Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| predators of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (diptera: culicidae) larvae in wetlands, western kenya: confirmation by polymerase chain reaction method. | polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to determine whether mosquito predators in wetland habitats feed on anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) larvae. aquatic mosquito predators were collected from six wetlands near lake victoria in mbita, western kenya. this study revealed that the whole positive rate of an. gambiae s.l. from 330 predators was 54.2%. the order of positive rate was the highest in odonata (70.2%), followed by hemiptera (62.8%), amphibia (41.7%), and coleoptera (18%). th ... | 2010 | 20939371 |
| prag01, a novel deltamethrin-resistance-associated gene from culex pipiens pallens. | the prag01 gene (genbank accession no. eu073017) was cloned from culex pipiens pallens. an open reading frame of 270 bp was found to encode a putative 89-amino-acid protein which has the highest homology with culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles funestus. real-time quantitative pcr analysis demonstrated that the transcription level of prag01 gene in deltamethrin-resistant strain was 1.65-fold higher than in deltamethrin-susceptible strain of c. pipiens pallens. overexpression of prag01 gene in t ... | 2010 | 20922424 |
| plasmodium ovale infection in malaysia: first imported case. | plasmodium ovale infection is rarely reported in malaysia. this is the first imported case of p. ovale infection in malaysia which was initially misdiagnosed as plasmodium vivax. | 2010 | 20929588 |
| reproduction-longevity trade-off in anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae). | reduced survival and future reproduction due to of current reproduction is a trade-off known as the cost of reproduction. surprisingly, only a few studies have assessed the cost of reproduction in arthropod disease vectors, despite its effect on longevity, and thus on vectorial capacity. we evaluated the cost of reproduction on survival of anopheles gambiae giles by comparing mosquitoes that were denied exposure to the other sex, hereafter named virgins, and those that were allowed exposure to t ... | 2010 | 20939369 |
| organization and evolution of heterochromatin in malaria mosquitoes. | the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae was the first disease vector chosen for genome sequencing. although its genome assembly has been facilitated by physical mapping, large gaps still pose a serious problem for accurate annotation and genome analysis. the majority of the gaps are located in regions of pericentromeric and intercalary heterochromatin. genomic analysis has identified protein-coding genes and various classes of repetitive elements in the anopheles heterochromatin. molecula ... | 2010 | 21250544 |
| unexpected anthropophily in the potential secondary malaria vectors anopheles coustani s.l. and anopheles squamosus in macha, zambia. | abstract anopheles coustani s.l. and anopheles squamosus are sub-saharan mosquito species that have been implicated in malaria transmission. although generally believed to be of negligible importance due to their overwhelmingly zoophilic behavior, an. coustani s.l. and an. squamosus made up a large proportion of the anophelines collected by human landing catches during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 rainy seasons in macha, zambia. further, polymerase chain reaction-based blood meal identification s ... | 2010 | 21142969 |
| adaptive divergence between incipient species of anopheles gambiae increases resistance to plasmodium. | the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is diversifying into ecotypes known as m and s forms. this process is thought to be promoted by adaptation to different larval habitats, but its genetic underpinnings remain elusive. to identify candidate targets of divergent natural selection in m and s, we performed genomewide scanning in paired population samples from mali, followed by resequencing and genotyping from five locations in west, central, and east africa. genome scans revealed a signi ... | 2010 | 21173248 |
| a physical map for an asian malaria mosquito, anopheles stephensi. | physical mapping is a useful approach for studying genome organization and evolution as well as for genome sequence assembly. the availability of polytene chromosomes in malaria mosquitoes provides a unique opportunity to develop high-resolution physical maps. we report a 0.6-mb-resolution physical map consisting of 422 dna markers hybridized to 379 chromosomal sites of the anopheles stephensi polytene chromosomes. this makes an. stephensi second only to anopheles gambiae in density of a physica ... | 2010 | 21036831 |
| malaria transmission in two rural communities in the forest zone of ghana. | malaria transmission was assessed in two rural communities, kona and afamanaso in sekyere south district, ashanti region, in the forest zone of ghana to provide baseline data for ongoing clinical studies and the evaluation of the effect of interventions. altogether, 3,479 anopheles gambiae and 1,157 anopheles funestus were caught by human landing catches. sporozoite rates determined by either microscopy of salivary glands or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for plasmodium falciparum in ... | 2010 | 21153839 |
| malaria infection and disease in an area with pyrethroid-resistant vectors in southern benin. | this study aimed to investigate baseline data on malaria before the evaluation of new vector control strategies in an area of pyrethroid-resistance of vectors. the burden of malaria was estimated in terms of infection (prevalence and parasite density) and of clinical episodes. | 2010 | 21194470 |
| pyrethroid resistance in southern african anopheles funestus extends to likoma island in lake malawi. | abstract: | 2010 | 21192834 |
| staggered larval time-to-hatch and insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles gambiae s form. | anopheles gambiae is a major vector of malaria in the west african region. resistance to multiple insecticides has been recorded in an. gambiae s form in the ahafo region of ghana. a laboratory population (gah) established using wild material from this locality has enabled a mechanistic characterization of each resistance phenotype as well as an analysis of another adaptive characteristic - staggered larval time-to-hatch. | 2010 | 21156042 |
| mass drug administration of ivermectin in south-eastern senegal reduces the survivorship of wild-caught, blood fed malaria vectors. | in south-eastern senegal, malaria and onchocerciasis are co-endemic. onchocerciasis in this region has been controlled by once or twice yearly mass drug administration (mda) with ivermectin (ivm) for over fifteen years. since laboratory-raised anopheles gambiae s.s. are susceptible to ivermectin at concentrations found in human blood post-ingestion of ivm, it is plausible that a similar effect could be quantified in the field, and that ivm might have benefits as a malaria control tool. | 2010 | 21171970 |
