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rescue of synthetic analogs of respiratory syncytial virus genomic rna and effect of truncations and mutations on the expression of a foreign reporter gene.the viral genomic rna (vrna) of human respiratory syncytial virus is a nonsegmented negative strand that is not infectious alone. to develop methods for complementing synthetic vrna with viral proteins, a cdna was constructed to encode a vrna in which all of the viral protein-coding sequences were removed and replaced with a negative-sense copy of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. upon transfection into respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells, the synthetic vrna was "rescu ...19911946383
nutritional effects on response of children in developing countries to respiratory tract pathogens: implications for vaccine development.malnutrition and respiratory disease commonly occur together, and the immunologic defects caused by malnutrition may affect clinical responses and the impact of vaccines. these defects include impaired maturation and function of t lymphocytes, diminished secretory immune responses, poor humoral antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens, deficient complement activity (especially the alternative pathway), and impaired antimicrobial mechanisms by phagocytic cells. in addition, protein-energy ma ...19911907399
monoclonal antibodies to the fusion protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.five monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine respiratory syncytial virus were characterized by western immunoblotting, radioimmunoprecipitation, and epitope mapping assays. the monoclonal antibodies were found to be specific for the fusion protein, and there were at least two antigen binding sites, one of which was neutralizing.19911723078
respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in hospitalized adults. 19911747009
rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection by using pernasal swabs.the sensitivity and specificity of direct immunofluorescence microscopy performed on pernasal swab specimens and compared with those of nasopharyngeal aspirates were 93 and 99%, respectively. posterior nasopharyngeal swabs applied immediately to microscope slides allow a rapid and simple screening procedure for the diagnosis of acute respiratory syncytial virus infections.19911774282
erythromycin and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin v) in the treatment of respiratory tract infections as related to microbiological findings and serum c-reactive protein.respiratory tract pathogens (beta-haemolytic streptococci groups a, c and g, haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis or pneumococci), were isolated from nasopharyngeal and/or throat swabs in 73/138 (53%) patients greater than 10 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis, acute tonsillitis, purulent nasopharyngitis or acute bronchitis. serological evidence of a viral infection (influenza a and b, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus) or mycopla ...19911909052
defective synthesis of envelope proteins by temperature-sensitive mutants representing complementation groups b and d of respiratory syncytial virus.the phenotypes of two complementing temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus indicate that the mutational lesions involve the attachment (g) and matrix (m) proteins of the viral envelope. synthesis of the g protein was affected in cells infected with mutant tsa2 (complementation group b); the p50 precursor of the g protein was synthesized normally, but further maturation to the fully glycosylated form was defective at 39 degrees c. a non-ts alteration in the efficie ...19911919527
subacute effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection on lung function in lambs.we examined the effects of ovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection on lung mechanics, lung histology, and airway reactivity in lambs. nine lambs were inoculated with ovine rsv and seven control lambs with normal saline or viral media. serum neutralization titers were obtained prior to and 3 weeks post-inoculation (pi). open lung biopsies were performed 1 and 3 weeks pi. lung mechanics including dynamic compliance (cdyn), resistance of the lung (rl), and functional residual capacity (fr ...19911923668
comparative study of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates using conventional cell culture, shell viral centrifugation culture, immunofluorescence and biotin-avidin enzyme linked immunosorbent assays.133 nasopharyngeal aspirates (npa) were simultaneously tested for the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) by conventional cell culture (ccc), shell vial centrifugation culture (svc), immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and biotin-avidin enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (b-a elisa). these yielded positive results in 32(24%), 45(33.8%), 36(27%) and 40(30%) of specimens, respectively. specimens positive by ifa and b-a elisa were all also positive by svc. the sensitivity of ccc, ifa, and b-a e ...19911807259
a chimeric glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus termed fg induces t-cell mediated immunity in mice.popliteal lymph node cells taken from mice vaccinated with the fg glycoprotein were exposed in vitro to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) antigens. proliferation to fg or rsv antigens was blocked with anti-cd4 monoclonal antibody treatment. fg-vaccinated mice developed classical late delayed type hypersensitivity (dth) reactions when exposed to fg antigen in vivo.19911811371
[atypical pathogen spectrum in community-acquired infections of the lower respiratory tract in childhood].over a period of 14 months, we obtained nasal and throat swabs for virological examinations from patients, admitted to hospital with suspected pneumonia. fifty-five cases of perihilar bronchitis and 103 cases of pneumonia were diagnosed based on radiological criteria. in 36% (n = 57) of the children, a pathogen could be determined by antigen elisa. we found the following spectrum: respiratory syncytial virus: 42%; influenza a: 8%; influenza b: 10%; parainfluenza 1: 3%; parainfluenza 2: 10%; para ...19911745250
nucleotide sequence analysis of a matrix and small hydrophobic protein dicistronic mrna of bovine respiratory syncytial virus demonstrates extensive sequence divergence of the small hydrophobic protein from that of human respiratory syncytial virus.the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the matrix (m) and small hydrophobic (sh) proteins of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) have been determined from a dicistronic mrna. comparison of these sequences with the corresponding published sequences of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) revealed extensive overall homology at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels in the m protein, but low overall homology at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels in the sh protein. th ...19911856698
