Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| mobility and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus into rural areas of west africa. | in eastern and southern africa, the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic appeared first in urban centres and then spread to rural areas. its overall prevalence is lower in west africa, with the highest levels still found in cities. rural areas are also threatened, however, because of the population's high mobility. we conducted a study in three different communities with contrasting infection levels to understand the epidemiology of hiv infection in rural west africa. | 2003 | 14559743 |
| antiretroviral therapy in hiv-2-infected patients: changes in plasma viral load, cd4+ cell counts, and drug resistance profiles of patients treated in abidjan, côte d'ivoire. | to describe changes in plasma viral load, cd4+ cell counts, and drug resistance profiles of hiv-2-infected patients receiving antiretroviral (arv) therapy in abidjan, côte d'ivoire. | 2003 | 14565609 |
| construction and characterization of cd4-independent infectious recombinant hiv-2 molecular clones. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) differ in their pathogenic mechanisms as evidenced by lower rate of disease progression, lower transmission rates and lower viral load in peripheral blood for hiv-2. one of the many factors that are involved in these characteristics is the interaction between viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors. the study of these interactions in an hiv-2 model could lead to important conclusions regarding pathogenesis and transmission mechani ... | 2003 | 14602209 |
| the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4gi is cleaved by different retroviral proteases. | the initiation factor eif4g plays a central role in the regulation of translation. in picornaviruses, as well as in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), cleavage of eif4g by the viral protease leads to inhibition of protein synthesis directed by capped cellular mrnas. in the present work, cleavage of both eif4gi and eif4gii has been analyzed by employing the proteases encoded within the genomes of several members of the family retroviridae, e.g., moloney murine leukemia virus (momlv), mo ... | 2003 | 14610163 |
| simian-human immunodeficiency virus escape from cytotoxic t-lymphocyte recognition at a structurally constrained epitope. | virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) exert intense selection pressure on replicating simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in infected individuals. the immunodominant mamu-a(*)01-restricted gag p11c, c-m epitope is highly conserved among all sequenced isolates of siv and therefore likely is structurally constrained. the strategies used by virus isolates to mutate away from an immunodominant epitope-specific ctl response are not well defined. ... | 2003 | 14610180 |
| peracetic acid-ethanol treatment of allogeneic avital bone tissue transplants--a reliable sterilization method. | based on the european standard en 1040, the validation guidelines of the german federal institute for drugs and medical devices and cpmp guidelines we tested the antimicrobial effectiveness of a peracetic acid-ethanol sterilization procedure (pes) in allogenic avital bone transplants. | 2003 | 14626574 |
| quantification of human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) provirus load in a rural west african population: no enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 pathogenesis, but htlv-i provirus load relates to mortality. | human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) provirus load was examined in a cohort of a population in guinea-bissau among whom human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 is endemic. geometric mean of hiv-2 rna load among htlv-i-coinfected subjects was significantly lower than that in subjects infected with hiv-2 alone (212 vs. 724 copies/ml; p=.02). adjusted for age, sex, and hiv status, the risk of death increased with htlv-i provirus load; mortality hazard ratio was 1.59 for each log10 increase ... | 2003 | 14639534 |
| heterocyclic rimantadine analogues with antiviral activity. | 2-(1-adamantyl)pyrrolidines 6, 7, 2-(1-adamantyl)piperidines 10, 12a-c, 15a,b and 2-(1-adamantyl)hexahydroazepines 19, 21, 22 were synthesized and tested for their antiviral activity against influenza a, b viruses and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2). the synthetic procedure followed for the preparation of the parent piperidine 10 represents a general method for the synthesis of 2-alkyl- or cycloalkyl-substituted piperidine alkaloids. parent aminoadamantanes 6, ... | 2003 | 14642592 |
| sexually transmitted infections among prostitutes in bratislava, slovakia. | sera from 18 prostitutes from bratislava were examined for the presence of antibodies to several sexually transmitted pathogens, namely herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2), hepatitis b and c viruses (hbv and hcv), chlamydia trachomatis, and treponema pallidum. results of this screening indicated that 11 prostitutes (61%) carried 1 or more sexually transmitted infections. the most prevalent antibodies were directed against hsv-2 (9 cases, i.e. ... | 2003 | 14658845 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of iodinated and fluorinated 9-(2-hydroxypropyl) and 9-(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl purine nucleoside analogues. | the novel fluorinated and iodinated purine derivatives containing 9-(2-hydroxypropyl) (1a-7a and 9a-13a) and 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) (1b-3b, 5b, and 7b-12c) side chains were synthesized by a multistep synthetic route involving baltz-schiemann's fluorination and diazotation/iodination as key reactions. an unequivocal proof for the stereostructure of 5b was obtained by x-ray structure analysis. new compounds were evaluated for their cytostatic activity against murine leukemia (l1210); mammary ca ... | 2003 | 14667229 |
| increased virus replication and virulence after serial passage of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in baboons. | similar to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection of humans, the natural history of hiv-2 infection in baboons (papio cynocephalus) is a slow and chronic disease that generally takes several years before an aids-like condition develops. to shorten the amount of time to the development of disease, we performed five serial passages of hiv-2(uc2) in baboons by using blood and bone marrow samples during the acute phase of infection when viral loads were at high levels. after these ser ... | 2003 | 12477812 |
| identification of gp120 binding sites on cxcr4 by using cd4-independent human immunodeficiency virus type 2 env proteins. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian (siv) immunodeficiency virus entry is mediated by binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (env) to cd4 and chemokine receptors, ccr5 and/or cxcr4. cd4 induces extensive conformational changes that expose and/or induce formation of a chemokine receptor binding site on gp120. cd4-independent env's of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and siv have been identified that exhibit exposed chemokine receptor binding sites and can bind directly to ccr5 or cxcr4 in ... | 2003 | 12502809 |