| expression of metallothionein and alpha-tubulin in heavy metal-tolerant anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae). | anopheles mosquitoes have been shown to adapt to heavy metals in their natural habitats. in this study we explored the possibility of using anopheles gambiae sensu stricto as bio-reporters for environmental heavy metal pollution through expressions of their metal-responsive metallothionein and alpha-tubulin genes. the study was undertaken with third instar larvae after selection by cadmium, copper, or lead at lc(30) through five successive generations. expression levels were determined in the 5t ... | 2010 | 19735939 |
| a transposon toolkit for gene transfer and mutagenesis in protozoan parasites. | protozoan parasites affect millions of people around the world. treatment and control of these diseases are complicated partly due to the intricate biology of these organisms. the interactions of species of plasmodium, leishmania and trypanosomes with their hosts are mediated by an unusual control of gene expression that is not fully understood. the availability of the genome sequence of these protozoa sets the stage for using more comprehensive, genome-wide strategies to study gene function. tr ... | 2010 | 19763844 |
| development and field evaluation of a synthetic mosquito lure that is more attractive than humans. | disease transmitting mosquitoes locate humans and other blood hosts by identifying their characteristic odor profiles. using their olfactory organs, the mosquitoes detect compounds present in human breath, sweat and skins, and use these as cues to locate and obtain blood from the humans. these odor compounds can be synthesized in vitro, then formulated to mimic humans. while some synthetic mosquito lures already exist, evidence supporting their utility is limited to laboratory settings, where lo ... | 2010 | 20126628 |
| ecological meta-analysis of density-dependent processes in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis: survival of infected vectors. | the survival rate of infected vectors represents one of the fundamental components that influence the transmission dynamics of mosquito-borne diseases. despite the occurrence of a number of studies investigating mosquito survival after infection with filarial worms, there remains conflicting evidence from both laboratory and field experiments as to the existence and mechanism for parasite-induced mortality among filarial mosquitoes. here, we used a mixed effects meta-analytical framework to comb ... | 2009 | 19645292 |
| longitudinal survey of malaria morbidity over 10 years in saharevo (madagascar): further lessons for strengthening malaria control. | madagascar has been known for having bio-geo-ecological diversity which is reflected by a complex malaria epidemiology ranging from hyperendemic to malaria-free areas. malaria-related attacks and infection are frequently recorded both in children and adults living in areas of low malaria transmission. to integrate this variability in the national malaria control policy, extensive epidemiological studies are required to up-date previous records and adjust strategies. | 2009 | 19660116 |
| a new tent trap for sampling exophagic and endophagic members of the anopheles gambiae complex. | mosquito sampling methods are essential for monitoring and evaluating malaria vector control interventions. in urban dar es salaam, human landing catch (hlc) is the only method sufficiently sensitive for monitoring malaria-transmitting anopheles. hlc is labour intensive, cumbersome, hazardous, and requires such intense supervision that is difficulty to sustain on large scales. | 2009 | 19602253 |
| impact of insecticide-treated nets on wild pyrethroid resistant anopheles epiroticus population from southern vietnam tested in experimental huts. | in this study, the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets was evaluated in terms of deterrence, blood-feeding inhibition, induced exophily and mortality on a wild resistant population of anopheles epiroticus in southern vietnam, in order to gain insight into the operational consequences of the insecticide resistance observed in this malaria vector in the mekong delta. | 2009 | 19874581 |
| the multiplicity of malaria transmission: a review of entomological inoculation rate measurements and methods across sub-saharan africa. | plasmodium falciparum malaria is a serious tropical disease that causes more than one million deaths each year, most of them in africa. it is transmitted by a range of anopheles mosquitoes and the risk of disease varies greatly across the continent. the "entomological inoculation rate" is the commonly-used measure of the intensity of malaria transmission, yet the methods used are currently not standardized, nor do they take the ecological, demographic, and socioeconomic differences across popula ... | 2009 | 19166589 |
| two duplicated p450 genes are associated with pyrethroid resistance in anopheles funestus, a major malaria vector. | pyrethroid resistance in anopheles funestus is a potential obstacle to malaria control in africa. tools are needed to detect resistance in field populations. we have been using a positional cloning approach to identify the major genes conferring pyrethroid resistance in this vector. a quantitative trait locus (qtl) named rp1 explains 87% of the genetic variance in pyrethroid susceptibility in two families from reciprocal crosses between susceptible and resistant strains. two additional qtls of m ... | 2009 | 19196725 |
| agent-based modelling of mosquito foraging behaviour for malaria control. | traditional environmental management programmes require extensive coverage of larval habitats to reduce drastically the emergence of adult mosquitoes. recent studies have highlighted the impact of reduced availability of aquatic habitats on mosquito foraging for hosts and oviposition sites. in this study, we developed an agent-based model to track the status and movement of mosquitoes individually. mosquito foraging was represented as a two-stage process: random flight when the resource was not ... | 2009 | 19200566 |
| field-based evidence of fast and global increase of plasmodium falciparum drug-resistance by dna-microarrays and pcr/rflp in niger. | over the last years, significant progress has been made in the comprehension of the molecular mechanism of malaria resistance to drugs. together with in vivo tests, the molecular monitoring is now part of the survey strategy of the plasmodium sensitivity. currently, dna-microarray analysis allows the simultaneous study of many single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) of plasmodium isolates. in december 2005, the international federation of the red cross distributed two million three hundred thousan ... | 2009 | 19236701 |
| major variations in malaria exposure of travellers in rural areas: an entomological cohort study in western côte d'ivoire. | malaria remains a major threat, to both travellers and military personnel deployed to endemic areas. the recommendations for travellers given by the world health organization is based on the incidence of malaria in an area and do not take the degree of exposure into account. the aim of this article is to evaluate the exposure of travellers by entomologic methods, which are the commonly used measures of the intensity of malaria transmission. | 2009 | 19638219 |