[use of immunoenzyme analysis for detecting antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus with the aid of a conjugate of staphylococcal protein a with peroxidase]. 19911858364
epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children of developing countries.acute respiratory infections cause four and a half million deaths among children every year, the overwhelming majority occurring in developing countries. pneumonia unassociated with measles causes 70% of these deaths; post-measles pneumonia, 15%; pertussis, 10%; and bronchiolitis and croup syndromes, 5%. both bacterial and viral pathogens are responsible for these deaths. the most important bacterial agents are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and staphylococcus aureus. the data ...19911862276
etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern india.nasopharyngeal secretions and throat-swab specimens from 809 children less than 6 years old with acute respiratory infection were examined by culture and indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of virus or viral antigen. blood was cultured for the presence of bacteria in selected cases of lower respiratory infection (lri); pleural fluid also was cultured in cases of empyema. viruses were detected in 163 (49%) of 331 children with lri. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was the commonest agen ...19911862277
[nosocomial virus infections in pediatric departments. rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus].rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus are common causes of acute gastroenteritis and upper and lower respiratory diseases among infants and toddlers. both viruses occur as epidemics during the winter season. the symptoms may be quite severe and often lead to hospitalisation in paediatric wards i.e. about 2,000 children per year. the viruses frequently give rise to nosocomial infections in the infant/toddler wards about one third of the cases being nosocomial. recent studies have revealed tha ...19911866810
evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunomembrane filter assay for detection of respiratory syncytial virus in clinical specimens.a commercial enzyme immunomembrane filter assay (eifa) for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was compared prospectively with isolation in cell culture and an enzyme immunoassay. a total of 595 respiratory specimens, mostly from pediatric patients, were examined. the eifa was 70.96% sensitive and 72.40% specific in comparison with cell culture. results for 40 specimens (6.72%) were uninterpretable, mainly due to filtration difficulties. twenty-one (25%) of 84 specimens whose results were initiall ...19911802701
genes 1 and 2 of pneumonia virus of mice encode proteins which have little homology with the 1c and 1b proteins of human respiratory syncytial virus.genes 1 and 2 of pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) consist of 410 and 571 nucleotides and encode proteins of 113 and 156 amino acids respectively. the proteins show no extensive (gene 1 analogous to 1c) or low (gene 2 analogous to 1b) homology to their presumed counterparts in human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). the strongest homology is between regions of approximately 35 amino acids located near the carboxy termini of the gene 2 product and the 1b protein with 29% identity, although a lower ...19911919530
ultrastructural features of lesions in bronchiolar epithelium in induced respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia of calves.ultrastructural changes were observed in bronchioles in acute and repair stages of respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia induced in eight young calves (calf nos. 1-8) using a bovine strain of respiratory syncytial virus. five of the calves were friesians and three were hereford x friesians and all were male. tissues from three mock-infected control calves (two friesian, one hereford x friesian) were also examined. calves were from 3 to 6 days old at the time of first inoculation, with the except ...19911949508
cytotoxic t cell responses in lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.the role of cell-mediated immune response in the immunopathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infection is not well established. in the present study, cytotoxic t cell responses of brsv-infected lambs were examined using the chromium release assay. lambs experimentally infected with brsv developed cytotoxic lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the spleen, which lysed brsv-infected but not uninfected cells. peak cytotoxic activity occurred 10-14 days after infection. pretrea ...19911949569
clinical observations on lower respiratory tract infections with special reference to serum ige levels.to examine if the occurrence of wheezing among children with lower respiratory tract infections is associated with atopic predisposition, serum levels of ige were determined for groups of children with or without wheezing, during infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). in m. pneumoniae infection, more than 60% of wheezy children over 2 years of age showed a high ige level (200 iu/ml or more), while ige levels were less than 200 iu/ml in 73% of non-wheezy childr ...19911923666
effect of salbutamol on oxygen saturation in bronchiolitis.inhaled sympathomimetic agents are often used in bronchiolitis with little objective evidence of benefit. the arterial oxygen saturation (sao2) reflects the adequacy of ventilation-perfusion balance. the aim of the current study was to determine the effect of inhaled salbutamol on sao2. in a randomised, double blind study, 21 infants, admitted with bronchiolitis positive for respiratory syncytial virus, had continuous sao2 measurements made before and after nebulised salbutamol or placebo. sao2 ...19911929514
respiratory syncytial virus infection among intubated adults in a university medical intensive care unit.respiratory syncytial virus is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children. adults who are immunocompromised, aged, institutionalized, and/or have underlying medical diseases may be at risk for severe rsv infection. intubated adults in an micu were evaluated for evidence of rsv infection. respiratory secretions were analyzed by cell culture and rsv eia. serologic testing was obtained. respiratory secretions from micu personnel with acute respiratory symptoms and patients adm ...19911935297
respiratory syncytial virus infection in anti-mu-treated mice.balb/c mice were depleted of b cells by anti-mu treatment to investigate the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in the absence of antibody. termination of rsv replication after primary infection occurred with the same kinetics in anti-mu-treated mice as in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs)-treated controls. yet, when rechallenged, anti-mu-treated mice were more permissive to rsv replication than pbs-treated controls. anti-mu-treated mice also experienced greater illness th ...19911908028
