Publications

effects of purified cardiotoxins from the thailand cobra (naja naja siamensis) on isolated skeletal and cardiac muscle preparations.	four polypeptides were isolated by non-exchange chromatography from the crude cardiotoxin fraction of thailand cobra (naja naja siamensis) venom. fraction i and 71 amino acid residues including 1 tryptophan, while fractions, ii, iii and iv had 60 amino acids and no tryptophan. when tested on isolated skeletal muscle (chick biventer cervicis, chick embryo muscle in culture, guinea pig hemidiaphragm) and cardiac muscle (guinea pig and cat left atria, cat papillary muscle) preparations, fractions i ...	1982	7080050
use of erythrocyte hemolysis kinetics in the purification of complex cardiotoxin mixtures.	a human erythrocyte hemolysis kinetic method provides a useful way to follow the purification of cobra venom cardiotoxins or other hemolytic factors. initial rates of hemolysis, measured as hemoglobin released with time for the separated cardiotoxins from the venom of the thailand cobra naja naja siamensis, vary over a greater range than do other commonly used measures of their biological activity. recovery of the hemolytic activity of the gross cardiotoxin fraction in the subsequently separated ...	1982	7080058
mammalian muscle acetylcholine receptor purification and characterization.	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (acchr) was purified from fetal calf muscle by an affinity chromatographic method utilizing alpha-neurotoxin from naja naja siamensis as an immobilized ligand. preparations of acchr with an average specific activity of 5 nmol of alpha-toxin bound/mg of protein were obtained, i.e., 75% of the theoretical specific activity assuming identity with torpedo acchr. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified acchr consistently showed the pr ...	1982	7104316
partial characterization of four toxins from venom of the indian cobra (naja naja).		1982	7106818
cardiotoxins from the venom of malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix).		1982	7149742
effects on muscle of a toxin from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom.	the mode of action of a purified toxin from naja naja naja (indian cobra) venom was investigated in frog rectus abdominis muscle, chick biventer cervicis muscle, cat tibialis anterior muscle (close-arterial) and in both innervated and denervated rat diaphragm muscle preparations. the toxin inhibited the acetylcholine responses of rectus abdominis muscle. the inhibition was antagonized by neostigmine and increasing concentrations of acetylcholine, suggesting a competitive binding of the toxin to ...	1982	7164106
action of naja naja venom on erythrocytes of laboratory animals.		1982	7169244
subunit composition of bovine muscle acetylcholine receptor.	acetylcholine receptors from fetal calf muscle were purified to homogeneity (specific activity up to 7500 nmol/g of protein), in reasonable yields (20-50%), and near-milligram quantity. purification was by affinity chromatography on naja naja siamensis toxin coupled to agarose by using methods similar to those for receptors from fish electric organs, but with modifications to account for the low concentration of receptor in muscle and the high probability of proteolysis. immunochemical methods a ...	1982	7171558
enhancement of naja naja atra antivenin production in horses.	as the conventional hyperimmunization schedule in horses introduced by tanaka could not produce enough neutralizing antibody against naja naja atra venom, the mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose (cmc)-cobra venom incorporated with adjuvant was used for immunization. the neutralizing antibody produced (30 ld50) seemed to be increased but still not to reach the satisfactory level. by using cmc-cobratoxin adjuvant mixture as an immunizing agent, highly potent antivenin (220 ld50) was obtained.	1982	7183425
purification and characterization of anticomplement factor (cobra venom factor) from the naja naja atra venom.	anticomplement factor (cobra venom factor) from the venom of naja naja atra was purified by means of successive chromatography on deae-cellulose, sephadex g-200 and sepharose cl-6b. the purified anticomplement factor was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide discontinuous gel electrophoresis at ph 9.4. the yield from 3.0 g of the crude venom was approx. 28 mg. the molecular weight was estimated to be about 156 000 by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the isoelectric point was about 5.2. ...	1982	6173071
individual assignments of the amide proton resonances involved in the triple-stranded antiparallel pleated beta-sheet structure of a long neurotoxin, laticauda semifasciata iii from laticauda semifasciata.	the characteristic feature of the crystal structure of erabutoxin b, a short neurotoxin from laticauda semifasciata, and alpha-cobratoxin, a long neurotoxin from naja naja siamensis, is the presence of a triple-stranded antiparallel pleated beta-sheet structure formed by the central and the third peptide loops. in the present study, we have studied the assignment of slowly exchangeable amide protons of laticauda semifasciata iii from l. semifasciata, using nuclear overhauser effects (noe) and sp ...	1982	6279398
chain structure of cobra venom factor from naja naja and naja haje venom.	the chain structure of cobra venom factor, whether isolated from naja naja venom (cvfn) or from naja haje (cvfh) is similar. both homologous proteins are composed of three disulphide-linked chains (a, b, and c) with apparent molecular weights of 72,000, 54,000, and 27,000-35,000 for cvfn and 68,000, 51,000 and 30,000-32,000 cvfh. that all three polypeptides are integral parts of cvf was demonstrated by investigation of the chain pattern after partial reduction. reduction with 1-2 mm dithiothreit ...	1982	7100817
