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close association of guillain-barré syndrome with antibodies to minor monosialogangliosides gm1b and gm1 alpha.cumulative evidence supports the theory that anti-ganglioside antibodies function in the development of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). some patients have developed gbs after the administration of monosialoganglioside extracted from bovine brain. to clarify the pathogenesis of gbs associated with and without administration of the monosialoganglioside fraction, we investigated serum antibodies to the minor monosialogangliosides gm1b and gm1 alpha in patients with gbs and in control patients. gm1b ...19979119976
a mixed foodborne outbreak with salmonella heidelberg and campylobacter jejuni in a nursing home.to investigate a mixed salmonella heidelberg and campylobacter jejuni foodborne outbreak in a nursing home.19979120239
genotype analysis of human blood isolates of campylobacter jejuni in england and wales.genomic profiles were obtained for 76 strains of campylobacter jejuni isolated from bacteraemic patients in england and wales over the period 1981-94. genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis using a random cloned dna probe, and by ribotyping with a pcr-generated c. jejuni 16s ribosomal dna probe. phenotypic characterization was achieved by heat-stable (hs) and heat-labile (hl) serogrouping, and preston phagetyping and biotyping. the blood isolates wer ...19979129583
the serotype distribution of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolated from patients with diarrhoea and controls at tikur anbassa hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia.sixty-eight isolates of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolated from patients with diarrhoea (n = 630) and controls (n = 220) at tikur anbassa hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia were serotyped on the basis of the heat-labile (hl) and the heat-stable (hs) antigens, by using 16 and 34 antisera, respectively, for the two methods. with the antisera against heat labile antigens, 89.3% of the c. jejuni and 75% of the c. coli were typable. the hl serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were the most common amo ...19979129584
cloning of an outer membrane protein gene from campylobacter jejuni.an antigen in the outer membrane protein (omp) fraction of campylobacter jejuni was identified and characterized. western blot analysis demonstrated antigenic differences in this protein between two congenic c. jejuni strains. strain a74/c, which colonizes chickens, expressed the antigen at 34 kda, while strain a74/o, which poorly colonizes chickens, expressed the antigen at 32 and 34 kda. a genomic library was constructed in lambdagt11 with dna from a74/o and screened with antibody raised again ...19979142743
in vitro permeation of human chorioamniotic membranes by campylobacter jejuni.in vitro penetration of human chorioamniotic membranes by campylobacter jejuni was investigated by an organ culture model. membrane permeation was detected by an immunoperoxidase technique and viable bacterial counts of membrane homogenates. human clinical isolates of c. jejuni inoculated on the maternal side of the membranes penetrated to the fetal side suggesting that chorioamniotic membranes constituted a weak barrier against campylobacter infection. chicken fecal isolates did not penetrate c ...19979144913
[a case of guillain-barré syndrome after the travel in southeast asia--isolation of campylobacter jejuni pen 5 serotype].a 57-year-old man, while on travel in malaysia, suffered from diarrhea after he ate fruits. he developed limbs weakness without sensory disturbance after his return to japan. serum from the patient had high igg anti-gm1 antibody titer. campylobacter jejuni was isolated from his stool. the serotype belonged to pen 5. the patient received double-filtration plasmapheresis 7 times during from days 6 to 17. muscle strength began to recover gradually on day 10, and returned to normal 5 months after th ...19979146072
campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. in black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus).cloacal examination of 41 juvenile black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) by cultivation demonstrated campylobacter jejuni in 26 (63%) and salmonella typhimurium in 21 (51%) of them. all the bird samples were collected in a breeding colony near the town hodonin, south moravia, czech republic in 1996. twenty six campylobacter isolates were tested for antibiotic and drug sensitivity: all were resistant to at least three agents (penicillin, tetracyclin and sulfomethoxazol-trimethoprim) while all wer ...19979151001
[analysis of the swimming pattern and the velocity of bacteria using video tracking method].the swimming patterns and the velocities of several flagellated bacteria were measured by a computer assisted video tracking method. the moving path of the individual bacterium revealed that the bacterium frequently changed its swimming direction and velocity. the velocity among bacterial strains varies widely. in low viscous environment. campylobacter jejuni has characteristic swimming pattern with frequent changes in their swimming direction. as the viscosity increase, c. jejuni increases its ...19979154715
[campylobacter jejuni septicemia with cutaneous sites in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection]. 19979161581
primary structure analysis and adhesion studies on the major outer membrane protein of campylobacter jejuni.the major outer membrane protein of campylobacter jejuni (momp, 43 kda), supposed to be one of the structures responsible for adhesion to int 407 cells, was isolated from the crude outer membrane preparation by treatment with n-octyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside followed by preparative sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. by cleavage of the isolated protein with cyanogen bromide and proteolytic enzymes, peptides were generated, separated by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography, and seq ...19979163918
resuscitation of 'non-culturable' cells from aged cultures of campylobacter jejuni.when stationary phase batch cultures of campylobacter jejuni were stored in sealed flasks under static conditions, viable numbers declined from 2 x 10(9) c.f.u. ml-1 to around 10(3)-10(6) c.f.u. ml-1 within 4-6 weeks. when the aged cultures were sparged with a microaerobic gas mixture, there was a rapid increase in viable numbers accompanied by a change from predominantly coccoid to vibrioid morphology. the most probable number (mpn) technique was used to distinguish resuscitation of injured or ...19979168608
changes with growth rate in the membrane lipid composition of and amino acid utilization by continuous cultures of campylobacter jejuni.methods and media (defined and complex) are described which permit studies designed to determine the influence of single environmental factors on the survival and virulence of campylobacter jejuni. the effect of growth rate on selected physiological traits (amino acid utilization, membrane lipid composition, motility, cell morphology) was studied in continuous culture. in both media, growth was at the expense of amino acid (serine, aspartate, glutamate and proline) catabolism. slow growth in the ...19979172406
