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[testing for btv, bvdv and bhv-1 in blood samples of new world camelids kept in middle germany].the susceptibility of camelids for infectious agents which may result in severe economic losses or which are strictly regulated for epidemiological reasons in farm animals potentially causes a mutual risk of transmission. this study aimed to investigate the presence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bluetongue virus (btv) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) as well as the presence of pestivirus antigen in new world camelids in central germany. therefore 107 serum samples fr ...201021141278
robust inference of the context specific structure and temporal dynamics of gene regulatory network.response of cells to changing endogenous or exogenous conditions is governed by intricate molecular interactions, or regulatory networks. to lead to appropriate responses, regulatory network should be 1) context-specific, i.e., its constituents and topology depend on the phonotypical and experimental context including tissue types and cell conditions, such as damage, stress, macroenvironments of cell, etc. and 2) time varying, i.e., network elements and their regulatory roles change actively ove ...201021143778
facial herpes zoster complicated by varicella zoster virus (vzv) encephalitis: the diagnostic significance of atypical lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid (csf).in general, viral infections of the central nervous system (cns) manifest as encephalitis and, less commonly, as meningoencephalitis or aseptic meningitis. varicella zoster virus (vzv) is an uncommon cause of encephalitis.201021144586
prevalence of human cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus in subgingival plaque at peri-implantitis, mucositis and healthy sites. a pilot study.this study evaluated the prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) in peri-implantitis and mucositis sites and the correlation between herpesvirus and clinical parameters. fifty-six dental implants (mean time of loading, 4.27±1.6 years) were evaluated (20 peri-implantitis, 18 mucositis, 18 healthy peri-implant sites.) the clinical parameters assessed were: visible plaque index (pi), bleeding on probing (bop), suppuration (sup), probing depth (pd). a polymerase chain ...201021145210
identification of herpesviruses types 1 to 8 and human papillomavirus in acute apical abscesses.it has been suggested that viruses, especially herpesviruses, can play a role in the pathogenesis of marginal and apical periodontitis. this study aimed to detect herpesviruses types 1 to 8, namely herpes simplex virus (hsv-1/2), varicella zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6), human herpesvirus-7 (hhv-7), and human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) as well as human papillomavirus (hpv) in acute apical abscesses.201021146068
an atm/chk2-mediated dna damage-responsive signaling pathway suppresses epstein-barr virus transformation of primary human b cells.epstein-barr virus (ebv), an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes human malignancies, infects and immortalizes primary human b cells in vitro into indefinitely proliferating lymphoblastoid cell lines, which represent a model for ebv-induced tumorigenesis. the immortalization efficiency is very low, suggesting that an innate tumor suppressor mechanism is operative. we identify the dna damage response (ddr) as a major component of the underlying tumor suppressor mechanism. ebv-induced ddr activation ...201021147465
characterization of the betaherpesviral pul69 protein family reveals binding of the cellular mrna export factor uap56 as a prerequisite for stimulation of nuclear mrna export and for efficient viral replication.ul69 of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) encodes a pleiotropic transactivator protein and has a counterpart in every member of the herpesviridae family thus far sequenced. however, little is known about the conservation of the functions of the nuclear phosphoprotein pul69 in the homologous proteins of other betaherpesviruses. therefore, eukaryotic expression vectors were constructed for pc69 of chimpanzee cytomegalovirus, prh69 of rhesus cytomegalovirus, pm69 of murine cytomegalovirus, pu42 of human ...201021147923
expression profiles of micrornas encoded by the oncogenic marek's disease virus reveal two distinct expression patterns in vivo during different phases of disease.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a long-recognized oncogenic herpesvirus, which induces lymphoma in its natural host that can be prevented by vaccination. mdv infection provides an excellent biological model for investigating the biology, genetics and immunology of viral oncogenesis. recently discovered micrornas (mirnas) in the mdv genome have been suggested to have regulatory roles during mdv oncogenesis. we have examined the expression profiles of all 22 previously reported mirnas encoded by md ...201021148277
structure of a core fragment of glycoprotein h from pseudorabies virus in complex with antibody.compared with many well-studied enveloped viruses, herpesviruses use a more sophisticated molecular machinery to induce fusion of viral and cellular membranes during cell invasion. this essential function is carried out by glycoprotein b (gb), a class iii viral fusion protein, together with the heterodimer of glycoproteins h and l (gh/gl). in pseudorabies virus (prv), a porcine herpesvirus, it was shown that gh/gl can be substituted by a chimeric fusion protein gdgh, containing the receptor bind ...201021149698
crystal structure of the epstein-barr virus (ebv) glycoprotein h/glycoprotein l (gh/gl) complex.the epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a γ-herpesvirus that infects b cells and epithelial cells and that has been linked to malignancies in both cell types in vivo. ebv, like other herpesviruses, has three glycoproteins, glycoprotein b (gb), gh, and gl, that form the core membrane fusion machinery mediating viral penetration into the cell. the gh and gl proteins associate to form a heterodimeric complex, which is necessary for efficient membrane fusion and also implicated in direct binding to epitheli ...201021149717
herpesvirus vaccines: challenges and future prospects.human herpes viruses are a family of large double stranded dna viruses. their life-cycle is characterized by an initial lytic cycle of infection in which large numbers of new virions are generated, followed by a pattern of lifelong latent infection with intermittent reactivation and viral shedding. co-evolution over millennia has resulted in an interaction between host and pathogen which leads to the successful establishment of a lifelong latent infection with typically minimal impact upon the h ...201021150281
iatrogenic oral hairy leukoplakia: report of two cases.oral hairy leukoplakia (ohl) presents as a white, plaque-like lesion typically occurring on the lateral border of the tongue. this condition is caused by the epstein-barr virus, a human herpesvirus that often establishes lifelong, asymptomatic latent infection. ohl, initially described in immunocompromised men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), has also been described in other severely immunocompromised patients. only rarely has ohl been reported in less profoundly immunocompr ...201021121942
