Publications

antifungal activity of selenium nanoparticles synthesized by bacillus species msh-1 against aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans.	fungal infections affect various parts of the body and can be difficult to treat. aspergillus infection causes a spectrum of diverse diseases particularly in lung according to host immunity. the two major entities are invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. candida infections can be superficial or invasive. superficial infections often affect the skin or mucous membranes. however, invasive fungal infections are often life-threatening. advances in nanotechnology have ...	2015	26495111
etiologic agents of otomycosis in the north-western area of iran.	otomycosis is a superficial fungal infection often involves the pinna and external auditory canal. it is a pathologic condition, with candida and aspergillus, the most common fungal species. it is common worldwide but more prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries.	2015	26495108
the fungal exopolysaccharide galactosaminogalactan mediates virulence by enhancing resistance to neutrophil extracellular traps.	of the over 250 aspergillus species, aspergillus fumigatus accounts for up to 80% of invasive human infections. a. fumigatus produces galactosaminogalactan (gag), an exopolysaccharide composed of galactose and n-acetyl-galactosamine (galnac) that mediates adherence and is required for full virulence. less pathogenic aspergillus species were found to produce gag with a lower galnac content than a. fumigatus and expressed minimal amounts of cell wall-bound gag. increasing the galnac content of gag ...	2015	26492565
development of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in adult asthmatics with abpa.	chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (cpa) is an occasional complication of allergic bronchopulmonaryaspergillosis (abpa) but the transition is poorly understood.	2015	26507434
the production mechanism and immunosuppression effect of pulmonary surfactant protein d via toll like receptor 4 signaling pathway in human corneal epithelial cells during aspergillus fumigatus infection.	to observe the production mechanism of surfactant protein d (sp-d) in human corneal epithelial cells (hcecs) when infected by aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus) hyphae, and explore whether sp-d can inhibit the cell activations through toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway during fungal infection.	2015	26507163
in vivo synergy of amphotericin b plus posaconazole in murine aspergillosis.	aspergillus fumigatus is the main mold causing invasive fungal infection that shows high mortality rates. therapeutic failure and the increase in drug resistance make it necessary to explore alternative treatments for this infection. we have evaluated the efficacy of amphotericin b at 0.8 mg/kg or 0.3 mg/kg of body weight combined with 40 mg/kg of posaconazole against three a. fumigatus isolates in a murine model of disseminated infection. the combination of the polyene and the azole led to a gr ...	2015	26503653
pharmacodynamics of isavuconazole in a dynamic in vitro model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.	isavuconazonium sulfate is a novel triazole prodrug that has been recently approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis by the fda. the active moiety (isavuconazole) has a broad spectrum of activity against many pathogenic fungi. this study utilized a dynamic in vitro model of the human alveolus to describe the pharmacodynamics of isavuconazole against two wild-type and two previously defined azole-resistant isolates of aspergillus fumigatus. a human-like concentration-time profile for i ...	2015	26503648
the mycobiota of air inside and outside the meju fermentation room and the origin of meju fungi.	the fungi on meju are known to play an important role as degrader of macromolecule of soybeans. in order to elucidate the origin of fungi on traditional meju, mycobiota of the air both inside and outside traditional meju fermentation rooms was examined. from 11 samples of air collected from inside and outside of 7 meju fermentation rooms, 37 genera and 90 species of fungi were identified. in outside air of the fermentation room, cladosporium sp. and cladosporium cladosporioides were the dominant ...	2015	26539041
transcription factor soma is required for adhesion, development and virulence of the human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus.	the transcription factor flo8/som1 controls filamentous growth in saccharomyces cerevisiae and virulence in the plant pathogen magnaporthe oryzae. flo8/som1 includes a characteristic n-terminal lug/luh-flo8-single-stranded dna binding (lufs) domain and is activated by the camp dependent protein kinase a signaling pathway. heterologous soma from aspergillus fumigatus rescued in yeast flo8 mutant strains several phenotypes including adhesion or flocculation in haploids and pseudohyphal growth in d ...	2015	26529322
quantitative analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism for rapid detection of tr34/l98h- and tr46/y121f/t289a-positive aspergillus fumigatus isolates obtained from patients in iran from 2010 to 2014.	we employed an endpoint genotyping method to update the prevalence rate of positivity for the tr34/l98h mutation (a 34-bp tandem repeat mutation in the promoter region of the cyp51a gene in combination with a substitution at codon l98) and the tr46/y121f/t289a mutation (a 46-bp tandem repeat mutation in the promoter region of the cyp51a gene in combination with substitutions at codons y121 and t289) among clinical aspergillus fumigatus isolates obtained from different regions of iran over a rece ...	2015	26525787
endoperoxide formation by an α-ketoglutarate-dependent mononuclear non-haem iron enzyme.	many peroxy-containing secondary metabolites have been isolated and shown to provide beneficial effects to human health. yet, the mechanisms of most endoperoxide biosyntheses are not well understood. although endoperoxides have been suggested as key reaction intermediates in several cases, the only well-characterized endoperoxide biosynthetic enzyme is prostaglandin h synthase, a haem-containing enzyme. fumitremorgin b endoperoxidase (ftmox1) from aspergillus fumigatus is the first reported α-ke ...	2015	26524521
antifungal activity of myriocin on clinically relevant aspergillus fumigatus strains producing biofilm.	the human pathogenic mold aspergillus fumigatus is able to form a complex biofilm embedded in extracellular matrix. biofilms confer antimicrobial resistance and it is well known that aspergillosis is often refractory to the conventional antifungal therapy. the treatment of biofilm-related infections poses a significant clinical challenge on a daily basis, promoting the search for new therapeutic agents. our aim was to exploit the modulation of sphingolipid mediators as new therapeutic target to ...	2015	26519193