| sub-microscopic infections and long-term recrudescence of plasmodium falciparum in mozambican pregnant women. | control of malaria in pregnancy remains a public health challenge. improvements in its correct diagnosis and the adequacy of protocols to evaluate anti-malarial drug efficacy in pregnancy, are essential to achieve this goal. | 2009 | 19134201 |
| the tempo and mode of evolution of transposable elements as revealed by molecular phylogenies reconstructed from mosquito genomes. | although many mathematical models exist predicting the dynamics of transposable elements (tes), there is a lack of available empirical data to validate these models and inherent assumptions. genomes can provide a snapshot of several te families in a single organism, and these could have their demographics inferred by coalescent analysis, allowing for the testing of theories on te amplification dynamics. using the available genomes of the mosquitoes aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae, we indicat ... | 2009 | 19656180 |
| novel mutations in vangl1 in neural tube defects. | neural tube defects (ntds) are severe congenital malformations caused by failure of the neural tube to close during neurulation. their etiology is complex involving both environmental and genetic factors. we have recently reported three mutations in the planar cell polarity gene vangl1 associated with ntds. the aim of the present study was to define the role of vangl1 genetic variants in the development of ntds in a large cohort of various ethnic origins. we identified five novel missense varian ... | 2009 | 19319979 |
| comparative evaluation of the ifakara tent trap-b, the standardized resting boxes and the human landing catch for sampling malaria vectors and other mosquitoes in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | frequent, sensitive and accurate sampling of anopheles mosquitoes is a prerequisite for effective management of malaria vector control programmes. the most reliable existing means to measure mosquito density is the human landing catch (hlc). however, the hlc technique raises major ethical concerns because of the necessity to expose humans to vectors of malaria and a variety of other pathogens. furthermore, it is a very arduous undertaking that requires intense supervision, which is severely limi ... | 2009 | 19674477 |
| a new species concealed by anopheles funestus giles, a major malaria vector in africa. | the major malaria vector anopheles funestus belongs to a group of morphologically similar species that are commonly distinguished from one another through the use of chromosomal and molecular techniques. indoor resting collections of mosquitoes from malawi were initially identified as an. funestus by morphology, but failed to have this confirmed by the species-specific polymerase chain reaction assay. sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 identified variations within the ... | 2009 | 19706923 |
| selective and irreversible inhibitors of mosquito acetylcholinesterases for controlling malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. | new insecticides are urgently needed because resistance to current insecticides allows resurgence of disease-transmitting mosquitoes while concerns for human toxicity from current compounds are growing. we previously reported the finding of a free cysteine (cys) residue at the entrance of the active site of acetylcholinesterase (ache) in some insects but not in mammals, birds, and fish. these insects have two ache genes (ap and ao), and only ap-ache carries the cys residue. most of these insects ... | 2009 | 19714254 |
| adaptation and evaluation of the bottle assay for monitoring insecticide resistance in disease vector mosquitoes in the peruvian amazon. | the purpose of this study was to establish whether the "bottle assay", a tool for monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, can complement and augment the capabilities of the established who assay, particularly in resource-poor, logistically challenging environments. | 2009 | 19728871 |
| caspar controls resistance to plasmodium falciparum in diverse anopheline species. | immune responses mounted by the malaria vector anopheles gambiae are largely regulated by the toll and imd (immune deficiency) pathways via the nf-kappab transcription factors rel1 and rel2, which are controlled by the negative regulators cactus and caspar, respectively. rel1- and rel2-dependent transcription in a. gambiae has been shown to be particularly critical to the mosquito's ability to manage infection with the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. using rna interference to deplete ... | 2009 | 19282971 |
| malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in goulmoun, a rural city in south-western chad. | knowledge of some baseline entomological data such as entomological inoculation rates (eir) is crucially needed to assess the epidemiological impact of malaria control activities directed either against parasites or vectors. in chad, most published surveys date back to the 1960's. in this study, anopheline species composition and their relation to malaria transmission were investigated in a dry sudanian savannas area of chad. | 2009 | 19463189 |
| seasonal distribution of anopheles funestus chromosomal forms from burkina faso. | previous studies of anopheles funestus chromosomal inversion polymorphisms in burkina faso showed large departures from hardy-weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium among inversions located on different chromosomes, implying the existence of two taxonomic units ("chromosomal forms") with limited genetic flow. one chromosomal form, named folonzo, is highly polymorphic for alternative rearrangements of 3ra, 3rb, 2ra, and 3la; the other, kiribina, is predominantly characterized by the stan ... | 2009 | 19857258 |
| marked increase in child survival after four years of intensive malaria control. | in malaria-endemic countries in africa, a large proportion of child deaths are directly or indirectly attributable to infection with plasmodium falciparum. four years after high coverage, multiple malaria control interventions were introduced on bioko island, equatorial guinea, changes in infection with malarial parasites, anemia, and fever history in children were estimated and assessed in relation to changes in all-cause under-5 mortality. there were reductions in prevalence of infection (odds ... | 2009 | 19478243 |
| impact of child malnutrition on the specific anti-plasmodium falciparum antibody response. | in sub-saharan africa, preschool children represent the population most vulnerable to malaria and malnutrition. it is widely recognized that malnutrition compromises the immune function, resulting in higher risk of infection. however, very few studies have investigated the relationship between malaria, malnutrition and specific immunity. in the present study, the anti-plasmodium falciparum igg antibody (ab) response was evaluated in children according to the type of malnutrition. | 2009 | 19490641 |