role of t lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of primary infection and rechallenge with respiratory syncytial virus in mice.the role of cd4+ and cd8+ t lymphocytes in terminating respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) replication, causing disease, and protecting from reinfection was investigated using a balb/c mouse model in which cd4+ or cd8+ lymphocytes or both were depleted by injections of mab directed against the respective mouse lymphocyte determinants. kinetics of rsv replication, illness, and pathology were assessed after primary infection and rechallenge. both cd4+ and cd8+ lymphocyte subsets were involved in ter ...19911909350
effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on airway function in neonatal calves.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and calves. neonatal respiratory tract infection in children often produces persistent changes in lung function. the specific objective of this study was to determine whether neonatal calves have transient or persistent alterations in pulmonary function and airway reactivity following rsv infection. six 2- to 3-day-old holstein bull calves were inoculated with 10 ml of bovine respiratory syncytia ...19911952323
ribavirin therapy of adult respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis.respiratory syncytial virus is a common respiratory tract pathogen in infants. pulmonary infection in adult and elderly populations can occur with severe and even fatal pneumonitis having been reported in several recent outbreaks. we present a previously healthy adult patient who developed respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia severe enough to require mechanical ventilation. antiviral therapy with aerosolized ribavirin was successfully undertaken and the patient recovered completely. respiratory ...19911953237
detection of respiratory syncytial virus antigen and nucleic acid in clinical specimens using synthetic oligonucleotides.rapid detection of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus in nasopharyngeal secretions (nps) was carried out on cytospin cell preparations using a directly labelled monoclonal antiserum to rs virus to detect viral antigen and digoxigenin-labelled synthetic oligonucleotides to detect viral nucleic acid. sequences of 27 and 30 bases in length from within the fusion protein and nucleocapsid genes respectively were selected for use as probes. the oligonucleotide in situ hybridization test was easy to perf ...19911955489
value of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing severe respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants. 19911941381
respiratory syncytial virus and supraventricular tachycardia in an infant.a 7-week infant admitted with bronchiolitis proven to be caused by respiratory syncytial virus developed a supraventricular tachycardia which responded to digitalization. she has remained well and no longer requires medication 6 months later, her electrocardiogram now being normal. the course of the illness suggests an association between infection with respiratory syncytial virus and the development of the tachycardia.19911917175
ultrastructural features of alveolar lesions in induced respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia of calves.ultrastructural changes occurred in alveolar epithelium in the acute and repair stages of induced respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia induced in eight calves (calf nos. 1-7, 3 to 6 days old and calf no. 8, 2 weeks old), using a bovine strain of respiratory syncytial virus. five of the calves were friesians, three were hereford x friesians, and all were male. tissues from three mock-infected control calves (two friesian, one hereford x friesian) were also examined. evidence of respiratory syncy ...19911949507
association between secretor status and respiratory viral illness.to determine whether non-secretion of blood group antigens is associated with respiratory virus diseases.19911932971
interleukin-1-inhibitor activity induced by respiratory syncytial virus: abrogation of virus-specific and alternate human lymphocyte proliferative responses.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection has been shown to induce human mononuclear leukocyte (mnl) production of net interleukin-1 (il-1)-inhibitor activity. in the current studies of il-1-inhibitor effects, rsv-exposed cells were compared with autologous mnl that were sham-exposed or exposed to inactivated rsv or influenza virus (which induces net il-1 activity and commonly elicits effective homotypic immunity). exposure of mnl to influenza virus or inactivated rsv resulted in increased exp ...19911984478
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus mrna encoding the major nucleocapsid protein.the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the major nucleocapsid (n) protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) has been determined. the n mrna is 1196 nucleotides long with a single, large open reading frame. the derived polypeptide has 391 amino acids corresponding to a calculated molecular weight of 42,600 da. this is in agreement with the molecular weight of 43,000 da determined for the brsv n protein by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page). comparison of the nucleotide ...19911984667
antiviral drug therapy.major advances in molecular virology have led to the development of new antiviral compounds. these drugs include ribavirin, used in the treatment of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in children; amantadine, used in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza a infection; acyclovir, used in a variety of herpesvirus infections, including primary gingivostomatitis, genital herpes and herpes zoster; ganciclovir, used in the treatment of retinitis due to cytomegalovirus, and zidovudine, us ...19911986488
deduced amino acid sequence of the fusion glycoprotein of turkey rhinotracheitis virus has greater identity with that of human respiratory syncytial virus, a pneumovirus, than that of paramyxoviruses and morbilliviruses.the sequence of the fusion (f) glycoprotein of turkey rhinotracheitis virus (trtv) has been deduced from cdna clones derived from oligo(dt)-selected infected cell rna. the protein consists of 538 amino acids, the f2 and f1 subunits containing 102 (including the f2-f1 connecting peptide rrrr) and 436 residues, respectively. each subunit has one potential n-linked glycosylation site. the protein has 38 to 39% amino acid identity with the f protein of respiratory syncytial virus (pneumovirus genus) ...19911990068
clinical and epidemiologic aspects of respiratory syncytial virus antigenic variants in argentinian children. 19912019767
antiviral activities of 5-ethynyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4- carboxamide and related compounds.a series of novel compounds, 5-alkynyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4- carboxamides, have been identified as broad-spectrum antiviral agents. 5-ethynyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4- carboxamide (eicar), the most potent congener of the group, showed antiviral potency about 10- to 100-fold greater than that of ribavirin. similar in spectrum to ribavirin, eicar was particularly active (50% inhibitory concentration, 0.2 to 4 micrograms/ml) against poxviruses (vaccinia virus), togaviruses (si ...19912069373
