Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on fever and neutrophilia induced by clostridium difficile toxin b. | this study investigated the ability of clostridium difficile toxin b, isolated from the vpi 10463 strain, to induce fever and neutrophilia in rats. intravenous injection of toxin b (0.005-0.5 mug/kg) evoked a dose-dependent increase in body temperature. the febrile response to 0.5 mug/kg of the toxin started in 2.5 h, peaked at 5 h, and subsided fully within 24 h. toxin b also induced a dosedependent neutrophilia. pretreatment with indomethacin (2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the neutrophilia ind ... | 1996 | 18475713 |
| clostridium difficile: an update on virulence mechanisms. | 1996 | 16887556 | |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. a costly problem. | 1996 | 10160466 | |
| [reccurent pseudomembranous colitis treated with the donor feces]. | 1996 | 10596179 | |
| [antibiotic-induced diarrhea: recent findings about clostridium difficile]. | from the beginning of the antibiotherapy, diarrhea frequently occurred as a side effect of the treatment. the spectrum of diarrheal disease associated with antibiotic therapy ranges from antibiotic associated diarrhea and colitis, to the more severe pseudomembranous colitis, which is always associated with clostridium difficile (cd). because most of the antibiotics are not active against this sporulated gram positive anaerobe. the pathogenic process occurs only by production of toxins. cd is now ... | 1996 | 9335932 |
| antibacterial activity of teicoplanin against clostridium difficile. | the in vitro inhibitory action of teicoplanin, vancomycin, metronidazole and clindamycin against clinical isolates of clostridium difficile was investigated. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined using e test. teicoplanin (mic range 0.023-0.75 microgram/ml), vancomycin (mic range 0.5-3 micrograms/ml) and metronidazole (mic range 0.19-1 microgram/ml) were all very active against the isolates examined. no resistant strains of c. difficile to those three antimicrobial agents were ... | 1996 | 9185278 |
| in vitro activity of meropenem compared to nine other antimicrobial agents: importance of its stability when used in agar dilution systems. | the antibacterial activity of meropenem was tested against 426 clinical isolates representing a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic species. the in vitro activity of meropenem was compared with that of iminpenem, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin and tobramycin against aerobic isolates, and also compared with that of imipenem, metronidazole, cefoxitin, clindamycin and piperacillin against the anaerobic isolates. meropenem exhibited an extended spectrum of activity with low min ... | 1996 | 9007956 |
| isolation of viruses from clinical specimens in microtitre plates with cells inoculated in suspension. | virus isolation is essential for the provision of a full diagnostic virology service. present methods are time consuming, expensive and relatively inflexible for routine use. our objective was to audit our existing virus isolation system and to develop a sensitive, flexible virus isolation system which could be adapted for use in a busy routine laboratory which is required to provide a service for a wide range of clinical situations. we carried out a pilot study which compared conventional rolle ... | 1996 | 9002075 |
| nosocomial infections and nosocomial pneumonia. | nosocomial infections are a major source of revenue loss, morbidity, and even mortality to surgical patients. this review presents current issues regarding nosocomial infections and nosocomial pneumonias. this study is a literature review that presents material on nosocomial infections in general and details regarding clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infections. nosocomial infections, including pneumonias, are serious medical complications, and prevention by strict adh ... | 1996 | 9003688 |
| incidence of diarrhea with antibiotics and the increase of clostridia in rabbits. | rabbits were treated with a single intravenous injection of various antibiotics. more than 40 per cent of the animals showed diarrhea after being treated with sulbactam/cefoperazone, cefmetazole, clindamycin, piperacillin or aspoxicillin. clostridium difficile was isolated from sulbactam/cefoperazone-treated diarrheic rabbits, with their cecal contents showing positive reaction in a latex agglutination test for c. difficile enterotoxin. however, 27 cefmetazole-induced diarrheic cases were not as ... | 1996 | 8996700 |
| [meaningless with an expensive yeast preparation in diarrhea]. | 1996 | 8992152 | |
| review article: antibiotic-induced clostridium difficile infection. | the great majority of cases of clostridium difficile infection are hospital-acquired, and the reported incidence in england and wales has increased sixfold between 1990 and 1993, with at least 17 patients dying in a recent large nosocomial outbreak. c. difficile infection accounts for an average 3-week increased length of stay in hospital. acquisition of a toxigenic strain of clostridium difficile may be followed by asymptomatic carriage, diarrhoea, colitis or pseudomembranous colitis. antibioti ... | 1996 | 8971278 |
| definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in clostridium difficile. | we determined the nucleotide sequence 3.8 kb upstream and 5.2 kb downstream of the toxin genes a and b of clostridium difficile. nine orfs were discovered. based on pcr-directed approaches, two were attributed to the pathogenicity locus (paloc). the other seven were found in every c. difficile isolate obtained from the human gastrointestinal tract, respectless of their toxinogenicity. the orfs cdu1 and cdu2/2' upstream of the paloc displayed similarity to repressors of gram-positive bacteria (cd ... | 1996 | 8973304 |
