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detection of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o by elisa using a monoclonal antibody.an elisa assay with monoclonal antibody (melisa) was used to type serotype o of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). all fmdv serotype o reference strains were positive by melisa, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes asia 1, c, a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus remained negative. further, fmdv serotype o positive samples were able to be detected by melisa. this assay may be particularly suitable for dia ...201223244327
a dna vaccine encoding the fmdv capsid precursor polypeptide p1 and the enhancing effect of bovine herpesvirus 1 vp22 protein as molecular adjuvant.dna vaccines containing the capsid precursor polypeptide p1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) alone or combined with the vp22 gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bvp22) as molecular adjuvant were constructed and used for immunization of balb/c mice. the latter were challenged with fmdv and their humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses and virus clearance capacity were assayed. both dna vaccines elicited specific immune responses, however, the dna vaccine with the bvp22 adjuvant sho ...201222720700
acute bovine viral diarrhea associated with extensive mucosal lesions, high morbidity, and mortality in a commercial feedlot.in 2008, a northwest texas feedlot underwent an outbreak of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) causing high morbidity and mortality involving 2 lots of calves (lots a and b). severe mucosal surface lesions were observed grossly in the oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus. mucosal lesions varied from small (1-3 mm) infrequent mucosal ulcerations to large (5 mm to 1 cm) and coalescing ulcerations. necrotic debris was present in ulcerations of some mortalities with some having plaque-like debris, but ...201222379057
quantitative trait loci associated with the immune response to a bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine.infectious disease is an important problem for animal breeders, farmers and governments worldwide. one approach to reducing disease is to breed for resistance. this linkage study used a charolais-holstein f2 cattle cross population (n = 501) which was genotyped for 165 microsatellite markers (covering all autosomes) to search for associations with phenotypes for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) specific total-igg, igg1 and igg2 concentrations at several time-points pre- and post-brsv va ...201222438944
homology modeling and analysis of structure predictions of the bovine rhinitis b virus rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp).bovine rhinitis b virus (brbv) is a picornavirus responsible for mild respiratory infection of cattle. it is probably the least characterized among the aphthoviruses. brbv is the closest relative known to foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) with a ~43% identical polyprotein sequence and as much as 67% identical sequence for the rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), which is also known as 3d polymerase (3d(pol)). in the present study we carried out phylogenetic analysis, structure based sequence a ...201222942748
acquiring transgenic tobacco plants with insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance by fusion gene transformation.the advantages of gene 'stacking' or 'pyramiding' are obvious in genetically modified (gm) crops, and several different multi-transgene-stacking methods are available. using linker peptides for multiple gene transformation is considered to be a good method to meet a variety of needs. in our experiment, the bt cry1ah gene, which encodes the insect-resistance protein, and the mg ( 2 ) -epsps gene, which encodes the glyphosate-tolerance protein, were connected by a 2a or lp4/2a linker. linker 2a is ...201222777591
expression of vp1 protein of serotype a and o of foot-and-mouth disease virus in transgenic sunnhemp plants and its immunogenicity for guinea pigs.recently, transgenic plants expressing immunogenic proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been used as oral or parenteral vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). they exhibit advantages like cost effectiveness, absence of processing, thermostability, and easy oral application. fmdv vp1 protein of single serotype has been mostly used as immunogen. here we report the development of a bivalent vaccine with tandem-linked vp1 proteins of two serotypes, a and o, present in transge ...201222720698
structure, assembly, and dna packaging of the bacteriophage t4 head.the bacteriophage t4 head is an elongated icosahedron packed with 172 kb of linear double-stranded dna and numerous proteins. the capsid is built from three essential proteins: gp23*, which forms the hexagonal capsid lattice; gp24*, which forms pentamers at 11 of the 12 vertices; and gp20, which forms the unique dodecameric portal vertex through which dna enters during packaging and exits during infection. intensive work over more than half a century has led to a deep understanding of the phage ...201222420853
gegenees: fragmented alignment of multiple genomes for determining phylogenomic distances and genetic signatures unique for specified target groups.the rapid development of next generation sequencing technologies leads to the accumulation of huge amounts of sequencing data. the scientific community faces an enormous challenge in how to deal with this explosion. here we present a software tool, 'gegenees', that uses a fragmented alignment approach to facilitate the comparative analysis of hundreds of microbial genomes. the genomes are fragmented and compared, all against all, by a multithreaded blast control engine. ready-made alignments can ...201222723939
reconstruction of the transmission history of rna virus outbreaks using full genome sequences: foot-and-mouth disease virus in bulgaria in 2011.improvements to sequencing protocols and the development of computational phylogenetics have opened up opportunities to study the rapid evolution of rna viruses in real time. in practical terms, these results can be combined with field data in order to reconstruct spatiotemporal scenarios that describe the origin and transmission pathways of viruses during an epidemic. in the case of notifiable diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), these analyses provide important insights into the epi ...201223226216
gemin5 proteolysis reveals a novel motif to identify l protease targets.translation of picornavirus rna is governed by the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element, directing the synthesis of a single polyprotein. processing of the polyprotein is performed by viral proteases that also recognize as substrates host factors. among these substrates are translation initiation factors and rna-binding proteins whose cleavage is responsible for inactivation of cellular gene expression. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) encodes two proteases, l(pro) and 3c(pro). widespr ...201222362733
ns2b/3 proteolysis at the c-prm junction of the tick-borne encephalitis virus polyprotein is highly membrane dependent.the replication of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), like that of all flaviviruses, is absolutely dependent on proteolytic processing. production of the mature proteins c and prm from their common precursor requires the activity of the viral ns2b/3 protease (ns2b/3(pro)) at the c-terminus of protein c and the host signal peptidase i (spasei) at the n-terminus of protein prm. recently, we have shown in cell culture that the cleavage of protein c and the subsequent production of tbev particles ...201222727684