fulminant guillain-barré syndrome with universal inexcitability of peripheral nerves: a clinicopathological study.the pathological basis of nerve inexcitability in guillain-barré syndrome has not been established with certainty. we report the clinicopathological findings in a 67-year-old patient with fulminant guillain-barré syndrome who died 18 days after onset. three serial electrophysiological studies revealed nerve inexcitability. antibodies to campylobacter jejuni were present but there was no antiganglioside reactivity. spinal root sections revealed extensive and almost pure macrophage-associated demy ...19979179157
campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis in turkish children.four hundred children between the ages of 1 month and 14 years with the complaint of diarrhea were studied to assess campylobacter jejuni isolation rates in childhood acute gastroenteritis in turkey and to clarify clinical presentations of c. jejuni enteritis. c. jejuni was found to be the second most common isolate with a rate of 8.3%, the first being shigella strains. the highest isolation rate was in the 6 to 14-year age range at 12%. the most frequent symptoms in patients with c. jejuni ente ...19979181383
oral administration of antibodies as prophylaxis and therapy in campylobacter jejuni-infected chickens.passive immunity against gastrointestinal infections has recently been successfully applied as prophylaxis and therapy in patients in a variety of virally and bacterially induced infections. campylobacter jejuni is frequently associated with acute diarrhoea in humans, and several species of animals have been shown to transmit the disease, although birds have been implicated as the main source of infection. we used bovine and chicken immunoglobulin preparations from the milk and eggs, respectivel ...19979182891
cloning, sequencing, and expression of a campylobacter jejuni periplasmic binding protein (p29) involved in histidine transport. 19979192026
serendipitous detection of persistent campylobacter jejuni subspecies jejuni bacteremia in a patient undergoing bone marrow transplantation. 19979195103
nested polymerase chain reaction strategy simultaneously targeting dna sequences of multiple bacterial species in inflammatory joint diseases. i. screening of synovial fluid samples of patients with spondyloarthropathies and other arthritides.bacteria play a crucial pathogenetic role in lyme arthritis (la), reactive arthritis (rea), other forms of spondyloarthropathy (spa), and possibly in undifferentiated oligoarthritis (uoligo). polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology has been applied to detect bacterial dna of individual microbes in synovial fluid (sf) of patients with arthritides. we screened for dna sequences of 8 bacterial species simultaneously in sf of patients with inflammatory joint disease.19979195515
nested polymerase chain reaction strategy simultaneously targeting dna sequences of multiple bacterial species in inflammatory joint diseases. ii. examination of sacroiliac and knee joint biopsies of patients with spondyloarthropathies and other arthritides.bacteria play a crucial pathogenetic role in reactive arthritis (rea) and other forms of spondyloarthropathy (spa) and in lyme arthritis. although there is evidence of local persistence of bacterial antigens no definitive method revealing microbes in peripheral joints has been established. we detected dna of individual bacteria in synovial material by pcr. applying molecular technology we screened simultaneously for 8 bacterial genomes in arthritis and sacroiliitis.19979195516
disc susceptibility testing for thermomphilic campylobacters.the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) and zone diameters around nccls strength discs of 100 clinical isolates of thermophilic campylobacter species, including 79 strains of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni, 19 of c. coli and two of c. lari, plus three type strains of these species, were determined for erythromycin, clindamycin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, piperacillin, cephalothin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and tetracycline. using error-rate bo ...19979213344
fatal campylobacter jejuni infection in a patient splenectomised for thalassaemia.a 35 year old man with a fatal campylobacter jejuni infection is described. he had hbe/beta zero thalassaemia and had undergone splenectomy nine months previously for hypersplenism; he also had chronic hepatitis c infection. he presented with high grade fever but no gastrointestinal symptoms and rapidly progressed to septicaemic shock and hepatic encephalopathy despite treatment with penicillin, gentamicin, and, later, chloramphenicol and ceftazidime. only one case of campylobacter jejuni septic ...19979215130
stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with campylobacter jejuni generates a gammadelta t cell response in patients with guillain-barrésyndrome.in three patients whose guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) was preceded by gastrointestinal infection due to campylobacter jejuni, gammadelta t cells were generated from peripheral blood in response to in vitro stimulation with c. jejuni. in one of the patients, where a diagnostic sural nerve biopsy was performed, gammadelta t cells were also isolated following culture of the nerve tissue. studies with healthy volunteers and c. jejuni gastroenteritis patients also showed preferential enrichment for g ...19979218834
identification and molecular cloning of a gene encoding a fibronectin-binding protein (cadf) from campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of gastrointestinal disease. by analogy with other enteric pathogens such as salmonella and shigella, the ability of c. jejuni to bind to host cells is thought to be essential in the pathogenesis of enteritis. scanning electron microscopy of infected int407 cells suggested that c. jejuni bound to a component of the extracellular matrix. binding assays using immobilized extracellular matrix proteins and soluble fibronectin showed ...19979220003
a new cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) from escherichia coli producing cnf2 blocks hela cell division in g2/m phase.escherichia coli strain 1404, isolated from a septicaemic calf, carries a transferable plasmid called pvir which codes for the cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 2 (cnf2). a 4h interaction between strain 1404 and hela cells induced the formation of giant mononucleated cells blocked in g2/m phase. mating experiments between strain 1404 and a non-pathogenic recipient strain demonstrated that the factor(s) encoded by pvir mediated the cell-cycle arrest. a 3.3 kb dna fragment isolated from a dna bank ...19979220015
comparison of disc diffusion and agar dilution methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and campylobacter coli.the correlation between disc diffusion and agar dilution susceptibility testing of five antibiotics was studied against 145 campylobacter strains: 99 campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and 46 campylobacter coli. the percentages of true results and 95% ci for disc diffusion for resistant strains were 100% (93.2-100%) for tetracycline (53 strains tested), 100% (77.2-100%) for ciprofloxacin (13 strains tested), 86.7% (62.1-96.3%) for nalidixic acid (15 strains tested), 100% (56.6-100%) for erythrom ...19979222038
