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analysis of monthly isolation of respiratory viruses from children by cell culture using a microplate method: a two-year study from 2004 to 2005 in yamagata, japan.although well over 200 viral agents have been implicated in acute respiratory infections (aris) among children, no system able to detect such a wide range of viruses has been established. between january 2004 and december 2005, a modified microplate method, including hef, hep-2, vero e6, mdck, rd-18s, and gmk cell lines (hhve6mrg plate), was adopted to isolate viruses. a total of 1,551 viruses were isolated, representing both outbreaks and sporadic cases, from 4,107 nasopharyngeal specimens, at ...200818503168
respiratory failure associated with human metapneumovirus infection in an infant posthepatic transplant.this is the first reported case of respiratory failure associated with human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection in a liver transplant recipient or in a pediatric solid transplant recipient. a 9-month-old female developed respiratory distress 8 days following a liver transplant. hmpv was detected and she required intubation followed by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 26 days. immunosuppressive medications were stopped during the acute infection except for methylprednisolone as treatment for ...200818513273
multiplex real-time pcr for detection of respiratory tract infections.broad diagnostics of respiratory infection by molecular assays has not yet won acceptance due to technical difficulties and high costs.200818093871
respifinder: a new multiparameter test to differentially identify fifteen respiratory viruses.broad-spectrum analysis for pathogens in patients with respiratory tract infections is becoming more relevant as the number of potential infectious agents is still increasing. here we describe the new multiparameter respifinder assay, which is based on the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (mlpa) technology. this assay detects 15 respiratory viruses in one reaction. the mlpa reaction is preceded by a preamplification step which ensures the detection of both rna and dna viruses wit ...200818256230
the prophylactic administration of a monoclonal antibody against human metapneumovirus attenuates viral disease and airways hyperresponsiveness in mice.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is one of the most frequent causes of respiratory tract infections in children. our objective was to assess the prophylactic benefit of a monoclonal antibody (mab) against the hmpv fusion protein in a murine model.200818389897
emerging respiratory agents: new viruses for old diseases?the recent advances in molecular technology have enabled the detection of several new viral agents in specimens collected from the human respiratory tract. human metapneumovirus was first described in 2001, and is a significant respiratory pathogen, particularly of children. following the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) associated coronavirus, two other newly detected coronaviruses, nl63 and hku1, have been linked to respiratory disease in humans. however, identifying ...200818406664
respiratory viruses in laryngeal croup of young children.to determine the viral cause of laryngeal croup by use of highly sensitive methods, and including recently recognized viruses in the analysis.200818410770
frequency of human metapneumovirus infection in hematopoietic sct recipients during 3 consecutive years.respiratory viruses can cause significant morbidity in immunocompromised hosts. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been increasingly associated with lower respiratory tract infection in hematopoietic sct (hsct) recipients, with mortality rates up to 50%. no data on the occurrence of hmpv infection in hsct recipients have been reported in the southern hemisphere. we conducted a retrospective study including 228 nasal wash samples from 153 hsct recipients with respiratory symptoms during 2001, 2002 ...200818516078
human metapneumovirus glycoprotein g inhibits innate immune responses.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infection in infants, as well as in the elderly and immunocompromised patients. no effective treatment or vaccine for hmpv is currently available. a recombinant hmpv lacking the g protein (rhmpv-delta g) was recently developed as a potential vaccine candidate and shown to be attenuated in the respiratory tract of a rodent model of infection. the mechanism of its attenuation, as well as the role of g protein in modulation ...200818516301
deletion of human metapneumovirus m2-2 increases mutation frequency and attenuates growth in hamsters.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection can cause acute lower respiratory tract illness in infants, the immunocompromised, and the elderly. currently there are no licensed preventative measures for hmpv infections. using a variant of hmpv/nl/1/00 that does not require trypsin supplementation for growth in tissue culture, we deleted the m2-2 gene and evaluated the replication of rhmpv/deltam2-2 virus in vitro and in vivo.200818519001
the treatment of bronchiolitis.bronchiolitis is the commonest reason for hospital admission in infancy and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory failure in children admitted to paediatric intensive care units in the uk and north america. the respiratory syncytial virus accounts for most cases of bronchiolitis, however, new virus isolation techniques have led to the discovery of previously unrecognised viruses, including the human metapneumovirus and bocavirus which also play a significant role. the main developments in ...200818539685
stability of human metapneumovirus and human coronavirus nl63 on medical instruments and in the patient environment. 200818541340
human metapneumovirus small hydrophobic protein inhibits nf-kappab transcriptional activity.human metapneumovirus, a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, encodes a small hydrophobic (sh) protein of unknown function. in this study, we showed that infection of airway epithelial cells or mice with recombinant human metapneumovirus lacking sh expression (rhmpv-deltash) enhanced secretion of proinflammatory mediators, including interleukin 6 (il-6) and il-8, encoded by two nf-kb-dependent genes, compared to infection with wild-type rhmpv. rhmpv-deltash infection resulte ...200818550666