fractionation of protein components of plasma membranes from the electric organ of torpedo marmorata.	a procedure has been developed for the separation of intrinsic proteins of plasma membranes from the electric organ of torpedo marmorata. (na+ + k+)-atpase, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase remained active after solubilization with the nonionic detergent dodecyl octaethylene glycol monoether (c12e8). these components could be separated by ion exchange chromatography on deae-sephadex a-25. fractions enriched in ouabain-sensitive k+-phosphatase or (na+ + k+)-atpase activit ...	1982	6297554
hemolytic properties of membrane-active polypeptides from the venom of central asian cobra (naja naja oxiana eichwald).		1982	7184846
cobra venom acetylcholinesterase: nature of charge isoforms.	charge isoforms of cobra (naja naja oxiana) venom acetylcholinesterase, separated by isoelectric focusing, differ only by the number of free carboxyl groups of glutamic and/or aspartic acid side-chains in the enzyme molecule. the isoforms appear to be produced by a post-translational deamidation of accessible glutamin and/or asparagine residues. the isoforms have identical catalytic specificities towards characteristic acetylcholinesterase substrates.	1982	7173192
site-specific fluorescein-labeled cobra alpha-toxin. biochemical and spectroscopic characterization.	cobra alpha-toxin purified from naja naja siamensis venom was labeled with near stoichiometric quantities of fluorescein isothiocyanate. a monofluorescein alpha-toxin was separated in 50-60% yield from unconjugated alpha-toxin and other reaction products by ion exchange chromatography. the isolated mono-conjugated alpha-toxin electrofocuses largely as a single entity with 92% appearing with a pi of 9.6. the unmodified toxin has a pi of 10.7. thermolysin digestion and subsequent high pressure liq ...	1982	6802819
role of monomeric activators in cobra venom phospholipase a2 action.	phospholipase a2 from cobra venom (naja naja naja), which acts poorly on phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) in mixed micelles, is activated toward pe by the monomeric phospholipid dibutyrylphosphatidylcholine (dibutyryl-pc) which is an, even poorer substrate. phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed to show that only pe is hydrolyzed in mixtures of pe and dibutyryl-pc of various concentrations. the activation shows saturation behavior, and the fully activated enzyme hydrolyz ...	1982	7082644
studies on snake venom enzymes: part i. purification of atpase, a toxic component of naja naja venom & its inhibition by potassium gymnemate.		1982	6215333
specific binding to isolated acetylcholine receptor of a synthetic peptide duplicating the sequence of the presumed active center of a lethal toxin from snake venom.	to verify the existence of a lethal "active center" in snake venom neurotoxins and to assess its delineation within their polypeptide sequences, a tritriacontapeptide matching residues 16-48 of the natural "major" toxin of naja naja philippinensis (hauert, j., maire, m., sussmann, a., and bargetzi, j. p. (1974) int. j. pept. protein research 6, 201-222) has been synthesized by solid-phase technology (juillerat, m. a., and bargetzi, j. p. (1980), results presented at the 16th european peptide sym ...	1982	7061455
local conformational transition of toxin b from naja naja as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism.	the 270-mhz proton nmr spectra of toxin b, a long neurotoxin from naja naja, in 2h2o solution were analyzed. from the analysis of the discontinuous ph dependence of his-21 c-2 proton chemical shift a 23 degrees c, toxin b is found to exhibit a slow-exchange conformational transition between the states a and b with the transition midpoint at ph 5.75. separate peaks due to the states a and b were also observed for his-21 c-4 proton, tyr-25 ring protons, phenylalanine ring protons and two c-alpha p ...	1982	7060589
interaction surfaces of neurotoxins and acetylcholine receptor.	binding of neurotoxin ii naja naja oxiana derivatives containing one spin label at various positions (leu 1, glu 2, lys 15, lys 25, lys 26, his 31, lys 44 and lys 46) to purified solubilized acetylcholine receptor protein (achr) from torpedo marmorata was studied by epr techniques. achr interaction with several dansylated neurotoxin ii derivatives was followed by difference fluorescence spectroscopy. a series of neurotoxin ii p-azidobenzoyl derivatives were prepared and in three of them modified ...	1982	7080049
electron microscopy of complexes of isolated acetylcholine receptor, biotinyl-toxin, and avidin.	the principal curarimimetic toxin of naja naja siamensis derivatized with biotinyl groups binds specifically both to acetylcholine receptor, isolated from torpedo californica electric tissue, and to avidin. isolated complexes of receptor monomer or dimer, biotinyl-toxin, and avidin were negatively stained and examined in the scanning transmission electron microscope. we measured the angle made by the radius of each avidin bound at the periphery of a monomeric unit in dimer to the axis connecting ...	1982	6952187
the amino acid sequence of toxin d isolated from the venom of indian cobra (naja naja).	a neurotoxin, designated toxin d, was isolated from the venom of naja naja by gel-filtration on sephadex g-50 followed by cm-cellulose chromatography. the amino acid sequence of toxin d was determined by analyzing tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of the reduced and s-carboxymethyl derivative. the venom contains at least four long (toxins a, b, c and d) and two short neurotoxins (toxins i and ii) that account for about 16% of the lyophilized crude venom by weight. toxin d consists of 71 amino ac ...	1981	7326259
19f nmr determination of intramolecular distances in spin- and fluorine-labelled proteins: neurotoxin ii naja naja oxiana.		1981	7327263