association of campylobacter jejuni serotype with antiganglioside antibody in guillain-barré syndrome and fisher's syndrome.using penner's method and lior's scheme, we serotyped 31 isolates from patients with guillain-barré syndrome, 7 isolates from those with fisher's syndrome, and isolates from patients with sporadic enteritis. pen 19 of campylobacter jejuni was isolated more frequently from the guillain-barré syndrome patients (16/31 isolates, 52%) than from the sporadic enteritis patients (5%). lio 7 of c. jejuni also was isolated more frequently from the gillain-barré syndrome patients (14/31 isolates, 45%) than ...19979225682
toxin production by campylobacter spp.of all the virulence factors that were proposed for campylobacter jejuni and related species to cause disease in humans, the discovery of toxin production was the most promising but led to a rather confusing and even disappointing stream of data. the discussion of whether proteinaceous exotoxins are relevant in disease remains open. one important reason for this lack of consensus is the anecdotal nature of the literature reports. to provide a basis for an unbiased opinion, this review compiles a ...19979227862
molecular discrimination between campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, campylobacter lari and campylobacter upsaliensis by polymerase chain reaction based on a novel putative gtpase gene.polymerase chain reaction (pcr) mediated dna fingerprinting has resulted in the identification of a novel campylobacter jejuni gene, encoding a gtpase protein. the gene, consisting of 383 amino acids contained semi-conserved gtp-binding sites (designated g-1 to g-4), that are characteristic for members of the gtpase protein superfamily. remarkably, this gene from c. jejuni appears to encode a member of a novel family of gtp-binding proteins, containing two separate putative gtp-binding domains, ...19979232616
differentiation of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli by polymerase chain reaction.a multiplex pcr assay was developed using two primer sets for the identification and differentiation of campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni. primer set i amplifies a 460-bp fragment present in c. coli and c. jejuni. set ii amplifies a 160-bp target unique to c. jejuni. when the assay was performed on reference strains, amplification of c. coli yielded only the 460-bp fragment. amplification of c. jejuni generated both the 160- and 460-bp fragments. campylobacter field strains (n = 85) is ...19979232618
evaluation of the nasba nucleic acid amplification system for assessment of the viability of campylobacter jejuni.although nasba uses rna as a target molecule for amplification, the nucleic acid amplification system cannot be used for differentiating viable and non-viable c. jejuni. it was shown that 16s rrna, or the defined sequence within the 16s rrna enclosed by the primer set applied, is fairly stable and resistant to heating at 100 degrees c. false-positive results can occur in case of direct nasba detection of c. jejuni in foods. these false positive results due to amplification of rna from dead cells ...19979237117
characterization of monoclonal antibodies for the rapid detection of foodborne campylobacters.the specificity of 97 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the campylobacter jejuni lior serogroup 6 reference strain was assessed using an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). four mabs, m316, m337, m357 and m637, reacted with whole cells of the c. jejuni, c. coli and c. lari reference strains of the 20 most common lior serogroups and 25 recent c. jejuni and c. coli isolates, and did not react with most of the 42 other campylobacter and non-campylobacter spp. tested. immunoblot analys ...19979237126
cranial polyneuropathy with elevated serum antiganglioside antibody.we report a 6-year-old girl with cranial polyneuropathy with elevated serum levels of antiganglioside antibodies. she manifested herpetic vesicles around the right upper eyelid and mouth without antecedent infection. she developed facial asymmetry and double vision 5 days after the first appearance of the vesicles. neurological examination on admission disclosed palsies of the bilateral sixth and twelfth cranial nerves and right third and seventh cranial nerves, but limb muscle weakness, ataxia, ...19979090691
restriction endonuclease analysis, dna relatedness and phenotypic characterization of campylobacter jejuni and camp. coli isolates involved in food-borne disease.seven cases of campylobacter infection, each of them involving two isolates, were analysed. study of their biochemical profiles and susceptibility patterns allowed the identification of camp. jejuni and camp. coli isolates and the effective typing of camp. jejuni strains into biotypes. genotyping was carried out by comparing chromosomal dna restriction patterns obtained by cleavage with bg/ii and ecorv and by southern hybridization experiments. these studies revealed clonal homogeneity between b ...19979202438
campylobacter 0:41 isolation in guillain-barré syndrome.over a period of 15 months, 17 children were admitted to the red cross war memorial children's hospital (rcwmch) in cape town with guillain-barré syndrome. stool specimens were collected from 14 children and campylobacter was isolated from nine. six of the nine isolates of campylobacter jejuni were further identified as c jejuni biotype 2, serotype 0:41. this biotype 2, serotype 0:41 has been identified in only 12 of the 7119 campylobacter isolates at the rcwmch over a 19 year period. eight of t ...19979245852
overproduction of campylobacter ferritin in escherichia coli and induction of paracrystalline inclusion by ferrous compound.the ferritin gene (cft) of campylobacter jejuni was overexpressed in cells of escherichia coli using a t7 rna polymerase expression system. many round particles which were the same size as the ferritin particles purified from c. jejuni were observed in the lysate of the cft-overexpressed e. coli cells. since most of them were devoid of a central electron dense core consisting of ferric irons, the campylobacter ferritins over-produced in e. coli seemed to be apoferritin. when large amounts of fer ...19979251057
helicobacter pylori induces an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human gastric epithelial cells: quantification of mrna for interleukin-8, -1 alpha/beta, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha.despite the fact that helicobacter pylori is known to be non-invasive, mucosal infiltration of inflammatory cells have been observed in the gastric mucosa. the exact pathogenesis of such an inflammatory reaction has not been well defined. we explored the repertoire of cytokine genes expressed in human gastric epithelial cells in response to coculture with h. pylori. after gastric epithelial cells, snu-5 and kato iii, were infected with h. pylori, expression of several cytokine genes was assessed ...19979257236