exploring ires region accessibility by interference of foot-and-mouth disease virus infectivity.translation initiation of picornavirus rna is driven by an internal ribosome entry site (ires) element located upstream of the initiator codon. rna structure organization as well as rna-protein interaction plays a fundamental role in internal initiation. ires activity has been mainly analyzed in the context of reporter genes, lacking regions of the viral genome potentially affecting translation efficiency. with the aim to understand the vulnerability of the ires and translation start region to s ...201222815996
protection against west nile virus infection in mice after inoculation with type i interferon-inducing rna transcripts.west nile virus (wnv) is a neurovirulent single stranded rna mosquito-borne flavivirus, whose main natural hosts are birds, but it also infects humans and horses. nowadays, no human vaccine is commercially available and clinical treatment is only supportive. recently, it has been shown that rna transcripts, mimicking structural domains in the non-coding regions (ncrs) of the foot-and mouth disease virus (fmdv) induce a potent ifn response and antiviral activity in transfected cultured cells, and ...201223166685
xenoepitope substitution avoids deceptive imprinting and broadens the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus.many rna viruses encode error-prone polymerases which introduce mutations into b and t cell epitopes, providing a mechanism for immunological escape. when regions of hypervariability are found within immunodominant epitopes with no known function, they are referred to as "decoy epitopes," which often deceptively imprint the host's immune response. in this work, a decoy epitope was identified in the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o vp1 g-h loop after multiple sequence alignment of 1 ...201222323558
foot-and-mouth disease virus induces autophagosomes during cell entry via a class iii phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-independent pathway.autophagy is an intracellular pathway that can contribute to innate antiviral immunity by delivering viruses to lysosomes for degradation or can be beneficial for viruses by providing specialized membranes for virus replication. here, we show that the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) induces the formation of autophagosomes. induction was dependent on atg5, involved processing of lc3 to lc3ii, and led to a redistribution of lc3 from the cytosol to punctate vesicles indicative of a ...201222993157
immunogenicity of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural polyprotein p1 expressed in transgenic rice.transgenic plants have become developed as bioreactors for producing heterologous proteins and may even form edible vaccines. in the present study, a transgenic rice expressing the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), under the control of a dual cauliflower mosaic virus (camv 35s) promoter, was generated by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. southern blot, northern blot, western blot, and elisa analyses confirmed that the p1 gene was integrated into ...201222274594
[construction and identification of a recombinant prrsv expressing protective antigens of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus].using mutation pcr, we cloned the target gene containing 421-480nt (141-160aa) and 598-639nt (200-213aa) of vp1 gene of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) into the deleted region (508-532aa) of nsp2 gene of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus derived vaccine strain (hun4-f112) that was used as vector. the recombinant cdna was in vitro transcribed followed by transfection of bhk-21 cells for 36 h. then, the supernatant of the cell culture was continuously seed ...201223593867
probability of introducing foot and mouth disease into the united states via live animal importation.foot and mouth disease (fmd) continues to be a disease of major concern for the united states department of agriculture (usda) and livestock industries. foot and mouth disease virus is a high-consequence pathogen for the united states (usa). live animal trade is a major risk factor for introduction of fmd into a country. this research estimates the probability of fmd being introduced into the usa via the legal importation of livestock. this probability is calculated by considering the potential ...201223520732
a quantitative assessment of the risk of introducing foot and mouth disease virus into the united states via cloned bovine embryos.the trade of livestock or their products between nations requires information on the risk of introducing infectious agents such as foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). although transmission pathways for fmdv vary, a recent concern in the united states (usa) is that it might enter via cloned embryos. a quantitative risk assessment model was developed to determine the scenarios (with mathematical probabilities) that could lead to the introduction and maintenance of fmdv via the importation of clon ...201223520731
infectious diseases of economic importance: molecular biological characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected in tanzania from 1967 to 2009.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in tanzania. since the first reports in 1954, fmd has caused significant economic losses in the country due to mortality and morbidity of livestock and costs associated with controlling the disease. the aim of this study was to review the serotype and genetic relationships of the fmd virus (fmdv) recovered from outbreaks in tanzania, and compare them with viruses detected from elsewhere in the sub-saharan region. at the world reference laboratory for foot- ...201223327397
foot-and-mouth disease control in zambia: a review of the current situation.zambia has been experiencing low livestock productivity as well as trade restrictions owing to the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and contagious bovine pleura pneumonia (cbpp). foot-and-mouth disease was first recorded in zambia in 1933 in the western province and since then the country has experienced repeated outbreaks. bearing in mind the pressure that may be existing on the many risk factors for fmd including climate change, there is need to review our knowledge on fmd control. w ...201223327395
foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes detected in tanzania from 2003 to 2010: conjectured status and future prospects.this study was conducted to investigate the presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in different geographic locations of tanzania. epithelial tissues and fluids (n = 364) were collected from cattle exhibiting oral and foot vesicular lesions suggestive of fmd and submitted for routine fmd diagnosis. the analysis of these samples collected during the period of 2002 and 2010 was performed by serotype-specific antigen capture elisa to determine the presence of fmdv. the results of this study ...201223327382
new technologies to diagnose and monitor infectious diseases of livestock: challenges for sub-saharan africa.using foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) as an example, this review describes new tools that can be used to detect and characterise livestock diseases. in recent years, molecular tests that can detect and characterise pathogens in a diverse range of sample types have revolutionised laboratory diagnostics. in addition to use in centralised laboratories, there are opportunities to locate diagnostic technologies close to the animals with suspected clinical signs. work in this area has developed simple-to ...201223327376