prevalence of human metapneumovirus among hospitalized children younger than 1 year in catalonia, spain.human metapneumovirus was discovered recently respiratory virus implicated in both upper and lower respiratory tract infection. in children, the clinical symptoms of human metapneumovirus are similar to those produced by respiratory syncytial virus, ranging from mild to severe diseases such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. the aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence of human metapneumovirus and other common respiratory viruses among admitted to hospital infants. from january 2006 ...200818551601
long-term care facilities: a cornucopia of viral pathogens.to determine the frequency and types of respiratory viruses circulating in boston long-term care facilities (ltcfs) during a 3-year period.200818557966
role of respiratory pathogens in infants hospitalized for a first episode of wheezing and their impact on recurrences.in order to evaluate the infectious agents associated with the first episode of severe acute wheezing in otherwise healthy infants and to define the role of each of them in recurrences, 85 patients in italy, aged <12 months, hospitalized because of a first acute episode of wheezing, were prospectively enrolled between 1 october 2005 and 31 march 2006. upon enrollment, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for the real-time pcr detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) types a and b, influenza ...200818558940
generation of temperature-sensitive human metapneumovirus strains that provide protective immunity in hamsters.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) causes acute respiratory tract illness primarily in young children, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. vaccines would be desirable to prevent severe illnesses in these risk groups. here, we describe the generation and evaluation of cold-passage (cp) temperature-sensitive (ts) hmpv strains as vaccine candidates. repeated passage of hmpv at low temperatures in vero cells resulted in the accumulation of mutations in the viral genome. introduction of these mu ...200818559924
t lymphocytes contribute to antiviral immunity and pathogenesis in experimental human metapneumovirus infection.human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a member of the family paramyxoviridae, is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. virus- and host-specific mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune protection are not fully understood. by an intranasal inoculation model, we show that hmpv-infected balb/c mice developed clinical disease, including airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness (ahr), along with histopathologic evidence of lung inflamma ...200818562525
efficient multiplication of human metapneumovirus in vero cells expressing the transmembrane serine protease tmprss2.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a major causative agent of severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. its fusion (f) protein must be cleaved by host proteases to cause membrane fusion, a critical step for virus infection. by generating vero cells constitutively expressing the transmembrane serine protease tmprss2 and green fluorescent protein-expressing recombinant hmpv, we show that tmprss2, which is expressed in the human lung epithelium, cleaves the hmpv f protein efficiently and supports hmpv multi ...200818562527
[analysis of human metapneumovirus genotype in hunan, china and its attachment protein g sequence character].to understand the genotypes of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and the genetic character of hmpv attachment protein g sequence in hunan, china.200818574527
immunogenicity and efficacy of two candidate human metapneumovirus vaccines in cynomolgus macaques.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an important cause of acute respiratory tract disease for which the development of vaccine candidates is warranted. we have previously described the generation of an iscom matrix-adjuvanted hmpv fusion protein subunit vaccine (fsol) and a live-attenuated vaccine (hmpvm11). here, we evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of these vaccines in cynomolgus macaques. immunization with fsol induced hmpv f-specific antibody responses, virus neutralizing antibody titers, ...200818585830
low-ph-induced membrane fusion mediated by human metapneumovirus f protein is a rare, strain-dependent phenomenon.membrane fusion promoted by human metapneumovirus (hmpv) fusion (f) protein was suggested to require low ph (r. m. schowalter, s. e. smith, and r. e. dutch, j. virol. 80:10931-10941, 2006). using prototype f proteins representing the four hmpv genetic lineages, we detected low-ph-dependent fusion only with some lineage a proteins and not with lineage b proteins. a glycine at position 294 was found responsible for the low-ph requirement in lineage a proteins. only 6% of all hmpv lineage a f seque ...200818596097
detection of human metapneumovirus by direct antigen test and shell vial cultures using immunofluorescent antibody staining.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has emerged as an important etiologic agent of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially in young children. although rapid and simple diagnostic methods for hmpv are needed in clinical laboratories, routine diagnostic tests are not readily available. the purpose of this study was to evaluate a commercial anti-hmpv monoclonal antibody for a direct antigen test and a shell vial culture of hmpv. in the pilot study, 15 nasopharyngeal aspirates from 15 chil ...200818602421
human metapneumovirus pneumonia in children: results of an italian study and mini-review.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a newly identified paramyxovirus causing lower respiratory tract infections (lrti). current knowledge on hmpv is mainly based on retrospective studies performed in stored respiratory and serum samples. we found 15 previous prospective clinical studies on lrti (11 clinical and 4 epidemiological studies) that have been reviewed. our aims were to analyse the role of hmpv in community acquired pneumonia (cap) and the seroconversion rate to hmpv in a prospective study ...200818618373