single-tube pcr coupled with mini-sequencing assay for the detection of cyp51a and cyp51b polymorphisms in aspergillus fumigatus.	triazole resistance in aspergillus fumigatus is associated with mutations in cyp51 genes, therefore, a single-tube multiplex pcr was proposed for rapid detection of such mutations.	2015	26515651
lipid production in association of filamentous fungi with genetically modified cyanobacterial cells.	numerous strategies have evolved recently for the generation of genetically modified or synthetic microalgae and cyanobacteria designed for production of ethanol, biodiesel and other fuels. in spite of their obvious attractiveness there are still a number of challenges that can affect their economic viability: the high costs associated with (1) harvesting, which can account for up to 50 % of the total biofuel's cost, (2) nutrients supply and (3) oil extraction. fungal-assisted bio-flocculation o ...	2015	26550031
an antifungal combination matrix identifies a rich pool of adjuvant molecules that enhance drug activity against diverse fungal pathogens.	there is an urgent need to identify new treatments for fungal infections. by combining sub-lethal concentrations of the known antifungals fluconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin b, terbinafine, benomyl, and cyprodinil with ∼3,600 compounds in diverse fungal species, we generated a deep reservoir of chemical-chemical interactions termed the antifungal combinations matrix (acm). follow-up susceptibility testing against a fluconazole-resistant isolate of c. albicans unveiled acm combinations capable ...	2015	26549450
eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis preceding allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.	a 61-year-old chinese man with long-standing, stable eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (egpa) and asthma, presented with acute hypoxemia and declining obstructive pulmonary function. elevated serum ige levels, positive aspergillus fumigatus specific ige and ct findings of central bronchiectasis with small airway mucoid impaction confirmed new development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa). the maintenance therapy for egpa, azathioprine, was discontinued. prednisolone 0 ...	2015	26549342
[invasive aspergillosis accompanied by a subcutaneous nodular lesion].	we report herein on a case of invasive aspergillosis accompanied by a subcutaneous nodular lesion. a 74-years-old male with myelodysplastic syndrome was hospitalized due to high fever and a painful subcutaneous nodule on the left thigh. chest radiography and ct scans showed multiple nodular lesions of both lungs, and bacterial pneumonia was initially suspected. he was treated with meropenem, but the symptoms did not subside. three days after admission, we found that β-d-glucan levels were elevat ...	2015	26552133
differential support of aspergillus fumigatus morphogenesis by yeast and human actins.	the actin cytoskeleton is highly conserved among eukaryotes and is essential for cellular processes regulating growth and differentiation. in fungi, filamentous actin (f-actin) orchestrates hyphal tip structure and extension via organization of exocytic and endocytic processes at the hyphal tip. although highly conserved, there are key differences among actins of fungal species as well as between mammalian and fungal actins. for example, the f-actin stabilizing molecules, phalloidin and jasplaki ...	2015	26555617
azole resistance in aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolates from an italian culture collection.	the aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence of azole resistance among aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolates. a total of 533 clinical isolates that had been collected between 1995 and 2006, from 441 patients, were screened. no resistance was detected in isolates collected between 1995 and 1997. starting in 1998, the resistance rate was 6.9%; a total of 24 patients (6.25%) harbored a resistant isolate. the tr34/l98h substitution was found in 21 of 30 tested isolates.	2015	26552980
characterisation of the candida albicans phosphopantetheinyl transferase ppt2 as a potential antifungal drug target.	antifungal drugs acting via new mechanisms of action are urgently needed to combat the increasing numbers of severe fungal infections caused by pathogens such as candida albicans. the phosphopantetheinyl transferase of aspergillus fumigatus, encoded by the essential gene pptb, has previously been identified as a potential antifungal target. this study investigated the function of its orthologue in c. albicans, ppt2/c1_09480w by placing one allele under the control of the regulatable met3 promote ...	2015	26606674
augmenting the activity of monoterpenoid phenols against fungal pathogens using 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde that target cell wall integrity.	disruption of cell wall integrity system should be an effective strategy for control of fungal pathogens. to augment the cell wall disruption efficacy of monoterpenoid phenols (carvacrol, thymol), antimycotic potency of benzaldehyde derivatives that can serve as chemosensitizing agents were evaluated against strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae wild type (wt), slt2δ and bck1δ (mutants of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and mapk kinase kinase, respectively, in the cell wall integrity p ...	2015	26569223
a comparative treatment study of intravitreal voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin b in an aspergillus fumigatus endophthalmitis model.	to compare the effects of voriconazole (vcz) and liposomal amphotericin b (amp-b) in an experimental model of aspergillus fumigatus endophthalmitis.	2015	26574795
aspergillus fumigatus chronic colonization and lung function decline in cystic fibrosis may have a two-way relationship.	aspergillus fumigatus is commonly found in cystic fibrosis (cf) airways. our aim was to assess the relationship between a. fumigatus chronic colonization and lung function in cf patients. a case-control study of cf patients born from 1989 to 2002 was performed. medical records were reviewed from the time of initial diagnosis until december 2013. chronic colonization was defined as two or more positive sputum cultures in a given year. each patient chronically colonized with a. fumigatus was match ...	2015	26319147
development of the crispr/cas9 system for targeted gene disruption in aspergillus fumigatus.	low rates of homologous recombination have broadly encumbered genetic studies in the fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus. the crispr/cas9 system of bacteria has recently been developed for targeted mutagenesis of eukaryotic genomes with high efficiency and, importantly, through a mechanism independent of homologous repair machinery. as this new technology has not been developed for use in a. fumigatus, we sought to test its feasibility for targeted gene disruption in this organism. as a proof ...	2015	26318395