six polymorphic crystal forms of alpha-cobratoxin.	six different crystal forms of the long neurotoxin alpha-cobratoxin isolated from the venom of naja naja siamensis have been obtained and the conditions for their crystallisation are described. heavy atom derivatives for two of these forms have been prepared and have proven suitable for high-resolution x-ray studies and, with one of them, a 0.28-nm resolution structure has been determined. all but one of the crystal forms were grown between ph 2 and ph 3. two novel suggestions are made which may ...	1981	7308208
cobra venom phospholipase a2: a review of its action toward lipid/water interfaces.	this review focuses on the mechanism of action of phospholipase a2 from cobra venom (naja naja naja) toward the lipid/water interface. particular points of interest include dramatic changes in the enzyme activity if the physical state of its substrate is altered and the activation of the enzyme by phosphorylcholine containing lipids. the experimental findings include the following: micellar substrates are hydrolyzed faster by the enzyme than various bilayer forms of substrate aggregation. the ac ...	1981	7242529
first aid for cobra (naja naja) bites.		1981	7239610
molecular characterization of the complement activating protein in the venom of the indian cobra (naja n. siamensis).		1981	6790937
phospholipase a2 from cobra venom (naja naja naja).		1981	7278679
source of carbohydrate in a toxic protein from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom.		1981	7245223
cytoarchitectonic pattern of the hypothalamus in the cobra, naja naja.	the distribution and cytoarchitectonic pattern of the magno- and parvocellular hypothalamic nuclei of the cobra. naja naja, are described at the light-microscopic level. with respect to their tinctorial affinity to paraldehyde fuchsin (af) as a representative of the gomori-type of stains, the magnocellular neurons belong to the "af-positive" and the parvocellular neurons to the "af-negative" elements. in addition to the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei proper, two accessory aggregations of ...	1981	6166381
a proton-magnetic-resonance study on the molecular conformation and structure-function relationship of a long neurotoxin, laticauda semifasciata iii from laticauda semifasciata.	the 300-mhz and 500-mhz nmr spectra of a long neurotoxin laticauda semifasciata iii (ls iii) from laticauda semifasciata have ben analysed. comparison with the nmr spectra of alpha-cobratoxin from naja naja siamensis, a homologous long neurotoxin to laticauda semifasciata iii, allowed the assignment of all the aromatic protein resonances to specific amino acid residues. all the methyl proton resonances have been assigned to specific types of amino acid residues. the ph dependences of the aromati ...	1981	7318828
complete amino acid sequence of a phospholipase a2 from the venom of naja naja atra (taiwan cobra).		1981	7222082
chemical modification of lysine and histidine residues in phospholipase a2 from the venom of naja naja atra (taiwan cobra).		1981	6795761
the 1h nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectra and spatial structure of the naja mossambica mossambica neurotoxin iii.	the proton nmr spectra at 300 mhz of neurotoxin iii from venom of naja mossambica mossambica are reported. by the use of double resonance techniques, ph dependence chemical shifts, isotope labeling technique, and comparison with homologous neurotoxins all proton signals in the aromatic and methyl regions as well as epsilon-ch2 proton signals of some lysine residues have been assigned to individual amino acid residues and their spatial microenvironment has been determined. the results deduced on ...	1981	7297555
peripheral versus central action of a toxin from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom.		1981	7268800
[effect of phospholipase a2 from the venoms of bee and middle asian cobra on choline uptake by synaptosomes].	the effect of purified phospholipase a2 from venom of the bee apis mellifica and from venom of the cobra naja naja oxiana on the na+-dependent high affinity choline transport into the synaptosomes of rabbit corpus striatum (active uptake) was studied. both phospholipases a2 were shown to inhibit the active choline uptake by the synaptosomes. the bee venom phospholipase at a concentration of 10(-8) m and the cobra venom phospholipase at a concentration of 10(-6) m produced a 50% inhibition of cho ...	1981	7295818
effects of arginine modification of naja nigricollis and naja naja atra snake venom phospholipases a2 on enzymatic activity, lethality and anticoagulant action.		1981	7302958
a passive hemagglutination test for antibody to naja naja siamensis toxin 3.		1981	7336448
mapping trna structure in solution using double-strand-specific ribonuclease v1 from cobra venom.	a method for mapping all base-paired stems in both elongation and initiator trnas is described using double-stranded-specific ribonuclease v1 from the venom of the cobra naja naja oxiana. 32p-end-labeled rna is first partially digested with double-strand-specific v1 nuclease under near physiological conditions, and the resultant fragments are than electrophoretically fractionated by size in adjacent lanes of a polyacrylamide gel run in 90% formamide. after autoradiography, the base-paired nucleo ...	1981	7031604
the inhibitory effect of purified cobra venom factor, isolated from the venom of naja naja atra, on the in vivo immune response in galleria mellonella.		1981	6786928
delayed hypersensitivity reactions to listeria monocytogenes in rats decomplemented with cobra factor and in c5-deficient mice.	the in vivo effect of cobra factor (cof), the complement-activating protein of cobra (naja naja) venom, was investigated, using quantifiable assays for localization of labelled donor lymphoblasts and of host macrophages in intraperitoneal and subcutaneous sites of injection of antigens from listeria monocytogenes. both commercially available (cordis) and highly purified cof impaired these inflammatory responses, suggesting that the complement-activating protein was itself responsible rather than ...	1981	6788681