detection of four genetic subgroup-specific antibodies to human metapneumovirus attachment (g) protein in human serum.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) strains are classified into two genetic groups, a and b, each of which is further divided in two genetic subgroups, a1, a2, b1 and b2. hmpv encodes two major surface glycoproteins, the fusion (f) and attachment (g) proteins, which may be immunogenic and protective antigens. although the amino acid sequences of hmpv f protein are highly conserved, those of the g protein are highly variable with low amino acid identity between the two groups. to address the antigenic v ...200818632969
role of retinoic acid inducible gene-i in human metapneumovirus-induced cellular signalling.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a recently discovered pathogen that causes a significant proportion of respiratory infections in young infants, the elderly and immunocompromised patients. very little is known regarding the cellular signalling elicited by this virus in airway epithelial cells, the target of hmpv infection. in this study, we investigated the role of the rna helicases retinoic acid inducible gene-i (rig-i) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (mda-5) as the main pattern r ...200818632970
epidemiologic characteristics and seasonal distribution of human metapneumovirus infections in five epidemic seasons in stockholm, sweden, 2002-2006.the presence of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was analyzed retrospectively by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in five epidemic seasons, in stockholm, 2002-2006. the occurrence of hmpv was compared with five common respiratory viruses; respiratory syncytial virus, influenza a virus, influenza b virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. with a detection rate of 2.9% (n = 143/4,989) in nasopharyngeal samples over the whole period, hmpv was the fourth most common respiratory ...200818649344
human metapneumovirus in lung transplant recipients and comparison to respiratory syncytial virus.human metapneumovirus is a newly described virus isolated in 2001 from children with acute respiratory viral infection. it has subsequently been reported globally, although there are limited data in lung transplant recipients.200818658110
respiratory viral infection in exacerbations of copd.patients with copd have frequent exacerbations. the role of respiratory viral infection is just emerging. we wished to determine prospectively the incidence of viral infection in exacerbated and stable copd patients as well as smokers who do not have airways obstruction.200818672353
seasonal invasive pneumococcal disease in children: role of preceding respiratory viral infection.our objective was to demonstrate correlations between invasive pneumococcal disease in children and circulating respiratory viruses.200818676537
human metapneumovirus reinfection among children in thailand determined by elisa using purified soluble fusion protein.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a newly discovered paramyxovirus that causes acute respiratory illness. despite apparent near-universal exposure during early childhood, immunity is transient.200818680407
viral infection in adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: prevalence, pathogens, and presentation.the potential role of respiratory viruses in the natural history of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in adults has not been well described since the advent of nucleic amplification tests (nats).200818689592
viral diagnostics and antiviral therapy in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.viral infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients. some viruses, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal viruses, are acquired from the healthcare or community in the midst of or after hsct. other viruses, such as the herpes-virus family, establish latency after resolution of primary infection but then may reactivate during the immunosuppression that occurs with hsct. due to the improved sensitivity and turn-around time ...200818691110
clinical findings and unusual epidemiologic characteristics of human metapneumovirus infections in children in the region of basel, switzerland.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) worldwide causes respiratory tract infections with features similar to those of rsv infection. we describe features of hmpv infections in children and compare some of the characteristics with those of rsv infections. from october 2004 to february 2006, 75 patients, 34 hospitalized and 41 outpatients, were diagnosed with hmpv infections by multiplex pcr applied to nasopharyngeal specimens. while hmpv was found rarely in the early phase of the study, a significant incr ...200817297613
positive natural selection in the evolution of human metapneumovirus attachment glycoprotein.human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a newly discovered virus of the family paramyxoviridae, has been associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections in different age groups in many countries. the putative attachment (g) glycoprotein of this virus was previously reported to have shown more extensive nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence polymorphism than any other genomic regions of this virus, leading to four sub-lineages. using a maximum likelihood-based codon substitution model of ...200817931731
identification and evaluation of a highly effective fusion inhibitor for human metapneumovirus.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) can cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections that are particularly severe in young children, elderly subjects, and immunocompromised patients. to date, no treatments or vaccines are available for hmpv infections. our objective was to assess the inhibitory potential of several peptides derived from the heptad repeat a and b (hra and hrb) domains of the hmpv fusion protein. nine candidate peptides were expressed in escherichia coli or obtained synthetic ...200817967906
a pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to genotype human metapneumovirus.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) genotypes a and b show epidemiological and probably clinical differences. this report describes a fast and simple pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) assay, involving digestion of the fusion protein gene with tsp509i, that allows lineages a1, a2, b1 and b2 to be distinguished. the assay should help in elucidating the epidemiology of hmpv, and possibly in predicting the severity of clinical infection.200817986211