| actinomycin d induces high-level resistance to thymidine analogs in replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by interfering with host cell thymidine kinase expression. | actinomycin d (actd) is a transcription inhibitor and has been used in the treatment of certain forms of cancer. actd has been reported to be a potential inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication due to its ability to inhibit reverse transcription. in contrast to what was expected, low concentrations of actd (1 to 10 nm) upregulated hiv-1 replication 8- to 10-fold in mt-2 cells and had no effect on hiv-2 replication or on hiv-1 replication in mt-4, jurkat, or periphera ... | 2003 | 12502817 |
| x-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of zinc in the n-terminal domain of hiv-2 integrase and model compounds. | x-ray absorption spectroscopy (xas), including extended x-ray absorption fine structure (exafs) and x-ray absorption near-edge structure (xanes) analysis, has been carried out at the zn k edge of the n-terminal part of the integrase protein of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 2 (hiv-2), and of some zinc coordination compounds. in the presence of excess beta-mercaptoethanol, which was present in the nmr structure elucidation of the protein [eijkelenboom et al. (1997), curr. biol. 7, 739-746 ... | 2003 | 12511797 |
| introduction of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in the philippines. | the aim of this study was to describe and document the first case of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in the philippines by using serological and molecular techniques and to compare the diversity of this strain to that of strains from other countries. with the introduction of hiv-2 into the country and the presence of diversified strains of hiv-1, the use of highly sensitive assays to detect all these strains is recommended. | 2003 | 12517912 |
| status of infectious disease markers among blood donors in a teaching hospital, bhairahawa, western nepal. | a cross-sectional group of 1548 blood donors (voluntary--554 and replacement--994 blood donors) during the period february 2001 to april 2003 at blood bank centre (being run by nepal red cross society) in our teaching hospital in bhairahawa, were studied and screened for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv- 1 & 2), hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) by enzyme immunoassays and for reagin antibody for syphils by (rapid plasma reagin, rpr) ... | 2003 | 15796411 |
| potent and selective inhibition of hiv and siv by prostratin interacting with viral entry. | prostratin, a non-tumour promoting phorbol ester, exhibit a potent anti-hiv activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). however, the antiviral mechanism of prostratin is not well defined. in the present study, we report that prostratin exhibits potent antiviral activity against different strains of hiv-1 (subtypes b and d), a clinical hiv isolate (l1), hiv-2 (rod and eho) and siv (mac251) with ec50-values ranging from 0.02-0.09 microg/ml. prostratin was equally active against h ... | 2003 | 14968938 |
| enhancement of a human immunodeficiency virus env dna vaccine using a novel polycationic nanoparticle formulation. | in an effort to develop a more effective dna immunization strategy for hiv, we synthesized an hiv-2 env dna vaccine and delivered it in a novel polycationic adjuvant formulation that forms nanoparticles in solution and enhances protein expression. the polycationic adjuvant contained imidazole moieties to facilitate endosomal escape. nanoparticles containing the dna vaccine plasmid were formed by electrostatic condensation with the polycationic adjuvant. we hypothesized that this formulation woul ... | 2003 | 14687705 |
| emergence of the hiv type 1 epidemic in the twentieth century: comparing hypotheses to evidence. | the existence of multiple groups of hiv-1 and hiv-2 suggests that zoonotic transmissions of siv have occurred at a low rate for centuries. hence, an increase in the rate of human-to-human transmission may be necessary and sufficient to explain the emergence of hiv as an epidemic in the twentieth century. three common hypotheses to explain accelerated transmission are (1) social changes accelerated sexual transmission, (2) health care changes accelerated parenteral transmission, and (3) serial pa ... | 2003 | 14709242 |
| anatomy and pathology of hiv-1 peptidase. | the peptidase of the hiv type 1 (hiv pr) is required for the replication of and further infection by the virus. a concerted effort has taken place in the past 15 years to understand the properties of this enzyme, as it serves as an excellent drug target for control of the virus. owing to drug pressure, many mutations arise during turnover of the virus and some of these lead to resistance to the effects of the inhibitors. recent advances in the understanding of the changes these mutations cause t ... | 2002 | 12463165 |
| immune responses in baboons vaccinated with hiv-2 genetic expression libraries. | immunization using genetic expression libraries may be an improvement over conventional dna immunization using a single gene because more epitopes are simultaneously presented to the immune system. in this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of an hiv-2 vaccine made from a genomic expression library in baboons. we found that hiv-2 expression library immunization induced hiv-2-specific memory responses but low levels of cd8+ cell anti-viral responses and neutralizing antibodies. after intraveno ... | 2002 | 12519210 |
| low level viremia and high cd4% predict normal survival in a cohort of hiv type-2-infected villagers. | a community-based study of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection was conducted in a rural village in northern guinea bissau, west africa to assess the relationship between plasma hiv-2 rna levels, cd4 lymphocyte percentage, and survival over an 8-year period. the cohort of 133 hiv-2-infected individuals and 160 hiv-uninfected controls enrolled in 1991 were followed up at home until 1998. thirty-one (23%) hiv-2-infected and 24 (16%) hiv-uninfected individuals died over the follow- ... | 2002 | 12487822 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription is stimulated by tat from other lentiviruses. | the tat gene is required by hiv-1 for efficient reverse transcription and this function of tat can be distinguished from its role in transcription by rna polymerase ii using tat point mutations that abrogate each function independently. the mechanism of tat's role in reverse transcription, however, is not known, nor is it known whether this role is conserved among trans-activating factors in other retroviruses. here we examine the abilities of heterologous viral trans-activating proteins from je ... | 2002 | 12350353 |
| associations between mhc class i and susceptibility to hiv-2 disease progression. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) progression to disease is significantly slower than that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). genetic determinants for susceptibility to disease progression were hypothesized to play a more significant role in this infection compared with hiv-1. we sought to identify common human lymphocyte antigen (hla) alleles in the senegalese population and to compare hla profiles between hiv-2-infected individuals with low and high risk for disease prog ... | 2002 | 12352262 |
| plasma rna viral load in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype a and subtype b infections. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is much less pathogenic than hiv-1, and hiv-2 infection is associated with plasma viral loads significantly lower than those found in hiv-1 infection. we have developed a real-time quantitative pcr method for measuring the hiv-2 rna load that covers the range of genetic diversity of hiv-2 isolates and that detects extremely low viral loads. samples from 49 patients were studied. proviral dna was first detected and quantified. the strains that were dete ... | 2002 | 12354861 |