dissociation of enzymatic activity from lethality and pharmacological properties by carbamylation of lysines in naja nigricollis and naja naja atra snake venom phospholipases a2.		1981	6795762
cholesterol solubilization by short-chain lecithins: characterization of mixed micelles and cholesterol oxidase activity.	the synthetic short-chain lecithins diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine and dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine solubilize cholesterol up to 10 and 18 mol %, respectively. the half-time for diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine solubilization of solid cholesterol is 80 (+/- 30) min. this is much faster than triton x-100 micelle or egg lecithin vesicle solubilization of solid cholesterol. both the broadening of lecithin and [4-13c]cholesterol carbon resonances by mn2+ and the observation of surface dilution kineti ...	1981	6947824
snake alpha-toxin effects on cholinergic and noncholinergic responses of aplysia californica neurons.	the effects of alpha-toxins from bungarus multicinctus (alpha butx) and naja naja siamensis (alpha ntx) were studied on synaptic responses and on extrasynaptic responses to focally applied acetylcholine (ach), histamine (hm), gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), and glutamate (glu) in neurons of the marine mollusc, aplysia californica. binding of 125i-alpha butx to aplysia ganglia homogenates was pharmacologically characterized and compared with the pharmacological sensitivity of 125i-alpha butx bind ...	1981	6114995
the effects of alpha- and beta-neurotoxins from the venoms of various snakes on transmission in autonomic ganglia.	we have previously shown that certain commercially available lots of alpha-bungarotoxin block transmission in ciliary and choroid neurons of both pigeon and chicken ciliary ganglia at a concentration of 10 microgram/ml (1.2 microm). the blockade is antagonized by pre-incubation with 100 microm tubocurarine. further evidence that this blockade is produced by a postsynaptic action, as one would expect of an alpha-neurotoxin, are our findings that: (a) exposure to the toxin prevents the depolarizat ...	1981	6261879
biochemical characterization of a toxin from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom.		1981	6267739
location of single-stranded and double-stranded regions in rat liver ribosomal 5s rna and 5.8s rna.	rat liver 5s rrna and 5.8s rrna were end-labelled with 32p at 5'-end or 3'-end of the polynucleotide chain and partially digested with single-strand specific s1 nuclease and double-strand specific endonuclease from the cobra naja naja oxiana venom. the parallel use of these two structure-specific enzymes in combination with rapid sequencing technique allowed the exact localization of single-stranded and double-stranded regions in 5s rna and 5.8 s rna. the most accessible regions to s1 nuclease i ...	1981	6272219
contamination of commercially obtained agkistrodon contortrix mokasen snake venom with bungarus multicinctus and naja naja atra snake venoms.		1981	7268802
proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance study on molecular conformations of long neurotoxins. alpha-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus and toxin b from naja naja.	the 270-mhz proton nmr spectra were analyzed of the long neurotoxins alpha-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus and toxin b from naja naja. the aromatic proton resonances were completely assigned to individual nuclei for alpha-bungarotoxin and in part for toxin b. the ph dependences of proton chemical shifts were analyzed by the nonlinear least-square method, for obtaining pka values and protonation shifts. the pka values of tyr-25, an invariant residue of neurotoxins, are 12.1 for alpha-bung ...	1981	7308209
the deacetylation of n-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by rat liver microsomes and carboxyl esterase.	we have demonstrated that incubation of rat liver microsomes with n-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (n-oh-aaf) leads to formation of a 2-nitrosofluorene-membrane lipid adduct. this adduct exists as a nitroxyl free radical, termed n-o-laf, in its oxidized state. when microsomes were incubated with the sulfhydryl binding agent, rho-hydroxymercuribenzoate, a larger amount of n-ol-laf formed. we interpret this as a slowdown in the rate of endogenous chemical reduction of carcinogen-membrane lipid addu ...	1980	6260332
inhibition of biological activity of mouse beta-nerve growth factor by monoclonal antibody.	a continuous hybrid cell line was derived that secretes monoclonal antibody capable of inhibiting the biological activity of mouse beta-nerve growth factor (beta-ngf). results obtained with monovalent fragments indicate that the monoclonal antibody inhibits activity by interfering with the direct interaction between beta-ngf and the cell membrane receptor rather than by precipitating the dimeric form of beta-ngf. this monoclonal antibody binds to an antigenic determinant common to mouse beta-ngf ...	1980	6159686
complement-independence of the acute-phase production of serum amyloijd p-component (sap) in mice.	mice depleted of circulating c3 by injection of cobra factor (cof), the c3-activating protein of cobra (naja naja) venom, mounted the same acute-phase responses of serum amyloid p-component (sap) to subsequent injection of casein, bacterial lipopolysaccharide or croton oil as did normal control mice. there was also evidence for accelerated synthesis of c3 itself in response to injection of these acute-phase stimulants in cof-treated mice. on the other hand complement activation produced by injec ...	1980	7000131
binding of naja naja siamensis alpha-toxin to the chick ciliary ganglion: a light-microscopy autoradiographic study.		1980	7374944
