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occurrence of ticks (acari: ixodidae) on human hosts, in three municipalities in the state of pará, brazil.assuming the existence of tick parasitism in humans in the state of pará, an aggregate observational study was developed along a transversal line in three cities of the state, during two years. interviews and examinations of 2,160 townspeople and tourists were carried out, without discrimination of ethnic, sex, age, or social status, and classified for effects analyzed for four bands of age, six types of activities in the society, and two sexes. larvae, nymphs, and adults of ticks had been ident ...201020943016
rickettsial infections of dogs, horses and ticks in juiz de fora, southeastern brazil, and isolation of rickettsia rickettsii from rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks.the present study was performed in an area endemic for brazilian spotted fever (bsf) in juiz de fora, state of minas gerais, brazil, during the years 2007 and 2008, when fatal cases of bsf (caused by rickettsia rickettsii) were reported. adult ticks (acari: ixodidae) identified as rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) and amblyomma cajennense (fabricius) were collected from dogs and horses, respectively, and tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). overall, 13.1% of the rh. sanguineus ticks and ...201020950356
rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs: relationships between attachment sites and tick developmental stages.the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus, is the most widespread tick in the world and infests primarily domestic dogs. studies on the bio-ecology of r. sanguineus have been carried out worldwide, but little is known of the on-dog relationships of tick developmental stages and their possible role on tick feeding performance, reproduction and pathogen transmission. we studied the relationships between different developmental stages of r. sanguineus on particular body areas of naturally infest ...201020957414
cytotoxic effects of permethrin in oocytes of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) fully engorged females: i. direct or indirect action of the acaricide in germ cells?given the wide use of synthetic chemicals to control ticks, this study evaluated the effects of the permethrin pyrethroid on oocytes of rhipicephalus sanguineus fully engorged females in order to examine whether this compound, in addition to the proven neurotoxic effect, also acts directly on germ cells. the results revealed that permethrin effectively inhibits and/or interrupts the reproductive process of r. sanguineus. exposed oocytes exhibited prominent structural changes such as altered shap ...201020960224
transovarial passage of leishmania infantum kdna in artificially infected rhipicephalus sanguineus.phlebotomine sand flies are the only proven biological vectors of leishmania parasites. however, rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks have long been suspected to transmit leishmania infantum in studies carried out in laboratory and natural conditions. in the present study, 5 microl of l. infantum promastigotes (1x10(6) cells per ml) was injected into the hemocel through the coxa i of four engorged females (f1, f2, f3 and f4). control ticks (f5 and f6) were injected with sterile phosphate-buffered sali ...201020138871
the complete mitochondrial genome of the citrus red mite panonychus citri (acari: tetranychidae): high genome rearrangement and extremely truncated trnas.the family tetranychidae (chelicerata: acari) includes ~1200 species, many of which are of agronomic importance. to date, mitochondrial genomes of only two tetranychidae species have been sequenced, and it has been found that these two mitochondrial genomes are characterized by many unusual features in genome organization and structure such as gene order and nucleotide frequency. the scarcity of available sequence data has greatly impeded evolutionary studies in acari (mites and ticks). informat ...201020969792
fipronil-induced cell death in salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged females.the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus is currently considered an urban plague. for this reason many studies are intended to find methods to control these ectoparasites. thus, the present study analyzed the ultrastructural modifications of the salivary glands cells of semi-engorged females of r. sanguineus resulting from their exposition to fipronil (active ingredient of frontline®). the studied individuals were divided into four groups. group 1 was exposed to distilled water (control) and groups 2, ...201020974132
canine and feline vector-borne diseases in italy: current situation and perspectives.in italy, dogs and cats are at risk of becoming infected by different vector-borne pathogens, including protozoa, bacteria, and helminths. ticks, fleas, phlebotomine sand flies, and mosquitoes are recognized vectors of pathogens affecting cats and dogs, some of which (e.g., anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, dipylidium caninum, leishmania infantum, dirofilaria immitis, and dirofilaria repens) are of zoonotic concern. recent studies have highlighted the potential of fleas as vectors ...201020145730
feeding-associated gene expression in sheep scab mites (psoroptes ovis).the mite psoroptes ovis is the causative agent of sheep scab. although not usually fatal, the disease can spread rapidly and is a serious animal welfare concern. vaccine development against ectoparasites has primarily focussed on two sources of candidate vaccine antigens - "exposed" antigens that are secreted in saliva during feeding on a host and "concealed" antigens that are usually expressed in the parasite gut and may be involved in digestion. here, we sought to identify genes encoding prote ...201019852923
rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae in traveler from egypt. 201020735946
occurrence of hepatozoon sp. in dogs in the urban area originating from a municipality in southeastern brazil.the occurrence of hepatozoon sp. infection in dogs was evaluated in the urban area of uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil. the study involved 300 animals, 120 from the veterinary hospital of the federal university of uberlândia's faculty of veterinary medicine, 80 from private clinics, and 100 from the animal protective association (apa). among these animals, 7.66% presented hepatozoon sp. gamonts inside neutrophils. no statistically significant difference was found among the diagnoses based on cap ...201020810218
absence of rickettsia rickettsii and occurrence of other spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from tennessee.rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) is the most common tick-borne illness in tennessee. little is known about the occurrence of r. rickettsii, the causative agent, in ticks in tennessee. to better understand the prevalence and distribution of rickettsial agents in ticks, we tested 1,265 amblyomma, dermacentor, and ixodes adult and nymphal ticks. additionally, we tested 231 amblyomma americanum larvae. ticks were collected from 49 counties from humans, wild animals, domestic canines, and flannel ...201020810834
