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activity pattern, reproductive behaviors and gonadal hormones in the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides).the objectives of this study were to (1) assess year-round behaviors and activity patterns of captive raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and (2) characterize the species' reproductive endocrinology. behaviors and activity patterns of 12 (5.7) animals were recorded over a 1-year period. during that time, fecal samples were collected 2-7 times/week from 16 (7.9) individuals (six of these were included in the behavioral study) for the analysis of testosterone, progesterone and estrogen metabol ...201121462244
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus circulating in south korea, 1998-2010.we analyzed the nucleotide sequences of the g-l (glycoprotein-large protein) intergenic non-coding region of 33 strains of the rabies virus (rabv) isolated in south korea in 1998-2010 and compared the sequences with those of previously reported non-korean strains. the similarities of the nucleotide sequences of the g-l region among all korean rabv isolates ranged from 97.1 to 100%. based on the phylogenetic analysis of the g-l region, the korean rabv isolates were classified into three distinct ...201121467756
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in feral raccoons, japan.although raccoons (procyon lotor) are susceptible to influenza viruses, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) infection in these animals has not been reported. we performed a serosurvey of apparently healthy feral raccoons in japan and found specific antibodies to subtype h5n1 viruses. feral raccoons may pose a risk to farms and public health.201121470469
[introduction of species and microevolution: the european beaver, raccoon dog, and american mink].nine skull samples of the beaver castor fiber, six samples of the raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides, and six samples of the american mink neovison vison were studied using phenetic and craniometric methods. analysis of the phenofund structure suggests that in all of the studied species the emergence of novel character variations does not lead to their fixation with a significant frequency. considerable morphological variability emerges in the contact zone of different autochtonous populations ...201121506393
novel hepatozoon in vertebrates from the southern united states.abstract novel hepatozoon spp. sequences collected from previously unrecognized vertebrate hosts in north america were compared with documented hepatozoon 18s rrna sequences in an effort to examine phylogenetic relationships between the different hepatozoon organisms found cycling in nature. an approximately 500 base pair fragment of 18s rdna common to hepatozoon spp. and some other apicomplexans was amplified and sequenced from the tissues or blood of 16 vertebrate host species from the souther ...201121506825
helminth parasites of an introduced invasive carnivore species, the raccoon ( procyon lotor l.), from the warta mouth national park (poland).abstract we evaluated helminth parasites of the introduced north american raccoon ( procyon lotor l.) in poland. from june 2006 to may 2007, 91 raccoon fecal samples were collected in the warta mouth national park situated in western poland near the polish-german border. coprological analyses involved flotation and sedimentation. in total, 7 helminth taxa were identified in the feces: ancylostoma spp., baylisascaris procyonis , capillariidae, placoconus lotoris , spirocerca lupi , strongyloides ...201121506875
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan.abstract antibodies to toxoplasma gondii were found in 92 (9.9%) of 929 feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan using the latex agglutination test (lat, 1: 64 or higher). seropositivity varied by geographic location, season, weight, but by the sex of raccoons trapped. seroprevalences in the northern, central, and western areas of japan were found to be 7.9% (39/492), 16.5% (47/285), and 3.9% (6/152), respectively. the seroprevalence by season varied from 8.5% (13/153) in spring to 18.9% (14/74) ...201121510744
re-assessment of direct fluorescent antibody negative brain tissues with a real-time pcr assay to detect the presence of raccoon rabies virus rna.the first report of the raccoon variant of rabies virus was in ontario, canada in 1999. as part of the control of this outbreak a point infection control (pic) strategy of trapping and euthanizing vector species was implemented. to evaluate whether this strategy was indeed removing diseased animals, rabies diagnosis was performed on these specimens. during a pic program conducted in 2003, 721 animals (raccoons, striped skunks and red foxes) were collected and euthanized and brain material from e ...201121514325
seasonality and fasting effect in raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides serum leptin levels determined by canine leptin-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.leptin is an adipocyte-derived peptide hormone that acts on the brain and regulates food intake and energy balance. several previous reports have suggested that overwintering raccoon dogs nyctereutes procyonoides are able to control their adiposity efficiently, but the contribution of leptin to weight regulation in these animals remains unclear. to study the seasonality of overwintering raccoon dogs as well as the effects of fasting on them, serum leptin levels were investigated using a newly es ...201021328558
comparison of canine distemper viruses in domestic dogs and wild raccoon dogs in south korea. 201021262634