cytotoxicity of cobra (naja naja kaouthia) venom on rabbit red blood cells and s-180 tumor cells in the presence of tetracaine, lidocaine and procaine.	the cytocidal action of naja naja kaouthia venom on rabbit red blood cells and s-180 tumor cells treated with local anesthetics (tetracaine, lidocaine and procaine) were studied. the s-180 cells were more sensitive to the venom than the red blood cells which required albumin for efficient hemolysis in the 10 minute assay. all three local anesthetics at lower concentrations protected both cell types against venom hemolysis. at higher concentrations the local anesthetics enhanced the cell lysis to ...	1980	7385945
[reactions between 3h-monoacetylcobratoxin and membrane preparations from denervated muscles and caudate nuclei].	3h-monoacetyl derivative of the major neurotoxin of venom obtained from naja naja oxiana was used as a marker of the nicotinic cholinoreceptor (n-chr). it was shown that binding of neurotoxin with the membranes of bovine caudate nuclei unlike binding with the membranes of the rabbit gastrocnemius muscles is less strong and cannot be blocked completely with high concentrations of neurotoxin and d-tubocurarine. serum of the rabbits immmunized with the protein preparation isolated from the membrane ...	1980	7397340
further characterization and n-terminal sequence of cobra venom phospholipase a2.	n-terminal amino acid sequence data on cobra venom phospholipase a2 (naja naja naja) demonstrate the absence of histidine at positions 10 and 20, in contrast to most other naja enzymes. the presence of three tryptophans was demonstrated by p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrolysis, and the location of two of these at positions 18 and 19 parallels other naja phospholipase a2 sequences. based on the amino acid composition of the enzyme, the theoretical e278 0.1% should be 2.2, which is consistent with dry ...	1980	7459378
comparative study of three basic polypeptides from snake venoms in relation to their effects on the cell membrane of normal and tumor cells.	basic polypeptides producing a variety of effects on animals and cells have been isolated from snake venoms. many possess common structural features and also produce similar pharmacological effects. this has led to doubt as to the specificity of each polypeptide. study of toxin gamma (cardiotoxin from naja nigricollis), cytotoxin p6 (from naja naja, preferentially cytotoxic to certain cells) and neurotoxin alpha (naja nigricollis) under identical conditions shows that they are separate entities ...	1980	7214315
three-dimensional structure of the "long" neurotoxin from cobra venom.	the three-dimensional structure of alpha-cobra-toxin, the "long" neurotoxin from the venom of naja naja siamensis, has been determined at 2.8-a resolution. crystals grown as hexagonal needles have space group p6522 with unit cell parameters a = b = 74.59 a, c = 42.89 a; one molecule per asymmetric unit. phases were determined with a single isomorphous derivative with hgi2 by using the anomalous scattering of the single-site hgi2 molecule to resolve the phase ambiguity. the polypeptide chain fold ...	1980	6930640
interaction of spin-labeled naja naja siamensis alpha-neurotoxin with acetylcholine receptor from torpedo californica.		1980	7371834
purification of two phospholipase a isoenzymes with anticoagulant activity from the venom of the cobra naja naja siamensis.		1980	7210026
annual cycles in levels of pituitary and plasma gonadotropin, gonadal steroids, and thyroid activity in the chinese cobra (naja naja).		1980	7461439
purification and characterization of anti-cholinesterase factor from the venom of naja naja atra.	the anti-cholinesterase factor from naja naja atra venom was purified by means of successive column chromatography on sephadex g-75, carboxymethyl-cellulose and hydroxyapatite. the purified anti-cholinesterase factor was homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the molecular weight was estimated to be approx. 50 000. the isoelectric point was determined to be 6.8. this factor was found to be the first cholinesterase inhibitor protein. we have called this anti-cho ...	1980	7397218
purification, some properties and amino-acid sequences of two phospholipases a (cm-ii and cm-iii) from naja naja kaouthia venom.	two phospholipases a, cm-ii and cm-iii, were purified from the siamese cobra (naja naja kaouthia) venom, from thailand, by gel filtration on sephadex g-50 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-cellulose. they each comprise 119 amino acid residues including 14 half-cystine residues. the complete primary structures of the two phospholipases a have been elucidated and their sequences are 96% identical. the sequences, the invariant amino acid residues and the sequences around the active cent ...	1980	7460933
snake venoms. the amino acid sequences of two melanoleuca-type toxins.	toxins cm-10 from naja nivea and cm-9a from naja naja kaouthia venoms were purified by gel filtration followed by ion-exchange chromatography. whereas toxin cm-10 contains 65 amino acids, toxin cm-9a contains only 64 but they each include ten half-cystine residues. the complete primary structures of the toxins have been established. the sequences and the invariant amino acids of toxins cm-10 from n. nivea and cm-9a from n.n. kaouthia venoms resemble those of the melanoleuca-type toxins. in the t ...	1980	7380387
the complete primary structures of three cytotoxins (cm-6, cm-7 and cm-7a) from naja naja kaouthia (siamese cobra) snake venom.		1980	7210030
[observations on cytolysis by cobra venom. effect of sucrose loading].	ls cells cultivated for 4 days in sucrose-containing medium (su) are more fragile than cells cultivated in medium devoid of this sugar (tn) when they are incubated with naja-naja venom; in fact the 51cr radioactivity released into the medium by previously labelled cells is increased for the sucrose ones. phospholipase does not seem to contribute to the lytic activity of the venom, which is dependent on the direct lytic factor: neither varying the temperature of incubation nor adding edta to the ...	1980	7459127