lipo-oligosaccharides of campylobacter jejuni serotype o:10. structures of core oligosaccharide regions from a bacterial isolate from a patient with the miller-fisher syndrome and from the serotype reference strain.lipo-oligosaccharide (losa) was obtained by phenol-water extraction of bacterial cells of an isolate pg 836, identified as campylobacter jejuni serotype o:10, from a patient who subsequently developed the miller-fisher syndrome (mfs). the product was separated into a water-insoluble gel of low mr and a water-soluble component of high mr. the structure of the core oligosaccharide region in losa is reported herein for comparison with losb from the c. jejuni o:10 reference strain, and is based on i ...19979581276
gastric acid secretion and enteric infection in bangladesh.in developing countries many enteric infections are caused by acid-sensitive pathogens. failure of the gastric acid barrier to infection has been reported in cholera but gastric acid secretion has been little studied in other enteric infections. we therefore studied basal and stimulated gastric acid in 185 bangladeshi men admitted to hospital for the treatment of enteric infection. patients with dysentery (amoebiasis, n = 24 and shigellosis, n = 19) and culture-negative diarrhoea (n = 69) had si ...19979509179
campylobacter jejuni in coccoid form does not reverse into spiral form in chicken guts.the incubation of campylobacter jejuni suspension in aerobic conditions results in the conversion of spiral cells into coccoid form. the present paper shows that such forms introduced into the alimentary tract of two-day-old chicks are not able to convert back into cultivable, infectious spiral forms, as has been suggested by some authors. technical problems connected with this type of experiment are also discussed.19979516989
evaluation of an avian-specific probiotic to reduce the colonization and shedding of campylobacter jejuni in broilers.campylobacter jejuni has often been responsible for human gastroenteritis. poultry have often been implicated as a source for these human infections. intestinal colonization of c. jejuni in the chicken plays a role in carcass contamination during slaughter. thus, reducing c. jejuni colonization in chickens can potentially reduce the incidence of c. jejuni infections in humans. the use of probiotics to competitively exclude the colonization of intestinal pathogens has been proposed for poultry. h ...19979454918
a structural analysis of the regularly arranged porin on the outer membrane of campylobacter jejuni based on correlation averaging.a negatively stained electron micrograph of regularly arranged porin proteins of campylobacter jejuni on the isolated outer membrane of bacteria was analyzed in detail by the correlation averaging method using a computer-assisted program. the results showed that the porin of c. jejuni had a trimeric structure separated by about 10.4 +/- 0.15 nm. in addition, the pores in the trimers were also separated by about 4.3 +/- 0.1 nm.19979444326
comparison of a novel microaerobic system with three other gas-generating systems for the recovery of campylobacter species from human faecal samples.three commercial gas-generating systems--campygen (oxoid, uk), oxoid br56 (oxoid, uk), and campypak plus (becton dickinson, usa)--and the evacuation replacement technique were compared for the recovery of campylobacter spp. from 500 human faecal samples collected from patients with gastroenteritis. four hundred fifty faecal samples were tested upon receipt in the laboratory. fifty faecal samples that had been previously found to be positive for campylobacter spp. were tested retrospectively; the ...19979447907
lethal maternal sepsis caused by campylobacter jejuni: pathogen preserved in placenta and identified by molecular methods.campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common organisms in the etiology of febrile diarrhea. bacteremia is reported to be rare. in pregnant women, however, c. jejuni (previous name, vibrio fetus) can cause fetal death. we report the case of a pregnant woman with enterocolitis and sepsis that caused the death of the fetus and, 11 days later, the death of the mother. c. jejuni was detected by culture techniques at the time of the first symptoms but not during the subsequent course of disease. bac ...19979436972
campylobacter jejuni major outer membrane protein and a 59-kda protein are involved in binding to fibronectin and int 407 cell membranes.campylobacter jejuni is one of the major causes of human diarrhea throughout the world. attachment to host cells and extracellular matrix proteins is considered to be an essential primary event in the pathogenesis of enteritis. outer membrane proteins of three c. jejuni strains, one of which was aflagellate, were investigated for their contribution to the process of adhesion to int 407 cell membranes and the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. using a ligand-binding immunoblotting assay th ...19979435102
identification of a common structural motif in the disordered n-terminal region of bacterial flagellins--evidence for a new class of fibril-forming peptides.flagellin proteins lacking the n- or c-terminus form polymers of reduced filament stability and straight morphology, in contrast to the coiled native flagella. in the present study, the n-terminal amino acid sequence of flagellins of the anaerobic beer spoilage bacteria pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and pectinatus frisingiensis as well as enterobacter aerogenes and pseudomonas sp. were determined. sequence similarity was revealed between these and the n-termini of all known eubacterial flagellins. ...19979431986
meat from dairy cows: possible microbiological hazards and risks.the authors provide an overview of the circumstances associated with culling of dairy cattle in the united states of america (usa) and focus on the possible significant microbiological hazards associated with meat from cull dairy cows. cull dairy cows are an important source of food in the usa, accounting for at least approximately 17% of ground beef. the potential microbiological hazards for foodborne illness from cull dairy cows discussed here include salmonella (with special attention to s. t ...19979501354
public health hazards from small ruminant meat products in europe.foodborne diseases, in particular those related to meat and meat products, have recently become a matter of great public concern. sheep and goat meat can transmit infections and diseases either through handling during preparation procedures or as a result of ingestion by the consumer. the authors highlight the second route of contamination in relation to meat and meat products from small ruminants in european countries. among the most important diseases transmitted by mutton and goat meat, toxop ...19979501355
public health and pork and pork products: regional perspectives of denmark.an ambitious programme to eliminate pork as an important source of human salmonellosis was initiated in denmark in 1993 by the ministry of food, agriculture and fisheries. the programme comprises control of feedmills, breeding and multiplying herds, slaughter herds and slaughter plants, as well as the final product, fresh pork. as a consequence, the level of occurrence of salmonella spp. in fresh pork produced in denmark is approximately 1%. yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 infections are common in s ...19979501365
strategies to control salmonella and campylobacter in raw poultry products.foodborne illness is a major public health concern. the largest number of foodborne illness cases attributed to poultry and poultry products are caused by paratyphoid serotypes of salmonella and by campylobacter jejuni. the effective prevention of foodborne disease requires an understanding that contamination can be introduced into foods at numerous points along the food chain. since multiple entry points exist for foodborne pathogens, multifaceted intervention approaches are required to success ...19979501366