| [acute clostridium difficile gastroenteritis infection in children: report of three cases]. | the causes and clinical manifestations of clostridium difficile infection in children are described in this report. the studies were performed on three children aged up to 3 years. risk factors as well as possible diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are discussed. | 1996 | 8975229 |
| acute flexor tenosynovitis in association with clostridium difficile infection: a case report. | 1996 | 8683072 | |
| the distribution of clostridium difficile in the environment of south wales. | a large study of the distribution of clostridium difficile in the environment of the cardiff area of south wales was performed with a methodology designed to maximise recovery. a total of 2580 samples was taken, with 184 (7.1%) yielding isolates. the highest yield for c. difficile was obtained from river waters, with 14 (87.5%) of 16 samples from four rivers positive, and from sea water samples with 7 (44%) of 15 positive from six beaches on the bristol channel. in addition, 7 (46.7%) of 15 samp ... | 1996 | 8683549 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | the spore-forming anaerobe clostridium difficile has become a serious enteropathogen. changes in the composition of natural intestinal flora, mainly due to antibiotic therapy, permit its colonization of, and multiplication in, the colon. the disease is caused by (entero)toxin a and (cyto)toxin b, and infection ranges from asymptomatic carrier state and mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. the clinical diagnosis is made by observing inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea and by the colono ... | 1996 | 8828001 |
| [an epidemic outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis due to clostridium difficile in term newborn infants]. | 1996 | 8830582 | |
| comparison of four laboratory tests for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | four different laboratory tests for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea were compared to determine the optimal one for management of patients with hospital-acquired diarrhea. stool samples from 231 patients with diarrhea were tested by the following methods: culture for clostridium difficile with subsequent determination of exotoxin production, with a toxigenic clostridium difficile positive (tcp) result considered truly positive; enzyme immunoassay (eia); latex agglutination ... | 1996 | 8874073 |
| effect of clostridium difficile toxin a on cd11/cd18 expression in vitro. | clostridium difficile toxin a is chemotactic for neutrophils and induces their emigration into the colonic mucosae of rodents. we found that toxin a did not upregulate neutrophil beta 2 integrins on isolated human neutrophils. these data support the hypothesis that in c. difficile colitis, these adhesion molecules are upregulated by endogenous mediators. | 1996 | 8877145 |
| financial burden of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection has become endemic in many hospitals and yet few data on the associated costs of such cases are available. we prospectively followed 50 consecutive cases of c. difficile infection and 92 control patients, who were admitted to the same geriatric wards within 72 h of the cases. cases and controls had similar age, sex and major diagnosis distributions. cases stayed significantly longer (mean 21.3 days, median 20.5 days; p < 0.001) in hospital than controls, including ... | 1996 | 8880547 |
| clostridium difficile, pseudomembranous enterocolitis: striking ct and sonographic features in a pediatric patient. | 1996 | 8886718 | |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b on phospholipase d activation in human promyelocytic leukemic hl60 cells. | the possible involvement of rho family gtp-binding proteins in the regulation of phospholipase d (pld) activity has recently been demonstrated. in the present study, to further examine the role of rho family proteins in pld activation of human promyelocytic leukemic hl60 cells, we used toxin a and toxin b from the anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile, which was shown to glucosylate rho family proteins and inhibit their interaction with effectors. pretreatment of [3h]oleic acid-labeled hl60 ... | 1996 | 8890188 |
| in vitro evaluation of activities of nitazoxanide and tizoxanide against anaerobes and aerobic organisms. | the antibacterial activities of nitazoxanide and its main metabolite, tizoxanide, were tested against a broad range of bacteria, including anaerobes. metronidazole, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, and clindamycin were used as positive controls. mics were determined by reference agar dilution methods. the 241 anaerobes were all inhibited by nitazoxanide, with the mics at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (mic90s) being between 0.06 and 4 mg/liter wit ... | 1996 | 8891127 |
| clostridium difficile acquisition rate and its role in nosocomial diarrhoea at a university hospital in turkey. | infection with clostridium difficile can present with various clinical pictures ranging from an asymptomatic carrier state to pseudomembranous colitis and plays an important part in the etiology of nosocomial diarrhoea. to identify risk factors for c. difficile colonization and diarrhoea in hospitalized subjects, patients admitted to a general medicine ward at marmara university hospital during a one year period were entered into the study. of the 202 patients, nosocomial diarrhoea developed in ... | 1996 | 8891544 |
| imipenem or cefoperazone-sulbactam combined with vancomycin for therapy of presumed or proven infection in neutropenic cancer patients. | the purpose of this prospective randomized study was to compare the efficacy and safety of imipenem and cefoperazone-sulbactam combined with vancomycin for the treatment of fever in neutropenic cancer patients. patients were assigned to either imipenem 500 mg/m2 (500 mg for bone marrow transplant recipients) every 6 h or cefoperazone (2 g)-sulbactam (1 g) every 8 h all patients received vancomycin 1 g every 12 h. a total of 457 febrile or infectious episodes occurring in 407 patients were entere ... | 1996 | 8894569 |