transverse distribution of phospholipids in organelle membranes from ricinus communis l. var. hale endosperm: mitochondria and glyoxysomes.	phospholipase a(2) (naja naja), the nonpenetrating dye trinitrobenzene sulfonate, and the penetrating dye dinitrofluorobenzene, were used to determine the transmembrane distributions of phospholipids of mitochondria and glyoxysomes isolated from endosperm tissue of castor bean (ricinus communis l. var. hale). these studies indicated that the phospholipid distributions were distinctly asymmetric in the accessible (reacted with the probes without total membrane disruption by detergents) pools of t ...	1980	16661334
a single-step separation procedure for several protein constituents of venom of the indian cobra (naja naja).		1980	7450809
conformation of cobrotoxin in aqueous solution as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance.	the 270-mhz proton nmr spectra of cobrotoxin from naja naja atra were observed in 2h2o solution. the pka value (5.93) of his-32 is slightly lower than the pka value (6.65) of the reference model of n-acetylhistidine methylamide, because of the electrostatic interaction with arg-33 and asp-31. the pka value (5.3--5.4) of his-4 is appreciably low, because of the interaction with the positively charged guanidino group possibly of arg-59. the hydrogen-deuterium exchange rates in 2h2o solution were m ...	1979	43248
[purification by affinity chromatography and properties of the acetylcholinesterase of formosan cobra (naja naja atra) venom (author's transl)].	the acetylcholinesterase was purified by cm-sephadex chromatography and affinity chromatography on sepharose bound m-[6-(6-aminocaproylamino)caproylamino]phenyltrimethylammonium bromide. the purified enzyme was obtained with a specific activity of 5470 u/mg (1160-fold purification) and a 89% yield. the molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 144,000. the enzyme is split into two subunits of approximately equal molecular weight (mr 69,000) by sds treatment. it is a glycoprotein ...	1979	536451
epr and fluorescence study of interaction of naja naja oxiana neurotoxin ii and its derivatives with acetylcholine receptor protein from torpedo marmorata.		1979	227728
photoaffinity derivatives of alpha-bungarotoxin and alpha-naja naja siamensis toxin.		1979	467650
cobra venom acetylcholinesterase. purification and molecular properties.	acetylcholinesterase from cobra (naja naja oxiana) venom has been purified by affinity chromatography to an homogeneous state, as ascertained by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sedimentation analysis. the specific activity of the preparation was 5000 iu/mg with acetylcholine as substrate. unlike acetylcholinesterases from insoluble cell structures, the native molecule of the cobra venom enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 67,000 +/- 2000 ...	1979	456362
conformational studies of neurotoxin ii from naja naja oxiana. selective n-acylation, circular dichroism and nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of acylation products.	after treatment of neurotoxin ii, a component part of the venom of the middle asian cobra naja naja oxiana, with acetoxysuccinimide all five possible epsilon-acetylated-lysyl derivatives were obtained and the position of the label was established. trifluoroacetylation of both the derivatives and the parent toxin yielded, respectively, the five acetyl-penta(trifluoroacetyl)-neurotoxins ii and the hexa(trifluoroacetyl)-neurotoxin ii, which were studied by circular dichroism (cd), 1h and 19f nuclea ...	1979	34515
an improved method for the isolation from naja naja venom of cobra factor (cof) free of phospholipase a.	an improved method is reported for the isolation from cobra (naja naja) venom of cobra factor (cof), the anticomplementary protein which is derived from cobra c3. sequential chromatography on deae-sepharose, sephacryl-s200, and finally hydroxylapatite yielded 6.25 mg cof per gram of crude venom. the purified cof had 1 unit of functional anticomplementary activity per 1--2 micrograms of protein, and was homogeneous on gradient and non-reduced sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds) polyacrylamide gel elect ...	1979	574149
poikilotherms as reservoirs of q-fever (coxiella burnetii) in uttar pradesh.	water snakes (natrix natrix), rat snakes (ptyas korros), cobras (naja naja), pythons (python molurus), tortoises (kachuga sp.), plankton fish (cirrhina mrigala), frogs (rana tigrina), toads (bufo sp.) and monitors (varanus indicus) were screened for evidence of q-fever infection by the capillary agglutination test on sera to detect antibodies and/or by attempts to demonstrate coxiella burnetii in spleen and liver samples. sero-reactors were observed among water and rat snakes, pythons and tortoi ...	1979	459042
influence of enzymatic phospholipid cleavage on the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane. i. transport of non-electrolytes via the lipid domain.	in order to further elucidate the influence of membrane lipids on transport via the lipid domain of the erythrocyte membrane, simple non-electrolyte diffusion was investigated by tracer flux measurements in whole cells after cleavage of up to 65% of phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin by phospholipase a2 from naja naja, or by sphingomyelinase. a new type of labelled model non-electrolyte was used in this study, readily available by reacting a non-labelled thiol with a labelled alkylating sh-rea ...	1979	486449
asymmetric manipulation of the membrane lipid bilayer of intact human erythrocytes with phospholipase a, c, or d induces a change in cell shape.	changes in the membrane morphology and phospholipid content of human erythrocytes were determined after incubation of intact cells with each of various exogeneous phospholipases (plases). plase a2 from naja naja or bee venom induced crenation of the cells in parallel with hydrolysis of the membrane phosphatidylcholine (pc). this crenated cell shape was reversed to a biconcave disc or cup-like form by a further treatment with lysophospholipase. in contrast, bacterial plase c from clostridium perf ...	1979	521437