[dynamics of local defensive reactions in the lungs in acute experimental inflammatory process induced by respiratory syncytial virus].study has been made of broncho-associated lymphoid tissue (balt), the number and functional activity of lung phagocytes, with 42 mice balb/c, induced by respiratory-syncytial virus. with virus inflammation a decreased number of lung macrophages, their stronger attraction and increased lung chemotaxis have been observed. the addition of bacterial infection was accompanied by an increase in lung neutrophil, lymphocyte and macrophage, a decrease in lung neutrophil chemotaxis, an increase in macroph ...19911878569
[virological surveillance of acute respiratory tract illnesses of children in morioka, japan. i. epidemiological patterns of infection with respiratory viruses over a 10-year period].a virological surveillance of acute respiratory tract illnesses (rti) of children in morioka, japan, was maintained from september 1973 to december 1983. nasal and throat swabs were collected from 4,334 children with rti. these patients consisted of 3,500 children (80.8%) with upper rti (urti) and 834 children (16.2%) with lower rti. when these patients with urti were classified by maximum temperature recorded into 4 groups (less than or equal to 37.0 degrees c, 37.1-37.9 degrees c, 38.0-38.4 de ...19911649233
purification of human respiratory syncytial virus: superiority of sucrose gradient over percoll, renografin, and metrizamide gradients.a method was devised for producing and purifying human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) preparations with high titers. previous attempts to obtain substantial amounts of purified human respiratory syncytial virus have been unsuccessful due to the extreme lability of this virus, its close association with the host cell membrane, and its tendency to aggregate during concentration procedures. we describe a comparative study of various purification media as well as a novel approach for obtaining h ...19911650782
experimental reproduction of respiratory tract disease with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.an experiment was conducted to reproduce respiratory tract disease with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) in one-month-old, colostrum-fed calves. the hypothesized role of viral hypersensitivity and persistent infection in the pathogenesis of brsv pneumonia was also investigated. for brsv inoculation a field isolate of brsv, at the fifth passage level in cell culture, was administered by a combined respiratory tract route (intranasal and intratracheal) for four consecutive days. four grou ...19911887565
reliability of two new test kits for rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection.two new rapid enzyme immunoassays (eias) for detecting respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), directigen (becton dickinson microbiology systems) and testpack (abbott diagnostics) were compared with virus isolation and direct immunofluorescence by using fresh specimens. the sensitivities of both eias were low (72 to 73%), but when initial specimens were used, testpack had a high sensitivity (92%) in contrast to that of directigen (76%). because of its high sensitivity and specificity, testpack can be ...19911890186
replication of parainfluenza type-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in isolated bovine type-ii alveolar epithelial cells.the objectives of our research were to determine whether bovine pulmonary type-ii alveolar epithelial cells could be isolated from bovine lung and maintained in tissue culture and to determine whether isolated bovine type-ii alveolar epithelial cells would support productive viral replication of bovine parainfluenza type-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. type-ii alveolar epithelial cells were isolated from lungs of 4- to 7-day-old male holstein calves by enzymatic dissociation of p ...19911652906
isolation of adenovirus from lambs with upper respiratory syndrome.the role of viruses in the etiology of recurrent upper respiratory disease in newly weaned lambs was studied during 1984-1985 at the north dakota sheep experiment station. serum samples collected from lambs at weaning, from lambs with signs of respiratory disease, and 3 weeks following the onset of clinical signs were tested for antibodies to ovine adenovirus (oav), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and parainfluenza type-3 virus (pi-3). virus isolation studies were performed on nasal secretion ...19911655060
microbiology of airway disease in patients with cystic fibrosis.individuals with cystic fibrosis have abbreviated life spans primarily due to chronic airway infection. a limited number of types of organisms are responsible for these infections, with staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa being of primary importance. in the pre-antibiotic era, greater than 90% of deaths due to infection were caused by s. aureus and death usually occurred in the first 2 years of life. with the advent of effective antistaphylococcal therapy, life spans increased and p ...19911900735
antiviral activity of 1-docosanol, an inhibitor of lipid-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex.this article reports that 1-docosanol, a 22-carbon-long saturated alcohol, exerts a substantial inhibitory effect on replication of certain viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus and respiratory syncytial virus) within primary target cells in vitro. to study the basis for its viral inhibitory activity, a suspension of 1-docosanol was formulated in an inert and nontoxic surfactant, pluronic f-68; this suspension exerted potent inhibitory activity on the ability of susceptible viruses to infect cultu ...19911660151
synthetic oligonucleotide probes differentiate respiratory syncytial virus subgroups in a nucleic acid hybridization assay.a new approach to respiratory syncytial virus subgroup differentiation has been developed on the basis of the hybridization of subgroup-specific synthetic oligonucleotides with viral mrna. two oligonucleotide probes were designed from the nucleotide sequences of an a and a b subgroup respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein g gene. all 28 virus isolates tested were correctly classified by subgroup with these probes.19911864945
secretory antibodies to cow milk proteins and to respiratory syncytial virus. 19911809016
failure to detect paramyxovirus sequences in paget's disease of bone using the polymerase chain reaction.it is widely believed that paget's disease of bone is due to a "slow virus" infection of osteoclasts with one of the paramyxovirus group. controversy continues to surround the identity of the virus involved, however, since at different times evidence has been presented implicating measles virus (mv), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and canine distemper virus (cdv) as putative infective agents. in this study we used the technique of reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to ...19911805546