progress and obstacles in vaccine development for the ehrlichioses.ehrlichia are tick-borne obligately intracellular bacteria that cause significant diseases in veterinary natural hosts, including livestock and companion animals, and are now considered important zoonotic pathogens in humans. vaccines are needed for these veterinary and zoonotic human pathogens, but many obstacles exist that have impeded their development. these obstacles include understanding genetic and antigenic variability, influence of the host on the pathogen phenotype and immunogenicity, ...201020822349
therapeutic effects of evasin-1, a chemokine binding protein, in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.cc chemokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (ipf). few studies have evaluated the efficacy of therapeutically targeting cc chemokines and their receptors during interstitial lung diseases. in the present study, the therapeutic effects of evasin-1, a tick-derived chemokine-binding protein that has high affinity for ccl3/mip-1α, was investigated in a murine model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. ccl3/mip-1α concentrations in lung homogenates increas ...201020833968
detection of leishmania infantum in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from brazil and italy.canine leishmaniosis is a widespread disease caused by leishmania parasites, which are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. however, in some areas where canine leishmaniosis is endemic, but the primary vectors have not been found, ticks have been suspected to play a role in transmitting the infection. herewith, we report the detection of leishmania infantum kinetoplast minicircle dna (kdna) in ticks collected from naturally infected dogs living in rural areas of southern italy (site a) and no ...201020127362
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in european part of turkey: genetic analysis of the virus strains from ticks and a seroepidemiological study in humans.abstract a survey of ticks from domestic ruminants, together with a serosurvey in humans was conducted in thrace (northwestern turkey) to evaluate the prevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) in ticks and humans. more prevalent ticks were hyalomma marginatum, hyalomma aegyptium, rhipicephalus bursa, and rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus, with low numbers of dermacentor marginatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus group, and ixodes ricinus. no differences in the tick faunal compositi ...201021028961
rhipicephalus microplus salivary gland molecules induce differential cd86 expression in murine macrophages.abstract:201021054882
effects of ricinus communis oil esters on salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).this study showed the interference of esters extracted from ricinus communis in the secretory cycle of salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, which consequently caused collateral effects on their feeding process. ticks attached on hosts which were fed with commercial feed containing different concentrations of r. communis oil esters suffered damages such as cytoplasmic changes in their salivary glands, notably in the acinar cells, impairing the functioning of the acini and accelerati ...201021070769
effects of ricinoleic acid esters from castor oil of ricinus communis on the vitellogenesis of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) ticks.this study examines the effects of ricinoleic acid esters from ricinus communis castor oil on the vitellogenesis of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks attached to hosts that were fed with commercial rabbit food containing these esters. the oocytes of ticks from the treatment group (tg) showed cytoplasmic changes that inhibited the development of oocytes i and ii to the advanced stages (iv and v) in addition to preventing the maturation of oocytes v, resulting in small ones. in addition, sperm was no ...201021070770
seasonal variation in the effect of climate on the biology of rhipicephalus sanguineus in southern europe.rhipicephalus sanguineus is the most widespread tick in the world and a vector of many pathogens infecting dogs and humans. to date, there have been no investigations on the biology of r. sanguineus under natural mediterranean climatic conditions.201021078221
sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the gp200 protein of ehrlichia canis from dogs in taiwan.ehrlichia (e.) canis is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium responsible for canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. currently, the genetic diversity of e. canis strains worldwide is poorly defined. in the present study, sequence analysis of the nearly full-length 16s rdna (1,620 bp) and the complete coding region (4,269 bp) of the gp200 gene, which encodes the largest major immunoreactive protein in e. canis, from 17 taiwanese samples was conducted. the resultant 16s rdna sequences were foun ...201021113103
amblyomma imitator ticks as vectors of rickettsia rickettsii, mexico.real-time pcr of amblyomma imitator tick egg masses obtained in nuevo leon state, mexico, identified a rickettsia species. sequence analyses of 17-kd common antigen and outer membrane protein a and b gene fragments showed to it to be r. rickettsii, which suggested a potential new vector for this bacterium.201020678325
bm86 homologues and novel ataq proteins with multiple epidermal growth factor (egf)-like domains from hard and soft ticks.tick control on livestock relies principally on the use of acaricides but the development of acaricide resistance and concerns for environmental pollution underscore the need for alternative control methods, for instance through the use of anti-tick vaccines. two commercial vaccines based on the recombinant bm86 protein from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks were developed. partial protection of the bm86 vaccine against other rhipicephalus (boophilus) and hyalomma tick species suggests t ...201020647015
an insight into the sialotranscriptome of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.rhipicephalus sanguineus, known as the brown dog tick, is a common ectoparasite of domestic dogs and can be found worldwide. r.sanguineus is recognized as the primary vector of the etiological agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and canine babesiosis. here we present the first description of a r. sanguineus salivary gland transcriptome by the production and analysis of 2,034 expressed sequence tags (est) from two cdna libraries, one consctructed using mrna from dissected salivary glands from ...201020650005
evasin-3-like anti-chemokine activity in salivary gland extracts of ixodid ticks during blood-feeding: a new target for tick control.ticks exploit many evasion mechanisms to circumvent the immune control of their hosts including subversion of the communication language between cells of the immune system provided by chemokines and other cytokines. one subversive molecule secreted in the saliva of rhipicephalus sanguineus is evasin-3, a structurally unique 7 kda protein that selectively binds the neutrophil chemoattractants, cxcl8 and (with lower affinity) cxcl1. we compared anti-human cxcl8 and anti-mouse cxcl1/kc activities i ...201020500677
high prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from an indian reservation in northeastern arizona.we evaluated the serological and molecular prevalence of selected organisms in 145 dogs during late spring (may/june) of 2005 and in 88 dogs during winter (february) of 2007 from the hopi indian reservation. additionally, in 2005, 442 ticks attached to dogs were collected and identified as rhipicephalus sanguineus. infection with or exposure to at least one organism was detected in 69% and 66% of the dogs in may/june 2005 and february 2007, respectively. exposure to spotted fever group (sfg) ric ...201019469667
co-feeding as a route for transmission of rickettsia conorii israelensis between rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks.rickettsia conorii is widely distributed in europe, asia, and africa. the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus, is the recognized vector of r. conorii. in this study, we assessed the efficiency of r. conorii israelensis transmission between co-feeding rh. sanguineus ticks. infected rh. sanguineus adults and uninfected nymphs were fed simultaneously upon either naïve dogs or a dog previously exposed to this agent. when ticks were placed upon naïve dogs, 92-100% of nymphs acquired the infectio ...201020589416
rocky mountain spotted fever in the united states, 2000-2007: interpreting contemporary increases in incidence.rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), a potentially fatal tick-borne infection caused by rickettsia rickettsii, is considered a notifiable condition in the united states. during 2000 to 2007, the annual reported incidence of rmsf increased from 1.7 to 7 cases per million persons from 2000 to 2007, the highest rate ever recorded. american indians had a significantly higher incidence than other race groups. children 5-9 years of age appeared at highest risk for fatal outcome. enzyme-linked immunoso ...201020595498
the dynamics of rna participation in the vitellogenesis of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks latreille 1806 (acari:ixodidae). i. nucleoli or cajal bodies?to understand the morphological and histological aspects of internal systems of ticks has become important matter since these arthropods have an impact in the areas of the economy and public health. in this context, this study has provided morphological data on female germinative cells of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, ectoparasites of dogs that maintain a close relationship with human on a daily basis. oocytes of engorged females were analyzed, through the pas reaction (detection of polysaccha ...201020605721
prevalence of ehrlichial infection among dogs and ticks in northeastern brazil.this study investigated the epidemiology of canine ehrlichiosis in northeastern brazil, focusing the identification of the ehrlichia species and vectors involved. samples were collected from 472 domestic dogs residing in the health districts of cajazeiras and itapuã of salvador city. the average prevalence of antibodies reactive to e. canis by immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat) (titer ≥ 1:80) was 35.6% (168/472). blood samples from the e. canis-seropositive animals were tested by nested pcr ...201020624344
[seroprevalence anti-ehrlichia canis antibodies in dogs of cuiabá, mato grosso].canine ehrlichiosis is a disease transmitted by ticks rhipicephalus sanguineus and caused by ehrlichia canis, obligatory intracellular bacteria. the present study examined the prevalence of anti-e. canis in 254 dogs from four administrative regions of cuiabá, mato grosso, by indirect immunofluorescence assay. there was a prevalence of 42.5% (108/254) without significant difference between the studied regions. the variables age, breed, sex, habitat, access to rural and ticks were analyzed. the an ...201020624348
epidemiology of spotted fever group and typhus group rickettsial infection in the amazon basin of peru.a seroprevalence study for igg antibodies against spotted fever group (sfgr) and typhus group (tgr) rickettsia among humans and domestic pets was conducted in the city of iquitos, located in the amazon basin of peru. of 1,195 human sera analyzed, 521 (43.6%) and 123 (10.3%) were positive for sfgr and tgr antibodies, respectively. district of residence and participant age were associated with antibody positivity for both groups, whereas rodent sightings in the home were associated with tgr antibo ...201020348519
effects of prolonged exposure to low temperature on eggs of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).the widespread geographical distribution of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) is related to the cosmopolitan distribution of its primary host and to its adaptability to different environments, under variable climate conditions. field studies have suggested that temperature is the most important factor driving the population dynamics of this tick species. in order to investigate the effects of prolonged exposure to low temperature on eggs of r. sanguineus, nine groups ...201020381253
use of a doxycycline-enrofloxacin-metronidazole combination with/without diminazene diaceturate to treat naturally occurring canine babesiosis caused by babesia gibsoni.canine babesiosis is an important worldwide, tick-borne disease caused by hemoprotozoan parasites of the genus babesia. babesia gibsoni is the predominant species that causes canine babesiosis in taipei, taiwan. it is a small pleomorphic intraerythrocytic parasite that can cause erythrocyte destruction and hemolytic anemia. efficacy of oral administration of a doxycycline-enrofloxacin-metronidazole combination with and without injections of diminazene diaceturate in the management of naturally o ...201020416095
the first report of hepatozoon canis identified in vulpes vulpes and ticks from italy.this is the first report on the presence of hepatozoon canis in vulpes vulpes in italy. during the years 2005 and 2006, a total of 119 foxes were collected and their spleen tissues were screened by microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing. in the same area, 290 ticks were picked off from dogs or collected from the environment. microscopy detected inclusion bodies regarded as belonging to the genus hepatozoon in four samples, whereas molecular diagnostics evidenced 16 foxes (13.4%) a ...201020420538
[rocky mountain spotted fever, a forgotten epidemic]. 201020464246
human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the united states. ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir ...201020513551
babesia lengau sp. nov., a novel babesia species in cheetah (acinonyx jubatus, schreber, 1775) populations in south africa.in a previous paper, we reported on a large number of cheetah blood specimens that gave positive signals only for babesia and/or theileria genus-specific probes on the reverse line blot (rlb) assay, indicating the presence of a novel species or variant of an existing species. some of these specimens were investigated further by microscopic, serological, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. the near-full-length 18s rrna genes of 13 samples, as well as the second internal transcribed spacer (its ...201020519464