| [selectivity of the reverse transcriptase inhibitors toward types 1 and 2 of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)]. | two novel series of acyclonucleosides active as nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrti) against the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have been synthesized. structural modifications, inverting the selectivity of classical nnrti, considerably more active against hiv-1 than hiv-2, are reported. in these series, an increase in anti-hiv-2 activity is correlated with an increase of the cytotoxicity of these new molecules. | 2002 | 12378149 |
| how to reach clients of female sex workers: a survey by surprise in brothels in dakar, senegal. | to describe the sampling techniques and survey procedures used in identifying male clients who frequent brothels to buy sexual services from female sex workers in dakar, senegal, with the aim of measuring the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and investigating related risk behaviours. | 2002 | 12378288 |
| low prevalence of hepatitis c virus infection among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals from slovenia and croatia. | the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in the population of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1)-infected individuals from slovenia and croatia was determined. one hundred and sixty-six out of a total of 188 slovenian hiv-1-infected individuals and 120 subjects who were randomly chosen out of a total 342 croatian hiv-1 antibodies-positive individuals were tested for hcv infection. detection of hcv antibodies was carried out by a third generation enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) a ... | 2002 | 12387500 |
| tsg101, an inactive homologue of ubiquitin ligase e2, interacts specifically with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag polyprotein and results in increased levels of ubiquitinated gag. | the final stages of budding and release of a retroviral particle from the cell require the late (l) domain of gag. recently, ubiquitin and ubiquitin ligases have been implicated in the late stages of retroviral budding. in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a t-cell cdna library to identify cellular proteins that interact with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gag polyprotein, we identified tsg101, an inactive homologue of ubiquitin ligase e2. tsg101 and hiv-2 gag interact specifically in vi ... | 2002 | 12388682 |
| ccr5 and hiv infection. | chemokines and chemokine receptors play a crucial role in the trafficking of leukocyte populations across the body, and are involved in the development of a large variety of human diseases. ccr5 is the main coreceptor used by macrophage (m)-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2, which are responsible for viral transmission. ccr5 therefore plays an essential role in hiv pathogenesis. a number of inflammatory cc-chemokines, including mip-1 alpha, mip-1 beta, rante ... | 2002 | 12402506 |
| hiv association with conventional stds (sexual transmitted diseases) in lagos state, nigeria. | the study examined a possible association between hiv infection and conventional sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in a population of 700 patients seen in some hospitals and clinics in lagos state between november 1997 and december 1999. the patients were drawn mainly from luth and jolad hospitals in lagos state. in these hospitals, patients who presented with symptoms of stds were screened clinically and microbiologically for agents of stds and hiv antibodies. screening was carried out using ... | 2002 | 12403041 |
| infection with retroviruses other than hiv-1 in spain: a retrospective analysis for hiv-2, htlv-i, and/or htlv-ii. | hiv-2, human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv)-i, and htlv-ii infections are currently circulating in spain with no evidence of an increase in the number of reported cases over time. up to june 2002, a total of 106, 53, and 460 cases of hiv-2, htlv-i, and htlv-ii infection, respectively, have been identified in spain. most hiv-2-infected and htlv-i-infected individuals are immigrants who come from endemic areas or are spaniards with a past history of travel to or sexual contacts with persons orig ... | 2002 | 12407489 |
| torch agents in pregnant saudi women. | to determine the seroprevalence rates of igg to common torch agents in pregnant saudi women using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | 2002 | 12424411 |
| the conserved process of tcr/cd3 complex down-modulation by siv nef is mediated by the central core, not endocytic motifs. | the nef protein of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) associates with multiple t lymphocyte signaling proteins, including the t cell receptor (tcr) zeta chain. we demonstrate here that these interactions are conserved and highly specific. nefs derived from genetically diverse strains of siv (siv(mac)239, siv(smm)pbj, and siv(smm)deltab670) all interacted with tcr zeta on two separate domains, referred to as siv nef interaction domains (snids), as examined in both yeast two-hybrid and glutathion ... | 2002 | 12429520 |
| evaluation and interventions to reduce errors in hiv-2 testing. | when patients are evaluated for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, the possibility of hiv type 2 (hiv-2) infection should be considered in individuals who may have acquired infection in west africa or from an individual from that area. a 45.6% error rate in hiv-2 test ordering was observed among patients at the cleveland clinic foundation, this was attributed in large part to the order entry screen, which may have confused ward clerks who were entering hiv testing ordered by clinician ... | 2002 | 12432859 |
| polysulfonates derived from metal thiolate complexes as inhibitors of hiv-1 and various other enveloped viruses in vitro. | sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate reacts with the metal ions pd(ii), pt(ii), ag(i), cd(ii) and zn(ii) to yield complexes containing multiple anionic sulfonate sites. on the basis of spectroscopic and other analytical data the complexes were assigned the tentative molecular formulas: pd6(sch2ch2so3na)12, ptn(sch2ch2so3na)2n+2, agn(sch2ch2so3na)n, na2zn4(sch2ch2so3na)10, and na2cd4(sch2ch2so3na)10. the complexes displayed a variety of differences in activity towards dna and rna viruses. the platinu ... | 2002 | 12448691 |
| comparison of cis and trans tat gene expression in hiv ltr-based amplifier vectors. | the long terminal repeat (ltr) of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) drives highly efficient gene expression in the presence of the transactivator, tat. thus, tat-containing vectors may be very useful tools in gene therapy. however information about the optimal way of delivering the tat gene is limited. in this study, we compared the effects of cis and trans expressions of the tat gene and its effects on hiv ltr-driven gene expression in different cell lines using non-viral vectors. the huma ... | 2002 | 12449396 |
| inhibition of the integrases of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2 by reverse transcriptases. | we present evidence that the integrases (ins) of hiv types 1 and 2 are inhibited in vitro by the reverse transcriptases (rts) of hiv-1, hiv-2 and murine leukaemia virus. both 3'-end processing and 3'-end joining (strand transfer) activities of in were affected by the rts. full inhibitions were accomplished with most rt and in combinations tested at around equimolar rt/in ratios. the disintegration activity of in was also inhibited by rts. neither dna synthesis nor the ribonuclease h (rnase h) do ... | 2002 | 11802785 |