asexual sporulation facilitates adaptation: the emergence of azole resistance in aspergillus fumigatus.	understanding the occurrence and spread of azole resistance in aspergillus fumigatus is crucial for public health. it has been hypothesized that asexual sporulation, which is abundant in nature, is essential for phenotypic expression of azole resistance mutations in a. fumigatus facilitating subsequent spread through natural selection. furthermore, the disease aspergilloma is associated with asexual sporulation within the lungs of patients and the emergence of azole resistance. this study assess ...	2015	26315993
immunochemical analysis of fumigaclavine mycotoxins in respiratory tissues and in blood serum of birds with confirmed aspergillosis.	the ergoline alkaloid fumigaclavine a (fua) is one of the major mycotoxins produced by aspergillus fumigatus, the main causative fungal agent of avian aspergillosis. to study in situ production of fua, post-mortem respiratory tissues of various avian species, as well as blood samples of falcons (falco sp.), were analysed by enzyme immunoassay (eia). at a detection limit of 1.5 ng/ml, fua eia positive results were obtained for tissue samples from seven (64%) out of 11 birds with confirmed aspergi ...	2015	26388046
azole resistance in canine and feline isolates of aspergillus fumigatus.	azole resistance is an emerging cause of treatment failure in humans with aspergillosis. the aim of this study was to determine if azole resistance is emerging in aspergillus fumigatus isolates from canine and feline sino-nasal aspergillosis cases. susceptibilities of isolates collected between 1988 and 2014 from 46 dogs and 4 cats to itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, fluconazole and ketoconazole were assessed using sensititre yeastone microdilution trays; and to enilconazole and clotrim ...	2015	26387063
hypoxia-inducible factor 1α modulates metabolic activity and cytokine release in anti-aspergillus fumigatus immune responses initiated by human dendritic cells.	the mold aspergillus fumigatus causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. over the past decade, new findings in research have improved our understanding of a. fumigatus-host interactions, including the recent identification of myeloid-expressed hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (hif-1α) as a relevant immune-modulating transcription factor and potential therapeutic target in anti-fungal defense. however, the function of hif-1α signaling for human anti-a. fumigatus immunity is sti ...	2015	26387061
contribution to catalysis of ornithine binding residues in ornithine n5-monooxygenase.	the sida ornithine n5-monooxygenase from aspergillus fumigatus is a flavin monooxygenase that catalyzes the nadph-dependent hydroxylation of ornithine. herein we report a mutagenesis study targeting four residues that contact ornithine in crystal structures of sida: lys107, asn293, asn323, and ser469. mutation of lys107 to ala abolishes activity as measured in steady-state oxygen consumption and ornithine hydroxylation assays, indicating that the ionic interaction of lys107 with the carboxylate ...	2015	26375201
systematic gene deletion and functional characterization of histidine kinase phosphorelay receptors (hkrs) in the human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus.	histidine kinase receptors (hkrs) appear to be a common strategy for model and pathogenic fungi to sense and respond to environmental stresses. in the human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus, which is responsible for invasive aspergillosis, 13 genes potentially encoding hkrs have been identified. until now, only three hkrs have been functionally characterized. the aim of this study was to perform the systematic invalidation of a. fumigatus hkr genes and the careful phenotypic characterization of th ...	2015	26365385
in silico modeling of spore inhalation reveals fungal persistence following low dose exposure.	the human lung is constantly exposed to spores of the environmental mould aspergillus fumigatus, a major opportunistic pathogen. the spectrum of resultant disease is the outcome of complex host-pathogen interactions, an integrated, quantitative understanding of which lies beyond the ethical and technical reach permitted by animal studies. here we construct a mathematical model of spore inhalation and clearance by concerted actions of macrophages and neutrophils, and use it to derive a mechanisti ...	2015	26364644
secondary metabolites from aspergillus fumigatus, an endophytic fungus from the liverwort heteroscyphus tener (steph.) schiffn.	three new metabolites, asperfumigatin (1), isochaetominine (10), and 8'-o-methylasterric acid (21), together with nineteen known compounds, were obtained from the culture of aspergillus fumigatus, an endophytic fungus from the chinese liverwort heteroscyphus tener (steph.) schiffn. their structures were established by extensive analysis of the spectroscopic data. the absolute configurations of 1 and 10 were determined by analysis of their respective cd spectra. cytotoxicity of these isolates aga ...	2015	26363876
indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is involved in the inflammation response of corneal epithelial cells to aspergillus fumigatus infections.	indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido), which is mainly expressed in activated dendritic cells, is known as a regulator of immune responses. however, the role of ido in immune responses against fungal corneal infection has not been investigated. to evaluate the regulatory mechanisms of ido in fungal inflammation, we resorted to human corneal epithelial cells (hcecs), known as the first barrier of cornea against pathogenic microorganisms. we found that ido was significantly up-regulated in corneal epi ...	2015	26361229
in vivo efficacy of voriconazole and posaconazole therapy in a novel invertebrate model of aspergillus fumigatus infection.	the emergence of azole resistance in aspergillus fumigatus is a clinically important issue in the management of invasive aspergillosis as it could limit therapeutic options. accurate measurement of in vitro antifungal activity in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) is considered of clinical relevance and often gives useful therapeutic information for physicians. however, the lack of in vitro-in vivo correlation is frequent and the observed in vitro phenotype does not always correlate ...	2015	26358971
network modeling reveals cross talk of map kinases during adaptation to caspofungin stress in aspergillus fumigatus.	mitogen activated protein kinases (mapks) are highly conserved in eukaryotic organisms. in pathogenic fungi, their activities were assigned to different physiological functions including drug adaptation and resistance. aspergillus fumigatus is a human pathogenic fungus, which causes life-threatening invasive infections. therapeutic options against invasive mycoses are still limited. one of the clinically used drugs is caspofungin, which specifically targets the fungal cell wall biosynthesis. a s ...	2015	26356475
molecular identification and amphotericin b susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of aspergillus from 11 hospitals in korea.	we investigated the species distribution and amphotericin b (amb) susceptibility of korean clinical aspergillus isolates by using two etests and the clsi broth microdilution method.	2015	26354348