effect of haemin on the enterotoxin production of campylobacter jejuni.when campylobacter jejuni was exposed to iron compounds, alterations in enterotoxin production were monitored by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blotting. by elisa, treatment with 10 microm haemin increased the ganglioside binding activity of the toxin in the extracellular fraction but not in the intracellular fraction. by western blotting, a 68 kd subunit of the enterotoxin was observed to increase in concentration. the results suggest that haemin may have a positive regul ...19979589608
characterization of campylobacter jejuni isolates from patients with guillain-barré syndrome.campylobacter jejuni is a major pathogen preceding guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), and most c. jejuni isolates from gbs patients belong to penner serotype 19 (heat-stable; hs-19). we analyzed sixteen independent clinical isolates from gbs patients, twelve of which belonged to hs-19, three to hs-2, and one to hs-4, using pcr-based rflp analysis of a flagellin-a (flaa) gene. two isolates from patients with miller fisher syndrome (mfs), and 27 from patients with uncomplicated enteritis were also exa ...19979455985
genotypic diversity among campylobacter jejuni isolates in a commercial broiler flock.analysis of nucleic acid polymorphism in the flagellin genes of campylobacter jejuni was used to investigate genetic diversity among campylobacter spp. in a commercial broiler flock. three hundred single colonies of c. jejuni were isolated from fecal samples collected weekly for 3 weeks immediately before slaughter. both the flaa and flab genes were amplified by pcr, and the pcr product was digested with the restriction enzyme alui. the fragments generated were then analyzed by agarose gel elect ...199716535602
[in process citation].oral delivery of vaccines results in these being taken up by specialised microfold epithelial cells covering peyer's patches of the gastrointestinal tract, therefore stimulating regulatory t cells and surface iga positive (siga+) b cells. t helper cells can be divided into 2 subsets, type 1 (t(h)1) and type 2 (t(h)2), according to their function and the cytokines they secrete. t(h)1 cytokines such as interleukin (il)-2, interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-beta (tnfbeta) elicit activation ...199718031087
preferential interaction of the his pause rna hairpin with rna polymerase beta subunit residues 904-950 correlates with strong transcriptional pausing.rna secondary structures (hairpins) that form as the nascent rna emerges from rna polymerase are important components of many signals that regulate transcription, including some pause sites, all rho-independent terminators, and some antiterminators. at the his leader pause site, a 5-bp-stem, 8-nt-loop pause rna hairpin forms 11 nt from the rna 3' end and stabilizes a transcription complex conformation slow to react with ntp substrate. this stabilization appears to depend at least in part on an i ...19979237994
campylobacter jejuni as a cause of diarrhoea.this study was carried out to isolate and identify campylobacter jejuni from stool samples of patients suffering from diarrhoea. the study spanned a two-year period and c. jejuni was isolated in 10 (4.5%) out of 220 patients of diarrhoea] disorders. in samples of stool collected from 50 healthy individuals, c. jejuni was isolated in one (2%) case. further, to isolate other enteropathogens alongwith c. jejuni, procedures were undertaken simultaneously to identify salmonella, shigella and vibrio c ...199728769509
observations on the control of campylobacter jejuni infection of poultry by 'competitive exclusion'.various bacteria were isolated aerobically from caecal mucus of campylobacter-free broilers sampled at slaughter. the organisms were mainly presumptive coliform bacteria, enterococci and micrococcus/staphylococcus spp. none showed any inhibitory activity against campylobacter jejuni in a plate assay. on the other hand, adult hens yielded nine strains of escherichia coli and one strain of enterococcus faecium that were positive in the plate assay and most of which utilized mucin as an energy sour ...199618645838
attempted definition by immunoblotting of the causes of reactivity in suspected false-positive sera in the brucella ovis complement fixation test.seventy-nine suspected false-positive sera, obtained over 1 year from routine submissions for brucella ovis serological testing, were used in this study. these sera, which exhibited titres in the complement fixation test, but which because of their epidemiological history and their reactions in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gel diffusion test were suspected to be false positives, were further analysed by immunoblotting. in blots, using b. ovis antigens, rough lipopolysaccharide was i ...199616031926
breast feeding may protect children against campylobacter jejuni associated diarrhoea.to investigate the bacterial etiology of infant diarrhea in karachi, pakistan, 180 rectal swab samples collected from diarrhea patients under 5 years of age and 30 samples from age- and sex-matched healthy children were analyzed. enteropathogenic organisms were isolated from 70 case samples (38.9%). the two most common etiologic agents were campylobacter jejuni (19.4%) and aeromonas hydrophilia (6.1%). salmonella, shigella, and yersina appear to have a limited incidence in this age group. no ...199612346517
[pathogenesis of guillain-barre syndrome and its relation with campylobacter jejuni]. 19969592345
[serodiagnosis of helicobacter pylori infections by detection of immunoglobulin g antibodies with an immunoblot technique].serological testing has recently been proposed as an aid in diagnosis of h. pylori infections. in this study, an immunoblot method has been evaluated to diagnose h. pylori infection serologically by comparing 104 serum specimens from patients with a positive gram stain and/or culture result and a positive urease test on biopsy material, as well as 30 serum specimens from patients with negative urease test, and negative microscopy and culture results. thirteen bands could be identified by immunob ...19969275637
adherence, invasion and cytotoxin assay of campylobacter jejuni in hela and hep-2 cells.campylobacter jejuni is an important human enteropathogen worldwide. chickens are the major reservoir and source of campylobacter infection. ten clinical isolates from human and five chicken strains were tested for the adherence, invasion and cytotoxin assay in hela and hep-2 cells. all human strains adhered to both the hela (10(3) to 3 x 10(4) bacteria/ml of cell lysate) and hep-2 cells (2 x 10(3) to 4 x 10(4) bacteria/ml of lysate). all chicken strains also adhered to the hep-2 cells (10(2) to ...19969203788
[guillain-barre syndrome and antibodies to ganglioside gm1. case report].a sudden onset of the syndrome guillain-barré in 48-year-old woman presenting as an acute motor neuropathy was associated with antibodies against ganglioside gm1 detected by elisa. the neurological examination revealed flaccid quadriplegia without affection of the sensory system, and the additional investigation showed mild increase of the csf protein content, demyelination of the peripheral motor nerves and significantly increased titer of the serum and csf anti-gm1 antibodies. several coprucul ...19969102850