| multicenter evaluation of four methods for clostridium difficile detection: immunocard c. difficile, cytotoxin assay, culture, and latex agglutination. | a three-center study was undertaken to compare several test methods for the detection of clostridium difficile, associated toxin, or related markers by using 927 stool specimens. methods included direct assay of cytotoxin in stool by tissue culture, c. difficile bacterial culture followed by cytotoxin assay, bacterial culture alone, latex agglutination assay, and the immunocard c. difficile test (meridian diagnostics, inc.). the sensitivities, as determined against direct cytotoxin assay results ... | 1996 | 8897171 |
| substance p activation of enteric neurons in response to intraluminal clostridium difficile toxin a in the rat ileum. | nerves have been suggested to mediate the effects of bacterial toxins in intestinal diseases. however, the mechanisms involved are unknown. this study examined endogenous substance p (sp) activation of the substance p receptor (spr) on enteric neurons in the rat ileum after exposure to intraluminal clostridium difficile toxin a. | 1996 | 8898641 |
| clostridium difficile infection as a cause of severe sepsis. | although colitis is often seen in critically all patients who have received multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics, there are no reports describing severe sepsis as a result of clostridium difficile infection. we describe three cases of severe sepsis with local intestinal clostridium difficile infection as the only identifiable etiology. the mechanism of severe sepsis may be a derangement of the gastrointestinal barrier function. this could result in absorption of microbes or endotoxin or activatio ... | 1996 | 8905440 |
| clostridium difficile. | the current impact of clostridium difficile will have been noticed by many clinicians, particularly those managing elderly patients. infection with this bacterium can give rise to a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhoea to fulminating colitis and toxic megacolon. patients may also be asymptomatically colonized by c. difficile. in this article the epidemiology and aetiology of c.difficile infection will be discussed, followed by an explanation of how diagnosis of cases is best achieved, how the ... | 1996 | 8909713 |
| role of rho proteins in carbachol-induced contractions in intact and permeabilized guinea-pig intestinal smooth muscle. | 1. the aim of this study was to determine whether the low molecular mass gtpase rhoa or related proteins are involved in carbachol- and high-k(+)-induced contractions in intact intestinal smooth muscle as well as the carbachol-induced increase in ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments in permeabilized preparations. 2. the carbachol-induced increase in the ca2+ sensitivity of force production in beta-escin-permeabilized intestinal smooth muscle was enhanced in preparations that were loaded with the ... | 1996 | 8910218 |
| genetic organization and distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants in clostridium perfringens. | the tet p determinant from the conjugative clostridium perfringens r plasmid pcw3 two functional overlapping tetracycline resistance genes, teta(p) and tetb(p). the teta(p) gene encodes a putative 46-kda transmembrane protein which mediates active efflux of tetracycline from the cell, while tetb(p) encodes a putative 72.6-kda protein which has significant similarity to tet m-like tetracycline resistance proteins (j. sloan, l.m. mcmurry, d. lyras, s. b. levy, and j. i. rood, mol. microbiol. 11:40 ... | 1996 | 8913453 |
| macrofragment localization of the toxin a and toxin b genes of clostridium difficile. | we report the physical mapping of the toxin a and b genes to the bacterial chromosome of clostridium difficile atcc 43594 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. single and double digestions with restriction endonucleases nrui and sacii allowed localization of the toxin genes to a specific 577-kb fragment and estimation of genome size to be approximately 3.8 megabases. this effort represents the initial step in the construction of a physical map of the whole genome. | 1996 | 8914776 |
| leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions evoked by mast cells. | in this review we have summarized some of the evidence to support the view that mast cells play a critical role in leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation. initially, data using a pharmacological tool, compound 48/80, which directly activates mast cells, is reviewed, demonstrating that this reagent can induce the multi-step recruitment of leukocytes (rolling, adhesion and emigration) to sites of inflammation. the adhesive mechanisms and pro-inflammatory mediators implicated in mast cell-i ... | 1996 | 8915188 |
| manipulation of a hospital antimicrobial formulary to control an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. | infection control practices are not uniformly successful in limiting outbreaks of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). despite the implementation of barrier precautions for vre-infected patients, nearly one-half of the inpatients at our center were found to have gastrointestinal colonization by vre. in an attempt to control the outbreak, we altered the antibiotic formulary by restricting the use of cefotaxime and vancomycin and adding beta-lactamase inhibitors to replace third-generation ceph ... | 1996 | 8922796 |
| molecular mimicry in the recognition of glycosphingolipids by gal alpha 3 gal beta 4 glcnac beta-binding clostridium difficile toxin a, human natural anti alpha-galactosyl igg and the monoclonal antibody gal-13: characterization of a binding-active human glycosphingolipid, non-identical with the animal receptor. | glycoconjugates with terminal gal alpha 3gal beta 4glcnac beta sequences have been shown to be recognized by three carbohydrate-binding proteins; toxin a of clostridium difficile, human natural anti alpha-galactosyl igg and the monoclonal antibody gal-13. however, the biological significance of this binding specificity in humans is unclear, since unsubstituted gal alpha 3gal beta 4glcnac beta sequences are not found in human tissues, due to suppression of the gene coding for the enzyme gal beta ... | 1996 | 8922955 |