| cellular injury associated with renal thrombotic microangiopathy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. | pigtailed macaques infected with a virulent human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) strain develop renal thrombotic microangiopathy (tma), which morphologically resembles aspects of human hiv-associated tma. apoptotic cell death of microvascular endothelial cells might be a pathogenetic clue to this disease. for defining further the pattern of cellular injury in this model, serial kidney sections of 58 macaques infected with hiv-2 and 7 uninfected controls were studied by routine microscopy, term ... | 2002 | 11805164 |
| chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and feline immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptases: role of the subunits in resistance/sensitivity to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) are specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) and do not inhibit hiv-2. given that the amino acids lining the nnrti-specific pocket of hiv-1 rt display higher similarity to the corresponding feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) rt amino acids than to hiv-2 rt, the susceptibility of fiv rt and chimeric hiv-1/fiv rts to nnrtis and the role of the p51 subunit in the inhibitory action of nnrtis were inv ... | 2002 | 11809865 |
| the enantiomers of carbocyclic 5'-norguanosine: activity towards epstein-barr virus. | (-)-5'-noraristeromycin (1) has shown antiviral activity towards, particularly cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus and measles while its (+)-enantiomer (2) is effective towards hepatitis b virus. to determine if the antiviral characteristics of 1 and 2 extended to the guanine analogues (3 and 4), these enantiomers were prepared and evaluated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), cytomegalovirus (cmv), varicella zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), human herpes viru ... | 2002 | 11836094 |
| ccr5 or cxcr4 is required for efficient infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by promiscuous human immunodeficiency virus type 2 primary isolates. | primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates are characterized by their ability to use a broad range of coreceptors, including ccr5, cxcr4, and several alternative coreceptors. however, the in vivo relevance of this in vitro promiscuity in coreceptor usage remains unclear. we set out to evaluate the relative importance of ccr5 and cxcr4 for infection of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). pbmc from donors homozygous for wild-type ccr5 (ccr5(+/+) or ccr5delta32 (c ... | 2002 | 11839153 |
| evaluation of a rapid test for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 in the setting of multiple transmitted viral subtypes. | rapid hiv testing is an appealing strategy in the approach to hiv diagnosis in developing countries. concern has been raised about the use of these tests in the setting of multiple transmitted hiv subtypes. we sought to compare the oraquick(tm) hiv-1/2 test, a qualitative immunochromatographic test for the detection of antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2 using stored sera, with a conventional enzyme immunoassay (eia)/western blot (wb) algorithm. the study design used was a blinded retrospective study. ... | 2002 | 11860693 |
| constitutive and induced expression of dc-sign on dendritic cell and macrophage subpopulations in situ and in vitro. | dc-sign is a c-type lectin, highly expressed on the surface of immature dendritic cells (dcs), that mediates efficient infection of t cells in trans by its ability to bind hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv. in addition, the ability of dc-sign to bind adhesion molecules on surfaces of naïve t cells and endothelium also suggests its involvement in t-cell activation and dc trafficking. to gain further insights into the range of expression and potential functions of dc-sign, we performed a detailed analysis of ... | 2002 | 11867682 |
| 6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkoxy]pyrimidines with antiviral activity. | 6-hydroxypyrimidines substituted at positions 2 and 4 by hydrogen, methyl, amino, cyclopropylamino, dimethylamino, methylsulfanyl, or hydroxyl group afford by the reaction with diisopropyl 2-(chloroethoxy)methylphosphonate in the presence of nah, cs(2)co(3), or dbu a mixture of n(1)- and o(6)-[2-(diisopropylphosphorylmethoxy)ethyl] isomers which were converted to the free phosphonic acids by treatment with bromotrimethylsilane followed by hydrolysis. analogously, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine ... | 2002 | 11960502 |
| differential dependence of the infectivity of hiv-1 group o isolates on the cellular protein cyclophilin a. | the cellular protein cyclophilin a (cyp a) is packaged into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) particles through a specific interaction with the capsid domain of the gag polyprotein. inhibition of cyp a incorporation by mutagenesis or cyclosporin treatment severely affects infectivity of all hiv-1 m subtypes tested. in contrast, the closely related lentiviruses hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) do not package cyp a and are not inhibited by cyclosporin. for the hiv-1 group o ... | 2002 | 12009870 |
| c-terminal gp40 peptide analogs inhibit feline immunodeficiency virus: cell fusion and virus spread. | the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), gp160, is synthesized as a protein precursor that when proteolytically cleaved yields two subunits, gp120 and gp41. gp120 is the surface glycoprotein on hiv-1 responsible for binding to cd4, and gp41 is the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the membrane fusion process. gp41 is divided into the n-terminal fusion peptide, the heptad repeat 1 (hr1) and hr2 regions, and the c-terminal transmembrane region, which are colle ... | 2002 | 12186891 |
| intravirion processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif protein by the viral protease may be correlated with vif function. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vif protein is specifically packaged into virus particles through an interaction with viral genomic rna in which it associates with the viral nucleoprotein complex. we now demonstrate for the first time that virus-associated vif is subject to proteolytic processing by the viral protease (pr). pr-dependent processing of vif was observed both in vivo and in vitro. in vivo processing of vif was cell type independent and evident by the appearance of a ... | 2002 | 12186895 |
| blockade of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression by caveolin-1. | caveolin-1 (cav-1) is a major protein constituent of caveolae, a type of plasma membrane raft. we observed that coexpression of human cav-1 with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) blocked virion production from cells that are ordinarily highly permissive. further investigation showed that this effect is specific, occurs at low ratios of cav-1 to hiv-1 dna, depends on expression of cav-1 protein, and involves severely impaired expression of hiv-1 proteins. cav-1 also blocked hiv-2 expres ... | 2002 | 12186899 |