the accidental release of exotic species from breeding colonies and zoological collections.exotic species have often been introduced into a new country in zoological or botanical gardens or on game and fur farms. when accidentally or deliberately released, these alien species can become invasive and have negative impacts on native plant and animal communities and human activities. this article focuses on a selection of such invasive species: principally the american mink (neovison vison), but also the coypu (myocastor coypus), muskrat (ondatra zibethicus), raccoon dog (nyctereutes pro ...201020617652
alternative transmission modes for trypanosoma cruzi.the parasite trypanosoma cruzi, which causes chagas' disease, is typically transmitted through a cycle in which vectors become infected through bloodmeals on infected hosts and then infect other hosts through defecation at the sites of subsequent feedings. the vectors native to the southeastern united states, however, are inefficient at transmitting t. cruzi in this way, which suggests that alternative transmission modes may be responsible for maintaining the established sylvatic infection cycle ...201020578791
pathways for arsenic from sediments to groundwater to streams: biogeochemical processes in the inner coastal plain, new jersey, usa.the cretaceous and tertiary sediments that underlie the inner coastal plain of new jersey contain the arsenic-rich mineral glauconite. streambed sediments in two inner coastal plain streams (crosswicks and raccoon creeks) that traverse these glauconitic deposits are enriched in arsenic (15-25mg/kg), and groundwater discharging to the streams contains elevated levels of arsenic (>80μg/l at a site on crosswicks creek) with arsenite generally the dominant species. low dissolved oxygen, low or undet ...201020580401
characterization of a panel of anti-phosphoprotein monoclonal antibodies generated against the raccoon strain of rabies virus.the generation of a new panel of 32 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reactive with the p protein of the raccoon strain of rabies virus is described. through a series of analyses employing competitive elisa and immunoblotting, these mabs were classified into eight groups, each defining an antigenic site, thereby increasing the number of sites now recognized along the length of the p protein. studies on mab reactivity with a collection of diverse lyssaviruses identified sites that were highly conserve ...201020600390
molecular characterization of rotaviruses in a japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) and a masked palm civet (paguma larvata) in japan.group a rotaviruses infect and cause diarrhea in humans and a wide range of mammals. previous studies have suggested that some strains can cross the species barrier to infect humans (martella et al., 2010). however, there are few reports on infection and characterization of rotaviruses in wild animals. to estimate what types of rotaviruses infect wild animals, we investigated infection of rotaviruses in wild animals living in urban areas in japan between 2003 and 2008. of 145 fecal specimens obt ...201020605380
phylogenetic identification of cystoisospora spp. from dogs, cats, and raccoon dogs in japan.cystoisospora spp. from feces in dogs, cats, and raccoon dogs were isolated, sequenced at the small subunit ribosomal rna gene locus and compared to other cystoisospora spp. cystoisospora oocysts from dogs and raccoon dogs were morphologically similar with those of c. ohioensis, and cat isolates were similar with those of c. felis. the sequences from dogs and raccoon dogs, and cats have a homology with c. ohioensis and c. felis, respectively. phylogenetic analysis of the dna sequences showed tha ...201021145171
preservation of bone mass and biomechanical properties during winter sleep--the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) as a novel model species.it has been established that almost 40% of postmenopausal women in the united states have osteopenia and models to study its prevention are thus urgently needed. bears (ursus spp.) displaying winter sleep were previously introduced as promising models to study the treatment of disuse-induced bone loss. the present study examined the potential of another analogous model species, the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides), in bone research. similar to bears, raccoon dogs display prolonged passivit ...201021146643
distribution, prevalence, and genetic characterization of baylisascaris procyonis in selected areas of georgia.baylisascaris procyonis is an intestinal nematode of raccoons (procyon lotor) that can cause fatal larval migrans in numerous species of birds and mammals, including humans. although this parasite has historically been absent in the southeastern united states, it has been found in isolated regions in the appalachian mountains and was recently documented in dekalb county, georgia. the first objective of the current study was to investigate the distribution and prevalence of b. procyonis in select ...201021158622
prins detection of 18s rdna in pig, red fox and chinese raccoon dog, and centromere dna in horse.the fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) technique is widely used in animal cytogenetics. contrary to fish procedure, primed in situ dna synthesis (prins) does not require the dna probe preparation (design, synthesis, gel purification of pcr products and labeling). the prins method with primers used as 'dna probes' is both pcr-sensitive and allows for chromosomal localization of dna sequences. here, we show the application of prins reaction with one unlabeled oligonucleotide pair to identif ...201021166802