the expression of genes coding for distinct types of glycine-rich proteins varies according to the biology of three metastriate ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, rhipicephalus sanguineus and amblyomma cajennense.ticks secrete a cement cone composed of many salivary proteins, some of which are rich in the amino acid glycine in order to attach to their hosts' skin. glycine-rich proteins (grps) are a large family of heterogeneous proteins that have different functions and features; noteworthy are their adhesive and tensile characteristics. these properties may be essential for successful attachment of the metastriate ticks to the host and the prolonged feeding necessary for engorgement. in this work, we an ...201020529354
permethrin-induced morphological changes in oocytes of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged females.the permethrin, active ingredient of the advantage(r) max3--bayer, has been widely used in the chemical control of ticks. these ectoparasites are one of the most important animal groups that cause serious damage to their hosts. this study evaluated the toxic effects of permethrin in oocytes of rhipicephalus sanguineus semi-engorged females subjected to four treatments: group i (control--distilled water), group ii (206 ppm of permethrin), group iii (1031 ppm of permethrin) and group iv (2062 ppm ...201020035820
differences in the behavior of rhipicephalus sanguineus tested against resistant and susceptible dogs.to ascertain whether brown dog tick rhipicephalus sp. infests resistant (beagle) and susceptible (english cocker spaniel) dogs differently, five animals of each breed were maintained in a kennel whose walls were infested with 7,000 larvae, 320 nymphs, 80 males and 80 females, in 3 infestations, at 10-day intervals. five times more ticks were found on cocker spaniels (498) than on beagles (96). substances were collected by rubbing pieces of clean flannel on the dogs for 15 min and these were test ...201020091335
the ccl3/macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha-binding protein evasin-1 protects from graft-versus-host disease but does not modify graft-versus-leukemia in mice.ccl3 is a protein of the cc chemokine family known to be important for t cell recruitment in inflammatory diseases. the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects and putative mechanism of action of evasin-1, a novel ccl3-binding protein, in the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease (gvhd). gvhd was induced by the transplantation of splenocytes from c57bl/6j to b6d2f1 mice. treatment of recipient mice with evasin-1 prevented mortality associated with gvhd. this was correlated ...201020100934
ticks (acari: ixodoidea: argasidae, ixodidae) of china.this paper presents results of an investigation and listing of tick species found in china during a survey in all 28 provinces. this will be a step towards a definitive list of tick species and their distribution. to date, the tick fauna of this area consists of 117 species in the following families: argasidae-argas (7 species), carios (4 species) and ornithodoros (2 species); ixodidae-amblyomma (8 species), anomalohimalaya (2 species), dermacentor (12 species), haemaphysalis (44 species), hyalo ...201020101443
biogeography of tick-borne bhanja virus (bunyaviridae) in europe.bhanja virus (bhav) is pathogenic for young domestic ruminants and also for humans, causing fever and affections of the central nervous system. this generally neglected arbovirus of the family bunyaviridae is transmitted by metastriate ticks of the genera haemaphysalis, dermacentor, hyalomma, rhipicephalus, boophilus, and amblyomma. geographic distribution of bhav covers southern and central asia, africa, and southern (partially also central) europe. comparative biogeographic study of eight know ...201020182535
efficacy of the fipronil 10%+(s)-methoprene 9% combination against rhipicephalus sanguineus in naturally infested dogs: speed of kill, persistent efficacy on immature and adult stages and effect of water.this field trial was designed to test the efficacy, in terms of treatment and prevention, of the fipronil 10%+(s)-methoprene 9% combination against immature and adult stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus in naturally infested dogs, and to assess the effect of a single plain water exposure. twenty-four dogs of various age, sex, weight and coat length were divided into two homogeneous groups, treated (t) and control (c), and housed into twin outdoor kennels. trial baseline was designed as day 0, whe ...201020185241
detection of "candidatus rickettsia sp. strain argentina"and rickettsia bellii in amblyomma ticks (acari: ixodidae) from northern argentina.ixodid ticks were collected from vegetation and from humans, wild and domestic mammals in a rural area in the semi-arid argentine chaco in late spring 2006 to evaluate their potential role as vectors of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae. a total of 233 adult ticks, identified as amblyomma parvum, amblyomma tigrinum and amblyomma pseudoconcolor, was examined for rickettsia spp. we identified an sfg rickettsia of unknown pathogenicity, "candidatus rickettsia sp. strain argentina", in a. parvum ...201020186466
potential for tick-borne bartonelloses.as worldwide vectors of human infectious diseases, ticks are considered to be second only to mosquitoes. each tick species has preferred environmental conditions and biotopes that determine its geographic distribution, the pathogens it vectors, and the areas that pose risk for tick-borne diseases. researchers have identified an increasing number of bacterial pathogens that are transmitted by ticks, including anaplasma, borrelia, ehrlichia, and rickettsia spp. recent reports involving humans and ...201020202411
borrelia, ehrlichia, and rickettsia spp. in ticks removed from persons, texas, usa.data regarding the type, frequency, and distribution of tick-borne pathogens and bacterial agents are not widely available for many tick species that parasitize persons in the southern united states. we therefore analyzed the frequency and identity of pathogens and bacterial agents in ticks removed from humans and subsequently submitted to the texas department of state health services, zoonosis control program, from october 1, 2004, through september 30, 2008. the data showed associations of bac ...201020202419
the increasing recognition of rickettsial pathogens in dogs and people.dogs and people are exposed to and susceptible to infection by many of the same tick-borne bacterial pathogens in the order rickettsiales, including anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia canis, e. chaffeensis, e. ewingii, rickettsia rickettsii, r. conorii, and other spotted fever group rickettsiae. recent findings include descriptions of novel ehrlichia and rickettsia species, recognition of the occurrence and clinical significance of co-infection, and increasing awareness of rhipicephalus sangui ...201020207197
molecular dissimilarities of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) in brazil and its relation with samples throughout the world: is there a geographical pattern?in this study the genetic variability of rhipicephalus sanguineus within brazil and its relation with ticks of the same group from different continents was evaluated. mitochondrial 12s and 16s rdna fragments of r. sanguineus from seven brazilian states were sequenced and compared to genbank sequences of r. sanguineus and r. turanicus ticks from africa, asia, europe, south america and usa. results indicate a relatively high intra-specific variability between brazilian samples but also a global la ...201019774468