| detection of simian immunodeficiency virus in diverse species and of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 by using consensus primers within the pol region. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is the result of cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from sooty mangabey monkeys to humans. primer pairs (inthiv-2/siv) based on a region of integrase that has considerable homology across hiv-2 and siv lineages were designed to develop a broadly cross-reactive molecular assay to detect lentivirus infection in primates. the inthiv-2/siv primers detect hiv-2 and simian viruses sivcpz, sivsmm, sivsyk, sivagm, and sivmnd. the ... | 2002 | 12202548 |
| enhancement of antibody responses to an hiv-2 dna envelope vaccine using an expression vector containing a constitutive transport element. | because immune responses to dna vaccines in humans remains suboptimal, strategies need to be devised to facilitate expression of the vaccine in vivo. one method to improve response to a dna vaccine is to construct plasmid vectors with leader sequences and post-transcriptional elements that facilitate export of transcribed rna. in this study, we sought to determine if a mammalian expression vector (pnd-14) containing a tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) leader sequence and a constitutive transpor ... | 2002 | 12215261 |
| cd4 t cell depletion is linked directly to immune activation in the pathogenesis of hiv-1 and hiv-2 but only indirectly to the viral load. | the causal relationships among cd4 cell depletion, hiv replication, and immune activation are not well understood. hiv-2 infection, "nature's experiment" with inherently attenuated hiv disease, provides additional insights into this issue. we report the finding that in hiv-2 and hiv-1 patients with a comparable degree of cd4 depletion the imbalance in the relative sizes of the naive and memory t cell populations and the up-regulation of cd4 and cd8 cell activation markers (hla-dr, cd38, cd69, fa ... | 2002 | 12218162 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vector-mediated in vivo gene transfer into adult rabbit retina. | to evaluate the potential usefulness of hiv-2 viral vector in in vivo retinal gene therapy. | 2002 | 12221527 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | 2002 | 12029140 | |
| multicenter evaluation of a new automated fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus screening assay with a sensitive antigen detection module and high specificity. | fourth-generation assays for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen and antibody that were available on the international market until now have antigen detection modules with relatively poor sensitivity and produce a higher rate of false-positive results than third-generation enzyme immunoassays (eias). the new cobas core hiv combi eia with an improved sensitivity for hiv p24 antigen was compared to alternative fourth- and third-generation assays, the p24 antige ... | 2002 | 12037046 |
| acute ethanol administration downregulates human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120-induced kc and rantes production by murine kupffer cells and splenocytes. | glycoprotein 120 from hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv is known to stimulate secretion of chemokines by mononuclear cells. thus, this work tests the hypothesis that acute ethanol intoxication suppresses hiv-1 gp120-induced chemokine production by murine kupffer cells and splenocytes. male balb/c mice were given ethanol (1.70 g/kg) by intragastric gavage in 0.1 ml volume of saline. five minutes after ethanol administration, mice received an intravenous injection of hiv-1 gp120 (5 microg/kg). after 24 hr, ser ... | 2002 | 12044837 |
| effects of l- and d-rekr amino acid-containing peptides on hiv and siv envelope glycoprotein precursor maturation and hiv and siv replication. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of synthetic l- and d-peptides encompassing the hiv-1(bru) gp160 rekr cleavage site to interfere with hiv and simian immuno-deficiency virus (siv) replication and maturation of the envelope glycoprotein (env) precursors. to facilitate their penetration into cells, a decanoyl (dec) group was added at the n-terminus. the sequences synthesized included dec5d or dec5l (decrekrv), dec9d or dec9l (decrvvqrekrv) and dec14d or dec14l (tkakrrvvqre ... | 2002 | 12071862 |
| purification and reactiongenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 total external glycoprotein expressed in pichia pastoris. | the purification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 total external glycoprotein gp105 expressed in pichia pastoris was investigated. expression conditions were optimized by an orthogonal test. the results from tests of variance analyses showed that the most important parameter for efficient expression of total gp105 in p. pastoris is adequate aeration during methanol induction. the optimum induction conditions for gp105 expression were: more than 85% aeration, induction for 3 days, the initi ... | 2002 | 12088826 |
| effect of gamma irradiation on human cortical bone transplants contaminated with enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. | in the production of bone grafts intended for transplantation, basic safety measures to avoid the transmission of pathogens are selection and serological screening of donors for markers of virus infections. as an additional safety tool we investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on the sterility of human bone diaphysis transplants and evaluated its impact on the virus safety of transplants. model viruses were included in the study to determine the dose necessary to achieve a reduction factor ... | 2002 | 12127314 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration by diketo derivatives. | a series of diketo derivatives was found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase activity. only l-708,906 inhibited the replication of hiv-1(iii(b)) (50% effective concentration, 12 micro m), hiv-1 clinical strains, hiv-1 strains resistant to reverse transcriptase or fusion inhibitors, hiv-2 (rod strain) and simian immunodeficiency virus (mac(251)). the combinations of l-708,906 with zidovudine, nevirapine, or nelfinavir proved to be subsynergistic. in cell culture, addi ... | 2002 | 12234864 |
| requirements for rna heterodimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 genomes. | retroviruses are prone to recombination because they package two copies of the rna genome. whereas recombination is a frequent event within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 groups, no hiv-1/hiv-2 recombinants have been reported thus far. the possibility of forming hiv-1/hiv-2 rna heterodimers was studied in vitro. in both viruses, the dimer initiation site (dis) hairpin is used to form dimers, but these motifs appear too dissimilar to allow rna heterodimer formation. mul ... | 2002 | 12237437 |
| new class of hiv integrase inhibitors that block viral replication in cell culture. | to improve the existing combination therapies of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and to cope with virus strains that are resistant to multiple drugs, we initiated a search for effective inhibitors of hiv integrase, the enzyme responsible for inserting the viral cdna into the host cell chromosome. | 2002 | 12176326 |
| [establishment of a double-antigen sandwich elisa for detecting total antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1/2]. | to describe and evaluate a double-antigen sandwich elisa for detecting human immunodeficiency virus type 1/2 (hiv-1/2) specific antibodies. | 2002 | 12665944 |