effect of five thai snake venoms on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation.	the effects of five thai snake venoms--malayan pit viper--mpv (ancistrodon rhodostoma); russell's viper--rvv (vipera russelli); cobra--cv (naja naja); king cobra--kcv (naja hannah) and banded krait--bkv (bungarus fasciatus)--on blood coagulation fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation were studied. mpv has strong thrombin-like coagulant action. rvv has activating effect most probably on factor x. other three venoms--cv, kcv and bkv have been shown to be anti coagulant, on both intrinsic and extrin ...	1979	524153
effect of purified phospholipases on the binding of tetrodotoxin to axon plasma membrane.	the role of phospholipids in the binding of [3h]tetrodotoxin to garfish olfactory nerve axon plasma membrane was studied by the use of purified phospholipases. treatment of the membranes with low concentrations of either phospholipase a2 (crotalus adamanteus and naja naja) or phospholipase c (bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens) resulted in a marked reduction in tetrodotoxin binding activity. a 90% reduction in the activity occurred with about 45% hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by ...	1979	39172
[production of antiserum to neurotoxin-2 from naja naja oxiana cobra venom and reaction with the toxin].	antiserum to neurotoxin-2 from the venom of the cobra was obtained by immunization of rabbits via the injection of the toxin into the lymphatic nodes and by two re-immunizations via the injection of the toxin into the blood and intramuscularly. using scores of micrograms of the toxin, specific antisera with high antibody titer were obtained. in spite of high specificity of separate stages of the reactions, using indirect immune fluorescence technique, no specific fluorescence was found in the en ...	1979	92118
production of potent antivenin against cobra venom with conjugated-cobrotoxin.	cobra venom (naja naja atra) and its fractions obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation were subjected to chromatography on cm-cellulose colum. a highly purified cobrotoxin obtained by the repeated chromatography on preparative cm-cellulose column was 6.7 times more toxic than the original cobra venom. the toxin was detoxified by a bifunctional reagent, glutaraldehyde, to about 99.8% and utilized for immunization in animals. mice received 4 weekly immunization with detoxified cobrotoxin and ch ...	1979	121068
acetylcholine receptors in the ciliary ganglion and in the iris muscle of the chick: specific binding and effect on the synaptic transmission of the neurotoxin from naja naja siamensis.	1 a specific binding of naja naja siamensis neurotoxin was found both in the iris and in the ciliary ganglion of the chick. 2 naja-toxin (125 nm) caused a complete block of the iris muscle contraction induced by carbamylcholine. 3 naja-toxin had a different effect on the two neuronal populations present in the ganglion: it blocked the synaptically evoked response of the ciliary cells, while the response of the choroid ones was only slightly reduced. the effects were the same in a wide range of c ...	1979	222384
comparison of phospholipase activity with direct and indirect lytic effects of animal venoms upon human red cells.	1. the venoms of 22 species of arthropods, saurians, elapids and crotalids were studied concerning the phospholipase activity and the presence of a direct and an indirect lytic effect upon human red cells. 2. the venoms from the spiders latrodectus and "tarantula", and the venoms from the scorpions of the genus centruroides are not haemolytic and do not have phospholipase activity. 3. only the venoms of apis mellifera and naja naja siamensis have shown direct lytic effect. 4. all other venoms st ...	1979	318305
influence of enzymatic phospholipid cleavage on the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane. ii. protein-mediated transfer of monosaccharides and anions.	in order to investigate the influence of membrane lipids on transport via the protein domain of the erythrocyte membrane, a number of facilitated diffusion processes was studied by tracer flux techniques in whole cells after cleavage of up to 65% of the phosphatidylcholine or the sphingomyelin by phospholipase a2 from naja naja or bee venom, or by sphingomyelinase, respectively. the mediated fluxes of l-arabinose, which is transported by the glucose carrier, and of l-lactate, which uses a specif ...	1979	486450
purification and characterization of nerve growth factor from the venom of bungarus multicinctus.	the nerve growth factor from bungarus multicinctus venom was purified by means of successive chromatography on sephadex g-50, carboxymethyl-cellulose, carboxymethyl-sephadex c-50 and sephadex g-50. the purified nerve growth factor was homogeneous by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. the molecular weight was estimated to be about 21 000 by gel filtration. compared with the nerve growth factors from the venoms of other elapidae, namely naja naja and naja naja atra, this protein showed high ...	1978	417735
preparation of highly potent naja naja atra (formosan cobra) antivenin.	as the preparation of high titer antiserum against naja naja atra venom is a time-consuming process, attempts were made to develop a immunization procedure for producing highly potent antiserums within a short period. rabbits were immunized for 12 weeks with (1) whole venom as used routinely in our institute, (ii) whole venom adsorbed on carboxymethyl-cellulose (cmc) and mixed with freund's complete adjuvant and (iii) neurotoxin adsorbed on cmc and adjuvant mixture followed by cmc-whole venom-ad ...	1978	115651
comparative cardiovascular and respiratory effects of bungarus fasciatus and naja naja siamensis venoms in dogs.		1978	26508