poly(lactic acid)/tio₂ nanocomposites as alternative biocidal and antifungal materials.	poly(lactic acid) (pla) composites with titanium oxide (tio2) ~10-nm nanoparticles were produced by the melting process and their main properties were evaluated. the nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in the matrix with a low degree of agglomeration, as seen by transmission electron microscopy (tem). the crystallinity temperature increased ~12% when 5 wt.% of tio2 was added, showing that the nanoparticles acted as nucleating agents this trend was confirmed by optical images. the elastic m ...	2015	26354270
aspergillus biofilm in vitro and in vivo.	in vivo, aspergillus fumigatus grows as a typical biofilm with hyphae covered by an extracellular matrix (ecm) composed of polysaccharides, galactomannan, and galactosaminogalactan. α1,3 glucans and melanin are also constitutive of the ecm in aspergilloma but not in invasive aspergillosis. in vitro, two biofilm models were established to mimic the in vivo situation. the first model (model 1) uses submerged liquid conditions and is characterized by slow growth, while the second model (model 2) us ...	2015	26350307
comparison of the microbicidal activity of monochloramine and iodine.	recently, we showed that monochloramine (nh2 cl) has a significantly stronger bactericidal and fungicidal activity than chloramine t despite its lower oxidizing power. this phenomenon was explained by increased penetration because of the higher lipophilicity and smaller bulk of nh2 cl. as iodine (i2 ) has an even fivefold higher bulk than nh2 cl, a comparison of both compounds regarding their microbicidal activity became the aim of this study. aqueous solutions of i2 at a concentration of 10·7 μ ...	2015	26347484
aspergillus fumigatus diffusates suppress polymorphonuclear neutrophil phagocytic functions and respiratory burst levels in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients.	invasive aspergillosis (ia) is a severe infection that commonly occurs in immunocompromised patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). the present study explores the effect of aspergillus fumigatus diffusates (afds) on phagocytic function and superoxide anion (o2(-)) burst levels in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) from post-hsct patients. a. fumigatus conidia with or without afd were used to stimulate the pmn from healthy donor or hsct patient for two hours. pmn morpholo ...	2015	26345856
fgric8 is involved in regulating vegetative growth, conidiation, deoxynivalenol production and virulence in fusarium graminearum.	proteins of the resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 8 (ric8) group act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) and play important roles in regulating g-protein signaling in animals. in filamentous fungi, putative ric8 orthologs have so far been identified in magnaporthe oryzae, neurospora crassa, aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus fumigatus. here, we report the functional investigation of a potential ric8 ortholog (fgric8) in the wheat head blight pathogen fusarium graminearum. ta ...	2015	26341536
identification and characterization of a novel galactofuranose-specific β-d-galactofuranosidase from streptomyces species.	β-d-galactofuranose (galf) is a component of polysaccharides and glycoconjugates and its transferase has been well analyzed. however, no β-d-galactofuranosidase (galf-ase) gene has been identified in any organism. to search for a galf-ase gene we screened soil samples and discovered a strain, identified as a streptomyces species by the 16s ribosomal rna gene analysis, that exhibits galf-ase activity for 4-nitrophenyl β-d-galactofuranoside (pnp-β-d-galf) in culture supernatants. by draft genome s ...	2015	26340350
disulphide-reduced psoriasin is a human apoptosis-inducing broad-spectrum fungicide.	the unexpected resistance of psoriasis lesions to fungal infections suggests local production of an antifungal factor. we purified trichophyton rubrum-inhibiting activity from lesional psoriasis scale extracts and identified the cys-reduced form of s100a7/psoriasin (reds100a7) as a principal antifungal factor. reds100a7 inhibits various filamentous fungi, including the mold aspergillus fumigatus, but not candida albicans. antifungal activity was inhibited by zn(2+), suggesting that reds100a7 int ...	2015	26438863
sensitization to fungal allergens: resolved and unresolved issues.	exposure and sensitization to fungal allergens can promote the development and worsening of allergic diseases. although numerous species of fungi have been associated with allergic diseases in the literature, the significance of fungi from the genera alternaria, cladosporium, penicillium, aspergillus, and malassezia has been well documented. however, it should be emphasized that the contribution of different fungal allergens to allergic diseases is not identical, but species-specific. alternaria ...	2015	26433528
[resistant fungi].	particularly in the area of hematology/oncology and intensive care medicine, infections due to resistant fungi are to be expected. emergence of resistance in fungi is a less dynamic process than in bacteria; it can, however, have an equally important impact on treatment strategies. in the following article, the most important resistance patterns of yeasts and molds (candida albicans , aspergillus fumigatus, the order mucorales and the genus fusarium) will be presented and discussed. their diagno ...	2015	26432089
role of dectin-1 in the innate immune response of rat corneal epithelial cells to aspergillus fumigatus.	to observe dectin-1 expression in fungal keratitis on rat models and to determine the role of dectin-1 in innate immune response to aspergillus fumigatus.	2015	26427623
growth of paecilomyces variotii in b0 (diesel), b100 (biodiesel) and b7 (blend), degradation and molecular detection.	the introduction of biodiesel to diesel may allow the fuel to be more susceptible to microorganism growth, especially during incorrect storage. to evaluate the effect of adding biodiesel in pure diesel on the growth of paecilomyces variotii, microcosms containing pure diesel (b0), blend diesel/biodiesel (b7) and pure biodiesel (b100) were used. in microcosm with minimal mineral medium and b0, b7 or b100, after 60 days, the biomass (dry weight) formed at interface oil-water in b7 and b100 was sig ...	2015	26421768
fitness studies of azole-resistant strains of aspergillus fumigatus.	isogenic bar-coded strains of aspergillus fumigatus carrying the g54w or m220k mutation in cyp51a were constructed. in vitro, the growth and conidiation capacities of the mutants were similar to those of the parental strain. competition studies in the absence of azoles showed that there was no adverse fitness cost for the azole-resistant a. fumigatus strains in vitro or in vivo compared to the parental strain.	2015	26416854