| prevalences of and risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases among japanese female commercial sex workers in middle- and high-class soaplands in japan. | a cross-sectional study among japanese female commercial sex workers (csws) working in soaplands (massage parlours with baths) was conducted between july 1999 and june 2000. the study subjects included 135 csws aged from 20 to 36 years. a questionnaire included sexual characteristics in addition to real name, working name, and date of birth. we serologically or bacteriologically confirmed prevalences of hiv-1, hiv-2, hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), chlamydia trachomatis, neisse ... | 2002 | 12537737 |
| seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among voluntary blood donors in delhi, india. | cytomegalovirus (cmv) is known to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following blood transfusion in children and immunocompromised adults. in india, it is not mandatory to screen donated blood for cmv in blood banks. very few studies have been conducted in india to estimate the seroprevalence of this infection in voluntary blood donors. this study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of cmv among voluntary blood donors in delhi, india. in this study, none of 200 donors tes ... | 2002 | 12659416 |
| envelope glycoprotein cytoplasmic domains from diverse lentiviruses interact with the prenylated rab acceptor. | lentivirus envelope glycoproteins have unusually long cytoplasmic domains compared to those of other retroviruses. to identify cellular binding partners of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) envelope transmembrane protein (gp41) cytoplasmic domain (cd), we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen of a phytohemagglutinin-activated human t-cell cdna library with the siv gp41 cd. the majority of positive clones (50 of 54) encoded the prenylated rab acceptor (pra1). pra1 is a 21-kda protein associat ... | 2002 | 11739697 |
| in vitro evidence for a long range pseudoknot in the 5'-untranslated and matrix coding regions of hiv-1 genomic rna. | the 5'-untranslated leader region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rna contains multiple signals that control distinct steps of the viral replication cycle such as transcription, reverse transcription, genomic rna dimerization, splicing, and packaging. it is likely that fine tuned coordinated regulation of these functions is achieved through specific rna-protein and rna-rna interactions. in a search for cis-acting elements important for the tertiary structure of the 5'-untranslated ... | 2002 | 11744696 |
| nontemplated base addition by hiv-1 rt can induce nonspecific strand transfer in vitro. | after minus-strand strong-stop dna (-sssdna) synthesis, the rna template is degraded by the rnase h activity of reverse transcriptase (rt), generating a single-stranded dna. the genomes of some retroviruses contain sequences that could lead to self-priming of their minus signsssdna. self-priming was prevented by annealing a dna oligonucleotide to the 3' end of model dnas that corresponded to the 3' ends of the -sssdnas (-r ssdna) from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), type 2 (hiv-2), ... | 2002 | 11886271 |
| an estimate of the current risk of transmitting blood-borne infections through blood transfusion in italy. | we conducted a retrospective cohort study to estimate the incidence of major blood-borne agents among italian blood donors and calculated the risk of infection among blood recipients using the 'incidence/window period model'. the study was conducted among 46 180 blood donors enrolled in six blood centres between 1994 and 1999. during follow-up, seven new infections were confirmed: three donors seroconverted for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv); two for anti-hepatitis c virus (hcv); and tw ... | 2002 | 11918558 |
| equal plasma viral loads predict a similar rate of cd4+ t cell decline in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1- and hiv-2-infected individuals from senegal, west africa. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 infection is characterized by slower disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome than results from hiv-1 infection. to better understand the biological factors underlying the different natural histories of infection with these 2 retroviruses, we examined the relationship between hiv rna and dna levels and the rate of cd4(+) t cell decline among 472 hiv-1- and 114 hiv-2-infected individuals from senegal. the annual rate of cd4(+) t cell decl ... | 2002 | 11920314 |
| rapid particle agglutination test for human immunodeficiency virus: hospital-based evaluation. | the performance of a rapid particle agglutination test for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) (capillus hiv type 1 [hiv-1]/hiv-2) on hospital samples is compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. the test had a sensitivity and specificity of 99 and 98.9%, respectively. in addition, the test was reactive on plasma samples from all individuals infected with hiv-1 subtype c. this test can safely be used for voluntary counseling and testing in india. | 2002 | 11923395 |
| specific incorporation of heat shock protein 70 family members into primate lentiviral virions. | to determine if any heat shock proteins are incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) virions in a manner similar to that of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin a, we probed purified virions with antibodies against heat shock proteins hsp27, hsp40, hsp60, hsp70, hsc70, and hsp90. of these proteins, hsp60, hsp70, and hsc70 associated with virions purified based on either particle density or size and were shown to be incorporated within the virion membrane, where they wer ... | 2002 | 11932435 |
| hiv-1 vif-derived peptide inhibits drug-resistant hiv proteases. | vif, one of the six accessory genes expressed by hiv-1, is essential for the productive infection of natural target cells. previously we suggested that vif acts as a regulator of the viral protease (pr): it prevents the autoprocessing of gag and gag-pol precursors until virus assembly, and it may control the pr activity in the preintegration complex at the early stage of infection. it was demonstrated before that vif, and specifically the 98 amino acid stretch residing at the n'-terminal part of ... | 2002 | 11944889 |
| toxic epidermal necrolysis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus-2. | 2002 | 11952307 | |
| evaluation of an indigenous western blot kit for human immunodeficiency virus. | the western blot test is considered a gold standard test for the confirmation of an elisa and/or rapid assay screened reactive sample in the diagnosis of hiv infection, especially in the low risk population. in this study, an indigenously developed hiv w. blot kit (j.mitra & co., new delhi, india) was compared for its performance characteristics with a widely used western blot kit, hiv blot 2.2 (genelabs, singapore). antigens of both hiv-1 and the indicator antigen gp36 of hiv-2 are included in ... | 2002 | 17657070 |
| ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. | a survey was conducted in dakar, senegal, to identify major types and prevalences of bacteria, parasites, fungi, and rotaviruses associated with diarrhea in relation to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) serostatus with the goal to provide guidance to physicians for case management. | 2001 | 11953215 |
