new oral penem, on faecal flora anaerobes and their fermentation end products in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | the influence of fce 22891 on the faecal flora was investigated in 11 patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). colony counts of faecal (an)aerobes and concentrations of their short-chain fatty acids and organic acids were determined simultaneously in fresh faeces before, during and after administration of the drug, and compared to those of healthy human volunteers. the mic of fce 22891 for the 142 isolated anaerobes was determined, and compared to the ... | 1993 | 8300248 |
| postoperative clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis in idiopathic scoliosis. a brief clinical report. | the authors report two healthy young patients with progressive idiopathic scoliosis, both without allergies or histories of gastrointestinal disorders, who received perioperative preventive cephalosporin antibiotics, and developed explosive diarrhea postoperatively, confirmed as clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis by stool toxin assay. both patients had initially recovered uneventfully after posterior fusion and cotrel-dubousset instrumentation. their youth, health, diagnosis, and lac ... | 1993 | 8303465 |
| nutritional aspects of cytotoxin production by clostridium difficile. | arginine was the only amino acid used by clostridium difficile that permitted cytotoxin synthesis in a peptone-based medium. synthesis of cytotoxin was delayed when glucose was used as the substrate. addition of rifampin or puromycin to cultures prior to release of cytotoxin inhibited the release of cytotoxin, suggesting that a protein essential for cytotoxin release is synthesized after cytotoxin is synthesized. | 1993 | 8285703 |
| diagnosis of enteritis and enterotoxemia due to clostridium difficile in captive ostriches (struthio camelus). | 1993 | 8286467 | |
| [acute hemorrhagic colitis caused by pristinamycin: two cases with association of klebsiella oxytoca and clostridium difficile]. | 1993 | 8288098 | |
| [yield of detection of clostridium difficile toxin versus stool culture in the study of nosocomial diarrhea]. | the aim of the study was to determine whether the detection of clostridium difficile toxin in stools may be more profitable than conventional stool cultures for the etiologic study of nosocomial diarrhea and to analyze what risk factors favor the development of nosocomial diarrhea by c. difficile. | 1993 | 8305554 |
| use of the arbitrary primer polymerase chain reaction for investigating an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in aids patients. | 1993 | 8307056 | |
| saccharomyces boulardii for clostridium difficile-associated enteropathies in infants. | based on experimental evidence in animals showing that the oral administration of saccharomyces boulardii is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality due to clostridium difficile-induced pseudomembranous colitis, we conducted an open trial to examine the effects of the living yeast, given as primary therapy, in a selected group of infants and children with persistent intestinal symptoms related to toxinogenic c. difficile overgrowth. over a period of 10 consecutive months, we studied 19 eli ... | 1993 | 8315551 |
| [nosocomial infections. some aspects]. | nosocomial infection is not a recent problem. however, it presents nowadays as a serious issue, not only due to the associated morbidity and mortality but also due to the economic burden on hospitals. the increased susceptibility of patients and the increased resistance to antibiotics by bacterial agents are important factors in the present situation. among the different nosocomial pathogens, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile are two of the most distressing fo ... | 1993 | 8317232 |
| signal transduction pathways and cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxins. | in cultured cells the cytopathic effects (cpe) of clostridium difficile toxins a and b are superficially similar. the irreversible cpes involve a reorganization of the cytoskeleton, but the molecular details of the mechanism(s) of action are unknown. as part of the work to elucidate the events leading to the cpe, cultured cells were preincubated with agents known to either stimulate or inhibit some major signal transduction pathways, whereupon toxin was added and the development of the cpe was f ... | 1993 | 8320269 |
| activation of cellular phospholipase a2 by clostridium difficile toxin b. | c. difficile toxin b is a potent cytotoxin known to disrupt the microfilaments of cultured cells. we have recently shown also increased phospholipase a2 activity in cells treated with toxin b. the activity was detected as a toxin-induced, dose-dependent release of 14c-arachidonic acid from prelabeled fibroblasts. here is shown that the toxin elicited a 14c-arachidonic acid release in a cell mutant resistant to the toxin b effect on the microfilaments. the toxin-induced release was further charac ... | 1993 | 8320270 |
| the microecology of clostridium difficile. | an understanding of the microecology of clostridium difficile provides for a better understanding of the disease that this organism causes. c. difficile is not a significant component of the microflora in the colon of healthy adult humans or animals; however, it can establish large populations in antibiotic-treated or gnotobiotic animals and in infants before they acquire a complete flora. major factors that determine whether or not disease develops are: (1) the size of the c. difficile populati ... | 1993 | 8324122 |
| purification of a functional receptor for clostridium difficile toxin a from intestinal brush border membranes of infant hamsters. | a receptor for clostridium difficile toxin a was purified from brush border membranes (bbms) from the small intestine of infant hamsters. the bbms were solubilized with triton x-114, and the solubilized receptor was purified with use of a toxin a immobilized affinity-chromatography column and differential temperature elution. sds-page and silver staining of the purified receptor revealed numerous high-molecular-weight bands. however, ligand blotting analysis with 125i-toxin a used as the probe i ... | 1993 | 8324123 |
| role of the laboratory in investigations of clostridium difficile diarrhea. | the laboratory diagnosis of acute diarrhea due to clostridium difficile can be based solely on the demonstration of either cytotoxin or enterotoxin in the stool. this and other noncultural methods, however, fail to provide isolates from which useful data can be obtained. outbreaks can be recognized only by comparison of isolated strains. a dual approach of toxin detection and isolation is therefore recommended. | 1993 | 8324124 |
| elevated levels of serum immunoglobulins in asymptomatic carriers of clostridium difficile. | serum levels of iga, igm, and polyvalent immunoglobulins reactive with clostridium difficile were determined by elisa for asymptomatic carriers (n = 5), symptomatic individuals (n = 21), and a pool of 30 "normal" individuals. mean iga concentrations expressed as optical density (od +/- sd) were significantly higher (p < .001) for asymptomatic carriers (1.252 +/- 0.516) than for symptomatic patients (0.374 +/- 0.145). mean serum igm levels also were significantly higher (p < .001) for carriers (1 ... | 1993 | 8324125 |
| use of heat shock for culturing clostridium difficile from rectal swabs. | 1993 | 8324126 |