rapid and sensitive detection of metapneumovirus in clinical specimens by indirect fluorescence assay using a monoclonal antibody.human metapneumovirus, with two known genotypes named a and b, is associated with mild respiratory symptoms to severe lrti in children, high-risk adults and the elderly. rapid and reliable methods of hmpv detection in clinical samples are essential to implement appropriate care, to better understand the pathology of hmpv and to determine its epidemiology. respiratory samples from 1,386 patients collected during 2 consecutive years were screened for hmpv using indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) as ...200818041030
molecular epidemiology and disease severity of respiratory syncytial virus in relation to other potential pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in jordan.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the major viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children. few data about the molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in developing countries, such as jordan, are available. the frequency and severity of infections caused by hrsv were assessed in hospitalized jordanian children <5 years of age compared with other potential etiological agents. overall a potential pathogen was detected in 78% (254/326) of the children. h ...200818041044
vaccination approaches to combat human metapneumovirus lower respiratory tract infections.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was discovered in 2001 as a causative agent of respiratory disease in young children, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. clinical signs of hmpv infection range from mild respiratory illness to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. two main genetic lineages of hmpv that circulate worldwide were found to be antigenically different, but antibodies against the f protein, the major determinant of protection, were shown to be cross-protective. since the discovery of hmp ...200818054841
human bocavirus commonly involved in multiple viral airway infections.human bocavirus (hbov) was recently discovered in children with acute respiratory tract infections. we have included a pcr for hbov in a study on airway infections in children.200818069054
human respiratory syncytial virus and other viral infections in infants receiving palivizumab.palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that prevents severe human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infections.200818164233
a community study of clinical traits and risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection during the first year of life.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are important respiratory pathogens with similar symptomatology. the aim of this prospective birth cohort study was to identify risk factors for an hmpv or rsv infection during the first year of life in unselected healthy children. we followed 217 children from birth to 1 year of age. nasal swabs and symptom diaries were collected monthly. anti-hmpv and anti-rsv igg antibodies by age 1 year were detected by elisa, and nasal swabs ...200818172683
comparison of a lateral-flow immunochromatography assay with real-time reverse transcription-pcr for detection of human metapneumovirus.a lateral-flow immunochromatography (ic) assay for the detection of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been developed by using two mouse monoclonal antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein of hmpv. the purpose of this study was to compare the virus detection rate in nasopharyngeal secretions by the ic assay with that by real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr). we collected nasopharyngeal swab samples from 247 children with respiratory symptoms in sapporo, japan, during the period from april to ...200818174301
viral etiology of acute respiratory infections with cough in infancy: a community-based birth cohort study.acute respiratory infections (ari) are a major cause of morbidity in infancy worldwide, with cough and wheeze being alarming symptoms to parents. we aimed to analyze in detail the viral aetiology of ari with such symptoms in otherwise healthy infants, including rhinoviruses and recently discovered viruses such as human metapneumovirus (hmpv), coronavirus nl63 and hku1, and human bocavirus (hbov).200818174876
variant isolates of human metapneumovirus subgroup b genotype 1 in campinas, brazil.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a paramyxovirus associated with respiratory illness. the genotypes of hmpv isolates in brazil have not been well characterized.200818178521
prospective study of human metapneumovirus detection in clinical samples by use of light diagnostics direct immunofluorescence reagent and real-time pcr.a light diagnostics human metapneumovirus (hmpv) monoclonal antibody reagent was evaluated using cytospin-enhanced direct immunofluorescence (dfa), and the results were compared to those for taqman reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr). of the 202 samples tested, 48 were positive by rt-pcr, and 41 (85.4%) of these were positive by dfa (p = 0.0771). the commercial availability of an hmpv dfa reagent will be of significant benefit to clinical laboratories.200818184854
human metapneumovirus pneumonia in adults: results of a prospective study.we prospectively collected clinical, laboratory, and radiographic data regarding community-acquired human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection in consecutive adults hospitalized with pneumonia. hmpv infection was diagnosed using highly accurate reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of nasopharyngeal samples. eight (4%) of 193 patients had hmpv rna present, all detected during influenza season. hmpv is an important cause of pneumonia in adults.200818194097
molecular epidemiology of human metapneumovirus in ireland.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a cause of respiratory illness ranging from wheezing to bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children. a quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was developed for the detection of all four main genetic lineages of hmpv and employed to validate an indirect immunofluorescence (if) assay to detect hmpv positive specimens. the if assay detected 24 positives from a screen of 625 randomly selected pediatric respiratory specimens c ...200818205227