| fever treatment in the absence of malaria transmission in an urban informal settlement in nairobi, kenya. | in sub-saharan africa, knowledge of malaria transmission across rapidly proliferating urban centres and recommendations for its prevention or management remain poorly defined. this paper presents the results of an investigation into infection prevalence and treatment of recent febrile events among a slum population in nairobi, kenya. | 2009 | 19604369 |
| male mating biology. | before sterile mass-reared mosquitoes are released in an attempt to control local populations, many facets of male mating biology need to be elucidated. large knowledge gaps exist in how both sexes meet in space and time, the correlation of male size and mating success and in which arenas matings are successful. previous failures in mosquito sterile insect technique (sit) projects have been linked to poor knowledge of local mating behaviours or the selection of deleterious phenotypes during colo ... | 2009 | 19917078 |
| comparative analysis of the global transcriptome of anopheles funestus from mali, west africa. | anopheles funestus is a principal vector of malaria across much of tropical africa and is considered one of the most efficient of its kind, yet studies of this species have lagged behind those of its broadly sympatric congener, an. gambiae. in aid of future genomic sequencing of an. funestus, we explored the whole body transcriptome, derived from mixed stage progeny of wild-caught females from mali, west africa. | 2009 | 19936243 |
| genetic diversity and population structure of plasmodium falciparum in thailand, a low transmission country. | the population structure of the causative agents of human malaria, plasmodium sp., including the most serious agent plasmodium falciparum, depends on the local epidemiological and demographic situations, such as the incidence of infected people, the vector transmission intensity and migration of inhabitants (i.e. exchange between sites). analysing the structure of p. falciparum populations at a large scale, such as continents, or with markers that are subject to non-neutral selection, can lead t ... | 2009 | 19602241 |
| identifying the most productive breeding sites for malaria mosquitoes in the gambia. | ideally larval control activities should be targeted at sites that generate the most adult vectors, thereby reducing operational costs. despite the plethora of potential mosquito breeding sites found in the floodplains of the gambia river, about 150 km from its mouth, during the rainy season, only a small proportion are colonized by anophelines on any day. this study aimed to determine the characteristics of larval habitats most frequently and most densely populated by anopheline larvae and to e ... | 2009 | 19361337 |
| insecticide resistance profiles for malaria vectors in the kassena-nankana district of ghana. | malaria is a major public health problem in ghana. the current strategy of the national malaria control programme is based on effective case management and the use of insecticide treated bed nets among vulnerable groups such as children under-five years of age and pregnant women. resistance to pyrethroids by anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus has been reported in several african countries including neighbouring burkina faso. | 2009 | 19389257 |
| a resting box for outdoor sampling of adult anopheles arabiensis in rice irrigation schemes of lower moshi, northern tanzania. | malaria vector sampling is the best method for understanding the vector dynamics and infectivity; thus, disease transmission seasonality can be established. there is a need to protecting humans involved in the sampling of disease vectors during surveillance or in control programmes. in this study, human landing catch, two cow odour baited resting boxes and an unbaited resting box were evaluated as vector sampling tools in an area with a high proportion of anopheles arabiensis, as the major malar ... | 2009 | 19393098 |
| sugar deprivation reduces insemination of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae), despite daily recruitment of adults, and predicts decline in model populations. | our research tests the hypothesis that the inability to sugar-feed reduces the insemination rate in mosquito populations. to test this, we measured the effects of sugar availability on cumulative insemination performance of male anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) during 10-d periods of continual emergence of equal numbers of both sexes, and we evaluated the implications at the population level with a matrix population model. on each day of each of four replicates, 20 newly emerged ... | 2009 | 19960677 |
| development of vegetable farming: a cause of the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of anopheles gambiae in urban areas of benin. | a fast development of urban agriculture has recently taken place in many areas in the republic of benin. this study aims to assess the rapid expansion of urban agriculture especially, its contribution to the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of anopheles gambiae. | 2009 | 19442297 |
| development of multiplex real-time pcr assays for identification of members of the anopheles funestus species group. | the malaria vector and non-vector species of the anopheles funestus group are morphologically very similar and accurate identification is required as part of effective control strategies. in the past, this has relied on morphological and cytogenetic methods but these have been largely superseded by a robust allele-specific pcr (as-pcr). one disadvantage of as-pcr is the requirement for post-pcr processing by gel electrophoresis of pcr products. in this study, three new high-throughput 'closed-tu ... | 2009 | 20003184 |
| the effects of zooprophylaxis and other mosquito control measures against malaria in nouna, burkina faso. | in the absence of large scale, organized vector control programmes, individual protective measures against mosquitoes are essential for reducing the transmission of diseases like malaria. knowledge of the types and effectiveness of mosquito control methods used by households can aid in the development and promotion of preventive measures. | 2009 | 20003189 |
| house design modifications reduce indoor resting malaria vector densities in rice irrigation scheme area in western kenya. | simple modifications of typical rural house design can be an effective and relatively inexpensive method of reducing indoor mosquito vector densities and consequently decreasing malaria transmission. public health scientists have shown the potential for house design to protect people against malaria, yet this type of intervention remains virtually ignored. a randomized-controlled study was, therefore, undertaken to determine the effects of this method of vector control on the density of indoor r ... | 2009 | 19454025 |
| living at the edge: biogeographic patterns of habitat segregation conform to speciation by niche expansion in anopheles gambiae. | ongoing lineage splitting within the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is compatible with ecological speciation, the evolution of reproductive isolation by divergent natural selection acting on two populations exploiting alternative resources. divergence between two molecular forms (m and s) identified by fixed differences in rdna, and characterized by marked, although incomplete, reproductive isolation is occurring in west and central africa. to elucidate the role that ecology and geog ... | 2009 | 19460144 |