tick saliva induces regulatory dendritic cells: map-kinases and toll-like receptor-2 expression as potential targets.ticks (acari: ixodidae) are bloodsucking ectoparasitic arthropods of human and veterinary medical importance. tick saliva has been shown to contain a wide range of bioactive molecules with vasodilatory, antihemostatic, and immunomodulatory activities. we have previously demonstrated that saliva from rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks inhibits the maturation of dendritic cells (dcs) stimulated with lps. here we examined the mechanism of this immune subversion, evaluating the effect of tick saliva on ...201019836139
efficacy of the bm86 antigen against immature instars and adults of the dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).the bm86 antigen has been used to control ticks of the boophilus genera in integrated programs that also include the use of acaricides. because of recent phylogenetic studies have lead to the inclusion of all boophilus species within the rhipicephalus genera, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of the bm86 antigen on the biotic potential of rhipicephalus sanguineus. domestic dogs were vaccinated with bm86 and challenged with the three instars of r. sanguineus. male and female mongrel dogs were ...201019836894
prevalence and geographical distribution of canine hemotropic mycoplasma infections in mediterranean countries and analysis of risk factors for infection.two hemoplasma species are known in dogs: mycoplasma haemocanis (mhc) and 'candidatus mycoplasma haematoparvum' (cmhp). although their transmission routes are poorly understood, rhipicephalus sanguineus has been suggested as a potential tick vector. the aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical importance of canine hemoplasmas in countries with a mediterranean climate where r. sanguineus is highly prevalent using taqman real-time pcr, and to molecularly ch ...201019931320
discovery of ectoparasiticidal hydrazonotrifluoromethanesulfonanilides.a series of hydrazonotrifluorosulfonanilide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activity against the ectoparasites ctenocephalides felis and rhipicephalus sanguineus. some compounds with excellent activity against tick were identified.201019962303
transcriptome analysis of the synganglion from the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.tick control strategies rely heavily on chemicals (acaricides), most of which target the central nervous system. with increasing resistance, new acaricides are urgently needed but knowledge of tick neurobiology is surprisingly limited, notably the number of neural-specific gene sequences. one thousand and eight expressed sequence tags (ests) were obtained from a normalized cdna library from rhipicephalus sanguineus synganglia. putative functional identities were assigned to 44% whereas 34% were ...201020002796
evaluation of the vectorial capacity of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) in the transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis.the vectorial capacity of rhipicephalus sanguineus in the transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis has been evaluated through a laboratory-controlled experiment. one healthy leishmania-free dog and two dogs naturally infected with leishmania were infested with r. sanguineus in various stages of development. engorged larvae, unfed nymphs, engorged nymphs, unfed adults, engorged female adults and fed male adults were collected from the experimental animals and examined for leishmania infectio ...201020012095
meeting the challenges of on-host and off-host water balance in blood-feeding arthropods.in this review, we describe water balance requirements of blood-feeding arthropods, particularly contrasting dehydration tolerance during the unfed, off-host state and the challenges of excess water that accompany receipt of the bloodmeal. most basic water balance characteristics during the off-host stage are applicable to other terrestrial arthropods, as well. a well-coordinated suite of responses enable arthropods to conserve water resources, enhance their desiccation tolerance, and increase t ...201020206630
what's eating you? rhipicephalus ticks. 201021214121
molecular epidemiology of crimean- congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome isolated from ticks of hamadan province of iran.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus is a tick-borne member of the genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae. cchfv has been isolated from at least 31 different tick species. the virus is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, or by direct contact with cchfv-infected patients or the products of infected livestock. this study was undertaken to study the genetic relationship and distribution of cchfv in the tick population of hamadan province of iran.201021178213
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for rapid diagnosis of babesia canis infections.vector-borne diseases are rising in interest due to global warming, which is believed to impact on the distribution of vectors into new areas thus influencing the occurrence and epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens. babesia canis belongs to the piroplasmidae and there are three described subspecies, namely b. canis canis, b. canis rossi and b. canis vogeli. they are each transmitted by a different tick-species, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis leachi and rhipicephalus sanguineus, respect ...201020537107
application of highly sensitive saturation labeling to the analysis of differential protein expression in infected ticks from limited samples.abstract:201020704695
expression of heat shock and other stress response proteins in ticks and cultured tick cells in response to anaplasma spp. infection and heat shock.ticks are ectoparasites of animals and humans that serve as vectors of anaplasma and other pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. ticks and the pathogens that they transmit have coevolved molecular interactions involving genetic traits of both the tick and the pathogen that mediate their development and survival. in this paper, the expression of heat shock proteins (hsps) and other stress response proteins (srps) was characterized in ticks and cultured tick cells by proteomics and t ...201022084679
permethrin-induced ultrastructural changes in oocytes of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged females.currently, the most effective method for tick control is by the use of chemical acaricides such as permethrin (active ingredient of the advantage(-«) max3 acaricide, bayer), a pyrethroid with neurotoxic action. however, data about its effect on other tick systems, such as glandular and reproductive, are still scarce. this study provides ultrastructural details of the toxic effects induced in oocytes of semi-engorged rhipicephalus sanguineus females exposed to 206, 1031, and 2062 ppm of permethri ...201021771518