dna prime-protein boost strategy with replicase-based dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease in bovine calves.the limited efficacy of dna vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle and other natural hosts has prompted a search for a more effective vaccination regimen. in this study we tested a dna prime-protein boost vaccination strategy against fmd in bovine calves. we used purified recombinant fmdv specific multi-epitope protein (rmeg990) and an optimized sindbis virus replicase-based dna vaccine expressing this protein (psincmv-vac-meg990). we demonstrate that vaccination with a low dose ...201223305616
candidate rna structures for domain 3 of the foot-and-mouth-disease virus internal ribosome entry site.the foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) utilizes non-canonical translation initiation for viral protein synthesis, by forming a specific rna structure called internal ribosome entry site (ires). domain 3 in fmdv ires is phylogenetically conserved and highly structured; it contains four-way junctions where intramolecular rna-rna interactions serve as a scaffold for the rna to fold for efficient ires activity. although the 3d structure of domain 3 is crucial to exploring and deciphering the initia ...201223275533
translation directed by hepatitis a virus ires in the absence of active eif4f complex and eif2.translation directed by several picornavirus ires elements can usually take place after cleavage of eif4g by picornavirus proteases 2a(pro) or l(pro). the hepatitis a virus (hav) ires is thought to be an exception to this rule because it requires intact eif4f complex for translation. in line with previous results we report that poliovirus (pv) 2a(pro) strongly blocks protein synthesis directed by hav ires. however, in contrast to previous findings we now demonstrate that eif4g cleavage by foot-a ...201223272212
design of different strategies of multivalent dna-based vaccination against rabies and canine distemper in mice and dogs.during the vaccination campaigns, puppies younger than 3 months old are not targeted and remain unvaccinated for at least the first year of their lives. almost half of the reported rabid dogs are 6 months or younger. hence, we should recommend the vaccination against rabies of young puppies. unfortunately, owing to the exposure of puppies to infections with either canine parvovirus (cpv) or distemper virus (cdv) after the intervention of the vaccinators, owners are reluctant to vaccinate puppies ...201223270301
a proposal for an alternative quality control test procedure for inactivated vaccines against food-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control in brazil includes a strict mandatory vaccination program with vaccines produced in certified laboratories subject to inspection by the brazilian ministry of agriculture, livestock, and food supply (mapa). the fmd vaccine's potency is tested through antibodies titration against structural viral proteins in sera from cattle that have not had any exposure to food-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), at 28 days post-vaccination. biological product testing using large ...201223267841
recombinant adenovirus expressing type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins induces protective immunity against homologous virus challenge in mice.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease worldwide affecting cloven-hoofed animals that is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the fmdv capsid polyprotein and 3c proteinase are required for capsid precursor processing and assembly. the fmdv capsid protein, which contains the entire repertoire of immunogenic sites, can stimulate both humoral immunity and t-cell-mediated immune responses. in this study, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus, radv-asi-05, that expres ...201223267820
field application of a recombinant protein-based elisa during the 2010 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease type a in south korea.a recombinant protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rp elisa) exists for the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a. in this study, the efficacy of the rp elisa was compared to that of other current tests by examining sera collected in the field during an fmd type a outbreak in south korea in 2010. the rp elisa detected early antibodies to fmdv with the same sensitivity as the liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpb elisa), identifying fmd farm outbreaks correc ...201222001272
role of arginine-56 within the structural protein vp3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o1 campos in virus virulence.fmdv o1 subtype undergoes antigenic variation under diverse growth conditions. of particular interest is the amino acid variation observed at position 56 within the structural protein vp3. selective pressures influence whether histidine (h) or arginine (r) is present at this position, ultimately influencing in vitro plaque morphology and in vivo pathogenesis in cattle. using reverse genetics techniques, we have constructed fmdv type o1 campos variants differing only at vp3 position 56, possessin ...201222036313
expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein, 3d in insect cells and its application in detection of anti-fmdv antibodies.non-structural proteins (nsps) based diagnostics are useful for large-scale sero-surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and to monitor viral activity as a follow up to the vaccination campaign in fmd endemic countries like india which aim at disease control through vaccination. these diagnostics are also handy in the serology of import/export of cloven-footed animals. in the present study, non-structural protein rna polymerase (3d gene) of fmd virus (fmdv) was expressed using baculovirus e ...201224293820
the integration of molecular tools into veterinary and spatial epidemiology.at the interface of molecular biology and epidemiology, the emerging discipline of molecular epidemiology offers unique opportunities to advance the study of diseases through the investigation of infectious agents at the molecular level. molecular tools can increase our understanding of the factors that shape the spatial and temporal distribution of pathogens and disease. both spatial and molecular aspects have always been important to the field of infectious disease epidemiology, but recently n ...201122748175
experimental infection of giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) with sat-1 and sat-2 foot-and-mouth disease virus.the potential role of giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) in the epidemiology and spread of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) sat types was investigated by experimental infection and detection of virus in excretions using virus isolation on primary pig kidney cell cultures. in two experiments separated by a period of 24 months, groups of four animals were needle infected with a sat-1 or sat-2 virus, respectively and two in-contact controls were kept with each group. viraemia was detected 3-9 days post-i ...201126353052
molecular characterisation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from pakistan, 2005-2008.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is endemic in pakistan where three virus serotypes are present (o, a and asia 1). fifty-eight clinical samples collected between 2005 and 2008 from animals with suspected fmd in various locations in pakistan were subjected to virus isolation on primary cell culture, antigen elisa and real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr). viruses were isolated from 32 of these samples and identified as fmdv type o (n = 31) or type a ( ...201126353051
epidemiology of serotype asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease virus in china.this manuscript provides insight into the epidemiology of serotype asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease virus in china. the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of this serotype, which china reported for the first time after 47 years in 2005, suggests that it may have become endemic in the region.201126353050