| baboons as an animal model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and vaccine development. | baboons (papio cynocephalus) provide a valuable animal model for the study of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pathogenesis because hiv-2 infection of baboons causes a chronic viral disease that progresses over several years before clinical signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) appear. since hiv-2-infected baboons develop a chronic viral infection, insights into the immuno-biology of viral latency, clinical stages of disease, virus infection of lymphatic tissue and hiv transmissio ... | 2001 | 11782253 |
| conserved cxcr4 usage and enhanced replicative capacity of hiv-2/287, an isolate highly pathogenic in macaca nemestrina. | to investigate viral properties that contribute to the pathogenic potential of hiv-2 in macaques. | 2001 | 11740185 |
| interactions of the human t-cell leukemia virus type-ii integrase with the conserved ca in the retroviral long terminal repeat end. | retroviral integrases (ins) interact with termini of retroviral dna in the conserved 5'-c(a/g)t. for most integrases, modifications of critical moieties in the major and minor grooves of these sequences decrease 3'-processing. however, for human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (htlv-2) in, the replacement of the guanine with 6-methylguanine or hypoxanthine not only reduced 3'-processing, but also promoted cleavage at a second site. this novel cleavage activity required an upstream aca, unique to t ... | 2001 | 11278363 |
| down-modulation of tcr/cd3 surface complexes after hiv-1 infection is associated with differential expression of the viral regulatory genes. | we have investigated the mechanism(s) involved in progressive abrogation of cd3-gamma gene expression after hiv-1 or hiv-2 infection. a comparison of intracellular virus expression with t cell receptor surface density, revealed both high and low levels of viral p24 antigen in the tcr/cd3(hi), tcr/cd3(lo), and tcr/cd3(-) cells. furthermore, in non-productively infected cells expressing the multiply spliced, virally encoded tat, rev, and nef regulatory gene transcripts, the same progressive loss o ... | 2001 | 11298321 |
| 4'-ethynyl nucleoside analogs: potent inhibitors of multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus variants in vitro. | a series of 4'-ethynyl (4'-e) nucleoside analogs were designed, synthesized, and identified as being active against a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv), including a variety of laboratory strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and primary clinical hiv-1 isolates. among such analogs examined, 4'-e-2'-deoxycytidine (4'-e-dc), 4'-e-2'-deoxyadenosine (4'-e-da), 4'-e-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-2,6-diaminopurine, and 4'-e-2'-deoxyguanosine were the most potent and blocked hiv-1 replication with 50% ef ... | 2001 | 11302824 |
| synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzene thymidine mimics, some related alpha-anomers, and their evaluation as antiviral and anticancer agents. | a group of unnatural 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluorobenzenes having a variety of c-5 substituents (h, me, f, cl, br, i, cf3, cn, no2, nh2), designed as thymidine mimics, were synthesized for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. the coupling reaction of 3,5-bis-o-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-2-deoxy-alpha-d-ribofuranosyl chloride with an organocadmium reagent [(2,4-difluorophenyl)2cd] afforded a mixture of the alpha- and beta-anomeric products (alpha:beta = 3:1 to 10:1 ratio). treatm ... | 2001 | 11303557 |
| synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzenes: "thymine replacement" analogs of thymidine for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. | a group of unnatural 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluorobenzenes having a variety of c-5 two-carbon substituents [-c...c-x, x = i, br; -c...ch; (e)-ch=ch-x, x = i, br; -ch=ch2; -ch2ch3; -ch(n3) ch2br], designed as nucleoside mimics, were synthesized for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. the 5-substituted (e)-ch=ch-i and -ch2ch3 compounds exhibited negligible cytotoxicity in a mtt assay (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-4)m range), relative to thymidine (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-5)m range) ... | 2001 | 11303562 |
| dc-sign interactions with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. | dendritic cells (dcs) efficiently bind and transmit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to cocultured t cells and so may play an important role in hiv transmission. dc-sign, a novel c-type lectin that is expressed in dcs, has recently been shown to bind r5 hiv type 1 (hiv-1) strains and a laboratory-adapted x4 strain. to characterize the interaction of dc-sign with primate lentiviruses, we investigated the structural determinants of dc-sign required for virus binding and transmission to permissiv ... | 2001 | 11312337 |
| investigation of rna transcripts containing hiv-1 packaging signal sequences as hiv-1 antivirals: generation of cell lines resistant to hiv-1. | based on the success of rna decoy approaches using rre and tar sequences to inhibit hiv-1 replication, we studied the ability of hiv-1 packaging signal sequences to interfere with viral rna encapsidation and formation of infectious particles. we made a variety of plasmid constructs in which the sequence context or number of repeats of the viral packaging signal was varied, and investigated the ability of these transcripts to inhibit replication of hiv-1 in stably transfected jurkat t lymphocytes ... | 2001 | 11313785 |
| protein phosphatase 2a activates the hiv-2 promoter through enhancer elements that include the pets site. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gene expression is regulated by upstream promoter elements, including the peri-ets (pets) site, which mediate enhancer stimulation following treatment with the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa). we previously showed that the oncoprotein dek binds to the pets site in a site-specific manner. in this report, we show that binding to the hiv-2 pets site is modulated by treatment of u937 monocytic cells with tpa, an activator of protei ... | 2001 | 11320078 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and chemokines: beyond competition for common cellular receptors. | the chemokines and their receptors have been receiving exceptional attention in recent years following the discoveries that some chemokines could specifically block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection and that certain chemokine receptors were the long-sought coreceptors which, along with cd4, are required for the productive entry of hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates. several chemokine receptors or orphan chemokine receptor-like molecules can support the entry of various viral strains, b ... | 2001 | 11325604 |
| sensitivity and specificity of human immunodeficiency virus rapid serologic assays and testing algorithms in an antenatal clinic in abidjan, ivory coast. | to evaluate serologic testing algorithms for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) based on a combination of rapid assays among persons with hiv-1 (non-b subtypes) infection, hiv-2 infection, and hiv-1-hiv-2 dual infections in abidjan, ivory coast, a total of 1,216 sera with known hiv serologic status were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of four rapid assays: determine hiv-1/2, capillus hiv-1/hiv-2, hiv-spot, and genie ii hiv-1/hiv-2. two serum panels obtained from patients recentl ... | 2001 | 11325995 |