cyprinid herpesvirus 3.the recently designated cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is an emerging agent that causes fatal disease in common and koi carp. since its emergence in the late 1990s, this highly contagious pathogen has caused severe financial losses in common and koi carp culture industries worldwide. in addition to its economic role, recent studies suggest that cyhv-3 may have a role in fundamental research. cyhv-3 has the largest genome among viruses in the order herpesvirales and serves as a model for mutagen ...201021122210
transmission of ovine herpesvirus 2 from asymptomatic boars to sows. 201021122250
kaposi's sarcoma: an opportunistic infection by human herpesvirus-8 in ulcerative colitis.kaposi's sarcoma is a vascular tumor caused by human herpesvirus-8 infection. iatrogenic kaposi's sarcoma often occurs in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. to date, a few cases of colonic kaposi's sarcoma have been reported in ulcerative colitis patients treated with immunomodulators. we describe a 65-year-old male diagnosed with left-sided ulcerative colitis who was treated with methotrexate and low-dose steroids for greater than 6 years. he presented with several papular, violet le ...201021122564
in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus in the abalone haliotis laevigata.as viruses are extremely abundant in oceans, marine organisms may have evolved novel metabolites to protect themselves from viral infection. this research examined a well-known commercial gastropod, abalone (haliotidae), which in australia have recently experienced disease due to a neurotropic infection, abalone viral ganglioneuritis, caused by an abalone herpesvirus (abhv). due to the lack of molluscan cell lines for culturing abhv, the antiviral activity of the abalone haliotis laevigata was a ...201021123549
constitutive mtorc1 activation by a herpesvirus akt surrogate stimulates mrna translation and viral replication.all viruses require cellular ribosomes to translate their mrnas. viruses producing methyl-7 (m⁷) gtp-capped mrnas, like herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1), stimulate cap-dependent translation by activating mtorc1 to inhibit the translational repressor 4e-binding protein 1 (4e-bp1). here, we establish that the hsv-1 kinase us3 masquerades as akt to activate mtorc1. remarkably, us3 displays no sequence homology with the cellular kinase akt, yet directly phosphorylates tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (tsc ...201021123650
human herpesvirus-8 infection leads to expansion of the preimmune/natural effector b cell compartment.human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) is the etiological agent of kaposi's sarcoma (ks) and of some lymphoproliferative disorders of b cells. most malignancies develop after long-lasting viral dormancy, and a preventing role for both humoral and cellular immune control is suggested by the high frequency of these pathologies in immunosuppressed patients. b cells, macrophages and dendritic cells of peripheral lymphoid organs and blood represent the major reservoir of hhv-8. due to the dual role of b cells i ...201021124778
risk of classic kaposi sarcoma with exposures to plants and soils in sicily.abstract:201021126363
multiplex real-time rt-pcr detection of three viruses associated with the bovine respiratory disease complex.bovine respiratory disease complex (brdc) is considered the most significant illness associated with feedlot cattle in north america and possibly worldwide. brdc is a multi-factorial disease with environmental conditions interacting with multiple viral and bacterial pathogens to produce severe respiratory illness. bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 are three of the major viruses associated with brdc. in this study, a multiplex real-time rt-pcr usi ...201021126537
pathogenicity of a very virulent strain of marek's disease herpesvirus cloned as infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes.bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) vectors containing the full-length genomes of several herpesviruses have been used widely as tools to enable functional studies of viral genes. marek's disease viruses (mdvs) are highly oncogenic alphaherpesviruses that induce rapid-onset t-cell lymphomas in chickens. oncogenic strains of mdv reconstituted from bac clones have been used to examine the role of viral genes in inducing tumours. past studies have demonstrated continuous increase in virulence of ...201021127705
frequent detection of human herpes virus-8 in bone marrow of jordanian patients of multiple myeloma.the association between human herpes virus-8 (hhv-8), also called kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (kshv), and the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma remains controversial. many past studies conducting on different populations have come to contradicting conclusions. in this study, we attempted to investigate the presence of hhv-8 in jordanian multiple myeloma patients. we carried out nucleic acid amplification reactions targeting specific viral dna sequences on 35 fresh bone marrow aspirate ...201021130059
structure and sequence of the saimiriine herpesvirus 1 genome.we report here the complete genome sequence of the squirrel monkey α-herpesvirus saimiriine herpesvirus 1 (hvs1). unlike the simplexviruses of other primate species, only the unique short region of the hvs1 genome is bounded by inverted repeats. while all old world simian simplexviruses characterized to date lack the herpes simplex virus rl1 (γ34.5) gene, hvs1 has an rl1 gene. hvs1 lacks several genes that are present in other primate simplexviruses (us8.5, us10-12, ul43/43.5 and ul49a). althoug ...201021130483
withdrawn: corrigendum to "characterization of the nuclear import and export mechanisms of bovine herpesvirus-1 infected cell protein 27" [virus research 149 (2010) 95-103].this article has been withdrawn at the request of the authors. the publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.201021130511
modulation of interferon regulatory factor 5 activities by the kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral interferon regulatory factor 3 contributes to immune evasion and lytic induction.multiple kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv)-encoded proteins with potential roles in kshv-associated neoplasms have been identified. kshv encodes 4 genes with homology to transcription factors of the interferon (ifn) regulatory factor (irf) family. viral irf3 (virf3) is expressed in latently kshv-infected primary effusion lymphoma (pel) cells and was recently shown to be essential for the survival of pel cells. the focus of this study was to determine the mechanism(s) of virf3 oncoge ...201021133648
the effects of viral load on pseudorabies virus gene expression.herpesvirus genes are classified into distinct kinetic groups on the basis of their expression dynamics during lytic growth of the virus in cultured cells at a high, typically 10 plaque-forming units/cell multiplicity of infection (moi). it has been shown that both the host response and the success of a pathogen are dependent on the quantity of particles infecting an organism. this work is a continuation of an earlier study 1, in which we characterized the overall expression of prv genes followi ...201021134263