| [pancolitis caused by clostridium difficile, with a recurrent outbreak]. | 1996 | 8924335 | |
| [85-year-old female patient with abdominal distention and fever]. | 1996 | 8927769 | |
| chronic osteomyelitis caused by clostridium difficile in an adolescent with sickle cell disease. | 1996 | 8933563 | |
| clostridium difficile and sucralfate. | 1996 | 8934235 | |
| risk factors associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea in hospitalized adult patients: a case-control study--sucralfate ingestion is not a negative risk factor. | to assess risk factors associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea in hospitalized adult patients, and to test the hypothesis that sucralfate ingestion is associated with nondetection of c difficile cytotoxin in stool specimens. | 1996 | 8935731 |
| genotyping of outbreak-related and sporadic isolates of clostridium difficile belonging to serogroup c. | serogroup c of clostridium difficile is the serogroup most frequently related to outbreaks. fifty-six toxigenic serogroup c isolates of c. difficile were genotyped by ribotyping pcr (ribo-pcr), random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). thirty-five of the 56 isolates were recovered from four unrelated outbreaks (belgium, 1987, 1992, and 1995; france, 1992 to 1993) 7 derived from a spatiotemporal cluster in cotonou, benin (1992), and 14 were sporad ... | 1996 | 8940447 |
| tyrothricin-containing oral tablets causing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1996 | 8943986 | |
| epidemiology and typing of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is now established as the most common nosocomial enteric pathogen causing pseudomembranous colitis, antibiotic-associated colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. antibiotic therapy is the most important risk factor in colonization and infection with c. difficile. however, other factors are involved such as age and underlying illness. the introduction of reliable typing and fingerprinting methods has demonstrated hospital acquisition and cross-infection with c. difficil ... | 1996 | 8944362 |
| pathogenesis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is now regarded as a major enteric pathogen in hospitals and nursing-home facilities. the pathophysiology of this pathogen involves alterations of the indigenous colonic flora by antibiotics, ingestion of spores and colonization by c. difficile, followed by release of its toxins. although most of the research on the intestinal effects of c. difficile had been focused on its enterotoxin or toxin a, recent results indicate that toxin b, the cytotoxin of c. difficile, is also ... | 1996 | 8944363 |
| immune response to clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile produces two toxins (a and b) which cause antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. one of the most puzzling aspects of c. difficile infection is the wide spectrum of clinical presentation which ranges from asymptomatic carriage to fulminant, life-threatening colitis. this review examines the hypothesis that immune responses to c. difficile underlie these dramatic variations in disease presentation and course. animals can be protected from c. difficile c ... | 1996 | 8944364 |
| management of clostridium difficile infection and other antibiotic-associated diarrhoeas. | most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are due to clostridium difficile or are enigmatic. patients with c. difficile-associated disease are more likely to have colitis, severe disease and nosocomial acquisition. the preferred diagnostic test is a c. difficile toxin assay using a tissue culture assay or enzyme immunoassay. the usual treatment is withdrawal of the inducing agent, sometimes supplemented with oral vancomycin or metronidazole. response rates approach 100%; the major complicati ... | 1996 | 8944365 |
| human intestinal epithelial cells swell and demonstrate actin rearrangement in response to the metalloprotease toxin of bacteroides fragilis. | enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis (etbf) cells produce a 20-kda heat-labile metalloprotease toxin which is potentially important in the pathogenesis of diarrhea associated with this infection. previous studies indicate that subconfluent ht29/c1 cells treated with the b. fragilis toxin (bft) develop morphologic changes with dissolution of tight clusters and apparent swelling. such alterations suggest toxin-stimulated reorganization of the cellular cytoskeleton. the purpose of the current study ... | 1996 | 8945541 |
| bacteroides fragilis toxin rapidly intoxicates human intestinal epithelial cells (ht29/c1) in vitro. | enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis strains associated with childhood diarrhea produce a 20-kda protein toxin (bft). purified bft causes striking morphologic changes in subconfluent human colonic epithelial cells (ht29/c1). in a 3-h ht29/c1 cell assay, the estimated half-maximal effective concentration of bft was 12.5 pm, and morphologic effects were detectable as early as 30 min and nearly complete by 1.5 h. concentrations as low as 0.5 pm could also cause intoxication, but morphologic changes ... | 1996 | 8945542 |
| saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a effects in the rat ileum. | saccharomyces boulardii, a nonpathogenic yeast, is effective in treating some patients with clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. we have previously reported that s. boulardii inhibits rat ileal secretion in response to c. difficile toxin a possibly by releasing a protease that digests the intestinal receptor for this toxin (c. pothoulakis, c. p. kelly, m. a. joshi, n. gao, c. j. o'keane, i. castagliuolo, and j. t. lamont, gastroenterology 104: 1108-1115, 1993). the aim of this study was t ... | 1996 | 8945570 |