immunoprophylaxis of otitis media.prospects for an effective otitis media vaccine are bolstered by a number of encouraging observations. results of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine trials beginning in 1975, the enormously enhanced immunogenicity of protein-hib polysaccharide coupled vaccines in infants, and the apparent effectiveness of a protein-pcp coupled vaccine in experimental otitis media suggest that a pneumococcal vaccine targeted to prevent invasive and middle ear infections is not too distant. the identification of ...19911805562
severe bronchiolitis in children.acute viral bronchiolitis is one of the most common causes of paediatric respiratory disease, especially in the first year of life. young infants and those with pre-existent cardiorespiratory problems are at an increased risk of acute respiratory failure necessitating mechanical ventilation. a prospective study was carried out from november 1988 to october 1989, to analyse the clinical features, aetiology and outcome of patients with severe bronchiolitis. 52 (29.9%) out of 174 cases of acute bro ...19911812334
[preliminary studies on subtypes of respiratory syncytial virus in china].an analysis of subtypes of 9 respiratory syncytial (rs) viruses isolated from guangzhou and nanjing areas of china was carried out with eight sweden rs-subtype specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and 7 internal anti-rs mabs. all these mabs directed against respectively the large glycoprotein (g), fusion protein (f), nucleoprotein (np), and phosphoprotein (p) components of the prototype long strain of rs virus. the patterns of the reactions of these mabs to the nine isolated strains of rs virus ...19911814050
clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) subgroup infections in japan.the subgroup characteristics of 130 strains of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) isolated in sapporo during 9 epidemic years 1980-1989 were determined. monoclonal antibodies raised against the rsv long strains were used. subgroup a included 77 (59.2%) isolates and subgroup b 52 (40.0%) strains, while 1 strain was considered to be a variant of a subgroup a strain. the distribution by age of infants and children was different for the 2 subgroups: less than 1 year of age infants with subgroup a inf ...19911815326
current status of pediatric vaccines.pediatric immunization schedules have become more complex, especially with the approval of two new vaccines for haemophilus influenzae type b and changes in recommendations for measles vaccine. in addition, vaccines for other infections (eg, rotavirus, varicella, and respiratory syncytial virus) are in development and likely will become available in the future. these recent advances raise hope that the list of diseases eradicated through vaccination will be expanded.19911833727
nucleotide sequences of the 3' leader and 5' trailer regions of human respiratory syncytial virus genomic rna.the nucleotide sequences of the 3' extracistronic (leader) and 5' extracistronic (trailer) regions were determined for genomic rna (vrna) of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) strain a2. to sequence the 3' leader region, vrna was extracted from purified virions, size-selected, polyadenylated, copied into cdna, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and sequenced. the 3' leader sequence is 44 nt, which is somewhat shorter than its counterparts (50 to 70 nt) in other nonsegmented ...19911840712
the role of passive immunity in bovine respiratory syncytial virus-infected calves.the role of passive immunity in bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infections in neonatal calves was evaluated. calves were divided into groups as follows: colostrum-deprived, sham-inoculated; colostrum-deprived, brsv-inoculated; and colostrum-fed, brsv-inoculated. calves were inoculated with a low-passage field isolate of brsv for 4 consecutive days by a combined respiratory tract route and were euthanized 6 days after receiving the last inoculation. arterial oxygen tension (pao2) decrea ...19911847400
etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in gambian children: i. acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants presenting at the hospital.ninety infants less than 1 year of age with pneumonia and 43 control infants were investigated for viral and chlamydial infection with the use of culture and serology and for bacterial infection with the use of blood cultures, lung aspirates, antibody assays and antigen detection procedures. one or more potential pathogens were identified in 62 (69%) cases with pneumonia and in 12 (28%) controls. infection by respiratory viruses was identified in 42 (49%) cases and in 8 (19%) controls. respirato ...19911848364
sequence of the major nucleocapsid protein gene of pneumonia virus of mice: sequence comparisons suggest structural homology between nucleocapsid proteins of pneumoviruses, paramyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses and filoviruses.the complete nucleotide sequence of gene 3 of pneumonia virus of mice has been determined, and the 5' end of the mrna mapped using a modification of the polymerase chain reaction technique. the gene contains a single open reading frame, beginning with a 5'-proximal aug initiation codon, encoding a polypeptide with a predicted mr of 43141. expression of the gene 3 protein in escherichia coli and in vitro showed that it reacted with virus-specific antiserum and comigrated with the major nucleocaps ...19911848602
effects of recombinant human alpha a interferon in gnotobiotic calves challenged with respiratory syncytial virus.the effects of recombinant human alpha a interferon were studied in gnotobiotic calves challenged with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). gnotobiotic calves given doses of interferon by intramuscular injection over five days showed a marked, dose-related, rise in rectal temperature and depression of circulating leucocytes. differential counts showed decreases in both lymphocytes and neutrophils. no significant pathological differences were found between treated and untreated calves, nor could an ...19911852059
immune responses of lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and pasteurella haemolytica.the immune responses of lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and pasteurella haemolytica were compared with lambs infected with bovine rsv or pasteurella haemolytica alone. superinfection with p. haemolytica aggravated the reduction in the number of cd5+, cd4+ and lca p220+ (b) lymphocytes caused by bovine rsv, but it had no effect on the neutralizing antibodies against p. haemolytica cytotoxin. serum samples obtained from lambs experimentally infected with ...19911779037