human metapneumovirus inhibits ifn-alpha signaling through inhibition of stat1 phosphorylation.the recently discovered human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a major cause of lower and upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. acute viral infection initiates the interferon response that is critical in mediating viral clearance, viral host defense, and development of adaptive immunity. mouse models of infection suggest that hmpv can cause persistent lung infections, yet the mechanisms of evading host viral clearance are unknown. here we report that hmpv can subvert host type i interferon sign ...200818218993
identification of human metapneumovirus-induced gene networks in airway epithelial cells by microarray analysis.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients. little is known about the response to hmpv infection of airway epithelial cells, which play a pivotal role in initiating and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses. in this study, we analyzed the transcriptional profiles of airway epithelial cells infected with hmpv using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. of the 47,400 transcripts and variants repr ...200818234263
prevalence of human metapneumovirus in central illinois in patients thought to have respiratory viral infection.studies suggest that by age 5 years nearly all people have been exposed to metapneumovirus. to determine its prevalence in central illinois, we tested respiratory secretions by direct immunofluorescence staining from december to march. metapneumovirus was detected in 11/391 specimens. the distribution of metapneumovirus was bimodal, with the split being between children aged </=4 years and adults.200818234862
major histocompatibility complex class i cytotoxic t lymphocyte immunity to human metapneumovirus (hmpv) in individuals with previous hmpv infection and respiratory disease.recently identified human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an important respiratory pathogen in children and adults worldwide. little is known about cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) responses that may control hmpv infection in humans. to address this, we evaluated major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i t cell immunity in 7 patients with previous hmpv respiratory disease. ctl responses were evident in most patients and to most proteins of hmpv. individual patients had responses to at least 2 hmpv pr ...200818240952
human metapneumovirus and human coronavirus nl63. 200818245437
human metapneumovirus infections in children.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children, but the age-related incidence and effect of hmpv in unselected children in the community have not been evaluated. we studied a cohort of 1,338 children <13 years of age throughout 1 respiratory season in finland during 2000-2001. we examined children and obtained a nasal swab for viral detection at any sign of respiratory infection. hmpv was detected in 47 (3.5%) of the 1,338 childr ...200818258088
clinical evaluation of nuclisens magnetic extraction and nuclisens analyte-specific reagents for real-time detection of human metapneumovirus in pediatric respiratory specimens.in this study, we evaluated the nuclisens minimag (mm) and easymag (em) nucleic acid extraction platforms (biomérieux, durham, nc) in combination with the nuclisens easyq basic kit and analyte-specific reagents (asrs) (biomérieux) for the detection of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) in respiratory samples. total nucleic acids from pediatric clinical samples (n = 653) and an hmpv-specific inhibition control (h-ic) were coextracted using the mm and/or the em. nucleic acid sequence-based amplification ...200818272716
prospective multicenter study of the viral etiology of bronchiolitis in the emergency department.to determine the viral etiology of bronchiolitis and clinical characteristics of children age < 2 years presenting to the emergency department (ed) with bronchiolitis.200818275439
impact of human bocavirus on children and their families.this study was planned to investigate the prevalence and clinical features of the illnesses associated with human bocavirus (hbov) in children with acute disease. we prospectively enrolled all subjects aged less than 15 years attending an emergency room in milan, italy, on wednesdays and sundays between 1 november 2004 and 31 march 2005 for any acute medical reason, excluding surgical diseases and trauma. nasopharyngeal swabs were collected at admission to detect hbov; influenza a and b viruses; ...200818287315
two-year prospective study of single infections and co-infections by respiratory syncytial virus and viruses identified recently in infants with acute respiratory disease.a prospective 2-year analysis including 322 infant patients with acute respiratory disease (ard) hospitalized in a pediatric department in northern italy was carried out to evaluate the role as respiratory pathogens or co-pathogens of recently identified viruses. the presence of respiratory syncitial virus (rsv), human metapneumoviruses (hmpvs), human bocaviruses (hbovs), and human coronaviruses (hcovs) was assayed by molecular detection and clinical symptoms evaluated. nasopharyngeal aspirates ...200818297694
undiagnosed respiratory viruses in children.an estimated 12 to 32 million upper respiratory infections occur in young children each year. in addition, 20% to 53% of infants will have > or = 1 episode of lower respiratory infection in the first year of life. the current methods of diagnosing respiratory viruses are limited in scope and sensitivity. polymerase chain reaction is a more sensitive method than antigen detection and is often used for newly discovered viruses. using polymerase chain reaction, we sought to diagnose adenoviruses, h ...200818310182
prospective evaluation of rapid antigen tests for diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infections.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are two important viral pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections in the pediatric population. the rapid detection of these agents allows the prompt isolation and treatment of infected patients. in the present prospective study, we evaluated the performances of four rapid antigen detection assays, including a rapid chromatographic immunoassay (cia) for rsv (directigen ez rsv; becton dickinson, sparks, md), a direct fluore ...200818337386