biochemical stability and molecular dynamic characterization of aspergillus fumigatus cystathionine γ-lyase in response to various reaction effectors.	cystathionine γ-lyase (cgl) is a key enzyme in the methionine-cysteine cycle in all living organisms forming cysteine, α-ketobutyrate and ammonia via homocysteine and cystathionine intermediates. although, human and plant cgls have been extensively studied at the molecular and mechanistic levels, there has been little work on the molecular and catalytic properties of fungal cgl. herein, we studied in detail for the first time the molecular and catalytic stability of aspergillus fumigatus cgl, si ...	2015	26453470
cyp51a gene silencing using rna interference in azole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus.	an increasing number of reports have described the emergence of acquired resistance of aspergillus fumigatus to azole compounds. the primary mechanism of resistance in clinical isolates is the mutation of the azole drug target enzyme, which is encoded by the cyp51a gene. the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of silencing the cyp51a gene in azole-resistant a. fumigatus isolates. a 21-nucleotide small-interfering rna (sirna) was designed based on the cdna sequence of the a. fumigatus cy ...	2015	26448519
different stress-induced calcium signatures are reported by aequorin-mediated calcium measurements in living cells of aspergillus fumigatus.	aspergillus fumigatus is an inhaled fungal pathogen of human lungs, the developmental growth of which is reliant upon ca2+-mediated signalling. ca2+ signalling has regulatory significance in all eukaryotic cells but how a. fumigatus uses intracellular ca2+ signals to respond to stresses imposed by the mammalian lung is poorly understood. in this work, a. fumigatus strains derived from the clinical isolate cea10, and a non-homologous recombination mutant δakubku80, were engineered to express the ...	2015	26402916
a challenging case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after near-drowning: a case report and literature review.	near-drowning, a relatively common event, is often complicated by subsequent pneumonia. while endogenous and exogenous bacteria are typical pathogens, rarely fungi are as well. we report a complicated case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a 30-year-old man after a near-drowning event. we also review the medical literature for similar cases. all cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after near-drowning reported in the literature involve aspergillus fumigatus. the majority of cases invol ...	2015	26392737
chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis in an immunocompetent, obese 10-year-old boy.	chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis is a rare form of pulmonary aspergillosis. it is usually seen in middle-aged or elderly patients with underlying chronic lung disease or mild immunodeficiency, and has been only rarely encountered in children. clinical presentation is variable and usually involves constitutional symptoms of several months' duration as well as respiratory symptoms. we present a previously well, immunocompetent, obese 10-year-old boy with cough and mild hemoptysis lastin ...	2015	26388598
bronchomediastinal fistula caused by endobronchial aspergilloma.	endobronchial aspergilloma is a rare condition affecting immunocompromised patients. we present three cases resulting in airway fistulae.	2015	25513736
multilaboratory testing of antifungal drug combinations against candida species and aspergillus fumigatus: utility of 100 percent inhibition as the endpoint.	four laboratories tested three isolates of candida species and two isolates of aspergillus fumigatus using 96-well plates containing combinations of amphotericin b, anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. the majority of summation fractional inhibitory concentration indices (σfici) based on the lowe additivity formula suggested indifferent drug interactions (σfici > 0.5 and ≤4.0) and no instance of drug antagonism (σfici > 4.0). the intr ...	2015	25512402
transcriptome analysis of cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase a-regulated genes reveals the production of the novel natural compound fumipyrrole by aspergillus fumigatus.	aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human pathogenic fungus causing life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. adaptation to different habitats and also virulence of the fungus depends on signal perception and transduction by modules such as the cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase a (pka) pathway. here, by transcriptome analysis, 632 differentially regulated genes of this important signaling cascade were identified, including 23 putative transcriptional regulators. the high ...	2015	25582336
a monoclonal antibody against glycoproteins of aspergillus fumigatus shows anti-adhesive potential.	there has been an increase in the cases of fungal resistance against many antifungal drugs and an effective alternative mode in the form of immunotherapy is being considered as new hope. the adhesion of aspergillus fumigatus conidia to the host components is one of the prime factors to cause aspergillosis. carbohydrate components or glycoproteins present on the cell surface play an important role in interaction of the organism to the host and leads to adhesion. any substance which is capable of ...	2015	25578403
mixing compatibilities of aspergillus and american cockroach allergens with other high-protease fungal and insect extracts.	recent studies have shown that alternaria and german cockroach allergens can be degraded by endogenous proteases from other insect and fungal extracts when combined for immunotherapy, but data supporting the compatibilities of other high-protease products in comparable mixtures have not been reported.	2015	25578248
in-vitro assessment of the probiotic potential of lactobacillus plantarum kcc-24 isolated from italian rye-grass (lolium multiflorum) forage.	the aim of the present study was to determine the probiotic potential of the lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus plantarum kcc-24 (l. plantarum kcc-24), that was isolated and characterized from italian ryegrass (lolium multiflorum) forage. the following experiments were performed to assess the probiotic characteristics such as antifungal activity, antibiotic susceptibility, resistance to low ph, stimulated gastric juice and bile salts, proteolytic activity, auto-aggregation, cell surface hydropho ...	2015	25576238
fungal isolation from disinfectant solutions of contact lens storage cases among asymptomatic users.	to investigate the incidence of fungal contamination of store disinfectant solutions contained in contact lens storage cases belonging to asymptomatic contact lens users.	2015	25503912
[qualitative fungal composition of services at risk of nosocomial infections at aristide le dantec hospital (dakar)].	in hospitals, the quality control of the air is a key element. indeed airborne fungi constitute a real danger for patients hospitalized in wards at risk of nosocomial infections especially when they are immunocompromised.	2015	25499807