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus orf57 interacts with cellular rna export cofactors rbm15 and ott3 to promote expression of viral orf59.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) encodes orf57, which promotes the accumulation of specific kshv mrna targets, including orf59 mrna. we report that the cellular export nxf1 cofactors rbm15 and ott3 participate in orf57-enhanced expression of kshv orf59. we also found that ectopic expression of rbm15 or ott3 augments orf59 production in the absence of orf57. while rbm15 promotes the accumulation of orf59 rna predominantly in the nucleus compared to the levels in the cytoplasm, we fo ...201021106733
seeing the portal in herpes simplex virus type 1 b capsids.resolving the nonicosahedral components in large icosahedral viruses remains a technical challenge in structural virology. we have used the emerging technique of zernike phase-contrast electron cryomicroscopy to enhance the image contrast of ice-embedded herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids. image reconstruction enabled us to retrieve the structure of the unique portal vertex in the context of the icosahedral capsid and, for the first time, show the subunit organization of a portal in a virus inf ...201021106752
pentagalloylglucose downregulates cofilin1 and inhibits hsv-1 infection.to investigate the anti-herpesvirus mechanism of pentagalloylglucose (pgg), we compared the proteomic changes between herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infected mrc-5 cells with or without pgg-treatment, and between non-infected mrc-5 cells with or without pgg-treatment by 2-de and ms-based analysis. differentially expressed cellular proteins were mainly involved with actin cytoskeleton regulation. significantly, pgg can down-regulate cofilin1, a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. p ...201021108969
poly(a) tail recognition by a viral rna element through assembly of a triple helix.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus produces a highly abundant, nuclear noncoding rna, polyadenylated nuclear (pan) rna, which contains an element that prevents its decay. the 79-nucleotide expression and nuclear retention element (ene) was proposed to adopt a secondary structure like that of a box h/aca small nucleolar rna (snorna), with a u-rich internal loop that hybridizes to and protects the pan rna poly(a) tail. the crystal structure of a complex between the 40-nucleotide ene core and ...201021109672
the meq oncoprotein of marek's disease virus interacts with p53 and inhibits its transcriptional and apoptotic activities.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an oncogenic herpesvirus, which causes malignant lymphoma in chickens. the meq protein of mdv, which is expressed abundantly in mdv-infected cells and in marek's disease (md) tumor cells, functions as a transcriptional activator and has been proposed to play an important role in oncogenic transformation. preliminary studies demonstrated that meq is able to bind p53 in vitro, as demonstrated using a protein-binding assay. this observation prompted us to examine whet ...201021110861
identification and characterization of duck plague virus glycoprotein c gene and gene product.viral envelope proteins have been proposed to play significant roles in the process of viral infection.201021110887
swine adipose stromal cells loaded with recombinant bovine herpesvirus 4 virions expressing a foreign antigen induce potent humoral immune responses in pigs.increasingly effective vaccination strategies are needed to counteract the high incidence of contagious diseases associated with intensive swine breeding. recombinant viral vaccines are a promising new avenue in this direction. key features of viral vectors suitable for immunoprophylaxis are safety, ease of manipulation and the ability to replicate in a variety of hosts. most of the above requirements are met by bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4), a non-pathogenic dsdna virus capable of infecting a b ...201021115049
[morphofunctional characteristics of the fetoplacental complex in pregnant women with an exacerbation of herpes virus infection and pathomorphological changes in fetal organs].impaired placental cholesterol synthesis in a pregnant woman with an exacerbation of herpesvirus infection is characterized by disturbances in placental hormone biosynthesis, causing severe morphological changes in fetal organs (liver, adrenals, lungs, and thymus).201021086639
hla polymorphisms and detection of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus dna in saliva and peripheral blood among children and their mothers in the uganda sickle cell anemia kshv study.abstract: kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv, also called human herpesvirus 8 or hhv8) is a γ-2 herpesvirus that causes kaposi sarcoma. kshv seroprevalence rates vary geographically with variable rates recorded in different sub sahara african countries, suggesting that effects of genetic and/or environmental factors may influence the risk of infection. one study conducted in south africa, where kshv seroprevalence is relatively low, found that carriage of human leukocyte antigen (hla) a ...201021087485
a case of pneumonitis and encephalitis associated with human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) infection after bone marrow transplantation.human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6)-associated encephalitis or pneumonitis has been reported in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals. several mri studies in patients with hhv-6-associated encephalitis have been presented. however, to the best of our knowledge, no studies describing thin-section ct imaging in patients with hhv-6-associated pneumonitis have been reported. here we describe a case of hhv-6-associated encephalitis and pneumonitis that developed after bone marrow transplantation. ...201021088083
withdrawal of the culprit drug induces reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 in drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. 201021091676
epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (ebna1) confers resistance to apoptosis in ebv-positive b-lymphoma cells through up-regulation of survivin.resistance to apoptosis is an important component of the overall mechanism which drives the tumorigenic process. ebv is a ubiquitous human gamma-herpesvirus which preferentially establishes latent infection in viral infected b-lymphocytes. ebna1 is typically expressed in most forms of ebv-positive malignancies and is important for replication of the latent episome in concert with replication of the host cells. here, we investigate the effects of ebna1 on survivin up-regulation in ebv-infected hu ...201021093004
equine herpesvirus-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cell subpopulations during viremia.infection with equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) causes respiratory disease, late term abortions and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalitis (ehm) and remains an important problem in horses worldwide. despite increasing outbreaks of ehm in recent years, our understanding of ehm pathogenesis is still limited except for the knowledge that a cell-associated viremia in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) is a critical link between primary respiratory ehv-1 infection and secondary complications such a ...201021093993