rt-pcr evaluation for identification and sequence analysis of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o from 2006 to 2007 in punjab, pakistan.fmd clinically positive 250 tissue samples (mouth and hoof epithelium and vesicle swabs, tongue tissue) and 175 secretion samples (milk, saliva, serum, plasma) were evaluated by rt-pcr for the diagnosis of fmd with different pair of universal and serotype-specific primers from 2006 to 2007 in punjab, pakistan. universal primer pair p1/p2 from vp1 gene detected fmd in 182 out of 250 (72.8%) tissues and 92 out of 175 (52.6%) secretion samples, while universal primer 1f/1r from 5'utr region detecte ...201120031216
low diversity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype c virus in kenya: evidence for probable vaccine strain re-introductions in the field.most viruses are maintained by complex processes of evolution that enable them to survive but also complicate efforts to achieve their control. in this paper, we study patterns of evolution in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype c virus isolates from kenya, one of the few places in the world where serotype c has been endemic and is suspected to remain. the nucleotide sequences encoding the capsid protein vp1 from eight isolates collected between 1967 and 2004 were analysed for patterns of sequ ...201120334728
foot-and-mouth disease: the question of implementing vaccinal control during an epidemic.the question of whether or not to use vaccines during an epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has interested veterinary administrators for many decades. this review assesses the historical uses, successes and failures of vaccinal control, and addresses the questions of where, how, and when to use vaccination against fmd. approaching the problem in this manner can aid in identifying which tools are likely to be most effective during an epidemic, and how successful a given contingency plan mig ...201120350828
difference in the level of interferon gamma mrna transcripts on stimulation of cattle and buffalo mononuclear cells with foot and mouth disease virus-antigen: a possible role of sequence variation in promoter region.in an attempt to resolve the claim that buffaloes differ from cattle in disease progression, this study was undertaken to compare the mitogen (cona) or antigen (foot and mouth disease virus) induced expression levels of interferon gamma (ifn-γ mrna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) by real-time quantitative pcr. in general, the levels of ifn-γ mrna were lower in buffaloes than in crossbred cattle. significantly higher levels of ifn-γ mrna were also observed in crossbred cattle when i ...201120541234
direct typing and molecular evolutionary analysis of field samples of foot-and-mouth disease virus collected in viet nam between 2006 and 2007.in this study, we used universal or duplex serotype-specific (o and asia 1) rt-pcr to analyze clinical field samples of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) or virus isolates collected in viet nam between 2006 and 2007. we found viral serotypes o and asia 1 circulating concurrently during this period. direct sequencing of type-specific rt-pcr products revealed the existence of three different topotypes of serotype o: southeast asia (sea), middle east-south asia (me-sa), and cathay. of these, sea ...201120667669
modelling foot-and-mouth disease virus dynamics in oral epithelium to help identify the determinants of lysis.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed livestock; of interest here is the difference in lytic behaviour that is observed in bovine epithelium. on the skin around the feet and tongue, the virus rapidly replicates, killing cells, and resulting in growing lesions, before eventually being cleared by the immune response. in contrast, there is usually minimal lysis in the soft palate, but virus may persist in tissue long after the animal has recov ...201120725794
multiple invasions of o1 fmdv serotype into israel revealed by genetic analysis of vp1 genes of israeli's isolates from 1989 to 2007.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), one of the most dangerous viruses affecting cloven-hoofed animals, comprises seven serotypes that do not mutually cross-protect, with a total of about 80 subtypes. the middle east is an fmd-endemic region, with repeated fmd outbreaks and in spite of its compulsory vaccination policy in israel, outbreaks occur repeatedly. in order to compare the israeli isolates, the complete viral vp1 genes of representative viruses isolated during the major outbreaks from 19 ...201120702050
outbreak investigations and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in ethiopia in 2008/2009.the study was conducted in three regional states of ethiopia: amhara, oromia, and addis ababa from august 2008 to april 2009 with the objectives of identifying the genetic diversity of serotypes and topotypes in ethiopia, and determining the attack rate and associations of potential risk factors with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) seropositivity. a total of 496 cattle were clinically and serologically examined for presence of specific lesions and nonstructural protein for fmd, respectively. of whi ...201120717724
introduction of tag epitopes in the inter-aug region of foot and mouth disease virus: effect on the l protein.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates translation from two in-frame aug codons producing two forms of the leader (l) proteinase, lab (starting at the first aug) and lb (starting at second aug). in a previous study, we have demonstrated that a cdna-derived mutant fmdv (a24-l1123) containing a 57-nucleotide transposon (tn) insertion between the two aug initiation codons (inter-aug region) was completely attenuated in cattle, suggesting that this region is involved in viral pathogenesis. to ...201120849893
meta-analysis on the efficacy of foot-and-mouth disease emergency vaccination.the objectives of this study were to provide a summary quantification of the efficacy of fmd emergency vaccination based on a systematic review and a meta-analysis of available literature, and to further discuss the suitability of this review and meta-analysis to summarize and further interpret the results. peer-reviewed, symposium, and unpublished studies were considered in the analysis. clinical protection and virological protection against fmd were used as parameters to assess the efficacy of ...201120869130
the current state of vaccines used in the field for foot and mouth disease virus in china. 201121162615
gm-csf and il-2 as adjuvant enhance the immune effect of protein vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease.cytokines as molecular adjuvant play a critical role in differentiation of effector t cell subsets and in determination of the magnitude of the response after vaccination. in this study, we investigated the effects of gm-csf and il-2 as adjuvant on the immune responses of vp1 recombinant protein as a model antigen for foot and mouth disease.201121214955
epidemic and economic impacts of delayed detection of foot-and-mouth disease: a case study of a simulated outbreak in california.the epidemic and economic impacts of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) spread and control were examined by using epidemic simulation and economic (epinomic) optimization models. the simulated index herd was a ≥2,000 cow dairy located in california. simulated disease spread was limited to california; however, economic impact was assessed throughout the united states and included international trade effects. five index case detection delays were examined, which ranged from 7 to 22 days. the simu ...201121217024