[participation of campylobacter jejuni flagellar epitopes in cellular adhesion].using a flagellated (052) and an aflagellated (t-1) strains we studied the participation of flagellar epitopes of c. jejuni in the adhesion to hep-2 cells in vitro. strain 052 was significantly more adherent than strain t-1. when adhesion assays were carried out with antiflagella monoclonal antibodies, strain 052 showed inhibition of their adhesive capacity that varied between 64.3 and 92.9%. with an elisa test it was demonstrated that those monoclonal antibodies were specific and directed exclu ...19969239884
[intervention of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni flagella in the adhesion to cellular cultures: bacteriological and immunological evidence].the participation of the flagella of a virulent strain (o52) of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni in the adhesion to hep-2 cells and their inhibition by means of homologous polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal anti-flagella antibodies and colostral natural antibodies (iga) was studied. an aflagellated strain (t1) was used as negative control. adhesion was observed in higher rates with o52 strain (72%) than with t1 strain (27.5%). polyclonal, monoclonal and colostral antibodies inhibited o52 strain ...19969197015
immunological detection of lipopolysaccharide antigens of thermophilic campylobacters captured on polymyxin-coated polyester cloth.cholate-extracted lipopolysaccharide (lps) antigens from thermophilic campylobacters were captured on polymyxin-coated polyester cloth. the captured antigens were detected by sequential reactions with rabbit anti-campylobacter antibody, anti-rabbit igg peroxidase conjugate and chromogenic peroxidase substrate. a polyclonal rabbit antibody elicited against a single campylobacter-jejuni strain detected the reference strains of the twenty most frequently isolated thermophilic campylobacters in the ...19969157052
flagellin gene profiling of campylobacter jejuni heat-stable serotype 1 and 4 complex.flagellin gene (flaa) sequence polymorphisms were used to discriminate amongst 167 strains of campylobacter jejuni serotype hs1 and the hs4 complex. direct pcr of cell suspensions provided a rapid method for analysing dnase-negative strains, whereas purified dna was necessary for the dnase-positive strains. nine different pcr-rflp patterns (genotypes) were identified by analysis with hinfl and 12 with ddel, giving a total of 19 combined flaa profile types. the most common combined fla types were ...19969157491
identification of the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(o), in streptococcus pneumoniae.five isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to tetracycline but lacking tet(m) were studied. the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(o), was detected for the first time in the pneumococcus. the gene was amplified and sequenced and found to share 99% nucleotide sequence identity and 99, 99, and 98% deduced amino acid sequence identity with the tet(o) resistance genes of streptococcus mutans, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter jejuni, respectively.19969124862
antibiotic resistance of campylobacter jejuni with reference to plasmid profiles of clinical and chicken isolates.a total of 47 clinical isolates and 52 poultry isolates of campylobacter jejuni were characterized by their resistance to 16 antimicrobial agents and by plasmid profiles on agarose gel electrophoresis. almost all isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin and nitrofuratoin. plasmids were detected in 19% of c. jejuni strains isolated from feces of children patients and in 36% of strains isolated from chicken. the presence of plasmid dna was not found to be correlated w ...19969127480
complete nucleotide sequence of the campylobacter jejuni 72dz asd gene.campylobacter jejuni asd gene was sequenced. the gc content of the gene coding region is 32.7%. the codon usage is typical for a gene in a genome with low gc content. the structure of the gene regulatory sequences resembles that one used for escherichia coli gene transcription and translation. the amino acid sequence of the asd protein exhibits significant homology to asd gene products from other microorganisms.19969127485
detection of the coccoid form of campylobacter jejuni with the use of polymerase chain reaction.the incubation of campylobacter jejuni in aerobic conditions results in transformation of spiral cells into coccoid form. it is shown in presented paper that the assay of coccoid of c. jejuni with pcr is limited. its detectability decreases with the increase of time and temperature of cell storage.19969127486
[the antibiotic susceptibility of campylobacter strains isolated in moldova. the possibilities for estimation and the results].susceptibility to antibiotics of 39 campylobacter jejuni/coli strains was appreciated using the modified disc method (sowing by loop). eighteen strains were examined in duplicate using the conventional disc susceptibility method (sowing by inundation). based on the diameters (mm) of growth inhibition zones and on the respective critical concentrations (mcg/ml) the mics were also appreciated. all the strains were resistant to rifampicin, polymyxin m sulphate, ketokonazole, cephalotin, cephazolin; ...19969116399
[current parameters of the epidemiological process in campylobacteriosis].data on some parameters of the epidemic process of campylobacteriosis in the ukraine are presented. campylobacteriosis patients were found to constitute 1.9 +/- 0.095% of all examined patients with acute enteric infections (aei). no statistically significant difference in the proportion of campylobacteriosis among child and adult aei patients was established. the proportion of sick persons at the period of the spring-summer rise in morbidity was 71.5%. a definite relationship between the epizoot ...19969082723
[evolution of susceptibilities of campylobacter jejuni isolated from diarrhoeal cases to fluoroquinolones in tokyo].recently, the increase in the number of resistant strains of campylobacter jejuni to fluoroquinolone has been reported in european countries. we also studied antimicrobial susceptibilities of 600 clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni isolated during a 6 year period from 1989 through 1994 in four tokyo metropolitan hospitals. the susceptibility to 6 antimicrobial agents, norfloxacin (nflx), ofloxacin (oflx), ciprofloxacin (cpfx), nalidixic acid (na), erythromycin (em) and tetracycline (tc) we ...19969011115
[water-borne campylobacter infection--probably caused by pink-footed geese. two outbreaks in nord-trøndelag, stjørtdal in 1994 and verdal in 1995].the authors describe two water-borne outbreaks of campylobacter gastroenteritis that occurred in central norway in 1994 and 1995. the epidemics were probably caused by contamination of drinking water by the stools of pink-footed geese on the way from svalbard to germany-netherlands. campylobacter jejuni from the stools of the geese was transmitted to the population via untreated drinking water, causing disease in 50% of the population. about 1,000 persons suffered from gastroenteritis caused by ...19969011997