first report of lamotrigine-induced drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome with pancreatitis.to report a case of lamotrigine-induced drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (dress) syndrome with pancreatitis as the initial visceral involvement.201021098750
targeting of b and t lymphocyte associated (btla) prevents graft-versus-host disease without global immunosuppression.graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) causes significant morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ahsct), preventing its broader application to non-life-threatening diseases. we show that a single administration of a nondepleting monoclonal antibody specific for the coinhibitory immunoglobulin receptor, b and t lymphocyte associated (btla), permanently prevented gvhd when administered at the time of ahsct. once gvhd was established, anti-btla treatment was unable ...201021078889
a bovine herpesvirus type 1 mutant virus with truncated glycoprotein e cytoplasmic tail has defective anterograde neuronal transport in rabbit dorsal root ganglia primary neuronal cultures in a microfluidic chamber system.bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) is an important component of the bovine respiratory disease complex (brdc) in cattle. following primary intranasal and ocular infection of cattle, bhv-1 establishes lifelong latent infection in trigeminal ganglia (tg). upon reactivation from latency, the virus is transported from neuronal cell bodies in the tg to projected nerve endings in nose and cornea of latently infected cattle where the virus shedding occurs. this property of bhv-1 plays a significant role ...201021080783
tumor viruses and cancer biology: modulating signaling pathways for therapeutic intervention.tumor viruses have provided relatively simple genetic systems, which can be manipulated for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the cellular transformation process. a growing body of information in the tumor virology field provides several prospects for rationally targeted therapies. however, further research is needed to better understand the multiple mechanisms utilized by these viruses in cancer progression in order to develop therapeutic strategies. initially viruses were believed to b ...201021084867
geographic heterogeneity of prevalence of the human herpesvirus 8 in sub-saharan africa: clues about etiology.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8, or kaposi sarcoma [ks]-associated herpesvirus, kshv) is a necessary but insufficient cause of ks, as ks develops in few hhv-8-infected persons. in sub-saharan africa, marked differences in the geographic distribution of hhv-8 and ks suggest that environmental cofactors influence hhv-8 transmission, control, and progression to ks. however, a direct comparison of hhv-8 prevalence estimates is complicated because studies used different serologic assays and analytic metho ...201021074111
seroprevalence of canine herpesvirus-1 in turkish dog population.canine herpesvirus-1 (chv-1) is the agent of reproductive and respiratory disorders in adult dogs, and the infection generally results in haemorrhagic disease conditions and neonatal death. in this study, virus neutralisation test that used complement (vnt) as well as in-house elisa were utilised to investigate the chv-1 seroprevalence in the turkish dog population. among the 560 serum samples, 39.3% of the samples tested by elisa were chv-1 positive while 29.4% of the samples tested by vnt were ...201021075406
monoclonal antibodies to b and t lymphocyte attenuator (btla) have no effect on in vitro b cell proliferation and act to inhibit in vitro t cell proliferation when presented in a cis, but not trans, format relative to the activating stimulus.b and t lymphocyte attenuator (btla) is an immunoglobulin superfamily member surface protein expressed on b and t cells. its ligand, herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem), is believed to act as a monomeric agonist that signals via the crd1 of hvem to inhibit lymphocyte activation: hvem is also the receptor for lymphotoxin-α and light, which both bind in the crd2 and crd3 domains of the hvem molecule, and for cd160 which competes with btla. we have shown that recombinant hvem and a panel of different ...201021078085
serosurvey for selected pathogens in iberian roe deer.the roe deer is the most abundant and widespread wild eurasian cervid. its populations are expanding and increasingly in contact with livestock. this may affect the distribution of infectious diseases shared with other wild and domestic ungulates.201021078207
phylogenetic analysis of marine mammal herpesviruses.five novel dna-dependent dna polymerase (dpol) herpesviral sequences were generated using nested consensus polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in clinical samples from a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus), orca (orcinus orca), california sea lion (zalophus californianus), and a phocid herpesvirus 2 (phhv-2) isolate from a harbor seal (used as positive control). these novel sequences and other representative herpesvirus sequences were included in bayesian and maximu ...201021055885
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded lana positively affects on ubiquitylation of p53.we established a series of stable transfectants expressing wild-type and three mutant lana; amino terminus, carboxyl terminus and amino terminus plus dna binding domain, as a new strategy to assess systematically the interactions and binding domains with cellular proteins. using the system, we reported that lana specifically bound to p53 via dna binding domain. as for lana function in the regulation of p53 through the interaction, we showed that polyubiquitylation of p53 in the presence of lana ...201021056547
study of the kinetics of antibodies titres against viral pathogens and detection of rotavirus and parainfluenza 3 infections in captive crias of guanacos (lama guanicoe).a longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the presence of antibodies (ab) to rotavirus (rv), parainfluenza-3 virus (pi-3), bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv-1) and bluetongue virus (btv) in eleven guanaco's crias (chulengos) relocated from rio negro to buenos aires province (argentina) and reared in captivity for a year in an experimental field. serum samples were collected periodically to detect the evidence of viral infections. faecal samples were collec ...201021062425
a neurotropic herpesvirus infecting the gastropod, abalone, shares ancestry with oyster herpesvirus and a herpesvirus associated with the amphioxus genome.with the exception of the oyster herpesvirus oshv-1, all herpesviruses characterized thus far infect only vertebrates. some cause neurological disease in their hosts, while others replicate or become latent in neurological tissues. recently a new herpesvirus causing ganglioneuritis in abalone, a gastropod, was discovered. molecular analysis of new herpesviruses, such as this one and others, still to be discovered in invertebrates, will provide insight into the evolution of herpesviruses.201021062506