efficacy of the boar-operated-system to deliver baits to feral swine.feral swine (sus scrofa) pose a significant disease threat to livestock and humans. emerging technologies to reduce feral swine disease transmission risks include fertility control, vaccination, and toxicants. however, for these technologies to be appropriate for field application, a feral swine-specific oral delivery system is needed. we used two field trials to generate information related to appropriate field application of the boar-operated-system (bos™), an oral delivery system designed to ...201021176854
molecular survey of rickettsial agents in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan.rickettsial infection in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan was analyzed by molecular methods. genus-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis based on the rickettsia citrate synthase (glta) gene showed that 13 of 699 raccoons (1.9%) examined were positive for rickettsia. twelve of the 13 partial glta sequence amplicons were successfully analyzed. the nucleotide sequence of one amplicon was identical to both rickettsia heilongjiangensis and r. japonica, one was iden ...201020859004
quantitative identification of fecal water pollution sources by taqman real-time pcr assays using bacteroidales 16s rrna genetic markers.pcr-based analysis of bacteroidales 16s rrna genes has emerged as a promising tool to identify sources of fecal water pollution. in this study, three taqman real-time pcr assays (bacgeneral, bachuman, and bacbovine) were developed and evaluated for their ability to quantitatively detect general (total), human-specific, and bovine-specific bacteroidales 16s rrna genetic markers. the detection sensitivity was determined to be 6.5 copies of 16s rrna gene for the bacgeneral and bachuman assays and 1 ...201020871990
[detection of babesia spp. dna in small mammals and ixodic ticks on the territory of north ural, west siberia and far east of russia].totally, 932 small mammals and 458 questing adult ixodes persulcatus from sverdlovsk and novosibirsk regions and khabarovsk territory, as well as 128 haemaphysalis japonica, 34 h. concinna and 29 dermacentor silvarum from khabarovsk territory were examined for the presence of babesia by nested pcr based on the 18s rrna gene. babesia microti dna was found in samples of small mammals from all the studied regions--in 36.2% of samples from sverdlovsk region, 5.3% of samples from novosibirsk region, ...201020886686
experimental infection of raccoons (procyon lotor) with west nile virus.to characterize the responses of raccoons to west nile virus (wnv) infection, we subcutaneously exposed them to wnv. moderately high viremia titers (≤ 10(4.6) plaque forming units [pfu]/ml of serum) were noted in select individuals; however, peak viremia titers were variable and viremia was detectable in some individuals as late as 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). in addition, fecal shedding was prolonged in some animals (e.g., between 6 and 13 dpi in one individual), with up to 10(5.0) pfu/fecal ...201020889868
mhc class ii drb diversity in raccoons (procyon lotor) reveals associations with raccoon rabies virus (lyssavirus).in north america, the raccoon rabies virus (rrv) is an endemic wildlife disease which causes acute encephalopathies and is a strong selective force on raccoons (procyon lotor), with estimates of ∼85% of the population succumbing to the disease when epizootic. rrv is regarded as a lethal disease if untreated; therefore, no evolutionary response would be expected of raccoon populations. however, variable immune responses to rrv have been observed in raccoons indicating a potential for evolutionary ...201020924575
new insights into the morphology, molecular characterization and identification of baylisascaris transfuga (ascaridida, ascarididae).species ranked within the genus baylisascaris (ascaridida, ascarididae) have been implicated in clinical and subclinical intestinal diseases in their natural hosts (e.g., raccoons and bears) as well as in life-threatening larva migrans syndromes in a number of incidental hosts, including humans. following the diagnosis of baylisascaris transfuga infestation in two captive polar bears, living in the zoo park of pistoia (tuscany, italy), nematodes (n=300; both sexes) have been characterized by mor ...201020947254
evaluation of genetic biodiversity in farm-bred and wild raccoon dogs in poland.the aim of the study was to analyze the intra- and inter-group diversity in farm-raised and wild raccoon dogs with the use of molecular markers. genetic differences between the particular raccoon dog groups were observed, accompanied by a relatively high intra-group genetic variation. it was noted that the wild raccoon dogs were characterized by the highest genetic diversity, compared to the three study groups of farm-bred raccoon dogs. wild raccoon dogs and farm-bred raccoon dogs constitute sep ...201020968186
[microstructure of skin derivatives as a reflection of phylogenesis of vertebrates].the possibility of using separate signs of microstructure of skin derivatives to understand phylogenesis processes at various hierarchical levels on the example of elasmoid scale of bony fish, feathers of paleognathae birds, hepatoid glands, and mammal hair was demonstrated and discussed. it was shown that (1) the presence of toothed sclerite growths on the surface of the elasmoid scale of bony fish provided with a central canal can serve as a proof of the evolutional relation of placoid and ela ...201021061666