location of disulfide bridges in cardiotoxin from the venom of formosan cobra (naja naja atra).	the location of the four disulfide bridges in cardiotoxin from the venom of the formosan cobra, naja naja atra, was determined by isolating cystine-containing peptides from the enzymic and partial acid hydrolyzates of the intact toxin. the results indicate that the disulfide bridges are formed by half cystine residues 3--21, 14--38, 42--53, and 54--59. the amino acid sequence at the position 48--49 was revised to -leu-val- instead of val-leu- as reported previously.	1978	649257
phospholipase a2 contamination of cobra venom factor preparations. biologic role in complement-dependent in vivo reactions and inactivation with p-bromophenacyl bromide.	cobra venom factor (cof), the anticomplementary protein in naja naja cobra venom, is usually purified by sequential ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. cof prepared in this manner contains small but significant quantities of phospholipase a2 activity. this acyl hydrolase activity can be simply and efficiently removed on a large scale by treatment of cof with p-bromophenacyl bromide (bpb), an irreversible modifier of the histidine residue in the active site of phospholipase a2. bpb tr ...	1978	655262
phosphatidylcholine mobility in liver microsomal membranes.	purified phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver was used to exchange rat liver microsomal phosphatidylcholine for egg phosphatidylcholine. it was found that at 25 and 37 degrees c rat liver microsomal phosphatidylcholine was completely and rapidly available for replacement by egg phosphatidylcholine. in contrast, phosphatidylcholine in vesicles prepared from total microsomal lipids could only be exchanged for about 60%. at 8 and 0 degrees c complex exchange kinetics were observed ...	1978	667042
exploring the action and specificity of cobra venom phospholipase a2 toward human erythrocytes, ghost membranes, and lipid mixtures.	we have investigated the action and substrate specificity of phospholipase a2 (ec 3.1.1.4) purified from cobra venom (naja naja naja) toward intact and triton-solubilized human erythrocytes, toward ghost membranes, and toward extracted ghost lipids in mixed micelles with triton x-100. we have found that: (i) phospholipids in the outer surface of intact erythrocytes are extremely poor substrates for the phospholipase, (ii) phospholipids in ghost erythrocyte membranes and in triton-solubilized ery ...	1978	670181
studies on neurotrophic regulation of murine skeletal muscle.	1. a quantitative comparison was made of the effects of the paralysis caused by botulinum toxin (botx) type a with those of surgical denervation on the development of tetrodotoxin (ttx) resistant action potentials and of extrajunctional acetylcholine (ach) receptors in rat and mouse skeletal muscle.2. after surgical denervation, ttx resistant action potentials were present in all fibres on the third day and their rate of rise and amount of overshoot reached peak values at the fifth day. botx poi ...	1978	722508
neuromuscular effects of fractions isolated from the venom of the thailand cobra, naja naja siamensis.		1978	725955
the markers of pig heart mitochondrial sub-fractions. ii. - on the association of malate dehydrogenase with inner membrane.	malate dehydrogenase, reputed to be a soluble matricial enzyme, is shown to be also strongly associated with the inner membrane, in pig heart mitochondria. repeated sonications, water washes, freezing-thawing cycles are not very effective to remove malate dehydrogenase activity from inner membranes, which whatever the treatment, remains important. this activity is only partly solubilized by the substrates, malate or oxaloacetate. high ionic strength treatments by either nacl-carbonate or 3m kcl ...	1978	753379
binding of thiamine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in torpedo marmorata and the frog end plate.	thiamine was found to bind to the isolated nicotinic receptor (nachr) from torpedo marmorata (kd = 3--5 x 10(-5) m). the binding was reversible and inhibited by alpha-neurotoxin from naja naja siamensis. acetylcholine binding was not inhibited by thiamine. when thiamine (5 x 10(-4) m) was applied to frog sartorius muscles a decrease of miniature end plate potential amplitudes was seen. this effect was readily reversible after the perfusion fluid of the muscle was changed to normal ringer solutio ...	1978	307899
an electron microscopic study of the adductor externus superficialis muscle associated with the venom gland of the cobra (naja naja).	the adductor externus superficialis muscle closely envelops the venom gland in the cobra (naja naja). only twitch fibres are present in the muscle, supporting the view that the muscle is concerned with the rapid evacuation of venom. 'satellite' cells are readily observed in relation to the muscle fibres.	1978	649503
membranes rich in acetylcholine receptor: characterization and reconstitution to excitable membranes from exogenous lipids.	characterization of acetylcholine-receptor-enriched membranes from torpedo californica electric tissue by negative-staining electron-microscopy and by lipid analysis is described. the protein/lipid ratio is 70%/30%. the lipids consist of 70% phospholipids (46% phosphatidylcholine, 31% phosphatidylethanolamine, 14% phosphatidylserine, 7% sphingomyelin, 2% phosphatidylinositol of the phospholipids determined) and 20% cholesterol. the acetylcholinesterase-enriched membranes show a similar compositi ...	1978	639824
clinical observations on glucocorticoids in cobra envenomation.	a clinical trial of corticosteroid treatment in five cases of cobra, naja naja, bite with systemic poisoning is reported. the results reveal that corticosteroid had no demonstrable beneficial effect in the neurotoxic poisoning of the cobra. specific antivenom is the most important therapeutic agent for systemic poisoning. the combination of antivenom and corticosteroid had no effect on the development of local necrosis.	1978	705419