biochemical characterization of enterovirus 71 3d rna polymerase.an unusual enterovirus 71 (ev71) epidemic has begun in china since 2008. ev71 rna polymerases (3d(pol)) showed polymerase activity with an mn(2+). little activity was detected with co(2+), and no activity was detected with mg(2+), ca(2+), cu(2+), ni(2+), cd(2+), or zn(2+). it is a primer-dependent polymerase, and the enzyme functioned with both di- and 10-nucleotide rna primers. dna primer, dt15, increased primer activity, similar to other enterovirus 3d(pol). however, ev71 3d(pol) initiated de ...201121220056
phylogenetic structure of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus: global diversity and the indian perspective.global epidemiological analysis is vital for implementing progressive regional foot-and-mouth disease control programmes. here, we have generated vp1 region sequences for 55 indian type a outbreak strains and have included complete vp1 sequences from 46 other countries to obtain a comprehensive global phylogeographical impression. a total of 26 regional genotypes within three continental topotypes, based on a 15% nucleotide divergence cut-off criterion, could be identified. these genotypes corre ...201121228130
evaluation of cross-protection between o1 manisa and o1 campos in cattle vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine incorporating different payloads of inactivated o1 manisa antigen.serology is used to predict vaccine induced protection against challenge with a heterologous strain of the same serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). to evaluate the accuracy of such predictions, we compared the protection afforded to cattle vaccinated with the o(1) manisa strain of fmdv against challenge with either a homologous (o(1) manisa) or a heterologous strain (o(1) campos). serology by virus neutralization test (vnt) using o(1) manisa antiserum predicted an acceptable protect ...201121236232
picornavirus non-structural proteins as targets for new anti-virals with broad activity.picornaviridae is one of the largest viral families and is composed of 14 genera, six of which include human pathogens. the best known picornaviruses are enteroviruses (including polio, pv, and rhinoviruses), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and hepatitis a virus (hav). although infections often are mild, certain strains may cause pandemic outbreaks accompanied with meningitis and/or paralysis. vaccines are available for pv, hav and fmdv. when the oral vaccines are given to immunocompromised ...201121236302
transmission of swine pathogens: different means, different needs.there seems to be two main types of pathogens that cause diseases in swine: those that are mainly introduced through direct pig contacts, and those that are often, and in some situations mainly introduced by indirect transmission means. in this review, the mange mite (sarcoptes scabiei), toxigenic pasteurella multocida and brachyspira hyodysenteriae will be used as examples of the first type, and foot and mouth disease virus, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory synd ...201121241537
study on seroprevalence, risk factors, and economic impact of foot-and-mouth disease in borena pastoral and agro-pastoral system, southern ethiopia.cross-sectional serological study and questionnaire survey were conducted in borana pastoral and agro-pastoral area to determine seroprevalence and risk factors associated with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) infection and to assess community perceptions as to importance of the disease. a multistage random sampling was carried out to select cattle for seroprevalence and households for interviews. totally, 768 sera were collected from 111 herds. the overall individual level seroprevalence of 23.0% ( ...201121249448
influence of mutagenesis and viral load on the sustained low-level replication of an rna virus.lethal mutagenesis is an antiviral strategy that aims to extinguish viruses as a consequence of enhanced mutation rates during virus replication. the molecular mechanisms that underlie virus extinction by mutagenic nucleoside analogues are not well understood. when mutagenic agents and antiviral inhibitors are administered sequentially or in combination, interconnected and often conflicting selective constraints can influence the fate of the virus either towards survival through selection of mut ...201121256131
capsid proteins from field strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus confer a pathogenic phenotype in cattle on an attenuated, cell-culture-adapted virus.chimeric foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdvs) have been generated from plasmids containing full-length fmdv cdnas and characterized. the parental virus cdna was derived from the cell-culture-adapted o1kaufbeuren b64 (o1k b64) strain. chimeric viruses, containing capsid coding sequences derived from the o/ukg/34/2001 or a/turkey 2/2006 field viruses, were constructed using the backbone from the o1k b64 cdna, and viable viruses (o1k/o-ukg and o1k/a-tur, respectively) were successfully rescued in ...201121270284
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes a and o with emphasis on korean isolates: temporal and spatial dynamics.we determined complete 1d gene sequences for one serotype a and seven additional serotype o korean foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) and then analyzed them together with published sequences for 180 type a and 300 type o isolates from throughout the world using a bayesian coalescent approach. here, korean serotype a virus was linked with those from laos. korean serotype o viruses were divided into three clades and were closely related to isolates from japan, thailand, the uk, france, ireland, ...201121279395
effects of macromolecular crowding on the inhibition of virus assembly and virus-cell receptor recognition.biological fluids contain a very high total concentration of macromolecules that leads to volume exclusion by one molecule to another. theory and experiment have shown that this condition, termed macromolecular crowding, can have significant effects on molecular recognition. however, the influence of molecular crowding on recognition events involving virus particles, and their inhibition by antiviral compounds, is virtually unexplored. among these processes, capsid self-assembly during viral mor ...201121281589
diagnostic performance and application of two commercial cell viability assays in foot-and-mouth disease research.cell-based assays are still used widely in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) research, despite the existence of a wide variety of molecular techniques. the aim of this study was to validate an automated, quantitative spectrometric reading to replace the time-consuming and subjective microscopic (mic) evaluation of the fmd virus-induced cytopathic effect (cpe). therefore, the diagnostic performance of two commercial cell viability assays (celltiter 96(®) aqueous one solution cell proliferation assay ( ...201121295609
rescue of foot-and-mouth disease viruses that are pathogenic for cattle from preserved viral rna samples.foot and mouth disease is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, sheep and pigs. it is caused by a picornavirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), which has a positive sense rna genome which, when introduced into cells, can initiate virus replication.201121298025
common conformational changes induced in type 2 picornavirus iress by cognate trans-acting factors.type 2 internal ribosomal entry sites (iress) of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and other picornaviruses comprise five major domains h-l. initiation of translation on these iress begins with specific binding of the central domain of initiation factor, eif4g to the j-k domains, which is stimulated by eif4a. eif4g/eif4a then restructure the region of ribosomal attachment on the ires and promote recruitment of ribosomal 43s pre-initiation complexes. in additi ...201121306989