| ecological niche partitioning between anopheles gambiae molecular forms in cameroon: the ecological side of speciation. | speciation among members of the anopheles gambiae complex is thought to be promoted by disruptive selection and ecological divergence acting on sets of adaptation genes protected from recombination by polymorphic paracentric chromosomal inversions. however, shared chromosomal polymorphisms between the m and s molecular forms of an. gambiae and insufficient information about their relationship with ecological divergence challenge this view. we used geographic information systems, ecological niche ... | 2009 | 19460146 |
| integrated malaria vector control with microbial larvicides and insecticide-treated nets in western kenya: a controlled trial. | to assess the contributions of both microbial larvicides and insecticide-treated nets (itns) in terms of reducing malaria incidence in an integrated vector management programme in an area moderately endemic for malaria in the western kenyan highlands. | 2009 | 19784445 |
| assessment of the relative success of sporozoite inoculations in individuals exposed to moderate seasonal transmission. | the time necessary for malaria parasite to re-appear in the blood following treatment (re-infection time) is an indirect method for evaluating the immune defences operating against pre-erythrocytic and early erythrocytic malaria stages. few longitudinal data are available in populations in whom malaria transmission level had also been measured. | 2009 | 19604389 |
| epidemiology of malaria in an area prepared for clinical trials in korogwe, north-eastern tanzania. | site preparation is a pre-requesite in conducting malaria vaccines trials. this study was conducted in 12 villages to determine malariometric indices and associated risk factors, during long and short rainy seasons, in an area with varying malaria transmission intensities in korogwe district, tanzania. four villages had passive case detection (pcd) of fever system using village health workers. | 2009 | 19615093 |
| epidemiology of malaria in the forest-savanna transitional zone of ghana. | information on the epidemiology of malaria is essential for designing and interpreting results of clinical trials of drugs, vaccines and other interventions. as a background to the establishment of a site for anti-malarial drugs and vaccine trials, the epidemiology of malaria in a rural site in central ghana was investigated. | 2009 | 19785766 |
| the dawgpaws pipeline for the annotation of genes and transposable elements in plant genomes. | abstract: | 2009 | 19545381 |
| placental malaria and low birth weight in pregnant women living in a rural area of burkina faso following the use of three preventive treatment regimens. | the weekly chemoprophylaxis of malaria during pregnancy with chloroquine (cq) has become problematic with the increasing resistance of plasmodium falciparum to this drug. there was a need to test the benefits of new strategies over the classical chemoprophylaxis. this study was conducted to provide data to the national malarial control programme for an evidence-based policy change decision making process. it compares the efficacy of two ipt regimens, using chloroquine (cq) or sulphadoxine/pyrime ... | 2009 | 19811649 |
| nhe(vnat): an h+ v-atpase electrically coupled to a na+:nutrient amino acid transporter (nat) forms an na+/h+ exchanger (nhe). | glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and other metabolic pathways of living organisms generate potentially toxic acids within all cells. one ubiquitous mechanism for ridding cells of the acids is to expel h(+) in exchange for extracellular na(+), mediated by electroneutral transporters called na(+)/h(+) exchangers (nhes) that are driven by na(+) concentration gradients. the exchange must be important because the human genome contains 10 nhes along with two na(+)/h(+) antiporters (nhas). by contrast ... | 2009 | 19151209 |
| insight into the sialome of the black fly, simulium vittatum. | adaptation to vertebrate blood feeding includes development of a salivary "magic potion" that can disarm host hemostasis and inflammatory reactions. within the lower diptera, a vertebrate blood-sucking mode evolved in the psychodidae (sand flies), culicidae (mosquitoes), ceratopogonidae (biting midges), simuliidae (black flies), and the frog-feeding corethrellidae. sialotranscriptome analyses from several species of mosquitoes and sand flies and from one biting midge indicate divergence in the e ... | 2009 | 19166301 |
| molecular evolution of immune genes in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | background: as pathogens that circumvent the host immune response are favoured by selection, so are host alleles that reduce parasite load. such evolutionary processes leave their signature on the genes involved. deciphering modes of selection operating on immune genes might reveal the nature of host-pathogen interactions and factors that govern susceptibility in host populations. such understanding would have important public health implications. methodology/findings: we analyzed polymorphisms ... | 2009 | 19234606 |
| patterns of variation in the inhibitor of apoptosis 1 gene of aedes triseriatus, a transovarial vector of la crosse virus. | aedes triseriatus mosquitoes transovarially transmit (tot) la crosse virus (lacv) to their offspring with minimal damage to infected ovaries. ae. triseriatus inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (atiap1) is a candidate gene conditioning the ability to vertically transmit lacv. atiap1 was amplified and sequenced in adult mosquitoes reared from field-collected eggs. sequence analysis showed that atiap1 has much higher levels of genetic diversity than genes found in other mosquitoes. despite this large amount ... | 2009 | 19308633 |
| the salivary transcriptome of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) larvae: a microarray-based analysis. | in spite of the many recent developments in the field of vector sialomics, the salivary glands of larval mosquitoes have been largely unexplored. we used whole-transcriptome microarray analysis to create a gene-expression profile of the salivary gland tissue of fourth-instar anopheles gambiae larvae, and compare it to the gene-expression profile of a matching group of whole larvae. we identified a total of 221 probes with expression values that were (a) significantly enriched in the salivary gla ... | 2009 | 19328852 |
| the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6: an anopheline-specific protein with a blood-feeding role. | the anopheles gambiae salivary gland protein 6 (gsg6) is a small protein specifically found in the salivary glands of adult female mosquitoes. we report here the expression of a recombinant form of the protein and we show that in vivo gsg6 is expressed in distal-lateral lobes and is secreted with the saliva while the female mosquito probes for feeding. injection of gsg6 dsrna into adult a. gambiae females results in decreased gsg6 protein levels, increased probing time and reduced blood feeding ... | 2009 | 19442731 |