transcriptome and proteome profiling of host responses to marek's disease virus in chickens.marek's disease (md) is an immunosuppressive and proliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by a highly oncogenic cell-associated alpha-herpesvirus, named marek's disease virus (mdv). despite the availability of highly efficacious vaccines for control of md and existence of lines of chickens which display differential genetic susceptibility or resistance to this disease, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of mdv-host interactions. the recent advent of global or targeted gene ...201021067815
patterns of complications of neonatal and infant meningitis on mri by organism: a 10 year review.introduction: imaging of meningitis in neonates and infants is not routine, but is frequent for complications. aside from tuberculosis and herpesvirus, imaging findings related to most responsible pathogens are thought to be nonspecific, but few studies exist. we reviewed the imaging features of complicated meningitis in infants and neonates at our hospital in the past decade, hypothesizing that patterns of complications might be more specific than previously recognized. methods: 10 yr retrospec ...201021067879
coordinated leading and lagging strand dna synthesis by using the herpes simplex virus 1 replication complex and minicircle dna templates.the origin-specific replication of the herpes simplex virus 1 genome requires seven proteins: the helicase-primase (ul5-ul8-ul52), the dna polymerase (ul30-ul42), the single-strand dna binding protein (icp8), and the origin-binding protein (ul9). we reconstituted these proteins, excluding ul9, on synthetic minicircular dna templates and monitored leading and lagging strand dna synthesis using the strand-specific incorporation of dtmp and damp. critical features of the assays that led to efficien ...201021068232
oxidative stress induces reactivation of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and death of primary effusion lymphoma cells.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) and primary effusion lymphoma (pel) cells are predominantly infected with latent kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), presenting a barrier to the destruction of tumor cells. latent kshv can be reactivated to undergo lytic replication. here we report that in pel cells, oxidative stress induced by upregulated reactive oxygen species (ros) can lead to kshv reactivation or cell death. ros are upregulated by nf-κb inhibition and are required for subsequent kshv reacti ...201021068240
noncytotoxic inhibition of viral infection through eif4f-independent suppression of translation by 4egi-1.the eukaryotic initiation factor eif4f recruits ribosomes to capped mrnas while eif2 mediates start codon recognition to initiate protein synthesis. increasing interest in targeting translation to suppress tumor growth has led to the development of new classes of inhibitors, including 4egi-1, which disrupts eif4f complexes. however, the full effects of this inhibitor and its potential uses in the treatment of other disease states remain unclear. here, we show that overall rates of protein synthe ...201021068241
the bovine herpesvirus 4 bo10 gene encodes a nonessential viral envelope protein that regulates viral tropism through both positive and negative effects.all gammaherpesviruses encode a glycoprotein positionally homologous to the epstein-barr virus gp350 and the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) k8.1. in this study, we characterized the positional homologous glycoprotein of bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4), encoded by the bo10 gene. we identified a 180-kda gene product, gp180, that was incorporated into the virion envelope. a bo10 deletion virus was viable but showed a growth deficit associated with reduced binding to epithelial cells. ...201021068242
functional characterization of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus small capsid protein by bacterial artificial chromosome-based mutagenesis.a systematic investigation of interactions amongst kshv capsid proteins was undertaken in this study to comprehend lesser known kshv capsid assembly mechanisms. interestingly the interaction patterns of the kshv small capsid protein, orf65 suggested its plausible role in viral capsid assembly pathways. towards further understanding this, orf65-null recombinant mutants (bac-∆65 and bac-stop65) employing a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) system were generated. no significant difference was f ...201020850163
prevalence of select infectious agents in inflammatory aural and nasopharyngeal polyps from client-owned cats.benign, inflammatory polyps may affect the nasopharynx and auditory canal of cats. it has been proposed that inflammation induced by infectious disease agents could trigger polyp formation. the objective of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1), feline calicivirus (fcv), mycoplasma species, bartonella species and chlamydophila felis nucleic acids in polyp tissues collected from 30 clinically affected cats. samples collected from the tympanic bulla from ...201020850367
infectious causes for feline upper respiratory tract disease--a case-control study.the aim of this case-control study was to investigate the prevalence of microorganisms in group-living cats with clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease (urtd), in in-contact cats and in cats in groups without urtd problems. samples were taken from the ventral conjunctival fornix for analysis of feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv), mycoplasma felis and chlamydiaceae using a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. the oropharynx was sampled for bacteriological culture and viral isolation. ...201020851008
production, purification and characterization of polyclonal antibody against the truncated gk of the duck enteritis virus.duck virus enteritis (dve) is an acute, contagious herpesvirus infection of ducks, geese, and swans, which has produced significant economic losses in domestic and wild waterfowl. with the purpose of decreasing economic losses in the commercial duck industry, studying the unknown glycoprotein k (gk) of dev may be a new method for preferably preventing and curing this disease. so this is the first time to product and purify the rabbit anti-tgk polyclonal antibody. through the western blot and eli ...201020846457
micrornas encoded by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus regulate viral life cycle.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is linked with kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas. the pathogenesis of kshv depends on the balance between two phases of the viral cycle: latency and lytic replication. in this study, we report that kshv-encoded micrornas (mirnas) function as regulators by maintaining viral latency and inhibiting viral lytic replication. mirnas are short, noncoding, small rnas that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of messenger rnas. of the 12 viral mirnas ...201020847741
contribution of lysine 11-linked ubiquitination to mir2-mediated major histocompatibility complex class i internalization.the polyubiquitin chain is generated by the sequential addition of ubiquitin moieties to target molecules, a reaction between specific lysine residues that is catalyzed by e3 ubiquitin ligase. the lys(48)-linked and lys(63)-linked polyubiquitin chains are well established inducers of proteasome-dependent degradation and signal transduction, respectively. the concept has recently emerged that polyubiquitin chain-mediated regulation is even more complex because various types of atypical polyubiqui ...201020833710