[bacterial tracheitis in children].bacterial tracheitis (bt) was found in 10 of 748 children (1.3%) admitted with croup during 1983-1990. 9.9% of all the 748 croup cases seen (74) were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (picu) and 16 of the 74 required intubation. 10 of those intubated (62.5%) were found to have bt and had typical features of croup, including inspiratory stridor, hoarseness and cough. airway obstruction resulted mainly from accumulated tracheal pus. after endotracheal intubation all required frequent s ...19911783311
operator-induced contamination in cell culture systems.operator-induced biological contamination in cell cultures is a multifaceted problem involving the unexpected introduction of other animal cells, microbial and viral contaminants. detailed studies on animal cell cross contaminations have been performed and published. the frequency of detection of problem cultures has been as high as 36% for one service performed in the usa, with interspecific cross contamination accounting for 25% and human intraspecific contamination representing 11%. awareness ...19911794620
vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus: problems and progress. 19911797047
[indices of the humoral response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with acute bronchitis].examinations of 30 children with acute bronchitis have revealed a respiratory syncytial (rs) viral infection in 18. a reduced response to rs virus was seen in patients with bronchitis complicated by obstruction, in contrast to that in cases without obstruction. humoral response to this virus was reduced and delayed in younger children as against that in elder ones. even high levels of specific igg did not result in vitro neutralization of rs virus.19911724037
differential inhibitory effects of sulfated polysaccharides and polymers on the replication of various myxoviruses and retroviruses, depending on the composition of the target amino acid sequences of the viral envelope glycoproteins.sulfated polysaccharides (i.e., dextran sulfate) and sulfated polymers (i.e., sulfated polyvinylalcohol and sulfated copolymers of acrylic acid with vinylalcohol) were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus type a (influenza a virus) but not of other myxoviruses (parainfluenza 3, measles, and influenza b viruses). the compounds were also inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 and simian ...19911725692
acute respiratory infections in australian aboriginal children: current knowledge and future requirements.although inadequately documented, it is clear that acute respiratory infection (ari) is a major cause of morbidity and hospitalization in australian aboriginal children. aris continue to cause substantial mortality in aboriginal children, and they are likely to cause a variety of potentially serious sequelae. the literature emphasizes the importance of pneumonia as a cause of hospitalization of aboriginal children. there is good evidence that streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae a ...19911750265
cytokine (tumor necrosis factor, il-6, and il-8) production by respiratory syncytial virus-infected human alveolar macrophages.human alveolar macrophages (am) are susceptible to infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), but the infection is abortive after the initial cycles of virus replication. we have investigated if rsv infection of am results in the production of cytokines tnf, il-6, and il-8, all of which may modulate inflammatory and immune responses to the virus, as well as may directly protect respiratory epithelial cells against spread of infection. within 1 h after interaction with rsv, increased mrna ...19911753101
the pneumographic and medical investigation of infants suffering apparent life threatening episodes.investigation of 340 babies who suffered from apparent life threatening episodes (alte) was performed using pneumographic studies and a variety of medical investigations. a number of medical abnormalities were demonstrated by history or investigation, including gastro-oesophageal reflux (211), airways pathology (17), evidence of fits (25), brain-stem tumour (2), hypoglycaemia (2), respiratory syncytial virus (8) and possible munchausen by proxy (5). pneumographic abnormalities were detected in 2 ...19911756076
high dose-short duration ribavirin aerosol treatment--a review.a high-dose, short-duration treatment with ribavirin aerosol consisting of a three-fold increase in concentration of drug (60 mg versus 20 mg of ribavirin per ml in the liquid reservoir of the generator administered for about one-third the time of the standard treatment) was as effective as the standard dosage in the treatment of experimental influenza a and b infections in mice and in the treatment of experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats. despite some minor pulmonar ...19911756300
[detection of rs viral sequences in otitis media effusion from children].the role of respiratory syncytial virus (rs virus) in otitis media with effusion was studied. reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nested polymerase chain reaction (nested pcr) were used to provide accurate methods for detection of rs viral sequences in the otitis media effusion from children. we could find rs viral sequences in 10/12 samples tested which had been collected during and even after natural outbreak of rsv in the community. these observations suggest rs virus ...19911757848
spontaneous pasteurellosis in captive rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis): clinical, laboratory, and epizootiological observations.we observed clinical signs, compared adrenal responses, and performed diagnostic tests on 12 captive rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis) during a spontaneous outbreak of pasteurellosis. cortisol in urine and feces was measured for bighorns sampled three times between 20 october and 1 november 1986. by 6 november, four of these had developed pneumonia, four showed only mild rhinitis, and four remained clinically normal. bighorns that ultimately developed pneumonia showed ele ...19911758018
occurrence of respiratory syncytial virus subtypes in hospitalized children in cleveland, ohio from 1985 to 1988.in order to determine the frequency of occurrence of the two respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) subtypes in hospitalized children in cleveland, ohio, we analyzed clinical isolates obtained during three consecutive winter epidemic seasons between 1985 and 1988. rsv was recovered from the frozen clinical specimens of 197 patients: 176 subtype a, and 21 subtype b. subtype a predominated during all three epidemic seasons, ranging from 83 to 94% of isolates. we surveyed the clinical records of 16 chil ...19911758737
"management of the infant with respiratory syncytial virus". 19911762047
the cold war against rsv.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can cause substantial morbidity and mortality in high risk patients. the authors discuss prevention and treatment of this virus.19911765449