| an initial linkage map of the west nile virus vector culex tarsalis. | we have constructed the first genetic linkage map for the north american arboviral vector culex tarsalis. 120 f(2) offspring from a cross between two colonies were genotyped using 25 microsatellites and six inter-simple sequence repeat (issr) markers. we resolved four linkage groups which likely correspond to two full-length chromosomes and two arms of the final chromosome. the longest linkage group contains the sex locus and corresponds to chromosome 3. recombination rates around the sex locus ... | 2009 | 19453767 |
| t-cell epitope polymorphisms of the plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein among field isolates from sierra leone: age-dependent haplotype distribution? | in the context of the development of a successful malaria vaccine, understanding the polymorphisms exhibited by malaria antigens in natural parasite populations is crucial for proper vaccine design. recent observations have indicated that sequence polymorphisms in the c-terminal t-cell epitopes of the plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (pfcsp) are rather low and apparently stable in low endemic areas. this study sought to assess the pattern in a malaria endemic setting in africa, usi ... | 2009 | 19500348 |
| tsetse flies: genetics, evolution, and role as vectors. | tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are an ancient taxon of one genus, glossina, and limited species diversity. all are exclusively haematophagous and confined to sub-saharan africa. the glossina are the principal vectors of african trypanosomes trypanosoma sp. (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) and as such, are of great medical and economic importance. clearly tsetse flies and trypanosomes are coadapted and evolutionary interactions between them are manifest. numerous clonally reproducing strai ... | 2009 | 18992846 |
| highly focused anopheline breeding sites and malaria transmission in dakar. | urbanization has a great impact on the composition of the vector system and malaria transmission dynamics. in dakar, some malaria cases are autochthonous but parasite rates and incidences of clinical malaria attacks have been recorded at low levels. ecological heterogeneity of malaria transmission was investigated in dakar, in order to characterize the anopheles breeding sites in the city and to study the dynamics of larval density and adult aggressiveness in ten characteristically different urb ... | 2009 | 19552809 |
| spatial distribution, blood feeding pattern, and role of anopheles funestus complex in malaria transmission in central kenya. | studies were conducted to determine the role of sibling species of anopheles funestus complex in malaria transmission in three agro-ecosystems in central kenya. mosquitoes were sampled indoors and outdoors, and rdna pcr was successfully used to identify 340 specimens. anopheles parensis (91.8%), a. funestus (6.8%), and anopheles leesoni (1.5%) were the three sibling species identified. a. parensis was the dominant species at all study sites, while 22 of 23 a. funestus were collected in the non-i ... | 2009 | 19557433 |
| expressed sequence tags from larval gut of the european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis): exploring candidate genes potentially involved in bacillus thuringiensis toxicity and resistance. | lepidoptera represents more than 160,000 insect species which include some of the most devastating pests of crops, forests, and stored products. however, the genomic information on lepidopteran insects is very limited. only a few studies have focused on developing expressed sequence tag (est) libraries from the guts of lepidopteran larvae. knowledge of the genes that are expressed in the insect gut are crucial for understanding basic physiology of food digestion, their interactions with bacillus ... | 2009 | 19558725 |
| an insight into the transcriptome and proteome of the salivary gland of the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans. | adult stable flies are blood feeders, a nuisance, and mechanical vectors of veterinary diseases. to enable efficient feeding, blood sucking insects have evolved a sophisticated array of salivary compounds to disarm their host's hemostasis and inflammatory reaction. while the sialomes of several blood sucking nematocera flies have been described, no thorough description has been made so far of any brachycera, except for a detailed proteome analysis of a tabanid (xu et al., 2008). in this work we ... | 2009 | 19576987 |
| analysis of expression in the anopheles gambiae developing testes reveals rapidly evolving lineage-specific genes in mosquitoes. | male mosquitoes do not feed on blood and are not involved in delivery of pathogens to humans. consequently, they are seldom the subjects of research, which results in a very poor understanding of their biology. to gain insights into male developmental processes we sought to identify genes transcribed exclusively in the reproductive tissues of male anopheles gambiae pupae. | 2009 | 19580678 |
| cloning and functional expression of the first eukaryotic na+-tryptophan symporter, agnat6. | the nutrient amino acid transporter (nat) subfamily of the neurotransmitter sodium symporter family (nss, also known as the solute carrier family 6, slc6) represents transport mechanisms with putative synergistic roles in the absorption of essential and conditionally essential neutral amino acids. it includes a large paralogous expansion of insect-specific genes, with seven genes from the genome of the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. one of the an. gambiae nats, agnat8, was cloned, function ... | 2009 | 19411550 |
| functional importance of the conserved n-terminal domain of the mitochondrial replicative dna helicase. | the mitochondrial replicative dna helicase is an essential cellular protein that shows high similarity with the bifunctional primase-helicase of bacteriophage t7, the gene 4 protein (t7 gp4). the n-terminal primase domain of t7 gp4 comprises seven conserved sequence motifs, i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, and an rna polymerase basic domain. the putative primase domain of metazoan mitochondrial dna helicases has diverged from t7 gp4 and in particular, the primase domain of vertebrates lacks motif i, which ... | 2009 | 19063859 |
| social and environmental malaria risk factors in urban areas of ouagadougou, burkina faso. | despite low endemicity, malaria remains a major health problem in urban areas where a high proportion of fevers are presumptively treated using anti-malarial drugs. low acquired malaria immunity, behaviour of city-dwellers, access to health care and preventive interventions, and heterogenic suitability of urban ecosystems for malaria transmission contribute to the complexity of the malaria epidemiology in urban areas. | 2009 | 19144144 |
| high, clustered, nucleotide diversity in the genome of anopheles gambiae revealed through pooled-template sequencing: implications for high-throughput genotyping protocols. | association mapping approaches are dependent upon discovery and validation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). to further association studies in anopheles gambiae we conducted a major resequencing programme, primarily targeting regions within or close to candidate genes for insecticide resistance. | 2009 | 19607710 |