bat rabies in massachusetts, usa, 1985-2009.to investigate rabies in massachusetts, we analyzed bat rabies test results before and after introduction of raccoon variant rabies and after release of revised 1999 us advisory committee on immunization practices recommendations for rabies postexposure prophylaxis. bat submissions were associated with level of rabies awareness and specific postexposure recommendations.201020678326
epizootiologic survey of mycobacterium bovis in wildlife and farm environments in northern michigan.bovine tuberculosis (bovine tb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, has reemerged in northern michigan, usa, with detections in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in 1994 and in cattle in 1998. since then, significant efforts have been directed toward reducing deer densities in the area in the hopes of reducing the bovine tb prevalence rate in deer and eliminating spillover of the disease into cattle. despite the success of the efforts to reduce deer densities, additional cattle herds have b ...201020688630
asymptomatic babesia microti-like parasite infection in wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in south korea.we describe asymptomatic piroplasmosis caused by a babesia microti-like parasite in wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) diagnosed by blood smear and dna analysis. this is the first description of natural b. microti-like parasite infection in raccoon dogs and suggests that the wild raccoon dog can be a source for b. microti-like parasite infection of domestic dogs and humans.201020688664
systemic staphylococcus aureus infection in a free-ranging raccoon (procyon lotor).gross and histopathologic findings are described in an adult male raccoon (procyon lotor) with staphylococcus aureus infection affecting several organs. at the time of necropsy the carcass was jaundiced and in poor nutritional state. a large, raised, irregular necrotic mass was present in the spleen. the liver had small multifocal, pale yellow, randomly distributed foci throughout the parenchyma. coagulase-positive staphylococcus aureus was cultured from both the liver and the spleen. microscopi ...201020688670
field evaluation of an inactivated vaccine to control raccoon rabies in ontario, canada.since raccoon rabies first appeared in ontario in 1999, >90,000 raccoons (procyon lotor) have received imrab3 inactivated rabies vaccine via intramuscular (im) injection and were released at the point of capture as part of a multiyear rabies control program, trap-vaccinate-release (tvr). of the 132 confirmed cases infected with raccoon-variant rabies virus in ontario between 1999 and 2005, two were from that vaccinated group, as indicated by the presence of identifying ear tags. during ongoing r ...201020688688
identification of euryhelmis costaricensis metacercariae in the skin of tohoku hynobiid salamanders (hynobius lichenatus), northeastern honshu, japan.since 2000, cutaneous nodular lesions were observed in tohoku hynobiid salamanders (hynobius lichenatus) in the northern abukuma mountains, northeastern honshu, japan. the distribution of diseased salamanders has expanded, along with the increasing severity of the disease. samples (foreleg, hindleg, and tail) from five diseased salamanders caught in the spring of 2009 contained 11 to 383 metacercarial cysts (0.43-0.48 mm in diameter) per individual. experimental inoculations of the metacercariae ...201020688689
baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons in texas and its relationship to habitat characteristics.raccoons (n=590) were collected from october 1999 to august 2003 from 35 counties across texas, usa, and gastrointestinal tracts were examined for baylisascaris procyonis. we documented b. procyonis in central and eastern texas. baylisascaris procyonis occurred in 5.4% raccoons in texas with an overall mean abundance and mean intensity of 0.4+/-0.1 and 7.4+/-2.3, respectively. prevalence was higher in central texas ecoregions and on clayey soil texture than other regions or soil textures of texa ...201020688690
optimization of raccoon latrine surveys for quantifying exposure to baylisascaris procyonis.raccoon (procyon lotor) latrine surveys are an efficient and cost-effective method to quantify baylisascaris procyonis exposure risk for intermediate hosts. nevertheless, current methodologies may introduce bias by homogenizing scats collected within latrines and estimating exposure risk at the latrine scale. the objective of this study was to examine the potential for raccoon latrine size to bias estimates of risk of exposure when utilizing current methodologies that pool scats prior to analysi ...201020688699
characterization of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) drb exon 2 and dra exon 3 fragments in a primary terrestrial rabies vector (procyon lotor).the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) presents a unique system to explore links between genetic diversity and pathogens, as diversity within mhc is maintained in part by pathogen driven selection. while the majority of wildlife mhc studies have investigated species that are of conservation concern, here we characterize mhc variation in a common and broadly distributed species, the north american raccoon (procyon lotor). raccoons host an array of broadly distributed wildlife diseases (e.g., ...201020706587
thyroid neoplasia in captive raccoons (procyon lotor).two adult, spayed, female raccoons were diagnosed with thyroid neoplasia. one raccoon had a palpable, left-sided, nonfunctional thyroid adenocarcinoma which was treated with a thyroidectomy twice with local recurrence both times. after the second recurrence, pulmonary metastases were identified. a third thyroidectomy was performed, and a vascular access port was placed for administration of intravenous doxorubicin. the raccoon developed pancytopenia and became anorexic after chemotherapy, and th ...201020722264