comparison of polymerase chain reaction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for the epidemiological typing of campylobacter jejuni.seventeen sporadic campylobacter jejuni enteritis cases occurred in taichung city, taiwan between july 1995 and september 1995. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric-1) primed polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques were compared for the epidemiological typing of the 17 c. jejuni isolates. fourteen distinct pfge fingerprint patterns were observed. fifteen distinct pcr fingerprint patterns were demonstrated. two clusters of isolates ( ...19969078444
ciprofloxacin resistant campylobacter spp. in humans: an epidemiological and laboratory study.from the end of april 1991 until the end of 1991, 2209 isolates of campylobacter spp. have been collected in plymouth phl of which 91 (4.1%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. none of the 91 patients involved had taken a quinolone, but 30/91 (33%) had travelled abroad (16 to the iberian peninsula) in the three months preceding isolation of the ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter spp. in the case-control study 12/15 (80%) of the cases had recently consumed poultry as had 20/24 (83%) of controls w ...19968722540
restriction fragment length polymorphism of flagellin genes of campylobacter jejuni and/or c. coli isolates from egypt.the conservation of flagellin genes from thermophilic campylobacter spp. strains isolated in egypt was evaluated by a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) assay. the flaa and flab genes were amplified from 59 independent clinical isolates and digested with ecori and psti, and the resulting patterns were compared with each other and with previously described rflp groups. the results indicate that the isolates fell into 14 groups for flaa and 11 groups for flab, 9 of which have been des ...19968727905
detection of ciprofloxacin resistance mutations in campylobacter jejuni gyra by nonradioisotopic single-strand conformation polymorphism and direct dna sequencing.a total of 27 strains of campylobacter jejuni (24 clinical strains and three laboratory strains) were examined for the presence of point mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (qrdr) of gyra gene by nonradioisotopic single-strand conformation polymorphism (non-ri sscp) analysis with silver stain. direct dna sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-amplified dna fragments confirmed the results obtained by non-ri sscp analysis and revealed that in clinical strains high-l ...19968731499
detection and molecular typing of campylobacter jejuni in fecal samples by polymerase chain reaction.in order to determine whether polymerase chain reaction (pcr) could be used to detect campylobacter jejuni directly in stool samples, dna from 66 frozen culture positive and negative fecal samples was purified by column chromatography. the flaa gene was amplified using primers directed against the conserved 5' and 3' regions and produced a 1.7 kb amplicon. fifteen of 18 (83%) c. jejuni culture positive samples were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. the test w ...19968737390
[infectious gastroenteritis in relapses of inflammatory bowel disease. therapeutic implications].the incidence and clinical importance of infectious gastroenteritis was studied in 67 consecutive relapses of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). a stool culture was done in every case before starting treatment. stool culture was positive in 6 relapses (8.9%): four were exacerbations of ulcerative colitis and two of crohn's disease (8.8% in ulcerative colitis vs 9% in crohn's disease; ns). the microorganisms isolated were campylobacter jejuni in three cases, salmonella enteritidis in two and staph ...19968755323
miller-fisher syndrome associated with campylobacter jejuni bearing lipopolysaccharide molecules that mimic human ganglioside gd3.a campylobacter jejuni strain of serotype o:10 was isolated from a patient who had miller-fisher syndrome. in its biochemical reactions and cellular morphology, the isolate was characteristic of typical c. jejuni. antibodies against extracted lipopolysaccharide (lps) were detected by passive hemagglutination in the acute- and convalescent-phase patient sera. by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with the o:10 antiserum, it was demonstrated that the strai ...19968757818
increased colonization potential of campylobacter jejuni strain 81116 after passage through chickens and its implication on the rate of transmission within flocks.the mechanisms by which campylobacter jejuni rapidly spreads through large broiler flocks are unknown. recent evidence suggests that the minimum infective oral dose for 100% caecal colonization is about 10(4) cfu, which, with such a 'fragile' organism, may limit transmissibility. however, the colonization potential of laboratory-adapted strains may be anomalous compared with fresh isolates or those passaged in vivo. the colonization potential of two chicken and one human c. jejuni isolates, whic ...19968760971
campylobacter jejuni infections and anti-gm1 antibodies in guillain-barré syndrome.the group of patients with guillain-barr'e syndrome (gbs) is very heterogenous with regard to antecedent infections, immunological parameters, clinical manifestations, and response to treatment. in this study, the presumed pathogenic factors anti-gm1 antibodies and campylobacter jejuni infections were related to the clinical characteristics. serum from 154 patients with gbs, 63 patients with other neurological diseases (ond), and 50 normal controls (nc) were tested for the presence of antibodies ...19968773599
experimental hepatitis induced by campylobacter jejuni infection in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).to establish an experimental model for vibrionic hepatitis caused by campylobacter jejuni, japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) were inoculated with c. jejuni strains isolated from chicken hepatitis (bl107) and human diarrhea (hp5113). necrotic liver lesions were formed by intra-pancreaticoduodenal vein injection by which the bacteria reached the liver directly via the portal vein, but not by intra-gastric infection. these liver lesions were observed from day 1 to 7 after the infection. ...19968777226
infection with ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter jejuni in travellers returning from asia. 19968781891
antimicrobial activity of rifabutin.rifabutin is a spiro-piperidyl-rifamycin derived from rifamycin-s. it is structurally related to rifampin and shares many of its properties. rifabutin has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. it is considerably more active than rifampin in vitro against the mycobacterium avium complex (mac), mycobacterium tuberculosis, and mycobacterium leprae. it also is active against most atypical mycobacteria, including mycobacterium kansasii, but mycobacterium chelonae is relatively resistant. rifabu ...19968785253