| recombinant expression and biochemical characterization of the catalytic domain of acetylcholinesterase-1 from the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | acetylcholinesterases (aches) and their genes from susceptible and resistant insects have been extensively studied to understand the molecular basis of target site insensitivity. due to the existence of other resistance mechanisms, however, it can be problematic to correlate directly a mutation with the resistant phenotype. an alternative approach involves recombinant expression and characterization of highly purified wild-type and mutant aches, which serves as a reliable platform for studying s ... | 2009 | 19607916 |
| molecular and functional characterization of a c-type lysozyme from the asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis. | some lepidopteran lysozymes have been reported to display activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to most lysozymes that are active only against gram-positive bacteria. ostrinlysc, a c-type lysozyme, was purified from the asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis guenée (lepidoptera: pyralidae), and shows activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the nh2-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by edman degradation and used in a homology cloning str ... | 2009 | 19613460 |
| genomic resources for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens, and the role of vectorbase. | high-throughput genome sequencing techniques have now reached vector biology with an emphasis on those species that are vectors of human pathogens. the first mosquito to be sequenced was anopheles gambiae, the vector for plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. further mosquitoes have followed: aedes aegypti (yellow fever and dengue fever vector) and culex pipiens (lymphatic filariasis and west nile fever). species that are currently in sequencing include the body louse pediculus humanus (typhus ... | 2009 | 18262474 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae: data from the first year of a multi-country study highlight the extent of the problem. | insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a growing concern in many countries which requires immediate attention because of the limited chemical arsenal available for vector control. the current extent and distribution of this resistance in many parts of the continent is unknown and yet such information is essential for the planning of effective malaria control interventions. | 2009 | 20015411 |
| spatial risk profiling of plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in a high endemicity area in côte d'ivoire. | the objective of this study was to identify demographic, environmental and socioeconomic risk factors and spatial patterns of plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in a high endemicity area of africa, and to specify how this information can facilitate improved malaria control at the district level. | 2009 | 19906295 |
| ranking malaria risk factors to guide malaria control efforts in african highlands. | malaria is re-emerging in most of the african highlands exposing the non immune population to deadly epidemics. a better understanding of the factors impacting transmission in the highlands is crucial to improve well targeted malaria control strategies. | 2009 | 19946627 |
| local scale prediction of plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in an endemic region using temperature and rainfall. | to support malaria control strategies, prior knowledge of disease risk is necessary. developing a model to explain the transmission of malaria, in endemic and epidemic regions, is of high priority in developing health system interventions. we develop, fit and validate a non-spatial dynamic model driven by meteorological conditions that can capture seasonal malaria transmission dynamics at the village level in a malaria holoendemic area of north-western burkina faso. | 2009 | 20052379 |
| cultured skin microbiota attracts malaria mosquitoes. | host-seeking of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, is guided by human odours. the precise nature of the odours, and the composition of attractive blends of volatiles, remains largely unknown. skin microbiota plays an important role in the production of human body odours. it is hypothesized that host attractiveness and selection of an. gambiae is affected by the species composition, density, and metabolic activity of the skin microbiota. a study is presented in which t ... | 2009 | 20017925 |
| habitat suitability and ecological niche profile of major malaria vectors in cameroon. | suitability of environmental conditions determines a species distribution in space and time. understanding and modelling the ecological niche of mosquito disease vectors can, therefore, be a powerful predictor of the risk of exposure to the pathogens they transmit. in africa, five anophelines are responsible for over 95% of total malaria transmission. however, detailed knowledge of the geographic distribution and ecological requirements of these species is to date still inadequate. | 2009 | 20028559 |
| land use and land cover changes and spatiotemporal dynamics of anopheline larval habitats during a four-year period in a highland community of africa. | spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of anopheline larval habitats and land use and land cover (lulc) changes can influence malaria transmission intensity. this information is important for understanding the environmental determinants of malaria transmission heterogeneity, and it is critical to the study of the effects of environmental changes on malaria transmission. in this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of anopheline larval habita ... | 2009 | 19996440 |
| a mechanistic approach for accurate simulation of village scale malaria transmission. | malaria transmission models commonly incorporate spatial environmental and climate variability for making regional predictions of disease risk. however, a mismatch of these models' typical spatial resolutions and the characteristic scale of malaria vector population dynamics may confound disease risk predictions in areas of high spatial hydrological variability such as the sahel region of africa. | 2009 | 19799793 |
| behavioural and insecticidal effects of organophosphate-, carbamate- and pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets against african malaria vectors. | three insecticides - the pyrethroid deltamethrin, the carbamate carbosulfan and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos-methyl - were tested on mosquito nets in experimental huts to determine their potential for introduction as malaria control measures. their behavioural effects and efficacy were examined in anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles funestus giles s.s. in muheza, tanzania, and in anopheles arabiensis patton and culex quinquefasciatus say in moshi, tanzania. a stan ... | 2009 | 19941597 |