the complete mitochondrial genome of the raccoon dog. 201020795776
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2009.during 2009, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,690 rabid animals and 4 human rabies cases to the cdc, representing a 2.2% decrease from the 6,841 rabid animals and 2 human cases reported in 2008. approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,327 (34.8%) raccoons, 1,625 (24.3%) bats, 1,603 (24.0%) skunks, 504 (75%) foxes, 300 (4.5%) cats, 81 (1.2%) dogs, and 74 (1.1%) cattle. compared with 2008, numbers of rabid ...201020839985
normal aerobic bacterial conjunctival flora in the crab-eating raccoon (procyon cancrivorus) and coati (nasua nasua) housed in captivity in pernambuco and paraiba (northeast, brazil).to determine the normal aerobic bacterial conjunctival population of the coatis and the crab-eating raccoons housed in captivity in the pernambuco and paraiba states of brazil.201020840103
host associations of dermacentor, amblyomma, and ixodes (acari: ixodidae) ticks in tennessee.from april 2007 to september 2008, 1,793 adult and nymphal ixodid ticks were collected from 49 counties in tennessee. six species were identified, including dermacentor variabilis (say), amblyomma americanum (l.), ixodes texanus (banks), ixodes cookei packard, ixodes scapularis (say), and amblyomma maculatum koch, from 13 medium- to large-sized mammalian hosts and dragging through vegetation. raccoons were the most common vertebrate source (198 captures), accounting for 60% of ticks collected. d ...201020496589
increased prevalence of trichinella spp., northeastern germany, 2008.in 2008, a trichinella spp. outbreak occurred on a small family-owned pig farm in mecklenburg-western pomerania in northeastern germany. to obtain epidemiologic information on this outbreak, we determined that after 2005 the prevalence of trichinella spp. in wild boars has increased in this region of germany. we discuss the potential role of the raccoon dog in the increase in trichinella spp. prevalence in the sylvatic cycle in this region. we believe that this increase could pose a threat to pi ...201020507743
immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species.immunohistochemistry using a commercial polyclonal antibody for lyssavirus was applied to 39 archival cases of rabies. paraffin blocks from 13 different species were available, including 3 dogs, 4 cats, 1 pig, 6 cattle, 4 horses, 1 llama, 7 skunks (mephitis mephitis), 7 raccoons (procyon lotor), 1 bat (myotis species), 1 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 1 bobcat (lynx rufus), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 red fox (vulpes vulpes). all cases had previously been diagnose ...201020484176
antibody responses of raccoons naturally exposed to influenza a virus.an investigation was performed to describe the responses of naturally acquired antibodies to influenza a virus in raccoons (procyon lotor) over time. seven wild raccoons, some of which had been exposed to multiple subtypes of influenza a virus, were held in captivity for 279 days, and serum samples were collected on 10 occasions during this interval. serum samples from 9 of 10 bleeding occasions were tested using an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodie ...201020370429
raccoon roundworm encephalitis.raccoon roundworm encephalitis is a rare but devastating infection characterized by progressive neurological decline despite attempted therapy. patients present with deteriorating neurological function, eosinophilia, and history of pica or geophagia resulting in ingestion of the parasite. neuroimaging studies demonstrate nonspecific findings of progressive white matter inflammation and cortical atrophy.201020411256
estimating contact process saturation in sylvatic transmission of trypanosoma cruzi in the united states.although it has been known for nearly a century that strains of trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent for chagas' disease, are enzootic in the southern u.s., much remains unknown about the dynamics of its transmission in the sylvatic cycles that maintain it, including the relative importance of different transmission routes. mathematical models can fill in gaps where field and lab data are difficult to collect, but they need as inputs the values of certain key demographic and epidemiological ...201020436914
canine schistosomiasis in north america: an underdiagnosed disease with an expanding distribution.heterobilharzia americana, a digenean trematode in the family schistosomatidae, is the etiologic agent of canine schistosomiasis in the southeastern united states.1 a few cases of canine schistosomiasis have been reported in florida, louisiana, north carolina, texas, and, recently, kansas.1-6 the natural definitive host for the fluke is the raccoon1; however, infections have been detected in nutrias, bobcats, mountain lions, opossums, white-tailed deer, swamp rabbits, armadillos, coyotes, red wo ...201020473851
spatial and temporal factors affecting parasite genotypes encountered by hosts: empirical data from american dog ticks (dermacentor variabilis) parasitising raccoons (procyon lotor).the american dog tick (dermacentor variabilis) is an important vector of numerous pathogens of humans and animals. in this study, we analysed population genetic patterns in d. variabilis at scales of the host individual (infrapopulation) and population (component population) to elucidate fine-scale spatial and temporal factors influencing transmission dynamics. we genotyped d. variabilis collected from raccoons (procyon lotor) trapped in two habitat patches (located in indiana, usa) which were s ...201020060394