[clinical and epidemiological characteristics of respiratory infections caused by human metapneumovirus in pediatric patients].human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was first identified in 2001 in respiratory samples from children and adults with acute respiratory tract infection. the aim of this prospective study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric patients with an acute respiratory tract infection and exclusive isolation of hmpv in respiratory samples (december 2005-january 2007).200818341917
specificity and functional interaction of the polymerase complex proteins of human and avian metapneumoviruses.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) have a similar genome organization and protein composition, but a different host range. ampv subgroup c (ampv-c) is more closely related to hmpv than other ampvs. to investigate the specificity and functional interaction of the polymerase complex proteins of human and avian metapneumoviruses, a minireplicon system was generated for ampv-c and used in combination with minireplicon systems for hmpv lineages a1 and b1. viral rna-like mol ...200818343839
immune modulatory activity of ribavirin for serious human metapneumovirus disease: early i.v. therapy may improve outcomes in immunosuppressed sct recipients. 200818347567
respiratory viruses in hiv-infected patients with suspected respiratory opportunistic infection.to assess the incidence and epidemiological pattern of respiratory viruses in hiv-infected patients and to evaluate their potential clinical impact.200818356599
genotype variability of human metapneumovirus, south korea.human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a virus causing lower respiratory tract infections in children, is classified two major groups or genotypes of hmpv and recently existence of multiple lineages has been suggested. the purpose of this study was to examine the extent of genetic variation and circulation pattern of hmpv in korea. between january 2005 and april 2007, nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 1,214 children <16 years of age hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection at sanggy ...200818360903
role of human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus nl63 and human bocavirus in infants and young children with acute wheezing.the role of the novel respiratory viruses, human metapneumovirus (hmpv), human coronavirus nl63 (hcov nl63) and human bocavirus (hbov), in wheezing illness in children has not been well studied, especially in africa. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hmpv, hcov nl63 and hbov in south african children with acute wheezing. a prospective study of consecutive children presenting with acute wheezing to a pediatric hospital from may 2004 to november 2005 was undertaken. a nasa ...200818360904
comparison of human metapneumovirus genotypes from the province of bolzano in northern italy with strains from surrounding regions in italy and austria.the epidemiology of the genetic sublineages of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and their clinical relevance are not fully understood. we compared hmpv genotypes isolated in the province of bolzano in northern italy with strains from nearby italian and austrian regions by sequencing of np- and l-gene fragments. our results suggest that similar strains cycle through adjacent geographic areas, with the respective subtypes replacing each other on a seasonal basis.200818362411
evaluation of a commercial direct fluorescent-antibody assay for human metapneumovirus in respiratory specimens.the performance of a commercially manufactured direct fluorescent-antibody assay kit for human metapneumovirus was compared to that of reverse transcriptase pcr, the current "gold standard." the kit demonstrated a sensitivity of 95.2%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 98.9%.200818367577
viral respiratory infections at the hajj: comparison between uk and saudi pilgrims.a high incidence of respiratory infection, including influenza, has been reported at the hajj in mecca, saudi arabia. reported rates of influenza have been higher among uk than among domestic pilgrims, but this could be explained by methodological differences among studies. accordingly, the present study compared the frequencies of respiratory viruses among uk and saudi pilgrims using the same study design. pilgrims with upper respiratory tract symptoms were recruited from mecca and the neighbou ...200818373688
human metapneumovirus infection in young children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract disease: virologic and clinical features.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an emerging virus associated with acute respiratory tract infections (aris) in young children.200818382388
human metapneumovirus in children, singapore.four hundred specimens were collected from pediatric patients hospitalized in singapore; 21 of these specimens tested positive for human metapneumovirus (hmpv), with the a2 genotype predominating. a 5% infection rate was estimated, suggesting that hmpv is a significant cause of morbidity among the pediatric population of singapore.200718252120
[surveillance on human metapneumovirus in infants and children with acute respiratory infections in beijing, from 2004 to 2006].to understand the prevalence of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection in infants and young children in beijing, china.200718069558
[epidemiology of acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children].more than 200 antigenically distinct viruses have been documented as causes of sporadic or epidemic respiratory infections in infants and children. the lung itself is rarely sampled directly, and sputum representing lower-airway secretions can rarely be obtained from children. in addition culture of secretions from upper respiratory tract is not useful since the normal flora includes the bacteria commonly responsible for pneumonia. clinical and radiology data only suggest the diagnosis. the deve ...200718092718
immunization of macaques with formalin-inactivated human metapneumovirus induces hypersensitivity to hmpv infection.human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a member of the family paramyxoviridae, is an important cause of acute respiratory tract disease. in the 1960s, vaccination with formalin-inactivated paramyxovirus preparations--respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and measles virus (mv)--resulted in predisposition for enhanced disease upon natural infection. we have produced a formalin-inactivated hmpv preparation (fi-hmpv), which was used to immunize young cynomolgus macaques. six days after challenge fi-hmpv-primed ...200717996988
outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection in psychiatric inpatients: implications for directly observed use of alcohol hand rub in prevention of nosocomial outbreaks.nosocomial outbreaks of infectious diseases in psychiatric facilities are not uncommon but the implementation of infection control measures is often difficult. here, we report an outbreak of an acute respiratory illness in a psychiatric ward between 29 july and 20 august 2005 involving 31 patients. human metapneumovirus was detected in seven (23%) patients by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing. a review of outbreak surveillance records showed that six nosoc ...200718022285
enhanced lung disease and th2 response following human metapneumovirus infection in mice immunized with the inactivated virus.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a paramyxovirus that causes acute respiratory-tract infections in humans. the histopathological and immunological responses to hmpv infection in balb/c mice immunized with inactivated hmpv were characterized. animals were immunized intraperitoneally with pbs, supernatant from non-infected llc-mk2 cells and from heat-inactivated influenza a- or hmpv-infected cells, all in incomplete freund's adjuvant, or with heat-inactivated hmpv without adjuvant, and then infecte ...200718024909
human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus detection in young children with acute bronchiolitis.this study was conducted to detect human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in young children hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). nasopharyngeal secretions were collected from 170 children between 1 and 24 months of age admitted to two tertiary hospitals in northeastern thailand, between 2002 and 2004. acute bronchiolitis was defined as the first episode of wheezing associated with tachypnea, increased r ...200718035801
rhinovirus infection in hospitalized children in hong kong: a prospective study.to analyze the clinical features and estimate the hospitalization disease burden of rhinovirus infection in children in hong kong.200717984805
lung function in prematurely born infants after viral lower respiratory tract infections.chronic respiratory morbidity has been reported in prematurely born infants after respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis). the aim of this study was to determine the impact of viral lrti on lung function at follow-up of prematurely born infants.200717984809
animal models for human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infections.since its detection in 2001 the human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a member of the paramyxoviridae family, was observed to be a serious pathogen in human respiratory infections during childhood. meanwhile, several animal models have been established to study the virus-host interactions and pathogenic effects. mainly, small laboratory animals like mice and cotton rats have been used, although the usage of these two species for hmpv research is controversially discussed and contradictious results were ...200717181987
co-circulation of human metapneumovirus and sars-associated coronavirus during a major nosocomial sars outbreak in hong kong.the clinico-epidemiological significance of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) detected during the sars outbreak is unknown.200717936066
surveillance of eight respiratory viruses in clinical samples of pediatric patients in southeast brazil.detection of the eight most common respiratory viruses: human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), influenza virus a and b (ia and ib), parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3 (hpiv1, 2 and 3), adenovirus (ad) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv), in order to establish the etiology of acute respiratory infections (aris) and the epidemiology of these viruses in young children seen at hospital universitário, universidade de são paulo, in são paulo, brazil, during 2003.200717940688
respiratory viral infections in transplant recipients.a wide range of viruses affect the respiratory tract of transplant recipients, including adenovirus, influenza, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rhinovirus. prospective studies using contemporary diagnostic techniques have recently improved our understanding of the epidemiology and importance of these respiratory viruses among transplant recipients. from these studies, rhinovirus, in particular, has been shown to be one of the most common causes o ...200717944270
vii international symposium on respiratory viral infections.the vii international symposium on respiratory viral infections was a multidisciplinary forum for the presentation of recent advances in respiratory virus research with special emphasis on antiviral therapies and vaccine strategies. topics covered in invited lectures included detection of novel respiratory viral pathogens and viral evolution, characterization of the 1918 pandemic virus, human metapneumovirus infections, human respiratory epithelial cultures for studying viral pathogenesis, the r ...200717944274
epidemiological and clinical features of hmpv, rsv and rvs infections in young children.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has recently been isolated from children with acute respiratory tract infections (rtis). the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hmpv infection need further investigation.200717241812
seroprevalence of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) in the canadian province of saskatchewan analyzed by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a newly identified respiratory virus associated with respiratory tract infection in both adults and children. previous reports showed that infection of hmpv appeared to be ubiquitous. to determine the seroprevalence of hmpv, a total of 576 human sera from patients in saskatchewan, canada, were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on expression of the nucleocapsid (n) protein of hmpv in recombinant baculovirus. the recombinant n protein with ...200717245714
human metapneumovirus in children with influenza-like illness in yucatan, mexico.the present study suggests that human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an important cause of community acquired respiratory infections in children. we report the detection of hmpv in a pediatric population with influenza-like illness in the subtropical area of yucatan in mexico. our data also shows that hmpv circulates in the community with other respiratory pathogens.200717255250