insight into the mechanism of human herpesvirus 7 u21-mediated diversion of class i mhc molecules to lysosomes.the u21 open reading frame from human herpesvirus-7 encodes a membrane protein that associates with and redirects class i mhc molecules to the lysosomal compartment. the mechanism by which u21 accomplishes this trafficking excursion is unknown. here we have examined the contribution of localization, glycosylation, domain structure, and the absence of substrate class i mhc molecules on the ability of u21 to traffic to lysosomes. our results suggest the existence of a cellular protein necessary fo ...201020833720
comparison of two real-time pcr methods for detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.the real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is considered to be a suitable tool for nucleic acid quantitation because it is accurate, rapid and reliable. the reference protocol for quantitation of ostreid herpesvirus 1 in pacific oysters crassostrea gigas is based on a sybr(®) green real-time pcr developed by the ifremer laboratory. the frank duncombe departmental laboratory has developed an alternative protocol based on taqman(®) chemistry (alternative technique). the quantitation limits were ...201020837066
preemptive therapy of human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis with foscarnet sodium for high-risk patients after hematopoietic sct.human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) is a major cause of limbic encephalitis with a dismal prognosis after allogeneic hematopoietic sct (hsct). a prospective, multicenter study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of preemptive therapy with foscarnet sodium (pfa) for the prevention of hhv-6 encephalitis. plasma hhv-6 dna was measured thrice weekly from day 7 until day 36 after umbilical cord blood transplantation (ucbt) or hsct from hla-haploidentical relatives. pfa, 90 mg/kg/day, was started ...201020838386
cyclin-dependent kinase-like function is shared by the beta- and gamma- subset of the conserved herpesvirus protein kinases.the ul97 protein of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv, or hhv-5 (human herpesvirus 5)), is a kinase that phosphorylates the cellular retinoblastoma (rb) tumor suppressor and lamin a/c proteins that are also substrates of cellular cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). a functional complementation assay has further shown that ul97 has authentic cdk-like activity. the other seven human herpesviruses each encode a kinase with sequence and positional homology to ul97. these ul97-homologous proteins have been te ...201020838604
antiviral activity of bignoniaceae species occurring in the state of minas gerais (brazil): part 1.to evaluate the antiviral activity of bignoniaceae species occurring in the state of minas gerais, brazil.201020840554
age-dependent prevalence of equid herpesvirus 5 infection.equid herpesvirus 5 (ehv-5) infection was detected in a farm in italy by the use of a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting glycoprotein b of ehv-5 on nasal swabs and blood samples of clinically healthy and randomly selected lipizzaner horses (n = 55). twenty-five horses at the age of 4-17 years and 30 at an age of 1-3 years were sampled once. the association of the infection with these age-groups and the gender of the horses was investigated. the apparent prevalence of ehv-5 inf ...201020842426
transcription phase, protein characteristics of dev ul45 and prokaryotic expression, antibody preparation of the ul45 des-transmembrane domain.some ul45 gene function of herpesvirus was reported. while there was no any report of the duck enteritis virus (dev) ul45 protein as yet.201020843372
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis receptor protein (tweakr) expression by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microrna prevents tweak-induced apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine expression.kaposi's sarcoma (ks)-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is the causative agent of ks, the second most common aids-associated malignancy. kshv expresses at least 18 different mature micrornas (mirnas) during latency. to identify cellular targets of kshv mirnas, we have analyzed a previously reported series of microarrays examining changes in cellular gene expression in the presence of kshv mirnas. tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (tweak) receptor (tweakr) was among the most ...201020844036
herpesviruses and chromosomal integration.herpesviruses are members of a diverse family of viruses that colonize all vertebrates from fish to mammals. although more than one hundred herpesviruses exist, all are nearly identical architecturally, with a genome consisting of a linear double-stranded dna molecule (100 to 225 kbp) protected by an icosahedral capsid made up of 162 hollow-centered capsomeres, a tegument surrounding the nucleocapsid, and a viral envelope derived from host membranes. upon infection, the linear viral dna is deliv ...201020844040
genetics and vaccine efficacy: host genetic variation affecting marek's disease vaccine efficacy in white leghorn chickens.marek's disease (md) is a t-cell lymphoma disease of domestic chickens induced by md virus (mdv), a naturally oncogenic and highly contagious cell-associated α-herpesvirus. earlier reports have shown that the mhc haplotype as well as non-mhc genes are responsible for genetic resistance to md. the mhc was also shown to affect efficiency of vaccine response. using specific-pathogen-free chickens from a series of 19 recombinant congenic strains and their 2 progenitor lines (lines 6(3) and 7(2)), va ...201020852098
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus load in asymptomatic contacts of cuban epidemic ks patients.to evaluate the pathogenic mechanisms and transmission routes involved in kshv infection in 22 cuban individuals who maintained close contact with epidemic ks patients, real-time pcr was used to quantify kshv-dna in clinical samples of plasma, saliva and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). kshv-dna was detected in 72.7% (16/22) of the contacts. the highest levels of kshv load were detected in saliva, followed by pbmc (average log copies/100 ng dna = 1.28 and 1.12), while significantly low ...201020852904
integration of bovine herpesvirus 4 genome into cultured persistently infected host cell genome.persistent infection of macrophages with bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4) has been proposed to play a secondary causal role, along with bacterial infection, in bovine post-partum metritis. mechanisms of maintenance of bohv-4 persistent infection are not understood. we previously generated in vitro models of bohv-4 persistent infection in human rhadomyosarcoma and bovine macrophage cell lines by drug selection of cells infected with bohv-4 carrying a drug-resistance marker, and demonstrated circular ...201020854697