experimental infection of two south american reservoirs with four distinct strains of trypanosoma cruzi.trypanosoma cruzi (tc), the causative agent of chagas disease, is a diverse species with 2 primary genotypes, tci and tcii, with tcii further subdivided into 5 subtypes (iia-e). this study evaluated infection dynamics of 4 genetically and geographically diverse t. cruzi strains in 2 south american reservoirs, degus (octodon degus) and grey short-tailed opossums (monodelphis domestica). based on prior suggestions of a genotype-host association, we hypothesized that degus (placental) would more re ...201020128943
differential effects of experimental increases in sociality on ectoparasites of free-ranging raccoons.1. parasite transmission depends on the rate at which hosts come into contact with one another or the infectious stages of parasites. however, host contact rates and their influence on parasite transmission are difficult to quantify in natural settings and can fluctuate with host behaviour and the ecological constraints of parasites. 2. we investigated how experimental increases in rates of contact and social aggregation affected ectoparasite prevalence and intensity of free-ranging raccoons (pr ...201020148994
consumption of baits containing raccoon pox-based plague vaccines protects black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus).baits containing recombinant raccoon poxvirus (rcn) expressing plague antigens (fraction 1 [f1] and a truncated form of the v protein-v307) were offered for voluntary consumption several times over the course of several months to a group of 16 black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus). for comparison, another group of prairie dogs (n = 12) was injected subcutaneously (sc) (prime and boost) with 40 microg of f1-v fusion protein absorbed to alum, a vaccine-adjuvant combination demonstrated ...201020158332
meningoencephalitis associated with sarcocystis spp. in a free-living japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus).a free-living, young adult, male japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) was rescued in gifu, japan in march 2009. the animal was weak and emaciated with neurological signs that included head tilt, tremor and tic. the brain showed no gross abnormality at necropsy, but microscopically there was severe meningoencephalitis associated with protozoa, which were morphologically consistent with the asexual developmental stage of sarcocystis spp. the protozoa were immunohistochemicall ...201020163802
epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats.toxocaracanis and toxocara cati of dogs and cats, respectively, can cause significant disease in people. human seroprevalence for toxocara antibodies varies with factors such as geographic location, socio-economic status, and dietary habits. risk factors for infection include geophagia and low-level education. toxocara canis is better recognized as a cause of human toxocariasis, but toxocara cati should not be overlooked. in addition, patent infections with baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon a ...201020172762
corticonigral projections from area 6 in the raccoon.the corticonigral projections from area 6 in the raccoon were investigated using the autoradiographic tracing method. injections of tritiated proline and leucine were made into either medial or lateral area 6 subdivisions. uniformly distributed silver grains were observed overlying the ipsilateral substantia nigra pars compacta (snc) while more restricted foci of label indicative of fiber labeling were present in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (snr). autoradiographic label was also present ...20103224659
baylisascaris procyonis induced diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis in new york city.diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (dusn) secondary to raccoon roundworm (baylisascaris procyonis) infection has been reported in rural and suburban areas of north america and europe with extant raccoon populations. here, we present a case of baylisascaris-induced dusn from the densely populated borough of brooklyn in new york city and alert urban ophthalmologists to consider this etiology even in areas not typically thought to be associated with endemic risk factors. infected raccoons a ...201022337758
variability of cag tandem repeats in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene is not related with dog intersexuality.numerous mutations of the human androgen receptor (ar) gene cause an intersexual phenotype, called the androgen insensitivity syndrome. the intersexual phenotype is also quite often diagnosed in dogs. the aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the entire coding sequence (eight exons) of the ar gene in healthy and four intersex dogs, as well as in three other canids (the red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog). the coding sequence of the studied species appeared to be con ...201019482445
factors associated with rabid animals since the introduction of raccoon rabies variant in massachusetts, 1992-2007.rabies virus has been identified in 26 animal species since the introduction of the raccoon rabies variant (rrv) into the commonwealth of massachusetts in 1992. this study used data from 47,162 testable specimens, including 4538 (9.62%) rabid animals, to produce a multi-categorical logistic regression model to identify factors associated with a positive rabies laboratory test. the model was adjusted by the animal type and animal species, using the least tested and the least found rabid animal sp ...201019589059
phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of canine distemper virus strains detected from breeding foxes, raccoon dogs and minks in china.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects a variety of carnivores, including wild and domestic canidae. genetic/antigenic heterogeneity has been observed among the various cdv strains, notably in the haemagglutinin (h) gene, that appears as a good target to gather epidemiological information. based on sequence analysis of the h gene, wild-type cdv strains cluster into distinct geographic lineages (genotypes), irrespective of the species of isolation. the sequence of the h gene of 28 cdv strains detec ...201019647380
a zoonotic genotype of enterocytozoon bieneusi in horses.this is the first report of enterocytozoon bieneusi in an equid species. feces from 195 horses from 4 locations in colombia were examined for e. bieneusi by polymerase chain reaction. of these, 21 horses (10.8%) were found positive for e. bieneusi . the prevalence of e. bieneusi in horses <1 yr of age was significantly higher (23.7%) than in horses >1 yr of age (2.5%). no significant differences in prevalence were observed between male (13.7%) and female horses (9%). sequencing of the internal t ...201019799490
sylvatic trichinella spp. infection in finland.although human infections caused by trichinella sp. have not been reported in finland for several decades and trichinella sp. infection in pork has become virtually extinct in the last decade, sylvatic trichinella spp. infection is still highly prevalent in finland. muscle digestion of 2,483 carnivorous wild animals from 9 host species during 1999-2005 showed 617 positive animals (24.8%). molecular identification from 328 larval isolates revealed 4 different endemic trichinella species, i.e., t. ...201019731970
recombination, reservoirs, and the modular spike: mechanisms of coronavirus cross-species transmission.over the past 30 years, several cross-species transmission events, as well as changes in virus tropism, have mediated significant animal and human diseases. most notable is severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), a lower respiratory tract disease of humans that was first reported in late 2002 in guangdong province, china. the disease, which quickly spread worldwide over a period of 4 months spanning late 2002 and early 2003, infected over 8,000 individuals and killed nearly 800 before it was s ...201019906932
evaluation of a molecular beacon real-time pcr assay for detection of baylisascaris procyonis in different soil types and water samples.baylisascaris procyonis is a helminth parasite commonly found in north american raccoons (procyon lotor) that is a cause of clinical neural, ocular, and visceral larva migrans in humans when infective eggs are ingested. rapid detection of b. procyonis eggs in contaminated soil and water would assist public health analysts in evaluating risks associated with public exposure to areas of known raccoon activity. in this study, a molecular beacon probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ...201019956972
seroprevalence of trypanosoma cruzi in raccoons from tennessee.trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of chagas' disease. autochthonous human and canine transmission of t. cruzi has been documented in tennessee, but little is known about its ecology, including the prevalence of t. cruzi among wildlife in tennessee. serum samples from 706 raccoons (procyon lotor) from 10 counties in the ridge and valley and blue ridge mountains ecoregions of eastern tennessee were tested for antibodies reactive with t. cruzi using the indirect fluorescent antibody assay. t ...201020001097
seroprevalence of trypanosoma cruzi among eleven potential reservoir species from six states across the southern united states.trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas' disease, is a substantial public health concern in latin america. although rare in humans and domestic animals in the united states, t. cruzi is commonly detected in some wildlife species, most commonly raccoons (procyon lotor) and virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana). to increase our understanding of the reservoir host species range and geographic distribution, 11 species of mammals from six states spanning the known range of t. cruzi (arizo ...201020020815
cool-weather activity of the forensically important hairy maggot blow fly chrysomya rufifacies (macquart) (diptera: calliphoridae) on carrion in upstate south carolina, united states.the hairy maggot blow fly chrysomya rufifacies (macquart) (diptera: calliphoridae) has expanded its range in the united states since its introduction into texas (ca. 1980) and has been collected in 15 states. we investigated the bionomics of immature and adult c. rufifacies collected from carcasses of a raccoon procyon lotor (linnaeus) and white-tailed deer odocoileus virginianus zimmerman in upstate south carolina during november 2007, and used these insects to estimate the minimum period of in ...201020042303
isolation of a virus related to canine parvovirus type 2 from a raccoon (procyon lotor). 201020045856
mosquito fauna of wilderness islands within the national key deer refuge and the great white heron national wildlife refuge, monroe county, florida.dry ice-baited light traps, counts of mosquitoes biting and landing on technicians, and larval surveillance were used to determine mosquito species abundance on annette key, little knockem-down key, little pine key, raccoon key, and the water keys, all of which are located offshore, within the national key deer refuge and great white heron national wildlife refuge in monroe county, fl. due to the close proximity of these wilderness islands to the inhabited islands of the florida keys, it is impo ...201020649123