| evaluation of two commercial microtiter cytotoxin assays for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin b in stool specimens. | two commercial microtiter cytotoxin assays using a fibroblast cell line (bartels, baxter diagnostics, inc., deerfield, il) and an epithelial cell line (cytotoxi test, advanced clinical diagnostics, toledo, oh) were evaluated for their ability to detect clostridium difficile toxin b in stool specimens. after 48 hours, the assays had comparable sensitivity (90 versus 92%) and specificity (99 versus 98%). although not statistically significant, the bartels assay detected more toxin-positive specime ... | 1996 | 8950530 |
| in vitro activity of quinolones and other antimicrobial agents against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and du-6859a against peptostreptococci, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, porphyromonas, prevotella, and fusobacterium were determined by an agar dilution method. these activities were compared with those of piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin, and metronidazole. imipenem, metronidazole, and du-6859a were the most active antimicrobial agents that were tested. the in vitro ... | 1996 | 8953101 |
| increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea following decreased restriction of antibiotic use. | removal of antimicrobial agents from formulary restriction status at our center was followed by an increase in the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. the mean monthly incidence of c. difficile diarrhea for the 12-month period before institution of decreased restriction of antibiotic use was 3.4 infections per 1,000 admissions and rose to 6.2 infections per 1,000 admissions during the following 4-month period (p < .05). patients who developed disease before and after decrease ... | 1996 | 8953115 |
| difference in protein substrate specificity between hemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii. | the hemorrhagic toxin (ht) from clostridium sordellii is pharmacologically related to clostridium difficile toxins a and b and clostridium sordellii lethal toxin which have been recently identified as mono-glucosyl-transferases. here we report that ht, which is coexpressed with lethal toxin, is also a glucosyltransferase. whereas lethal toxin glucosylates the rho subfamily proteins rac and cdc42 and the ras subfamily proteins h-ras and rap, the substrate specificity of ht is strictly confined to ... | 1996 | 8954906 |
| diarrhea and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea on a surgical service. | to identify the incidence, risk factors, and treatment of diarrhea and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in surgery patients. | 1996 | 8956776 |
| [severe massive pseudomembranous colitis with a fulminant course]. | pseudomembranous colitis is an inflammatory disease of rectal and colonic mucosa caused by clostridium difficile produced toxin. the inflammation is produced as the consequence of a non-specific response to several agents. it usually presents with abdominal pain and mild watery diarrhea which used to decrease when removing the antibiotic or when starting the therapy with metronidazole or vancomycin. in aged patients, with severe concomitant diseases, may appear complications such as dehydration, ... | 1996 | 8963907 |
| a human antibody binds to alpha-galactose receptors and mimics the effects of clostridium difficile toxin a in rat colon. | nearly all human sera contain an immunoglobulin g antibody (antigalactose) that binds the trisaccharide gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4glcnac expressed on cells from most mammals but not humans. because the clostridium difficile toxin a receptor in rodents contains this trisaccharide, the aim of this study was to examine whether antigalactose could mimic the enterotoxic effects of toxin a and bind to receptors containing this trisaccharide. | 1996 | 8964394 |
| [current diagnosis, clinical course and treatment of acute colitis infection with clostridium difficile]. | detection rate of g. intestionalis in feces with direct microscopy has been compared with the immuno-enzymatic technique detecting protein gsa 65 with alexon inc., prospec t/giardia reagents kit. the results obtained with both methods have further been compared with those obtained by microscopic examination of the duodenal content. detectability of giardia intestinalis with eia technique with the use of ready-made kit has been assessed. feces have been collected from 371 patients. protein gsa 65 ... | 1996 | 8966161 |
| [infectious diarrhea]. | infectious diarrhea is a very common, usually self-limited disease. among travellers to developing countries, diarrhea is by far the most common medical problem. the intake of sufficient glucose-electrolyte solutions is the most important step to prevent dehydration. loperamide may be prescribed as a valuable antimotility agent: however, this drug should not be used in patients with high fevers, bloody diarrhea and severe abdominal cramps. stool cultures are recommended in cases without improvem ... | 1996 | 8966415 |
| [ciprofloxacin and clostridium difficile associated diarrhea]. | 1996 | 9063943 | |
| [perioperative managements for postoperative severe infections in compromised host]. | the incidence of postoperative infections, especially due to multi-drug resistant strains such as pseudomonas sp., enterococcus sp., and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), is high in compromised hosts. among them, respiratory infection, catheter sepsis, and drug-associated enteritis are frequently observed and respiratory infection is liable to fall into serious illness. these infections have characteristics in causative organisms. pseudomonas aeruginosa or mrsa are frequently i ... | 1996 | 9032782 |