susceptibility breakpoints and target values for therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole and aspergillus fumigatus in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model--authors' response.		2015	25488075
site-directed mutagenesis switching a dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase to a specific tyrosine c3-prenylating enzyme.	the tryptophan prenyltransferases fgapt2 and 7-dmats (7-dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase) from aspergillus fumigatus catalyze c(4)- and c(7)-prenylation of the indole ring, respectively. 7-dmats was found to accept l-tyrosine as substrate as well and converted it to an o-prenylated derivative. an acceptance of l-tyrosine by fgapt2 was also observed in this study. interestingly, isolation and structure elucidation revealed the identification of a c(3)-prenylated l-tyrosine as enzyme product. mol ...	2015	25477507
suppression of epithelial signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 activation by extracts of aspergillus fumigatus.	aspergillus fumigatus (af) is often pathogenic in immune-deficient individuals and can cause life-threatening infections such as invasive aspergillosis. the pulmonary epithelial response to af infection and the signaling pathways associated with it have not been completely studied. beas-2b cells or primary human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to extracts of af and challenged with ifn-β or the toll-like receptor 3 agonist double-stranded rna (dsrna). cytokine release (b-cell activating f ...	2015	25474274
calcium signaling mediates antifungal activity of triazole drugs in the aspergilli.	azoles are widely applied and largely effective as antifungals; however, the increasing prevalence of clinically resistant isolates has yet to be matched by approaches to improve the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy. in this study, using the model fungus aspergillus nidulans and one of the most common human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus as research materials, we present the evidence that calcium signaling is involved in the azole-antifungals-induced stress-response reactions. in normal media, ...	2015	25554700
molecular epidemiology of aspergillus collected from cystic fibrosis patients.	aspergillus respiratory infection is a common complication in cystic fibrosis (cf) and is associated with loss of pulmonary function and allergic disease.	2015	25459562
gliotoxin from aspergillus fumigatus reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition: implications in renal fibrosis.	fibrosis is generally characterized by an excessive accumulation and deposition of extracellular matrix (ecm) that progressively leads to the destruction of functional nephrons of the kidney. current study is aimed to propose a probable antifibrotic mechanism of gliotoxin, isolated from marine aspergillus fumigatus strain, in proximal tubule renal epithelial cells by inhibiting hif-1α, ang-ii and nf-κb in a dose dependent manner. gtx at a concentration of 1.6 ng/ml also showed more than 80% cell ...	2015	25455839
amphotericin-b entrapped lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles for prolonged ocular application.	fungal keratitis is the major cause of vision loss worldwide. amphotericin-b is considered as the drug of choice for fungal infections. however, its use in ophthalmic drug delivery is limited by the low precorneal residence at ocular surface as a result of blinking reflex, tear turnover and nasopharyngeal drainage. we report amphotericin-b loaded lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles for prolonged ocular application. the prepared nanoparticles were in the size range of 161.9-230.5 nm, entrapment effic ...	2015	25453292
cryptococcus neoformans yap1 is required for normal fluconazole and oxidative stress resistance.	cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogen that is the most common cause of fungal meningitis. as with most fungal pathogens, the most prevalent clinical antifungal used to treat cryptococcosis is orally administered fluconazole. resistance to this antifungal is an increasing concern in treatment of fungal disease in general. our knowledge of the specific determinants involved in fluconazole resistance in cryptococcus is limited. here we report the identification of an important genetic determinant o ...	2015	25445311
[nocardia farcinica lung infection in a patient with cystic fibrosis and a lung transplant].	patients with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of developing chronic respiratory infectious diseases. the nocardia farcinica lung infection is rare in this group of patients, and there are limited publications about this topic. its diagnosis is complex, due to the clinical and the radiology signs being non-specific. identification of the agent responsible in the sputum culture is occasionally negative. it is a slow growing organism and for this reason treatment is delayed, which can lead to an ...	2015	25443661
microsatellite (straf) genotyping cannot differentiate between invasive and colonizing aspergillus fumigatus isolates.	we studied whether short tandem repeats of aspergillus fumigatus (straf) can differentiate between invasive and colonizing genotypes of a. fumigatus. of the 395 genotypes detected (n = 1,373 isolates), 50 were clusters and 24 (6% of all genotypes) involved the patients with invasive aspergillosis and those colonized with a. fumigatus, indicating that genotyping cannot discriminate between invasive and colonizing isolates.	2015	25411179
interference of aspergillus fumigatus with the immune response.	aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic filamentous fungus and also the most prevalent airborne fungal pathogen of humans. depending on the host's immune status, the variety of diseases caused by a. fumigatus ranges from allergies in immunocompetent hosts to life-threatening invasive infections in patients with impaired immunity. in contrast to the majority of other aspergillus species, which are in most cases nonpathogenic, a. fumigatus features an armory of virulence determinants to establish ...	2015	25404120
structural and biochemical characterization of the dual substrate recognition of the (r)-selective amine transaminase from aspergillus fumigatus.	chiral amines are important precursors for the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries. because of this, the demand for enantiopure amines is currently increasing. amine transaminases can produce a large spectrum of chiral amines in the (r)- or (s)-configuration, depending on their substrate scope and stereo-preference, by converting a prochiral ketone into the chiral amine while using alanine as the amine donor producing pyruvate as an α-keto acid product. in order to guide the protein engi ...	2015	25400251
molecular identification of fungi found on decomposed human bodies in forensic autopsy cases.	to investigate which fungi can be found during forensic autopsies, a pubmed literature review was done in regard to fungal growth on decomposed human bodies. unfortunately, the existing data is limited and not all fungi were identified to the species level. we, therefore, collected skin samples with macroscopically visible fungal growth from 23 autopsy cases in germany and identified the fungi to the species level by molecular methods. the identified species included aspergillus fumigatus and ca ...	2015	25398636