bovine plasmacytoid dendritic cells are the major source of type i interferon in response to foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro and in vivo.type i interferons (alpha/beta interferons [ifn-a/ß]) are the main innate cytokines that are able to induce a cellular antiviral state, thereby limiting viral replication and disease pathology. plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) play a crucial role in the control of viral infections, especially in response to viruses that have evolved mechanisms to block the type i ifn signal transduction pathway. using density gradient separation and cell sorting, we have highly enriched a population of bovine ...201121307187
the leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus negatively regulates the type i interferon pathway by acting as a viral deubiquitinase.the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a papain-like proteinase that plays an important role in fmdv pathogenesis. previously, it has been shown that l(pro) is involved in the inhibition of the type i interferon (ifn) response by fmdv. however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. here we demonstrate that fmdv lb(pro), a shorter form of l(pro), has deubiquitinating activity. sequence alignment and structural bioinformatics analyses revealed that the catalyt ...201121307201
a replication analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine lymphoid tissue might indicate a putative carrier stage in pigs.abstract: foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmvd), one of the most contagious viruses of cloven-hoofed animals, may cause a prolonged, asymptomatic but persistent infection in ruminants, named the "carrier state". however, it remains an open question whether this carrier state occurs in pigs. here we present quantitative analyses of the duration of fmdv rna and infectivity in lymphoid and epithelial tissues in experimentally infected pigs with fmdv c-s8c1. the data indicated that although fmdv rna r ...201121314905
dna immunization of pigs with foot-and-mouth disease virus minigenes: from partial protection to disease exacerbation.despite several attempts to design new vaccines, there are as of yet no available alternatives to the conventional fmdv vaccines. here, we present the divergent results obtained in pigs after immunization with two experimental dna vaccines encoding one b and two t cell fmdv epitopes, either expressed alone (pcmv-btt) or fused to a strong signal peptide (pcmv-spbtt). while all pigs vaccinated with pcmv-spbtt showed both a delay in the disease onset and reduced severity of signs and lesions after ...201121315115
effect of thiomersal on dissociation of intact (146s) foot-and-mouth disease virions into 12s particles as assessed by novel elisas specific for either 146s or 12s particles.intact (146s) foot-and-mouth disease virions (fmdvs) can dissociate into specific (12s) viral capsid degradation products. using two single-domain antibody fragments that bind specifically to either 146s or 12s particles we developed two elisas for the quantification of these particles in fmdv antigen preparations used for vaccine manufacturing. only o serotype strains are detected in the 146s specific elisa whereas strains of most serotypes are detected in the 12s specific elisa. however, the 1 ...201121316500
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus: implications for disease control in bangladesh.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in bangladesh, and to implement an effective fmd control programme, it is essential to understand the complex epidemiology of the disease. here, we report on the characterization of fmd virus (fmdv) recovered from fmd outbreaks in bangladesh in late 2009. all isolated viruses belonged to the fmdv serotype o. the phylogenetic reconstruction showed that all isolates belonged to the middle east-south asia (me-sa) topotype, but fell into two distinct sublineag ...201121320294
active protein aggregates induced by terminally attached self-assembling peptide elk16 in escherichia coli.in recent years, it has been gradually realized that bacterial inclusion bodies (ibs) could be biologically active. in particular, several proteins including green fluorescent protein, ß-galactosidase, ß-lactamase, alkaline phosphatase, d-amino acid oxidase, polyphosphate kinase 3, maltodextrin phosphorylase, and sialic acid aldolase have been successfully produced as active ibs when fused to an appropriate partner such as the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protein vp1, or the human ß-amylo ...201121320350
integrin sub-unit expression in cell cultures used for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.the ability to propagate foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) plays an important role in laboratory diagnosis and the production of vaccines to control the spread of the disease. many established cell lines suffer from poor sensitivity for isolating virus from field samples. one possible factor that limits sensitivity to fmdv is the lack of expression of surface integrins, the primary class of cell receptor used by fmdv to initiate infection. in this study we have sequenced cdnas encoding these m ...201121329991
genomic comparison of foot-and-mouth disease virus r strain and its chick-passaged attenuated strain.the present study examined the genomic differences between foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) r strain and its attenuated, chick-passaged (r(304)) strain. eleven pairs of primers were used to amplify the complete genome of fmdv r and r(304) by rt-pcr. each fragment was cloned into pmd18-t vector and sequenced. nucleotide analyses showed that the genome encoding regions of r and r(304) strains open reading frame (orf) were both 6966 nucleotides (nt) in length, encoding 2322 amino acids. one hund ...201121330068
a simple and rapid colloidal gold-based immunochromatogarpic strip test for detection of fmdv serotype a.a sandwich format immunochromatographic assay for detecting foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes was developed. in this rapid test, affinity purified polyclonal antibodies from guinea pigs which were immunized with sucking-mouse adapted fmd virus (a/av88(l) strain) were conjugated to colloidal gold beads and used as the capture antibody, and affinity purified polyclonal antibodies from rabbits which were immunized with cell-culture adapted fmd virus (a/cha/09 strain) were used as detect ...201121331888
experimental evidence for competitive growth advantage of genotype vii over vi: implications for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a genotype turnover in nature.in india, systematic genotype replacement has been observed for serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus. after a decade of co-circulation of genotypes vi and vii, genotype vii emerged as the single dominant genotype since 2001. to derive possible explanations for such epochal evolution dynamics, in vitro intergenotype growth competition experiments involving both co- and superinfection regimes were conducted. coinfection of bhk-21 cells demonstrated abrupt loss in the genotype vi viral load with ...201121338995
a pseudotype baculovirus expressing the capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus and a t-cell immunogen shows enhanced immunogenicity in mice.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of livestock which causes severe economic loss in cloven-hoofed animals. vaccination is still a major strategy in developing countries to control fmd. currently, inactivated vaccine of fmdv has been used in many countries with limited success and safety concerns. development of a novel effective vaccine is must.201121342530