post-translational processing and oligomerization of the fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus.the post-translational maturation of the fusion protein (f) of human respiratory syncytial virus was investigated. chemical cross-linking experiments indicated that f forms homotetramers and provided evidence that the intermonomer contacts involve primarily the f1 subunit. homooligomerization as measured by sedimentation in sucrose gradients was insensitive to carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, indicating that it occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. cleavage of the f0 precursor to yield t ...19911765771
[pneumonia caused by respiratory syncytial virus in the adult]. 19911768759
ventilatory casebook. respiratory syncytial virus infection complicating bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 19911770400
respiratory syncytial virus infection and prevalence of subgroups a and b in hawaii.respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from hospitalized children in hawaii in each month of the year during the period january 1987 to august 1989. subgroup a and subgroup b strains cocirculated, with subgroup a predominating. there was an alternating early-season and late-season peak incidence cycle as reported elsewhere.19911774271
clinical and serological studies in a series of 45 patients with guillain-barré syndrome.we retrospectively reviewed the clinical files of 45 guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) patients admitted to our department between 1979 and 1989. the age distribution was bimodal with a first peak in young adults (20-40 years), and a second one between 60 to 70 years. seasonal distribution showed a late fall and a hivernal predominance. three patients experienced a second attack of gbs 2-9 years after the first one. thirty-one (69%) presented antecedent events, most often a respiratory tract infecti ...19911655983
viral pneumonia.viral pneumonias are common in infants and young children but rare in adults. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and para-influenza viruses are the most frequent viral pathogens in infants and children. influenza virus types a and b account for over one half of viral pneumonias in adults. immunocompromised hosts are susceptible to pneumonias caused by cytomegalovirus (cmv) and other herpesviruses, as well as rubeola and adenovirus. diagnosis of viral pneumonia depends on appropriate viral culture ...19911659594
rotavirus infection of the oropharynx and respiratory tract in young children.oropharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 89 infants hospitalized with respiratory illnesses accompanied or not by diarrhea and 33 control patients without the diseases. rotavirus was detected from 25 of these patients by immunocytology, isolation of the virus in cultures of ma104 cells, or both. none of the control patients gave a positive result. the infection involves squamous cells and globlet cells probably originating from the oropharynx, and ciliated columnar epithelial cells from the re ...19911653306
synthetic peptides corresponding to the f protein of rsv stimulate murine b and t cells but fail to confer protection.we have previously located a major neutralization site of the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in the polypeptide region extending from amino acids ile221 to glu232. in this report, 8 peptides corresponding to the six major hydrophilic regions of the f1 subunit were selected to analyse their immunogenic and protective capacities as well as their ability to block the high neutralization activities of 4 monoclonal antibodies (mabs). only 5 of the 8 peptides tested induced specif ...19911706591
immunodominant t-cell epitope on the f protein of respiratory syncytial virus recognized by human lymphocytes.the lymphocyte proliferative responses to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) were evaluated for 10 healthy adult donors and compared with proliferative responses to a chimeric glycoprotein (fg glycoprotein) which consists of the extracellular domains of both the f and g proteins of rsv and which is produced from a recombinant baculovirus. the lymphocytes of all 10 donors responded to rsv, and the proliferative responses to the whole virus were highly correlated with the responses to the fg glycop ...19911710289
mapping of a fusion related epitope of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein.the region of the fusion glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus which reacts with a neutralizing and fusion inhibiting monoclonal antibody, was mapped using a deductive method derived from analysis of western blot reactivity of proteolytic fragments. reaction of the whole fusion protein was found to be so conformationally dependent, that complete digestion of the protein with a variety of proteases resulted in fragments which were not sufficiently reactive to permit mapping. for this reason ...19911711741
psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold.it is not known whether psychological stress suppresses host resistance to infection. to investigate this issue, we prospectively studied the relation between psychological stress and the frequency of documented clinical colds among subjects intentionally exposed to respiratory viruses.19911713648
respiratory viruses induce production of histamine-releasing factor by mononuclear leukocytes: a possible role in the mechanism of virus-induced asthma.histamine-releasing factor (hrf) is a cytokine produced by mononuclear leukocytes when stimulated with antigens or mitogens. hrf is capable of inducing degranulation of basophils and release of histamine. to determine if respiratory viruses can induce hrf production, mononuclear leukocytes from healthy adult donors were exposed to influenza or respiratory syncytial virus in vitro. hrf activity was tested by culturing the supernatants with fresh peripheral blood leukocytes and measuring the perce ...19911714484
expression of the f glycoprotein gene from human respiratory syncytial virus in escherichia coli: mapping of a fusion inhibiting epitope.a cdna copy of the gene encoding the entire amino acid sequence of the fusion (f) protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (strain a2) was inserted into a bacterial expression vector containing the lambda pr promoter. upon heat induction, escherichia coli cells harboring the vector produced a 45-kda peptide which reacted with rabbit polyclonal antiserum to the native f protein. expression of the f gene resulted in severe inhibition of bacterial growth, which was overcome by deletion of the d ...19911714666
use of intravenous gamma globulin to passively immunize high-risk children against respiratory syncytial virus: safety and pharmacokinetics. the rsvig study group.infants with cardiopulmonary disease develop severe illness from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. safety, feasibility, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous gamma globulin (ivig) to prevent rsv illness were studied in 23 high-risk infants in a phase i trial. ivig with an rsv neutralizing antibody titer of 1:1,100 in 5% solution was given monthly over a 2- to 4-h period in a clinical setting during the rsv season. the first group (n = 7) received 500 mg/kg of body weight, the second gro ...19911718213