secretion of the human toll-like receptor 3 ectodomain is affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms and regulated by unc93b1.the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) can be present on the surface of the plasma membranes of cells and in endolysosomes. the unc93b1 protein has been reported to facilitate localization of tlr7 and 9 and is required for tlr3, -7, and -9 signaling. we demonstrate that sirna knockdown of unc93b1 reduced the abundance of tlr3 on the cell surface without altering total tlr3 accumulation. in addition, sirna to unc93b1 reduced the secretion of the tlr3 ectodomain (t3ecd) into the ce ...201020855885
involvement of human herpesvirus-6 variant b in classic hodgkin's lymphoma via dr7 oncoprotein.hodgkin's lymphoma (hl) is associated with the presence of ebv in reed-sternberg (rs) cells in ∼40% of cases. here, we studied the presence of human herpesvirus type 6 (hhv-6) variant b in rs cells of hl patients and correlated results with clinical parameters. we then examined the implication of hhv-6 dr7b protein in cell deregulation.201020858841
immune evasion by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.persistent viral infections are often associated with serious diseases, primarily by altering functions of the host immune system. the hallmark of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection is the establishment of a life-long persistent infection, which leads to several clinical, epidemiological and infectious diseases, such as kaposi's sarcoma, a plasmablastic variant of multicentric castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. to sustain an efficient life-long persistency, ...201020860481
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 4 (virf4/k10) is a novel interaction partner of csl/cbf1, the major downstream effector of notch signaling.in cells infected with the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), csl/cbf1 signaling is essential for viral replication and promotes the survival of kshv-infected cells. csl/cbf1 is a dna adaptor molecule which recruits coactivator and corepressor complexes to regulate viral and cellular gene transcription and which is a major downstream effector molecule of activated notch. the interaction of kshv rta and lana with csl/cbf1 has been shown to balance the lytic and latent viral life cycl ...201020861242
a double mutation in glycoprotein gb compensates for ineffective gd-dependent initiation of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.herpes simplex virus (hsv) entry into cells is triggered by the binding of envelope glycoprotein d (gd) to a specific receptor, such as nectin-1 or herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem), resulting in activation of the fusion effectors gb and gh and virus penetration. here we report the identification of a hyperactive gb allele, d285n/a549t, selected by repeat passage of a gd mutant virus defective for nectin-1 binding through cells that express a gd-binding-impaired mutant nectin-1. the gb allele in ...201020861246
toxic epidermal necrolysis with prominent facial pustules: a case with reactivation of human herpesvirus 7.a 37-year-old japanese man presented with confluent erythemas and progressive erosive lesions on the almost entire body including the oral mucosa and genitalia. this was accompanied with prominent facial pustules. although a lymphocyte stimulation test was positive only for acetaminophen, he took other agents including carbamazepine for his depression. he was diagnosed as having toxic epidermal necrolysis with prominent facial pustules and treated by methylprednisolone pulse therapy, which resul ...201020861604
characterization of epstein-barr virus mirnaome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by deep sequencing.virus-encoded micrornas (mirnas) have been shown to regulate a variety of biological processes involved in viral infection and viral-associated pathogenesis. epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a herpesvirus implicated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) and other human malignancies. ebv-encoded mirnas were among the first group of viral mirnas identified. to understand the roles of ebv mirnas in the pathogenesis of npc, we utilized deep sequencing technology to characterize the ebv mirna transcriptome in ...201020862214
sex and geographic patterns of human herpesvirus 8 infection in a nationally representative population‐based sample in uganda.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8), the infectious cause of kaposi sarcoma, varies dramatically across africa, suggesting that cofactors correlated with large-area geographic or environmental characteristics may influence risk of infection. variation in hhv8 seropositivity across small-area regions within countries in africa is unknown. we investigated this issue in uganda, where kaposi sarcoma distribution is uneven and well described.201020863232
human herpesvirus 6 encoded glycoprotein q1 gene is essential for virus growth.human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) glycoprotein q1 (gq1), a unique gene in hhv-6, forms a complex with glycoproteinh (gh) and gl, which is the viral ligand for its cellular receptor, cd46. however, whether gq1 is essential for virus growth is unknown, because a system is lacking for making gene knockouts for hhv-6. recently, bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) and e. coli mutagenesis techniques have been applied to herpesvirus investigation. here we successfully inserted the hhv-6a genome into a bac, ...201020863544
expression of the c-terminal orf2 protein of duck astrovirus for application in a serological test.duck astrovirus (dastv) is an important pathogen causing duck viral hepatitis (dvh), a highly contagious and fatal disease in young ducklings. to provide an antigen for a diagnostic serum test, the c-terminus of dastv orf2 protein was expressed in escherichia coli. four positive and 30 negative sera were used to validate the purified orf2 protein by developing an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). no cross-reactions were found against other duck pathogens, including duck hepatit ...201020863856
cell membrane-bound kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded glycoprotein b promotes virus latency by regulating expression of cellular egr-1.one of the important questions in the field of virus research is about the balance between latent and lytic cycles of replication. kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) remains predominantly in a latent state, with only 1-3% of cells supporting a lytic replication at any time. kshv glycoprotein b (gb) is expressed not only on the virus envelope but also on the surfaces of the few cells supporting lytic replication. using co-culture experiments, we determined that expression of kshv gb o ...201020864524
castleman disease in the 21st century: an update on diagnosis, assessment, and therapy.castleman disease (cd) is a nonclonal lymphoproliferative disorder that can affect single lymph node stations or, alternatively, can be generalized. interleukin 6 (il6) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of cd. human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8), which encodes a viral homolog of il6, is the driving force in hiv-positive patients. the role of hhv8 in hiv-negative cd is controversial. historically, the prognosis of patients with generalized or multicentric cd has been thought to be poor. however, ...201020864917