coinfections of rickettsia slovaca and rickettsia helvetica with borrelia lusitaniae in ticks collected in a safari park, portugal.borrelia and rickettsia bacteria are the most important tick-borne agents causing disease in portugal. identification and characterization of these circulating agents, mainly in recreational areas, is crucial for the development of preventive measures in response to the gradually increasing exposure of humans to tick vectors. a total of 677 questing ticks including dermacentor marginatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, ixodes ricinus, hyalomma lusitanicum, h. marginatum, and haemaphysalis punctata we ...201021771525
ixodid ticks in bosnia and herzegovina.ticks of the ixodidae family represent an enormous threat to human and animal health. from january to december 2004, a total of 10,050 ixodid ticks were collected from 26 areas in bosnia and herzegovina and determined to the species level. ticks were collected from dogs, sheep, cows, goats, rodents, humans and plants. ixodes ricinus was the most prevalent species, followed by dermacentor marginatus marginatus, rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma marginatum marginatum, rhipicephalus sanguineus, haemaph ...201020967487
bartonella infection in shelter cats and dogs and their ectoparasites.abstract mainly through vector transmission, domestic cats and dogs are infected by several bartonella spp. and represent a large reservoir for human infections. this study investigated the relationship of prevalences of bartonella infection in shelter dogs and cats and various ectoparasite species infesting them (fleas, ticks, and lice). moreover, relationships between bartonella infection and animal gender and age and presence of ectoparasites were analyzed. blood samples were collected from 1 ...201021142966
ticks (acari: ixodidae) on dogs from uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil.uberlândia in minas gerais state, southeastern brazil, has 622 000 inhabitants and is located in the cerrado biome, the south american savannah. the city dog population is estimated at 82 000 and identification of tick species and infestation prevalence on this host has not been determined. a major infectious disease of dogs in the city, canine ehrlichiosis, is transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. at the same time, autochthonous leishmaniosis has been recently described in the city and ...201020537111
ticks species (ixodida) in the summit municipal park and adjacent areas, panama city, panama.from september 2007 to september 2009, we studied the species of ticks present in the summit municipal park. ticks were extracted from zoo animals, free-living wild mammals and reptiles trapped, dead mammals on the roads and environment (ground and zoo burrows). a total of 2,649 ticks were collected: 2,167 immature stages (1,345 larvae and 822 nymphs) and 482 adults. seventeen species were identified: ornithodoros puertorricensis (argasidae), amblyomma auricularium, a. cajennense, a. calcaratum, ...201020585838
rickettsia in synanthropic and domestic animals and their hosts from two areas of low endemicity for brazilian spotted fever in the eastern region of minas gerais, brazil.the aim of this study was to understand the current epidemiology of rickettsial diseases in two rickettsial-endemic regions in brazil. in the municipalities of pingo d'agua and santa cruz do escalvado, among serum samples obtained from horses and dogs, reactivity by immunofluorescent assay against spotted fever group rickettsiae was verified. in some serum samples from opossums (didelphis aurita) captured in santa cruz do escalvado, serologic response against rickettsiae was also verified. polym ...201021118939
multiplex real-time qpcr for the detection of ehrlichia canis and babesia canis vogeli.ehrlichia canis and babesia canis vogeli are two tick-borne canine pathogens with a worldwide importance. both pathogens are transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, which has an increasing global distribution. a multiplex quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay for the simultaneous detection of the tick-borne pathogens e. canis and b. canis vogeli was developed using dual-labeled probes. the target genes were the 16s rrna of e. canis and the heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) of ...201020674177
azadirachta indica a. juss (neem) induced morphological changes on oocytes of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) tick females.many studies have been conducted with plants whose extracts have the potential to be used for pest control. one of these plants is azadirachta indica (neem), whose main active ingredient is azadirachtin, a compound shown to have acaricide and insecticide activity. rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick) is currently considered to be an "urban pest," because of its high levels of infestation and its ability to attack humans. in the present study partially and fully engorged r. sanguineus female ...201020685201
pathogens and symbionts in ticks: a survey on tick species distribution and presence of tick-transmitted micro-organisms in sardinia, italy.a total of 1485 adult ticks were collected from mammalian hosts in south-eastern sardinia, italy, during the years 2007-2008. ticks were identified and tested by pcr analysis for presence of rickettsia species of the spotted fever group, ehrlichia canis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, bartonella species and leishmania species. among all tick species examined (rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhipicephalus turanicus, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus pusillus, hyalomma marginatum margina ...201020884769
rickettsial infection in domestic mammals and their ectoparasites in el valle de antón, coclé, panamá.the present research evaluated the presence of rickettsia spp. on ectoparasites of horses and dogs (using pcr techniques), and their sera (using immunofluorescence assay) in el valle de antón town in panama. a total of 20 horses and 20 dogs were sampled, finding four species of ectoparasites on dogs (the ticks rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma oblongoguttatum, and the flea ctenocephalides felis), and two tick species on horses (amblyomma cajennense and dermacentor nitens). dna ...201021144663
ticks on birds in a forest fragment of brazilian cerrado (savanna) in the municipality of uberlândia, state of minas gerais, brazil.this is a report of tick species, parasite prevalence and infestation intensity of birds in a forest fragment (18° 56' 57'' s and 48° 12' 14'' w) within the brazilian cerrado (savanna), in the municipality of uberlândia, state of minas gerais, brazil. a total of 162 birds from 26 species were captured. one adult tick, 296 larvae and 67 nymphs were found on passerine birds. of these, it was identified 31 larvae and 27 nymphs of amblyomma longirostre, 17 nymphs of a. nodosum, one a. cajennense lar ...201021184702
efficacy of deltamethrin (butox® 7.5 pour on) against nymphs and adults of ticks (ixodes ricinus, rhipicephalus sanguineus) in treated hair of cattle and sheep.ticks are known to be able to transmit a broad spectrum of agents of diseases in cattle or sheep. therefore, measurements are needed to keep ticks away from the body of any ruminant belonging to the agricultural life stock. the present study dealt with investigations to measure the efficacy of the insecticide deltamethrin (butox® 7.5 pour on) against specimens of two important species (ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus sanguineus). four sheep and four young cattle were treated lege arte along the ...201021113726
prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle and sheep southeast of iran.a survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of hard tick species (acari: ixodidae) on cattle and sheep southeast of iran. a total of 972 ticks were collected from 280 infested cattle and 1,207 ticks were collected from 632 infested sheep during activating seasons of ticks in 2008-2009. the species collected from cattle were hyalomma marginatum marginatum (50.92%), hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (25.61%), hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (8.12%), hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (1.85%), and ...201021113660
histopathology of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) ticks fed on resistant hosts.histological features of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks fed on dog, a non resistant host, and on guinea pig, a resistant host, were compared. unfed ticks and ticks from each host species were collected during first and third infestation and processed for histology. many ticks from guinea pigs, especially during third infestation, were unattached, dehydrated and small. only the midgut of ticks fed on guinea pigs had host leukocytes. vacuolization of midgut cells was observed in all ticks, with ex ...201019554460
morpho-histochemical characterization of salivary gland cells of males of the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) at different feeding stages: description of new cell types.this study describes the changes undergone by cells of the salivary glands of unfed and feeding (at day two and four post-attachment) rhipicephalus sanguineus males, as well as new cell types. in unfed males, types i and ii acini are observed with cells "undifferentiated", undefined 1 and 2 (the latter, with atypical granules), a, c1 and c3; type iii is composed of cells d and e; and type iv present cells g. in males at day two post-attachment, type i acini exhibit the same morphology of unfed i ...201019582584
development and use of real-time pcr to detect and quantify mycoplasma haemocanis and "candidatus mycoplasma haematoparvum" in dogs.two canine haemoplasma species have been recognised to date; mycoplasma haemocanis (mhc), which has been associated with anaemia in splenectomised or immunocompromised dogs, and "candidatus mycoplasma haematoparvum" (cmhp), recently described in an anaemic splenectomised dog undergoing chemotherapy. the study aim was to develop quantitative real-time pcr assays (qpcrs) incorporating an endogenous internal control to detect mhc and cmhp and to apply these assays to dna samples extracted from cani ...201019646827
ticks on captive and free-living wild animals in northeastern brazil.from 2005 to 2009, 147 ticks found on 32 wild animals from or referred to two zoobotanical parks (parque zoobotânico arruda câmara and parque estadual dois irmãos) located in northeastern brazil were identified. ticks found on two veterinarians working in one of the parks (i.e., parque estadual dois irmãos), after return from forested areas within the park's territory, were also identified. the following tick-host associations were recorded: amblyomma fuscum neumann on boa constrictor l.; amblyo ...201019693679
ticks (acari: ixodidae) within various phytophysiognomies of a cerrado reserve in uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil.cerrado biome, the south american savannah, covers about 2 million km(2) and is very rich in endemic species but threatened by agriculture. in this report free-living tick species are presented, and their seasonal and relative distribution within the various phytophysiognomies in a small cerrado reserve in minas gerais state, brazil. overall 2,694 free-living ticks were found during a 2 years sampling period with co(2) traps and cloth dragging. of these, 73.5% were amblyomma cajennense and 0.6% ...201019693680
predominance of ehrlichia chaffeensis in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from kennel-confined dogs in limbe, cameroon.rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (n = 63) collected from five dogs (two adults and three puppies) housed in a kennel were screened for ehrlichial agents (ehrlichia canis, e. chaffeensis, and e. ewingii) using a species-specific multicolor real-time taqman pcr amplification of the disulphide bond formation protein (dsb) gene. ehrlichia chaffeensis dna was detected in 33 (56%) ticks, e. canis dna was detected in four (6%) ticks, and one tick was coinfected. the e. chaffeensis and e. canis nucleotide ...201019693681
hard ticks on domestic ruminants and their seasonal population dynamics in yazd province, iran.ticks are the main vectors for transmission of different pathogens to human and animals. this survey was performed to find out distribution of ticks, which infested the domestic ruminants in yazd province, central iran during year 2008-2009.201022808391
insights into shell deposition in the antarctic bivalve laternula elliptica: gene discovery in the mantle transcriptome using 454 pyrosequencing.the antarctic clam, laternula elliptica, is an infaunal stenothermal bivalve mollusc with a circumpolar distribution. it plays a significant role in bentho-pelagic coupling and hence has been proposed as a sentinel species for climate change monitoring. previous studies have shown that this mollusc displays a high level of plasticity with regard to shell deposition and damage repair against a background of genetic homogeneity. the southern ocean has amongst the lowest present-day caco3 saturatio ...201020529341
molecular detection of anaplasma platys in a naturally-infected cat in brazil.following the accidental finding of inclusion bodies similar to anaplasma platys in a stained blood smear from a cat, dna analysis of the 16s rrna gene was performed and 100% identity was found with different strains of a. platys. these data confirm that cats are susceptible to parasitism by a. platys.201024031508
molecular analysis of the rrna genes of babesia spp and ehrlichia canis detected in dogs from ribeirão preto, brazil.the partial dna sequences of the 18s rrna gene of babesia canis and the 16s rrna gene of ehrlichia canis detected in dogs from ribeirão preto, brazil, were compared to sequences from other strains deposited in genbank. the e. canis strain circulating in ribeirão preto is identical to other strains previously detected in the region, whereas the subspecies babesia canis vogeli is the main babesia strain circulating in dogs from ribeirão preto.200924031351
directed evolution of a filamentous fungus for thermotolerance.filamentous fungi are the most widely used eukaryotic biocatalysts in industrial and chemical applications. consequently, there is tremendous interest in methodology that can use the power of genetics to develop strains with improved performance. for example, metarhizium anisopliae is a broad host range entomopathogenic fungus currently under intensive investigation as a biologically based alternative to chemical pesticides. however, it use is limited by the relatively low tolerance of this spec ...200919709419