synthesis of a pentasaccharide and neoglycoconjugates related to fungal α-(1→3)-glucan and their use in the generation of antibodies to trace aspergillus fumigatus cell wall.	3-aminopropyl α-(1→3)-pentaglucoside, a fragment of α-(1→3)-glucan of the cell wall of aspergillus fumigatus, has been synthesized in a blockwise approach. the application of mono- and disaccharide n-phenyltrifluoroacetimidates bearing a stereodirecting 6-o-benzoyl group was essential for stereoselective α-glucosylations. in the products, p-methoxyphenyl and levulinoyl groups served as orthogonal protecting groups for the anomeric position and 3-oh group, respectively. their removal from shared ...	2015	25376936
cloning, overexpression, and characterization of a highly active endoinulinase gene from aspergillus fumigatus cl1 for production of inulo-oligosaccharides.	in this study, an endoinulinase gene from aspergillus fumigatus was cloned and overexpressed in pichia pastoris. a maximum activity, 3860 u/ml, of the recombinant endoinulinase was obtained by using a high cell-density fermentation approach. the recombinant endoinulinase with a molecular weight of 58 kda was purified for further enzymatic investigation. the ph and temperature optima were ph 6.0 and 55 °c, and the k m and v max values toward inulin were 2.18 mm and 1590 μmol min(-1) mg(-1), respe ...	2015	25369893
multispecific aspergillus t cells selected by cd137 or cd154 induce protective immune responses against the most relevant mold infections.	aspergillus and mucorales species cause severe infections in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). induction of antifungal cd4(+) t-helper type 1 (th1) immunity is an appealing strategy to combat these infections. immunotherapeutic approaches are so far limited because of a lack of antigens inducing protective t cells, their elaborate production, and the need of targeting a broad spectrum of pathogenic fungi.	2015	25367298
b lymphocytes regulate airway granulocytic inflammation and cytokine production in a murine model of fungal allergic asthma.	sensitization to fungi often leads to a severe form of asthma that is particularly difficult to manage clinically, resulting in increased morbidity and hospitalizations in these patients. although b lymphocytes might exacerbate asthma symptoms through the production of ige, these cells might also be important in the protective response against inhaled fungi. through cytokine release and t-cell interactions, these lymphocytes might also influence the development and maintenance of airway wall fib ...	2015	25363529
erratum to: phylogenetic analyses on the diversity of aspergillus fumigatus sensu lato based on five orthologous loci.		2015	25361842
aspergillus fumigatus devoid of cell wall β-1,3-glucan is viable, massively sheds galactomannan and is killed by septum formation inhibitors.	echinocandins inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthesis and are one of the few antimycotic drug classes effective against aspergillus spp. in this study, we characterized the β-1,3-glucan synthase fks1 of aspergillus fumigatus, the putative target of echinocandins. data obtained with a conditional mutant suggest that fks1 is not essential. in agreement, we successfully constructed a viable δfks1 deletion mutant. lack of fks1 results in characteristic growth phenotypes similar to wild type treated with echi ...	2015	25425041
purification and characterization of a mycelial catalase from scedosporium boydii, a useful tool for specific antibody detection in patients with cystic fibrosis.	scedosporium boydii is an opportunistic filamentous fungus which may be responsible for a wide variety of infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. this fungus belongs to the scedosporium apiospermum species complex, which usually ranks second among the filamentous fungi colonizing the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) and may lead to allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses, sensitization, or respiratory infections. upon microbial infection, host phagocytic cells rel ...	2015	25355796
possible mechanism of antifungal phenazine-1-carboxamide from pseudomonas sp. against dimorphic fungi benjaminiella poitrasii and human pathogen candida albicans.	investigation of antifungal mechanism of phenazine 1-carboxamide (pc) produced by a pseudomonas strain mcc2142.	2015	25348290
comparison of toxicogenic and immunosuppressive capacity of aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from clinical and corn silage samples.	to compare clinical and environmental aspergillus fumigatus strains on their toxicogenic and immunosuppressive capacity.	2015	25346380
azole, polyene and echinocandin mic distributions for wild-type, tr34/l98h and tr46/y121f/t289a aspergillus fumigatus isolates in the netherlands.	to determine the mic distributions of itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole and non-azole drugs for wild-type cyp51a, as well as tr(34)/l98h and tr(46)/y121f/t289a cyp51a mutants of aspergillus fumigatus.	2015	25301884
production and immobilization of enzymes by solid-state fermentation of agroindustrial waste.	the recovery of by-products from agri-food industry is currently one of the major challenges of biotechnology. castilla-la mancha produces around three million tons of waste coming from olive oil and wine industries, both of which have a pivotal role in the economy of this region. for this reason, this study reports on the exploitation of grape skins and olive pomaces for the production of lignocellulosic enzymes, which are able to deconstruct the agroindustrial waste and, therefore, reuse them ...	2015	25300855
aspergillus fumigatus proteases, asp f 5 and asp f 13, are essential for airway inflammation and remodelling in a murine inhalation model.	in susceptible individuals, exposure to aspergillus fumigatus can lead to the development of atopic lung diseases such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (safs). protease allergens including asp f 5 and asp f 13 from aspergillus fumigatus are thought to be important for initiation and progression of allergic asthma.	2015	25270353
[nadph oxidase-induced macrophage autophagy mediated by reactive oxygen species in aspergillus fumigatus infection].	to investigate whether or not nadph oxidase (nox) participates in aspergillus fumigatus induced macrophage autophagy in raw264.7 cells and explore the possible mechanism.	2015	25652860
sphenoid sinus fungus ball by filaments of actinomycetes and aspergillus fumigatus.	we present a case of sphenoid sinus fungus ball caused by aspergillus fumigatus associated with actinomycosis. this case represents the first known reported infection caused by this rare association.	2015	25652418