| clostridium difficile colitis--diagnosis and therapy. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive bacillus which had been identified as the source of potent exotoxins: toxin a and toxin b. c. difficile infection usually follows antibiotic therapy and results from unrestrained growth of pathogenic strains of c. difficile in the colon. typical clinical findings include: diarrhoea with blood and mucus, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, loss of body weight. in the past the diagnosis was based on positive result of stool culture but now several tests are avai ... | 1996 | 9020528 |
| wound botulism--california, 1995. from the center for disease control and prevention. | 1996 | 8531319 | |
| characterisation of an enterotoxin-negative, cytotoxin-positive strain of clostridium sordellii. | in ileal loop assay, elisa and anion-exchange column chromatography, clostridium sordellii strain 6018 was shown to produce a cytotoxin, but no detectable enterotoxin. dna sequence and polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that the lack of enterotoxin activity is not due to a lack of gene transcription, but to lack of a major portion of the enterotoxin gene. this is the first characterisation of such a strain. | 1996 | 8544213 |
| the lack of value of repeated clostridium difficile cytotoxicity assays. | to determine the value of repeated clostridium difficile cytotoxicity assays (ca). | 1996 | 8554444 |
| a predictive model to identify clostridium difficile toxin in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. | although clostridium difficile is a common pathogen in hospitalized patients with diarrhea, no study has attempted to develop a predictive model to estimate the likelihood of c. difficile positivity. | 1996 | 8561149 |
| clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial clostridium difficile diarrhea. | a prospective clinical and molecular epidemiologic study was conducted to define the frequency of nosocomial clostridium difficile patient-to-patient transmission in an urban tertiary referral hospital. patients and | 1996 | 8579084 |
| biotherapeutic agents. a neglected modality for the treatment and prevention of selected intestinal and vaginal infections. | to evaluate the potential of biotherapeutic agents (microorganisms with therapeutic properties) for the prevention and/or treatment of selected intestinal and vaginal infections. | 1996 | 8596226 |
| a new form of particulate single and multiple immunogen delivery system based on recombinant bluetongue virus-derived tubules. | the development of particular vector systems for the presentation of immunogenic epitopes provides a powerful approach for the delivery of antigens. these include the core-like particles formed by recombinant bluetongue virus (btv) capsid proteins vp3 and vp7 synthesized in insect cells by recombinant baculoviruses. previously we have reported localization of an antigenic site on the surface of tubular structures formed by the nonstructural protein ns1 of btv, and their potential use for epitope ... | 1996 | 8599217 |
| enteric precautions for clostridium difficile. | 1996 | 8600710 | |
| risk of diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile during cefotaxime treatment. cefotaxime compares favourably with other third generation cephalosporins. | 1996 | 8605486 | |
| risk of diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile during cefotaxime treatment. mortality due to c difficile colitis in elderly people has been underestimated. | 1996 | 8605487 | |
| increased substance p receptor expression by blood vessels and lymphoid aggregates in clostridium difficile-induced pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is most often caused by toxins secreted by clostridium difficile following bowel flora overgrowth after antibiotic use. the secretory and inflammatory effects observed in c. difficile toxin a-induced enterocolitis in the rat ileum are inhibited by cp-96,345, a substance p (sp) receptor antagonist. to determine if sp plays a role in the pathogenesis of human pseudomembranous colitis, sp receptor distribution was examined in a toxin a-positive specimen of bowel. quantitati ... | 1996 | 8617145 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 17-1996. a 48-year-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea. | 1996 | 8618586 | |
| antibiotics a21459 a and b, new inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis. ii. structure elucidation. | the structures of the antibiotics, active against a few gram-negative bacteria and clostridium difficile, were determined on the basis of physicochemical analyses on the intact molecules and on the acid hydrolysate of a21459 a. fab-ms and 1h and 13c nmr investigations identified the amino acid units and determined their sequence. antibiotics a21459 a and b are homodetic cyclic peptides constituted by eight amino acid units. they are glycine, methoxytryptophan, tryptophan, cysteine, alanine, sarc ... | 1996 | 8621355 |
| inactivation of ras by clostridium sordellii lethal toxin-catalyzed glucosylation. | the lethal toxin (lt) from clostridium sordellii belongs to the family of large clostridial cytotoxins causing morphological alterations in cultured cell lines accompanied by destruction of the actin cytoskeleton. c. sordellii lt exhibits 90% homology to clostridium difficile toxin b, which has been recently identified as a monoglucosyltransferase (just, i., selzer, j., wilm, m., von eichel-streiber, c., mann, m., and aktories, k. (1995) nature 375, 500-503). we report here that lt too is a gluc ... | 1996 | 8626575 |
| inhibition of fc epsilon-ri-mediated activation of rat basophilic leukemia cells by clostridium difficile toxin b (monoglucosyltransferase) | treatment of rat basophilic leukemia (rbl) 2h3-hm1 cells with clostridium difficile toxin b (2 ng/ml), which reportedly depolymerizes the actin cytoskeleton, blocked [3h]serotonin release induced by 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin, carbachol, mastoparan, and reduced ionophore a23187-stimulated degranulation by about 55-60%. in lysates of rbl cells, toxin b 14c-glucosylated two major and one minor protein. by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, rhoa and cdc42 were ... | 1996 | 8631752 |