protection of balb/c mice from respiratory syncytial virus infection by immunization with a synthetic peptide derived from the g glycoprotein.a synthetic peptide homologous to amino acids 174-187 of the g glycoprotein of the a2 strain of human respiratory syncytial (rs) virus (g/174-187) was shown to induce protection from live virus challenge of balb/c mice after immunization with three doses of 50 micrograms of peptide coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. immunized mice showed high levels of circulating rs-specific antibodies as detected by elisa assay; however, no neutralizing antibodies were found. moreover, an important short-te ...19911720589
antibody enhancement of respiratory syncytial virus stimulation of leukotriene production by a macrophagelike cell line.the clinical and epidemiologic features of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections suggest that rsv-specific antibody may sometimes contribute to the disease process. recently, it has been demonstrated that virus-specific antibody can enhance rsv infection of macrophagelike cells in vitro. we evaluated the possibility that antibody might also enhance rsv stimulation of the bronchoactive mediator of inflammation leukotriene c-4 (ltc4)in a macrophagelike cell line, u937. the addition of rsv l ...19911870211
evolution of the g and p genes of human respiratory syncytial virus (subgroup a) studied by the rnase a mismatch cleavage method.the g and p genes of human respiratory syncytial viruses (subgroup a), isolated between 1961 and 1989, were analyzed by rnase a one-dimensional fingerprinting, using the long strain as the reference. total rna extracted from cells infected with the different isolates was hybridized to radiolabeled antisense g or p rna probes of the long virus. the rna:rna heteroduplexes were digested with rnase a and the resistant products analyzed by gel electrophoresis. comparative analysis of the cleavage pat ...19911871967
epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants over three winter seasons.a study involving respiratory syncytial virus was carried out on infants and young children hospitalised with acute respiratory tract infection over the period december 1987 to march 1990. during peak periods of rs virus activity 420 naso-pharyngeal aspirates were submitted to the virus reference laboratory, department of medical microbiology, u.c.d., mostly from the dublin region. using immunofluorescence, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and cell culture techniques 206 samples (49%) were iden ...19911885284
reinfection of mice with respiratory syncytial virus.a balb/c model of respiratory syncytial virus infection has been developed in which high-titered replication occurs in lung, immunological infiltrates in lung can be detected histologically, and illness can be consistently reproduced. the immunodeterminants of rsv reinfection in this system were investigated by rechallenging mice with rsv early (less than 2 months after primary infection) and late (16 to 21 months after primary infection) and correlating illness and titer of rsv isolated from lu ...19911885946
community- and hospital-acquired respiratory syncytial virus infections in chile.nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained on admission from 614 patients younger than 2 years of age who were hospitalized in a ward for acute respiratory infections from june 1988 through october, 1989, in santiago, chile. patients in two rooms were followed during the cold seasons by sampling aspirates every other day during the child's entire hospital stay. clinical features were recorded daily. indirect monoclonal immunofluorescent assay and isolation in hep-2 were used for respiratory syncytia ...19911891287
tissue distribution of mucosal antibody-producing cells specific for respiratory syncytial virus in severe combined immune deficiency (scid) mice engrafted with human tonsils.groups of c.b-17 scid mice were reconstituted intraperitoneally with human tonsillar mononuclear cells (hu-tmc) from children seropositive for antibody to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and subsequently challenged intraperitoneally with inactivated rsv or sham-immunized. the synthesis and the distribution characteristics of human antibody to rsv in various murine tissues were studied using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay (elispot). no specific antibody was observed in sham-immunized animals ...19911893614
effectiveness of enteric immunization in the development of secretory immunoglobulin a response and the outcome of infection with respiratory syncytial virus.cotton rats were immunized via intranasal, intradermal, or enteric routes with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) or a live recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the rsv f glycoprotein (vaccinia f). the animals were tested for the appearance of rsv-specific antibody responses in the serum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and nasal wash after immunization and for virus replication 4 days after intranasal challenge with rsv. rsv antibody response in the serum and respiratory tract was demonstrated in all i ...19911987374
comparison of the virulence of wild-type thymidine kinase (tk)-deficient and tk+ phenotypes of vaccinia virus recombinants after intranasal inoculation of mice.a recombinant vaccinia virus vector was constructed which expressed the major surface glycoprotein g of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of vaccinia virus. the virulence of this tk+ recombinant virus was compared with that of a tk- recombinant and the wild-type (wt) virus after intranasal inoculation of mice. respiratory infection with wt virus resulted in a lethal infection with widespread dissemination of virus. in contrast, infection with the tk- reco ...19911990060
a controlled trial of aerosolized ribavirin in infants receiving mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection.although the antiviral agent ribavirin improves the course of lower respiratory tract disease in spontaneously breathing infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection, it is not known whether ribavirin can benefit infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus disease who require mechanical ventilation.19911904551
nosocomial transmission of respiratory syncytial virus in immunocompromised adults.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) isolates obtained from nine infected immunocompromised adult patients hospitalized during two consecutive winters (january through april 1987 and 1988) were collected and analyzed against a panel of monoclonal antibodies by an enzyme immunoassay. the history of the patients' illness, onset of symptoms, and date of initial isolation of virus was correlated with the hospital ward and time of hospitalization. three patients died of respiratory failure related to rs ...19911993745
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