in vitro activity of calcium sulfate and hydroxyapatite antifungal disks loaded with amphotericin b or voriconazole in consideration for adjunctive osteomyelitis management.	background: regarding antibiotic-loaded cements, there is an abundant amount of literature regarding the antibacterial in vitro inhibitory and clinical applications for the treatment of osteomyelitis. the opposite can be said about literature regarding in vitro antifungal-loaded cement drug delivery for the treatment of fungal osteomyelitis. methods: aspergillus fumigatus and candida (atcc 10231; atcc, manassas, virginia) were plated on antibiotic/antifungal-free plates. voriconazole- and amphot ...	2015	25650835
convergent synthesis of isomeric heterosaccharides related to the fragments of galactomannan from aspergillus fumigatus.	aspergillus fumigatus is a very common fungus with high pathogenic potential for immunosuppressed hospital patients. a. fumigatus galactomannan, being the part of its cell wall, is considered as a promising candidate for vaccine and diagnostic test-systems. in this article we report the convergent synthesis of pentasaccharide fragments of the galactomannan containing the β-(1→5)-linked galactofuranoside chain attached to o-3 or o-6 of a spacer-armed mannopyranoside residue. the synthesis of sele ...	2015	25643073
clinical efficacy and immunologic effects of omalizumab in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.	allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa) often presents with persistently uncontrolled asthma despite the use of corticosteroids and antifungal therapy. omalizumab is a humanized anti-ige monoclonal antibody currently used to treat severe asthma.	2015	25640470
phagocytosis-dependent activation of a tlr9-btk-calcineurin-nfat pathway co-ordinates innate immunity to aspergillus fumigatus.	transplant recipients on calcineurin inhibitors are at high risk of invasive fungal infection. understanding how calcineurin inhibitors impair fungal immunity is a key priority for defining risk of infection. here, we show that the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus impairs clearance of the major mould pathogen aspergillus fumigatus from the airway, by inhibiting macrophage inflammatory responses. this leads to defective early neutrophil recruitment and fungal clearance. we confirm these findings ...	2015	25637383
cyclic colisporifungin and linear cavinafungins, antifungal lipopeptides isolated from colispora cavincola.	colisporifungin (1), a cyclic depsilipopeptide structurally related to the aselacins, and cavinafungins a and b, two linear peptides, were isolated from liquid culture broths of the hitherto unstudied fungus colispora cavincola using a candida albicans whole-cell assay as well as a bioassay to detect compounds potentiating the antifungal activity of caspofungin. the structural elucidation, including the absolute configuration of the new molecules, was accomplished using a combination of spectros ...	2015	25636062
real-time monitoring of hydrogen cyanide (hcn) and ammonia (nh₃) emitted by pseudomonas aeruginosa.	we present the real-time monitoring of hydrogen cyanide (hcn) production from pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. aeruginosa) strains in vitro, using laser-based photoacoustic spectroscopy. simultaneously, the production of ammonia (nh3) was measured, and the influence of different factors (e.g. the medium, temperature and antibiotics treatment) was assessed. both reference strains and clinical isolates of patients with cf were studied, and compared to other pathogens commonly present in lungs/airways of ...	2015	25634638
mechanism of n-hydroxylation catalyzed by flavin-dependent monooxygenases.	aspergillus fumigatus siderophore (sida), a member of class b flavin-dependent monooxygenases, was selected as a model system to investigate the hydroxylation mechanism of heteroatom-containing molecules by this group of enzymes. sida selectively hydroxylates ornithine to produce n(5)-hydroxyornithine. however, sida is also able to hydroxylate lysine with lower efficiency. in this study, the hydroxylation mechanism and substrate selectivity of sida were systematically studied using dft calculati ...	2015	25633869
chitin enhances serum ige in aspergillus fumigatus induced allergy in mice.	aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus) is a ubiquitous fungus that activates, suppresses or modulates the immune response by changing its cell wall structure and by secreting proteases. in this study, we show that chitin acts as an adjuvant in a murine model of a. fumigatus protease induced allergy. the mice were immunised intraperitoneally with a. fumigatus culture filtrate antigen either with or without chitin and were subsequently challenged with the culture filtrate antigen intranasally. alum ...	2015	25631683
sputum and bronchial secretion samples are equally useful as bronchoalveolar lavage samples for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in selected patients.	in the absence of histopathology studies of lung biopsies, the bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) sample is preferred for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. isolation of aspergillus fumigatus from sputum and bronchial secretion samples are commonly interpreted as colonization or laboratory contamination, particularly in nonneutropenic patients. we studied if sputum/bronchial secretions and bal samples are equally useful for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. we retrospe ...	2015	25631477
emergence of azole-resistant invasive aspergillosis in hsct recipients in germany.	aspergillus fumigatus is the most common agent of invasive aspergillosis (ia). in recent years, resistance to triazoles, the mainstay of ia therapy, has emerged in different countries worldwide. ia caused by azole-resistant a. fumigatus (araf) shows an exceedingly high mortality. in this study, ia due to araf isolates in hsct recipients in germany was investigated.	2015	25630644
the molecular mechanism of azole resistance in aspergillus fumigatus: from bedside to bench and back.	the growing use of immunosuppressive therapies has resulted in a dramatic increased incidence of invasive fungal infections (ifis) caused by aspergillus fumigatus, a common pathogen, and is also associated with a high mortality rate. azoles are the primary guideline-recommended therapy agents for first-line treatment and prevention of ifis. however, increased azole usage in medicinal and agricultural settings has caused azole-resistant isolates to repeatedly emerge in the environment, resulting ...	2015	25626363
aspergillus fumigatus mycovirus causes mild hypervirulent effect on pathogenicity when tested on galleria mellonella.	mycoviruses are a specific group of viruses that naturally infect and replicate in fungi. the importance of mycoviruses was revealed after their effects were identified not only in economically important fungi but also in the human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus. the latter was shown recently to harbor at least three different types of mycoviruses including a chrysovirus, a partitivirus and an as yet uncharacterized virus. assessment of virulence in the presence and absence of mycovirus ...	2015	25626171