| prognostic criteria in clostridium difficile colitis. | to determine the prognostic factors in clostridium difficile (cd) colitis. | 1996 | 8633491 |
| udp-glucose deficiency in a mutant cell line protects against glucosyltransferase toxins from clostridium difficile and clostridium sordellii. | we have previously isolated a fibroblast mutant cell with high resistance to the two rho-modifying glucosyltransferase toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. we demonstrate here a low level of udp-glucose in the mutant, which explains its toxin resistance since: (i) to obtain a detectable toxin b-mediated rho modification in lysates of mutant cells, addition of udp-glucose was required, and it promoted the rho modification dose-dependently; (ii) high pressure liquid chromatography analysis of ... | 1996 | 8636120 |
| small-bowel bacterial overgrowth in children with chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, or both. | to evaluate the frequency of small-bowel bacterial overgrowth (sbbo) as a cause of chronic digestive symptoms in a large cohort of children, using the glucose breath hydrogen test (bht). | 1996 | 8636812 |
| antigenicity of amino-acid sequences from clostridium difficile toxin b. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b cause antibiotic-associated colitis. whereas antigenic determinants specifying neutralisation of toxin a have been partially elucidated, those of toxin b remain unknown. to define antigenic determinants of toxin b, synthetic peptides were prepared for five linear sequences selected by computer analysis for putative t and b epitopes. peptides spanning the carboxy terminal region (aa 2155-2283) were also selected because this region contains repetitive units th ... | 1996 | 8636964 |
| herpes simplex virus (hsv) colitis in a bone marrow transplant recipient. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections are common in bone marrow transplantation patients. unusual sites may be involved, however colonic disease with hsv is rare. we report a successfully treated case of colitis due to hsv, cytomegalovirus, clostridium difficile and graft-versus-host disease in an allogeneic marrow recipient. | 1996 | 8640181 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients. | the purpose of this study was to examine the incidence and cause of clostridium difficile colitis occurring after cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients. thirty-three patients with primary ovarian malignancy were treated with cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy ranging from 1 to 12 (mean 4.6) cycles. all patients who developed diarrhea after undergoing the cancer chemotherapy were examined to determine whether or not they were complicated by c difficile colitis. ... | 1996 | 8641617 |
| enhancement of clostridium difficile toxin production in biotin-limited conditions. | the effect of biotin on toxin production by clostridium difficile was examined in a defined medium. when toxin production by strain kz 1647, which was isolated from a healthy adult, was examined in relation to its biotin requirement, it was found that with decreasing concentrations of biotin, bacterial growth was decreased, but production of both toxins a and b were remarkably increased, particularly with 0.05 nm biotin. the time course of production of both toxins in biotin-limited conditions w ... | 1996 | 8642571 |
| cell surface properties of clostridium difficile: haemagglutination, relative hydrophobicity and charge. | five well characterised strains of clostridium difficile of differing virulence and two escherichia coli strains, a verotoxigenic o157:h7 isolate and a urinary isolate, were examined for cell surface hydrophobicity and charge, and haemagglutinating ability. phase partition in hexadecane or octan-1-ol was similar for c. difficile and e. coli, as was retention by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (hic), indicating moderate hydrophobicity. the salt agglutination test showed e. coli to be hydro ... | 1996 | 8642572 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile--associated disease: patient selection and test perfection. | 1996 | 8644758 | |
| clinical prediction rules to optimize cytotoxin testing for clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. | although routine testing of hospitalized patients with diarrhea for clostridium difficile cytotoxin has been advocated as a high-yield procedure, the rationale for this practice has been questioned. to target a low-yield subgroup for whom routine testing could be deferred, we derived a clinical decision rule for predicting results of the c difficile cytotoxin assay in hospitalized adults with diarrhea. | 1996 | 8644759 |
| surgery for pancreatic tumors during pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. | seven cases of surgery of pancreatic tumors during pregnancy have been reported in the literature. six of the cases resulted in live term births. the patient discussed herein, a 37-year-old para 2-0-0-2 white female, had surgery for the removal of a pancreatic mass at 20 2/7 weeks' gestation. no intraoperative complications occurred, and both mother and fetus appeared to have done well. the postoperative course was complicated by pseudomembranous enterocolitis caused by c. difficile, which was t ... | 1996 | 8645381 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in the critically ill. | morbidity and treatment of clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) continue to be controversial. some claim minimum morbidity, which may be a function of differences in patient population and/or bacterial virulence. | 1996 | 8646945 |