human metapneumovirus induces more severe disease and stronger innate immune response in balb/c mice as compared with respiratory syncytial virus.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are members of the pneumovirinae subfamily of paramyxoviridae and can cause severe respiratory disease, especially in infants and young children. some differences in the clinical course of these infections have been described, but there are few comparative data on pathogenesis in humans and animal models. in this study, hmpv and rsv were compared for replication, pathogenesis and immune induction in balb/c mice infected with equi ...200717257445
spectrum of viruses and atypical bacteria in intercontinental air travelers with symptoms of acute respiratory infection.respiratory infections after air travel are frequent, but epidemiological data are incomplete. using sensitive polymerase chain reactions, we studied the spectrum of atypical bacteria and respiratory viruses in travelers fulfilling the case definition of severe acute respiratory syndrome. a pathogen was identified in 67 travelers (43.2%). influenza and parainfluenza viruses were most prevalent, at 14.2% and 15.5%, respectively. prevalences of adenoviruses, human metapneumovirus, coronaviruses, a ...200717262708
use of a multiplex real-time pcr to study the incidence of human metapneumovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus infections during two winter seasons in a belgian paediatric hospital.viruses are an important cause of acute respiratory tract infection (arti) in children. this study aimed to develop and evaluate a rapid molecular diagnostic test (duplex real-time pcr) for human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and to determine the frequency of these two viruses as causative agents of arti in belgium. nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected over two winter and spring seasons (november 2003 to may 2004 and november 2004 to may 2005) from child ...200717263836
detection of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection using real-time rt-pcr in a hospital in northern taiwan.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a newly discovered respiratory pathogen. this prospective hospital-based study investigated the clinical role and features of hmpv in taiwan.200717282966
contribution of viruses, chlamydia spp. and mycoplasma pneumoniae to acute respiratory infections in iranian children.the study reports the frequency and clinical presentation of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus, influenza (inf v), parainfluenza, adenovirus (adv), chlamydia spp. and mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with acute respiratory infections (ari) in rasht, iran. nasopharyngeal aspirates and swabs were collected from 261 children in 2003 and 2004. pathogens were detected using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr), confirmed with sequence analysis ...200717287243
detection and typing by molecular techniques of respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute respiratory infection in rome, italy.detection of a broad number of respiratory viruses is not undertaken currently for the diagnosis of acute respiratory infection due to the large and always increasing list of pathogens involved. a 1-year study was undertaken on children hospitalized consecutively for acute respiratory infection in a pediatric department in rome to characterize the viruses involved. two hundred twenty-seven children were enrolled in the study with a diagnosis of asthma, bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, or laringo ...200717311326
development of a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for detection of human metapneumovirus using monoclonal antibodies against nucleoprotein of hmpv.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) nucleocapsid (n) protein is a major structural protein that encapsidates the rna genome and is essential for replication and transcription of the hmpv genome. we developed two mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs), designated 3d1 and 5b10, against n protein of hmpv and characterized them by an immunofluorescence assay and an immunoprecipitation assay using trichoplusia ni (tn5) insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus-expressing hmpv n protein. both mabs wer ...200717316081
human metapneumovirus and encephalitis. 200717321201
[isolation of human metapneumovirus from children with acute respiratory tract infection in chongqing, china].to isolate and characterize the newly discovered human metapneumovirus (hmpv) in chongqing, china and elucidate the clinical manifestations of hmpv infection.200717349150
acute respiratory infection by human metapneumovirus in children in southern brazil.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been described as an etiologic agent of acute respiratory infections (ari), mainly in pediatric patients. viral isolation is difficult and has low sensitivity, and consequently rt-pcr assays are currently used for detection.200717350886
respiratory picornavirus infections in korean children with lower respiratory tract infections.recently, human rhinoviruses (rvs) and enteroviruses have been suggested as important etiological agents in young children with lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis). we investigated the role of respiratory picornaviruses in hospitalized children with lrti. a total of 233 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from hospitalized children with lrtis from july 2004 to january 2006. all specimens were tested for the presence of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), influenza virus a, influen ...200717366056
[human metapneumovirus as hospitalization cause in children under 3 years old with acute respiratory infections during 2004].human metapneumovirus was detected in 15 of 123 children (12%) younger than 3 years of age hospitalized for treatment of acute respiratory infection between july and november 2004. the virus was detected by rt-pcr directly from nasopharyngeal swabs and/or from supernatants after cell culture. children infected with hmpv were mostly younger than one year of age (67%), all presenting with fever and cough. the main cause for hospitalization was the need for oxygen therapy (73%). four hmpv positive ...200717369966
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