| fungal infection counters insecticide resistance in african malaria mosquitoes. | the evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is threatening the effectiveness and sustainability of malaria control programs in various parts of the world. through their unique mode of action, entomopathogenic fungi provide promising alternatives to chemical control. however, potential interactions between fungal infection and insecticide resistance, such as cross-resistance, have not been investigated. we show that insecticide-resistant anopheles mosquitoes remain susceptible to infect ... | 2009 | 19805146 |
| malaria vector composition and insecticide susceptibility status in guinea conakry, west africa. | this study provides data on malaria vector species composition and insecticide susceptibility status from three localities in guinea conakry. a total of 497 mosquitoes were collected resting indoors and morphologically identified as belonging to the anopheles gambiae complex. the majority of these were an. gambiae s.s. (99.6%), but a small percentage (0.4%) were identified as anopheles arabiensis. thirty-four anopheles funestus s.s. were also collected. the molecular s form of an. gambiae s.s. w ... | 2009 | 19941598 |
| habitat stability and occurrences of malaria vector larvae in western kenya highlands. | although the occurrence of malaria vector larvae in the valleys of western kenya highlands is well documented, knowledge of larval habitats in the uphill sites is lacking. given that most inhabitants of the highlands actually dwell in the uphill regions, it is important to develop understanding of mosquito breeding habitat stability in these sites in order to determine their potential for larval control. | 2009 | 19845968 |
| effect of repeated application of microbial larvicides on malaria transmission in central côte d'ivoire. | the effect of repeated applications of bacillus thuringiensis var israeliensis (bti) and b. sphaericus (bs) on different entomologic parameters of malaria transmission was investigated in a village in central côte d'ivoire. the study area was monitored for potential mosquito breeding sites over a 7-month period. microbial larvicides were applied once every 3 wk; first bti (0.8 mg/liter), followed by bs (10 mg/liter) 3-4 days later. adult mosquitoes were collected inside and outside sentinel hous ... | 2009 | 19852233 |
| environmental factors associated with the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus in kenya. | the anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus mosquito species complexes are the primary vectors of plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-saharan africa. to better understand the environmental factors influencing these species, the abundance, distribution and transmission data from a south-eastern kenyan study were retrospectively analysed, and the climate, vegetation and elevation data in key locations compared. | 2009 | 19941637 |
| absence of knockdown resistance suggests metabolic resistance in the main malaria vectors of the mekong region. | as insecticide resistance may jeopardize the successful malaria control programmes in the mekong region, a large investigation was previously conducted in the mekong countries to assess the susceptibility of the main malaria vectors against ddt and pyrethroid insecticides. it showed that the main vector, anopheles epiroticus, was highly pyrethroid-resistant in the mekong delta, whereas anopheles minimus sensu lato was pyrethroid-resistant in northern vietnam. anopheles dirus sensu stricto showed ... | 2009 | 19400943 |
| the salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector anopheles darlingi reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy. | mosquito saliva, consisting of a mixture of dozens of proteins affecting vertebrate hemostasis and having sugar digestive and antimicrobial properties, helps both blood and sugar meal feeding. culicine and anopheline mosquitoes diverged ~150 mya, and within the anophelines, the new world species diverged from those of the old world ~95 mya. while the sialotranscriptome (from the greek sialo, saliva) of several species of the cellia subgenus of anopheles has been described thoroughly, no detailed ... | 2009 | 19178717 |
| decreased motivation in the use of insecticide-treated nets in a malaria endemic area in burkina faso. | the use of insecticide-treated nets (itn) is an important tool in the roll back malaria (rbm) strategy. for itns to be effective they need to be used correctly. previous studies have shown that many factors, such as wealth, access to health care, education, ethnicity and gender, determine the ownership and use of itns. some studies showed that free distribution and public awareness campaigns increased the rate of use. however, there have been no evaluations of the short- and long-term impact of ... | 2009 | 19640290 |
| large-scale identification of odorant-binding proteins and chemosensory proteins from expressed sequence tags in insects. | insect odorant binding proteins (obps) and chemosensory proteins (csps) play an important role in chemical communication of insects. gene discovery of these proteins is a time-consuming task. in recent years, expressed sequence tags (ests) of many insect species have accumulated, thus providing a useful resource for gene discovery. | 2009 | 20034407 |
| introduction: development of the sterile insect technique for african malaria vectors. | 2009 | 19917069 | |
| predicting the impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission: the devil is in the detail. | insecticide-treated bed nets (itns), including long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins), play a primary role in global campaigns to roll back malaria in tropical africa. effectiveness of treated nets depends on direct impacts on individual mosquitoes including killing and excite-repellency, which vary considerably among vector species due to variations in host-seeking behaviours. while monitoring and evaluation programmes of itns have focuses on morbidity and all-cause mortality in humans, local e ... | 2009 | 19917119 |
| functional expression of an arachnid sodium channel reveals residues responsible for tetrodotoxin resistance in invertebrate sodium channels. | tetrodotoxin (ttx) is a potent blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels, but not all sodium channels are equally sensitive to inhibition by ttx. the molecular basis of differential ttx sensitivity of mammalian sodium channels has been largely elucidated. in contrast, our knowledge about the sensitivity of invertebrate sodium channels to ttx remains poor, in part because of limited success in functional expression of these channels. in this study, we report the functional characterization in xeno ... | 2009 | 19828457 |
| denis burkitt and the african lymphoma. | burkitt lymphoma has provided a model for the understanding of the epidemiology, the molecular abnormalities that induce tumours, and the treatment of other lymphomas. it is important to remember that the early phases of this work were conducted in africa where today, unfortunately, the disease usually results in death because of limited resources, even though most children in more developed countries are cured. this must be changed. in addition, it is time to re-explore, with modern techniques, ... | 2009 | 22276020 |