development and initial results of a low cost, disposable, point-of-care testing device for pathogen detection.development of small footprint, disposable, fast, and inexpensive devices for pathogen detection in the field and clinic would benefit human and veterinary medicine by allowing evidence-based responses to future out breaks. we designed and tested an integrated nucleic acid extraction and amplification device employing a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) or reverse transcriptase-lamp assay. our system provides a screening tool with polymerase-chain-reaction-level sensitivity and speci ...201121342806
a mutant of asia 1 serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus with the deletion of an important antigenic epitope in the 3a protein.foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. the availability of a vaccine for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (diva) is crucial for the control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). because traditional inactivated vaccines may contain trace nonstructural proteins interfering with the diva, we hypothesized that mutant fmdv with deletion of immunodominant epitopes may be valuable. our previous study has generated a full-l ...201121358757
the expressions of hsp70 and ab-crystallin in myocarditis associated with foot-and-mouth disease virus in lambs.this study describes the expression of heat shock protein70 (hsp70) and alpha-basic-crystallin (a-bc) and their association with apoptosis and some related adaptor proteins in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-induced myocarditis in lambs. hsp70 was generally overexpressed in the myocardial tissues and inflammatory cells of fmdv-induced myocarditis with differential accumulation and localization in same hearts when compared to non-foot-and-mouth disease control hearts. a-bc ...201121368565
Normal variation in thermal radiated temperature in cattle: implications for foot-and-mouth disease detection.ABSTRACT:201122104039
foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) leader proteinase negatively regulates the porcine interferon-λ1 pathway.foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) of wild and domestic cloven-hoofed animals, and causes an economically important disease in the swine industry. in this study, we found that the replication of fmdv in ibrs-2 cells could be significantly inhibited after treatment with the purified recombinant porcine interferon lambda 1 (ifn-λ1), a newly identified type iii interferon. however, fmdv could not activate the ifn-λ1 promoter and ...201121975014
impact of gene vector design on the control of recombinant monoclonal antibody production by chinese hamster ovary cells.in this study, we systematically compare two vector design strategies for recombinant monoclonal antibody (mab) synthesis by chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells; a dual open reading frame (orf) expression vector utilizing separate cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoters to drive heavy chain (hc) and light chain (lc) expression independently, and a single orf vector design employing a single cmv promoter to drive hc and lc polypeptide expression joined by a foot and mouth disease virus f2a polypeptide self ...201121882365
lethal mutagenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus involves shifts in sequence space.lethal mutagenesis or virus transition into error catastrophe is an antiviral strategy that aims at extinguishing a virus by increasing the viral mutation rates during replication. the molecular basis of lethal mutagenesis is largely unknown. previous studies showed that a critical substitution in the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) polymerase was sufficient to allow the virus to escape extinction through modulation of the transition types induced by the purine nucleoside analogue ribavirin. ...201121917974
recombinant non-structural polyprotein 3ab-based serodiagnostic strategy for fmd surveillance in bovines irrespective of vaccination.in india, the proportion of bovines vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is increasing since the implementation of the government supported 'fmd control programme', and non-structural protein (nsp)-based serological assays for discriminating between antibodies induced by infection or vaccination (diva) could be useful. the fmd virus nsp 3ab was expressed in a prokaryotic system and an indirect elisa (r3ab(3) i-elisa) was developed and validated as a screening assay for detecting virus ...201121864578
developing vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease and some other exotic viral diseases of livestock.vaccines remain the main tool for the control of livestock viral diseases that pose a serious threat to animal and occasionally human health, reduce food security, distort trade in animals and their products, and undermine agricultural development in poor countries. globalization and climate change increase the likelihood for new patterns of emergence and spread of livestock viruses. conventionally attenuated and killed virus products have had spectacular success, and recent examples include the ...201121893540
Generation and genetic stability of tick-borne encephalitis virus mutants dependent on processing by FMDV 3C protease.Mature capsid protein C of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is cleaved from the polyprotein precursor by the viral NS2B/3 protease (NS2B/3pro). We showed previously that replacement of the NS2B/3pro cleavage site at the C-terminus of protein C by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A Stop/Go sequence leads to the production of infectious virions (Schrauf, S., Mandl, C.W., Bell-Sakyi, L. and Skern, T. 2009. J. Virol. 83: 11201-11210). Here, we show that infectious virions can also be pro ...201122131310
intranasal delivery of cationic plga nano/microparticles-loaded fmdv dna vaccine encoding il-6 elicited protective immunity against fmdv challenge.mucosal vaccination has been demonstrated to be an effective means of eliciting protective immunity against aerosol infections of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) and various approaches have been used to improve mucosal response to this pathogen. in this study, cationic plga (poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) nano/microparticles were used as an intranasal delivery vehicle as a means administering fmdv dna vaccine encoding the fmdv capsid protein and the bovine il-6 gene as a means of enhancing muco ...201122110686
reanalysis of the start of the uk 1967 to 1968 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic to calculate airborne transmission probabilities.the aims of this study were to statistically reassess the likelihood that windborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) occurred at the start of the uk 1967 to 1968 fmd epidemic at oswestry, shropshire, and to derive dose-response probability of infection curves for farms exposed to airborne fmdv. to enable this, data on all farms present in 1967 in the parishes near oswestry were assembled. cases were infected premises whose date of appearance of first clinical signs was within ...201121846685
Factors associated with within-herd transmission of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle, during the 2001 outbreak in Argentina: a protective effect of vaccination.Argentina suffered an extensive foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic between July 2000 and January 2002, 3 months after obtaining the official FMD-free without vaccination status conferred by the World Organization for Animal Health. This is one of the largest FMD epidemics controlled by implementation of a systematic mass vaccination campaign in an FMD-free country. In 2000, 124 herds were reported as FMD positive, 2394 herds in 2001 and one in January 2002; the total number of cattle herds in ...201121896154