| low levels of hiv-1 plasma viral load in patients infected with hiv-1 subtype b and advanced immunosuppression. | some hiv-1 infected patients show low levels of viraemia despite having advanced immunosuppression. cases with falsely undetectable viraemia by conventional pcr have been reported when patients were infected with non-b subtypes. the aim of this study was to investigate whether this immunovirological discordance can be due to the presence of hiv-1 non-b subtypes, and whether a modified pcr procedure can yield different hiv viraemia values in these cases. | 2001 | 11243746 |
| cyclophilin a regulates hiv-1 infectivity, as demonstrated by gene targeting in human t cells. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag polyprotein binds most members of the cyclophilin family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. of 15 known human cyclophilins, cyclophilin a (cypa) has been the focus of investigation because it was detected in hiv-1 virions. to determine whether cypa promotes hiv-1 replication, we deleted the gene encoding cypa (ppia) in human cd4(+) t cells by homologous recombination. hiv-1 replication in ppia(-/-) cells was decreased and not inhibited further by c ... | 2001 | 11250896 |
| effects of mutant vpr/vpx on hiv-2 assembly demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy. | the virion-associated accessory proteins vpr and vpx of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are required for efficient viral replication. vpr could be important for vpx assembly. to investigate the interaction of vpr and vpx with respect to the effects of reverse transcriptase (rt) activity, viral particle information and vpx expression site directed mutagenesis was carried out to construct vpr, vpx and double vpr/vpx hiv-2 mutants. these mutants were used for infection of peripheral blo ... | 2001 | 11254173 |
| dc-signr, a dc-sign homologue expressed in endothelial cells, binds to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and activates infection in trans. | dc-sign, a c-type lectin expressed on the surface of dendritic cells (dcs), efficiently binds and transmits hivs and simian immunodeficiency viruses to susceptible cells in trans. a dc-sign homologue, termed dc-signr, has recently been described. herein we show that dc-signr, like dc-sign, can bind to multiple strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus and transmit these viruses to both t cell lines and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. binding of virus to dc-signr was de ... | 2001 | 11226297 |
| functional characterization of chimeric reverse transcriptases with polypeptide subunits of highly divergent hiv-1 group m and o strains. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 strains have been divided into three groups: main (m), outlier (o), and non-m non-o (n). biochemical analyses of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) have been performed predominantly with enzymes derived from hiv-1 group m:subtype b laboratory strains. this study was designed to optimize the expression and to characterize the enzymatic properties of hiv-1 group o rts as well as chimeric rts composed of group m and o p66 and p51 subunits. the dna-dependent dna po ... | 2001 | 11353775 |
| evaluation of a simultaneous hiv antigen and antibody detection test in korean population. | current diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection relies on the detection of anti-hiv antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). recently, kits detecting both p24 antigenemia and anti-hiv/anti-hiv2 antibodies have been developed. thus, it is necessary to compare those kits developed as such. the aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of a simultaneous detection test of p24 antigen and anti-hiv1/2 antibodies in a low prevalence area. eight hundre ... | 2001 | 11371105 |
| basic amino acid residues in the v3 loop of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope alter viral coreceptor tropism and infectivity but do not allow efficient utilization of cxcr4 as entry cofactor. | in contrast to human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively), simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) rarely uses cxcr4 (x4) for efficient entry into target cells. basic amino acid residues in the v3 loop of hiv env allow efficient coreceptor utilization of x4. therefore, we investigated if similar changes in the sivmac env protein also mediate a coreceptor switch from ccr5 (r5) to x4. functional analysis revealed that none of eight sivmac variants, containing v ... | 2001 | 11384227 |
| on the origin and evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | the human aids viruses--hiv-1 and hiv-2--impose major burdens on the health and economic status of many developing countries. surveys of other animal species have revealed that related viruses--the sivs are widespread in a large number of african simian primates where they do not appear to cause disease. phylogenetic analyses indicate that these sivs are the reservoirs for the human viruses, with sivsm from the sooty mangabey monkey the most likely source of hiv-2, and sivcpz from the common chi ... | 2001 | 11396848 |
| the dimer initiation site hairpin mediates dimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 2 rna genome. | the untranslated leader of retroviral rna genomes encodes multiple structural signals that are critical for virus replication. in the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (hiv-1) leader, a hairpin structure with a palindrome-containing loop is termed the dimer initiation site (dis), because it triggers in vitro rna dimerization through base pairing of the loop-exposed palindromes (kissing loops). controversy remains regarding the region responsible for hiv-2 rna dimerization. different studies h ... | 2001 | 11397802 |
| a single amino acid change at leu-188 in the reverse transcriptase of hiv-2 and siv renders them sensitive to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) are selective for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and generally not effective on hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). only sivagm was found to be sensitive to nnrtis. when the amino acid differences in rt between sivmac and sivagm were compared with the known amino acid substitutions of nnrti-resistance variants of hiv-1, we came to consider that the amino acid residue leu-188 of hiv-2 and sivmac might be related to th ... | 2001 | 11402860 |
| the origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when? | in the absence of direct epidemiological evidence, molecular evolutionary studies of primate lentiviruses provide the most definitive information about the origins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2. related lentiviruses have been found infecting numerous species of primates in sub-saharan africa. the only species naturally infected with viruses closely related to hiv-2 is the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys) from western africa, the region where hiv-2 is known to be endemic. simi ... | 2001 | 11405934 |
| serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in africa. | there is compelling evidence that both human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types emerged from two dissimilar simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) in separate geographical regions of africa. each of the two hivs has its own simian progenitor and specific genetic precursor, and all of the primates that carry these sivs have been in close contact with humans for thousands of years without the emergence of epidemic hiv. to date no plausible mechanism has been identified to account for the sudden em ... | 2001 | 11405938 |