identifying dysregulated genes induced by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv).currently ks is the most predominant hiv/aids related malignancy in southern africa and hence the world. it is characterized as an angioproliferative tumor of vascular endothelial cells and produces rare b cell lymphoproliferative diseases in the form of pleural effusion lymphomas (pel) and some forms of multicentric castleman's disease. only 1-5% of cells in ks lesions actively support lytic replication of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), the etiological agent associated with ks, ...201020864930
kaposi's sarcoma and its associated herpesvirus.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is the most common cancer in hiv-infected untreated individuals. kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv; also known as human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8)) is the infectious cause of this neoplasm. in this review we describe the epidemiology of ks and kshv, and the insights into the remarkable mechanisms through which kshv can induce ks that have been gained in the past 16 years. kshv latent transcripts, such as latency-associated nuclear antigen (lana), viral cyclin, viral f ...201020865011
herpesvirus telomerase rna(vtr)-dependent lymphoma formation does not require interaction of vtr with telomerase reverse transcriptase (tert).telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex involved in the maintenance of telomeres, a protective structure at the distal ends of chromosomes. the enzyme complex contains two main components, telomerase reverse transcriptase (tert), the catalytic subunit, and telomerase rna (tr), which serves as a template for the addition of telomeric repeats (ttaggg)(n). marek's disease virus (mdv), an oncogenic herpesvirus inducing fatal lymphoma in chickens, encodes a tr homologue, viral tr (vtr), which signi ...201020865127
repression of interferon-α stimulated genes expression by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus k-bzip protein.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) encodes a transcriptional repressor, k-bzip. we previously demonstrated that k-bzip suppresses interferon (ifn)-β expression. here, we provide evidence that k-bzip affects ifn signaling, resulting in impaired ifn-stimulated genes expression. inhibition by k-bzip is independent of the phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription proteins or the binding of the ifn-stimulated gene factor 3 to the ifn-stimulated responsive eleme ...201020870261
identification of a lysosomal pathway regulating degradation of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type ii.bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) are critically involved in early development and cell differentiation. in humans, dysfunction of the bone morphogenetic protein type ii receptor (bmpr-ii) is associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah) and neoplasia. the ability of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), the etiologic agent of kaposi sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma, to down-regulate cell surface receptor expression is well documented. here we show that kshv infection reduc ...201020870717
detection of β-herpesviruses in polish adult cord blood stem cell recipients by real-time pcr: single centre study.umbilical cord blood transplantation (ucbt) is known to be associated with increased risk of infections, compared to bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. in viral diseases for which specific treatment is available, real-time pcr assays are reliable diagnostic tools for timely initiation of appropriate therapy and for rapid assessment of the efficacy of antiviral treatment strategies. a retrospective review of samples from a group of seven adult cord blood stem cell recipien ...201020872080
review part 3: human herpesvirus-6 in multiple non-neurological diseases. 201020872717
[effects of silver and silicon dioxide nanopowders on the development of herpesvirus infection in vitro].estimation of the potential ability of nanoparticles (np) to affect human health has generated a need for developing rapid, sensitive, and efficient laboratory tests of the toxicity of nanomaterials. the purpose of the investigation was to study the cytotoxic effect of np of silver (ag) and silicon dioxide (sio2). the transplantable vero cells treated with np at different concentrations were used as target cells. some experiments examined the combined effects of nanopowders and herpes simplex vi ...201020873393
immunoliposomal systems targeting primary effusion lymphoma: in vitro study.to develop an appropriate liposomal formulation for gene delivery against primary effusion lymphoma (pel), a herpesvirus hhv8-associated b-cell lymphoma.201020874020
whole-exome sequencing-based discovery of stim1 deficiency in a child with fatal classic kaposi sarcoma.classic kaposi sarcoma (ks) is exceedingly rare in children from the mediterranean basin, despite the high prevalence of human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) infection in this region. we hypothesized that rare single-gene inborn errors of immunity to hhv-8 may underlie classic ks in childhood. we investigated a child with no other unusually severe infectious or tumoral phenotype who died from disseminated ks at two years of age. whole-exome sequencing in the patient revealed a homozygous splice-site muta ...201020876309
a p53-dependent promoter associated with polymorphic tandem repeats controls the expression of a viral transcript encoding clustered micrornas.the tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a role in cellular responses to cancer-initiating events by regulating progress through the cell cycle. several recent studies have shown that p53 transactivates expression of the members of the proapoptotic microrna-34 family, which are underexpressed in several cancers. we demonstrate here that the latency-associated cluster of micrornas (mirna) encoded by an oncogenic herpesvirus, gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), is a direct target of p53. robust transcrip ...201020881002
covalent modification by sumo is required for efficient disruption of pml oncogenic domains by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent protein lana2.the multifunctional kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) latent protein latency-associated nuclear antigen 2 (lana2) has a critical role in kshv-induced b-cell malignancies. lana2 increases the level of small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo)2-ubiquitin-modified pml and induces the disruption of pml oncogenic domains (pods) by a process that requires a non-covalent sumo interaction domain (sim) in lana2. we now demonstrate that lana2 is covalently conjugated to sumo1 and sumo2 both in vit ...201020881090
infections due to human herpesvirus 6 in solid organ transplant recipients.purpose of review: this article summarizes the current state of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) infection after solid organ transplantation. recent findings: hhv-6 reactivates commonly during the early weeks after solid organ transplantation. however, disease due to hhv-6 is uncommon and is manifested as a febrile illness associated with rash and tissue-invasive manifestations such as encephalitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, and gastrointestinal disease. h ...201020881490
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