molecular characterization of serotype asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in pakistan and afghanistan; emergence of a new genetic group and evidence for a novel recombinant virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in pakistan and afghanistan. the fmd virus serotypes o, a and asia-1 are responsible for the outbreaks in these countries. diverse strains of fmdv, even within the same serotype, co-circulate. characterization of the viruses in circulation can facilitate appropriate vaccine selection and tracing of outbreaks. the present study characterized foot-and-mouth disease serotype asia-1 viruses circulating in pakistan and afghanistan during the period 1998-2009. p ...201121983559
Genetic characterization of a new pandemic Southeast Asia topotype strain of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in China during 2010.The full-length nucleotide sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus O/BY/CHA/2010 strain, Mya-98 lineage of Southeast Asia (SEA) topotype, was determined and compared with O/HKN/20/2010 and other known FMDV strains. Homology analysis indicated >98.0% nucleotide identity between O/BY/CHA/2010 and the epidemic strains, O/HKN/20/2010, and O/VN/2009. However, with the exception of the VP4, 2A, and 3BCD regions, O/BY/CHA/2010 showed a lower similarity with SEA topotype strains, O/VN/2006, and HLJ ...201121932049
a rapid molecular strategy for early detection and characterization of vietnamese foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes o, a, and asia 1.a one-step rt-pcr method using newly designed primers vn-vp1f/vn-vp1r targeting the full vp1 capsid protein-coding gene, combined with direct sequencing of its pcr product, has been developed successfully for universal detection and characterization of vietnamese fmdv serotypes o, a, and asia 1 directly from clinical samples. the one-step rt-pcr amplified 821-bp dsdna products covering the entire vp1 gene of fmdv serotypes o, a, and asia 1. the obtained dsdna products were suitable for direct se ...201122172973
vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein g carrying a tandem dimer of foot and mouth disease virus antigenic site a can be used as dna and peptide vaccine for cattle.effective foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) peptide vaccines for cattle have two major constraints: resemblance of one or more of the multiple conformations of the major vp1 antigenic sites to induce neutralizing antibodies, and stimulation of t cells despite the variable bovine-mhc polymorphism. to overcome these limitations, a chimeric antigen was developed, using vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g) as carrier protein of an in tandem-dimer of fmdv antigenic site a (asa), the majo ...201121889542
Role of macrophages in early protective immune responses induced by two vaccines against foot and mouth disease.Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is an acute disease of cloven-hoofed species. We studied the protection and early immune response induced in the murine model by vaccines formulated with inactivated virus and two different adjuvants. The presence of IMS12802PR or ISA206VG adjuvants yielded protection against viral challenge at early times post vaccination and induced FMDV-specific, but non neutralizing, antibody titers. In vivo macrophage depletion in vaccinated mice severely decreased the protectio ...201121878353
Development of a serotype colloidal gold strip using monoclonal antibody for rapid detection type Asia1 foot-and-mouth disease.In this study, we developed a rapid, one step colloid gold strip (CGS) capable of specifically detecting type Asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). We have produced two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to type Asia1 FMD (named 1B8 and 5E2). On the test strip, the purified 1B8 labelled with the colloidal gold was used as the detector, and the purified 5E2 and goat anti-mouse antibodies were wrapped onto nitrocellulose (NC) membranes as the test and the control line, respectively. The rapid colloi ...201121880157
Validation of an r3AB1-FMDV-NSP ELISA to distinguish between cattle infected and vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus.Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed livestock which has a drastic economic impact for affected countries. Although FMDV is distributed worldwide, many regional programs have been effective eradicating this agent. In Argentina, as in many other regions of South America, the combination of a systematic vaccination plan, together with an effective detection system capable of differentiating infection from vaccination, has been successful for eradicating this ...201121946290
Lentviral-mediated RNAi to inhibit target gene expression of the porcine integrin av subunit, the FMDV receptor, and against FMDV infection in PK-15 cells.shRNA targeting the integrin av subunit, which is the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) receptor, plays a key role in virus attachment to susceptible cells. We constructed a RNAi lentiviral vector, iav pLenti6/BLOCK -iT™, which expressed siRNA targeting the FMDV receptor, the porcine integrin av subunit, on PK-15 cells. We also produced a lentiviral stock, established an iav-PK-15 cell line, evaluated the gene silencing efficiency of mRNA using real-time qRT-PCR, integrand av expression by ind ...201121899738
fmd virus epitope dominance in the antibody response of vaccinated animals.five neutralising antigenic sites have been identified on the surface of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus. a set of mab neutralisation escape mutant viruses were used for the first time to evaluate the relative use of known binding sites by polyclonal antibodies from three target species, cattle, sheep and pigs. antibodies to all the five neutralising antigenic sites were detected in all the three species, with most antibodies directed against antigenic site 2, followed by antigenic site ...201122158876
Inoculation of swine with foot-and-mouth disease SAP-mutant virus induces early protection against disease.Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (L(pro)) cleaves itself from the viral polyprotein and cleaves the translation initiation factor eIF4G. As a result, host cell translation is inhibited, affecting the host innate immune response. We have demonstrated that L(pro) is also associated with degradation of nuclear factor ?B (NF-?B), a process that requires L(pro) nuclear localization. Additionally, we reported that disruption of a conserved protein domain within the L(pro) coding s ...201122114339
Identification of H-2d restricted T cell epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein VP1.Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and devastating disease affecting livestock that causes significant financial losses. Therefore, safer and more effective vaccines are required against Foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV). The purpose of this study is to screen and identify an H-2d restricted T cell epitope from the virus structural protein VP1, which is present with FMD. We therefore provide a method and basis for studying a specific FMDV T cell epitope.201121896206
disinfection of foot-and-mouth disease and african swine fever viruses with citric acid and sodium hypochlorite on birch wood carriers.transboundary animal disease viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and african swine fever virus (asfv) are highly contagious and cause severe morbidity and mortality in livestock. proper disinfection during an outbreak can help prevent virus spread and will shorten the time for contaminated agriculture facilities to return to food production. wood surfaces are prevalent at these locations, but there is no standardized method for porous surface disinfection; commercial disinfectant ...201122115968
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