comprehensive ribotyping scheme for heat-stable serotypes of campylobacter jejuni.strains from diverse sources belonging to all 47 heat-stable penner serotypes of campylobacter jejuni were examined for polymorphism around the 16s rrna genes. penner serotype reference strains and a group of nonserotypeable isolates were included in the study. complete typeability was obtained; 30 distinct psti and 42 haeiii polymorphisms were found. three bands were detected in almost all strains with these enzymes, confirming that three copies of the 16s rrna gene are typical for c.jejuni. by ...19968788998
analysis of hl and o serotypes of campylobacter strains by the flagellin gene typing system.we recently developed a molecular typing system for campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the flagellin gene,flaa (i.nachamkin, k. bohachick, and c.m. patton, j. clin. microbiol. 31:1531-1536, 1993). we extended the typing system to 83 flagellin types (designated flaa-1,flaa-2, etc.) on the basis of analysis of 404 isolates of c. jejuni and c. coli including common serotypes isolated in the united states, a selection of less com ...19968789000
an environmentally regulated pilus-like appendage involved in campylobacter pathogenesis.examination of strains of campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter fetus by electron microscopy revealed that they produced peritrichous pilus-like appendages when the bacteria were grown in the presence of bile salts. various bile-salt supplements were used and it was found that deoxycholate and chenodeoxycholic acid caused a significant enhancement of pilus production and resulted in a highly aggregative phenotype. morphologically, the pili were between 4 and 7 nm in width a ...19968793884
experimental campylobacter jejuni infection in the chicken: an animal model of axonal guillain-barré syndrome.to develop and characterise an animal model of paralytic neuropathy after campylobacter jejuni infection. campylobacter infection precedes development of many cases of guillain-barré syndrome and is particularly associated with cases having prominent axonal degeneration. understanding the pathogenesis of guillain-barré syndrome after c jejuni infection has been slowed by the lack of animal models.19968795599
cytomegalovirus infection and guillain-barré syndrome: the clinical, electrophysiologic, and prognostic features. dutch guillain-barré study group.guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is usually preceded by infections, in particular cytomegalovirus (cmv) and campylobacter jejuni infection. we studied the clinical and electrophysiologic features of 20 cmv-associated gbs patients and compared the findings with earlier established data of c. jejuni-related gbs patients (n = 43) and of gbs patients without these infections (n = 71). the patients all participated in the dutch gbs trial in which we compared the effect of intravenous immune globulins an ...19968797462
transcription of the campylobacter jejuni cell division gene ftsa.as part of a study of genes whose transcription is maintained in stationary phase, cloned segments of dna were selected from a lambda zap ii library of campylobacter jejuni nctc 11,168. one such clone was found to encode a homologue of the escherichia coli cell division gene ftsa. examination of mrna by transcription mapping revealed that the campylobacter gene has one major and three minor transcription start sites. there were several significant differences in the structure and organisation of ...19968807806
a study of nosocomial diarrhea in calcutta.nosocomial infection is a major problem in hospitalized patients, particularly those who are debilitated. these infections may manifest as diarrhea. the spectrum of infections agents causing nosocomial diarrhea in our country is not known.19968840619
detection of campylobacter jejuni/c.coli infection in patients with guillain-barré syndrome by serology and culture.serum samples from 43 cases of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), 32 non-gbs neurology patients, and 35 healthy persons from a medical institute in kerala, india, were tested for antibody levels against a campylobacter jejuni strain penner serotype 0:19 by agglutination and elisa. twenty-six percent of samples from gbs cases showed high antibody levels in all assays. of 8 stool samples of new gbs cases examined by culture, 38% were positive for c. jejuni/c. col1. the results suggest that at least a ...19968841044
antimicrobial susceptibilities of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli to 12 beta-lactam agents and combinations with beta-lactamase inhibitors.the in vitro activities of 12 beta-lactam agents against 100 thermophilic campylobacter strains were tested. beta-lactamase production was detected in 88% of all strains tested. clavulanic acid was the best inhibitor by susceptibility testing. the beta-lactams which displayed high levels of in vitro activity against campylobacter isolates were imipenem, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and cefepime and, to a lesser degree, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cefotaxime.19968843305
early nodal changes in the acute motor axonal neuropathy pattern of the guillain-barré syndrome.the axonal patterns of guillain-barré syndrome, associated in many cases with antecedent campylobacter jejuni infection, are now recognized as frequent causes of acute flaccid paralysis in some regions of the world. this study examined ultrastructurally the pns of seven cases of the acute motor axonal neuropathy form of guillain-barré syndrome. in this disorder previous studies of advanced cases have found wallerian-like degeneration of motor fibres in the spinal roots and peripheral nerves, wit ...19968852937
assessment of the dose-response relationship of campylobacter jejuni.mathematical relations describing the risk of infection after exposure to enteropathogens are important tools for the evaluation of the potential health risk from exposure via food and water. a quantitative description of the dose-response relation for campylobacter jejuni with the beta-poisson model was fitted to experimental data of infection with campylobacter jejuni (as determined by shedding of c. jejuni) obtained in human feeding studies performed by black et al. (1988). the maximum likeli ...19968856377
sequential development of resistance to fluoroquinolones and erythromycin in an isolate of campylobacter jejuni.a severe episode of campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis in a patient with hiv infection was treated with ciprofloxacin and, because of therapeutic failure, subsequently with roxithromycin. after treatment, c. jejuni was again isolated from feces and shown to be resistant to both drugs. we present molecular evidence of the sequential development of both types of resistance in the patient isolate. to our knowledge, this is the first case with documented evidence showing sequential emergence of re ...19968861869
pcr-rflp analysis of the large subunit (23s) ribosomal rna genes of campylobacter jejuni.forty-seven strains of campylobacter jejuni were examined by pcr-rflp analysis of 23s rrna genes. seven different molecular profiles were detected by a combination of hpaii alui and ddei digest analysis. most (83%) strains, including those with different penner serotypes and from different hosts, had the same molecular profiles. the high level of conservation apparent within the 23s rdna sequences confirmed their value as targets in species-specific pcr identification assays but not for subtypic ...19968862021
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