preliminary study on the acaricidal efficacy of spinosad administered orally to dogs infested with the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).spinosad is a novel mode of action insecticide and acaricide derived from a family of natural compounds produced from fermentation of the actinomycete, saccharopolyspora spinosa. although spinosad has been shown to have rapid knockdown and 1 month of residual efficacy against fleas (ctenocephalides spp.) following oral administration in dogs, potential activity against ticks infesting dogs has not been determined. to address this possibility, a proof-of-concept laboratory efficacy study was cond ...200919713042
effects of fipronil (active ingredient of frontline) on salivary gland cells of rhipicephalus sanguineus females (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).the present study analyzed the effects of the chemical compound fipronil, active ingredient of frontline (acaricide and insecticide), on the salivary glands of unfed and semi-engorged female rhipicephalus sanguineus tick. unfed females were only exposed to the concentration of 1 ppm of fipronil, while semi-engorged females were treated with fipronil in three concentrations: 1 ppm, 5 ppm, and 10 ppm (distilled water was used as control). the histological and histochemical results revealed signifi ...200919748741
tick-borne rickettsiosis in traveler returning from honduras. 200919751607
ehrlichia chaffeensis infections in drosophila melanogaster.ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate, intracellular bacterium, transmitted by the tick amblyomma americanum, and is the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis infections. we previously demonstrated that e. chaffeensis is capable of growing in drosophila s2 cells. therefore, we tested the hypothesis that e. chaffeensis can infect adult drosophila melanogaster. adult drosophila organisms were experimentally challenged with intra-abdominal injections of bacteria. ehrlichia-infected flies s ...200919687202
ectoparasites of dogs and cats in albania.one hundred eighty-one dogs and 26 short-hair cats from suburban areas around tirana, albania were examined for ectoparasite infestation. the dogs were examined on several occasions from 2005 through 2009 representing three seasons: winter (december-february), spring (march-may), and summer (june-august); the cats were examined in late autumn (november). in addition, deep ear swab specimens of 30 dogs were examined for ear mites. the arthropod ectoparasite fauna of the dogs included two tick spe ...200919690887
babesia spp. infection in dogs from rural areas of são paulo state, brazil.the status of babesia spp. infection in dogs from rural areas of são paulo state, brazil was studied. for this, 150 animals were examined by blood smears and by pcr; the presence of tick infestation was also investigated. by the blood smear examination, 3 animals (2%) were detected positive and by pcr for babesia spp. 12 (8%) were positive, with bands visualized in 450 bp. rhipicephalus sanguineus or amblyomma spp. were found on 36 (24%) of the 150 dogs. amblyomma species found were a. cajennens ...200919602312
[occurrence of ticks (acari: ixodidae) in the municipality of goiatins, tocantins].due to a suspected human case of brazilian lyme-like disease in the city of goiatins, tocantins state, an epidemiological survey was carried out in eight counties in this region during september 2007 and february 2008, where 1,890 ticks were collected from domestic animals and from the environment. a total of eight tick species were identified: rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, dermacentor nitens, amblyomma cajennense, amblyomma oblongoguttatum, amblyomma ovale, ambl ...200919602318
[mutagenic occurrence in teleoginae of rhipicephalus sanguineus from intradomiciliary environment at rio de janeiro city].from material collected by into a residence house at rio de janeiro city, using an aspirator machine during four continues hours in all house, it was captured 1,284 rhipicephalus sanguineus including 289 females; one of them showed a mutagenic alteration like an asymmetry of opistosome, and monstrosity like a two anus. the first register of this phenomenon in r. sanguineus is reported.200919602319
canine piroplasmosis in italy: epidemiological aspects in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.in italy, canine piroplasmosis is believed to be widespread, but few data are available on its presence in most areas. in 2005 and 2006, vertebrate and invertebrate hosts were investigated in central and northern regions of the country. microscopy on blood smears, molecular tools and serological tests were applied to 420 blood samples collected from dogs, in order to evaluate the presence of these protozoa and to identify possible risk factors. moreover, ticks were analyzed by molecular techniqu ...200919632786
detection and identification of rickettsial agents in ticks from domestic mammals in eastern panama.several outbreaks of rocky mountain spotted fever have occurred in recent years in colombian communities close to the border with panama. however, little is known about rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases in eastern panamanian provinces, the darien province and the kuna yala, located north of the endemic area in colombia. in 2007, 289 ticks were collected in several towns from dogs, horses, mules, cows, and pigs. dna was extracted from 124 dermacentor nitens, 64 rhipicephalus sanguineus, 43 amb ...200919645289
tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in ticks collected from central spain.the prevalence of tick-borne and related bacteria infecting adult ticks in central spain was assessed by molecular methods. six areas were sampled monthly during a 2-year longitudinal study. a total of 1,038 questing and 442 feeding ticks, belonging to eight different species, were tested. the most abundant species were hyalomma lusitanicum (54% of captures), followed by dermacentor marginatus (23%) and rhipicephalus sanguineus (10%). four human pathogens, including seven rickettsia species, ana ...200919556569
acaricidal efficacy of thymol on engorged nymphs and females of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1808) (acari: ixodidae).the present work was aimed at evaluating the "in vitro" efficacy of different concentrations of thymol on engorged nymphs and females of rhipicephalus sanguineus. the nymphs were separated in seven groups and immersed in different concentrations of thymol (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) for 5 min. a control group was established (water + dimethylsulfoxide) together with a positive control group (amitraz*), and mortality was evaluated after 15 days. in order to perform the experiment with fem ...200919562380
canine babesiosis: from molecular taxonomy to control.abstract : canine babesiosis is a clinically significant emerging vector-borne disease caused by protozoan haemoparasites. this review article considers recent literature pertaining to the taxonomic classification of babesia and theileria species affecting dogs and the geographical distribution of these parasites. the diagnosis of canine babesiosis by traditional, molecular and serological methods is reviewed, together with recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of piroplasm ...200919426443
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