| nosocomial empyema caused by clostridium difficile. | pleural infection with clostridium difficile is extremely rare. a case of nosocomial empyema following chest drain insertion in a 46 year old man is described. the potential of c difficile to cause extra-intestinal infections should be recognised and its isolation from other sites should not be ignored. | 1996 | 8655688 |
| response of recurrent medulloblastoma to low-dose oral etoposide. | the outcome for patients with recurrent medulloblastoma has historically been poor, with most patients dying of disseminated disease. here, we report on seven patients with recurrent medulloblastoma, most heavily pretreated with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents, including parenteral etoposide (vp-16), who showed responses to the administration of repeated courses of low-dose oral vp-16. | 1996 | 8656261 |
| [side effects and consequences of frequently used antibiotics in clinical practice]. | oral antimicrobial substances belonging to the beta-lactams, quinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination are among the most prescribed classes of drugs in private practice. knowledge of the potential side effects considered in the light of various patient-associated factors such as genetic makeup, renal and liver function, underlying diseases, drug allergies and coadministered drugs, is important in order to minimize the risk of adverse reactions. this ... | 1996 | 8658092 |
| community-acquired toxigenic clostridium difficile diarrhoea in the normoxaemic elderly who have received no antimicrobials: soft evidence for ischaemic colitis? | we report three examples of community-acquired toxigenic clostridium difficile diarrhoea in elderly patients who had neither received antimicrobial therapy nor been institutionalised. these cases stimulated interest in the non-antimicrobial changes which might predispose the host to c. difficile-related disease and raised the spectre of bowel ischaemia as a possible aetiological factor. | 1996 | 8658116 |
| [the value of rectosigmoidoscopy and the bacteriologic culture of colon biopsies in the etiologic diagnosis of acute diarrhea of adults. a prospective study of 65 patients]. | the goal of this study was to evaluate the contribution of sigmoidoscopy with bioptic microbiology to the etiologic diagnosis of acute diarrhea in adults. patients and methods. sixty-five patients with acute diarrhea were included prospectively from february 1993 to november 1994. ages ranged from 17 to 83 years. in each patient, two stool samples were cultured and three examined for parasites. clostridium difficile toxin was looked for in the 18 patients who had taken antimicrobials before onse ... | 1996 | 8669803 |
| effect of clostridium difficile toxin a on human intestinal epithelial cells: induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis after cell detachment. | clostridium difficile is the aetiological agent of pseudomembranous colitis, and animal studies suggest the essential role of secreted toxin a in inducing disease. this study examined the biological responses to toxin a by human intestinal epithelial cells. confluent monolayers of caco2, ht29, and t84 cells and primary epithelial cells in organ cultures of human colonic biopsy specimens and after detachment with edta were studied. interleukin 8 was assayed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ... | 1996 | 8675084 |
| albendazole-induced pseudomembranous colitis. | we report a patient with aids and intestinal microsporidiosis. while undergoing treatment with albendazole, he developed worsening diarrhea with abdominal pain and fever. the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis was made by flexible sigmoidoscopy and a positive stool specimen for clostridium difficile toxin. the patient's symptoms resolved with oral vancomycin and his stool c. difficile toxin became negative. albendazole is an antibiotic that is chemically related to metronidazole. although a f ... | 1996 | 8678015 |
| prevalence and pathogenicity of clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients. a french multicenter study. | although clostridium difficile is the main agent responsible for nosocomial diarrhea in adults, its prevalence in stool cultures sent to hospital microbiology laboratories is not clearly established. | 1996 | 8678714 |
| inhibition of receptor signaling to phospholipase d by clostridium difficile toxin b. role of rho proteins. | rho proteins have been reported to activate phospholipase d (pld) in in vitro preparations. to examine the role of rho proteins in receptor signaling to pld, we studied the effect of clostridium difficile toxin b, which glucosylates rho proteins, on the regulation of pld activity in human embryonic kidney (hek) cells stably expressing the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (machr). toxin b treatment of hek cells potently and efficiently blocked machr-stimulated pld. in contrast, basal and phor ... | 1996 | 8576201 |
| the clinical spectrum of clostridium difficile colitis in immunocompromised patients. | clostridium difficile colitis is a nosocomial infection that continues to cause significant hospital morbidity despite adequate treatment. this morbidity may be especially costly in the immunocompromised patient who now makes up a greater percentage of hospitalized patients. the purpose of this study was to evaluate if patients in immunocompromised states are at risk for relapse of clostridium difficile colitis, and to determine the efficacy of metronidazole in these patients. a retrospective ch ... | 1996 | 8651560 |
| [epidemiology of clostridium difficile nosocomial infections]. | clostridium difficile accounts for 15-25% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and for virtually all cases of antibiotic-associated pseudo-membranous colitis (pmc). this anaerobic bacterium is also carried in the gastro-intestinal tract of less than 3% of the normal adult population and can be isolated from the feces of 50-70% asymptomatic neonates. since recent years, c. difficile has been identified as the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults. pathogenesis relies on a dis ... | 1996 | 8685186 |