development in immunoprophylaxis against rabies for animals and humans.rabies is a fatal neurological disease and a persistent global problem. it is spread primarily by domestic dogs but other canid, viverrid (skunks and raccoons) and chiropteran species are considered as the most efficient vectors of the disease. since dogs are the main perpetuator of rabies, special attention has to be given to bring all the dogs including unauthorized stray dogs under immunization umbrella in order to control rabies. vaccination is the only way to combat the disease before and a ...201023407587
'raccoon eyes' revisited. 201020941488
light and scanning electron microscopic study on the tongue and lingual papillae of the common raccoon, procyon lotor.we observed the external surface and connective tissue cores (ctcs), after exfoliation of the epithelium of the lingual papillae (filiform, fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae) of the common raccoon (procyon lotor) using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. the tongue was elongated and their two-third width was almost fixed. numerous filiform papillae were distributed along the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and fungiform papillae were distributed between the filiform papill ...201020882769
pulmonary idiopathic alveolar ossification in a raccoon (procyon lotor).here we describe gross and histopathologic findings in a laboratory-confined adult male raccoon (procyon lotor) with microscopic ossified areas in pulmonary alveoli. at the time of necropsy, gross lesions were present in the kidneys and in one thyroid gland. noteworthy microscopic findings included multifocal foci of osseous tissue within the alveoli of the lungs, bilateral thyroid adenomas, pancreatic islet cell amyloidosis, cortical kidney infarcts, cystic adenomatous hyperplasia of urinary bl ...201020858368
assessment of total maximum daily load implementation strategies for nitrate impairment of the raccoon river, iowa.the state of iowa requires developing total maximum daily loads (tmdls) for over 400 water bodies that are listed on the 303(d) list of the impaired waters. the raccoon river watershed, which covers approximately 9400 km2 of prime agriculture land and represents a typical midwestern corn-belt region in west-central iowa, was found to have three stream segments impaired by nitrate-n. the soil and water assessment tool (swat) was applied to this watershed to facilitate the development of a tmdl. t ...201020830920
raccoon (procyon lotor) movements and dispersal associated with ridges and valleys of pennsylvania: implications for rabies management.the raccoon (procyon lotor) continues to be a prominent terrestrial rabies reservoir in the eastern united states. describing the dispersal and movements of these animals and determining geographic features that are natural hindrances or corridors to movements could be used to assist oral rabies vaccination efforts. the landscape of the ridge-and-valley system in pennsylvania exhibits characteristics of both natural potential hindrances and travel corridors to the movements of wildlife. the move ...201020455781
raccoon eyes. 201020411091
optimal control of a rabies epidemic model with a birth pulse.a system of ordinary differential equations describes the population dynamics of a rabies epidemic in raccoons. the model accounts for the dynamics of a vaccine, including loss of vaccine due to animal consumption and loss from factors other than racoon uptake. a control method to reduce the spread of disease is introduced through temporal distribution of vaccine packets. this work incorporates the effect of the seasonal birth pulse in the racoon population and the attendant increase in new-born ...201021423822
time series analysis of the impact of oral vaccination on raccoon rabies in west virginia, 1990-2007.to assess the potential impact of oral rabies vaccination (orv) on the occurrence of raccoon rabies in the mid-atlantic region, temporal and seasonal trends of raccoon rabies cases reported in west virginia from 1990 to 2007 were identified with both descriptive statistical analysis and exploratory time series analysis. raccoon rabies cases in the non-orv region maintain an enzootic pattern and increase over time; a bimodal seasonal pattern is observed with a large peak in april and a smaller pe ...201020020812
periorbital ecchymosis ('raccoon eyes') as the presenting feature of neuroblastoma. 201019946772
spontaneous idiopathic arteritis of the testicular artery in raccoons (procyon lotor).the testes and the spermatic cord of raccoons (procyon lotor, kits to adult breeders; n = 48) were examined. segmental arteritis confined to the extratesticular portions of the testicular artery was present in raccoons of all ages. the arterial changes were seen in laboratory-confined experimental and control animals as well as in wild-caught raccoons. the lesions consisted of proliferative endarteritis with presence of inflammatory cells within the intima, media, and the adventitial regions of ...200919605891
nutrition and behavior of coatis and raccoons.raccoons and coatis are inquisitive members of the procyonidae family, commonly found in zoos, treated in wildlife rehabilitation centers, and increasing in popularity as pets. compared with other carnivores, both species have unique adaptations and behaviors associated with their omnivorous lifestyles. it is therefore important for clinicians to have an appreciation of their natural history, diet, and behavior to aid in the formulation of captive diets and feeding strategies to mitigate potenti ...200919341947
prediction of intracranial computed tomography findings in patients with minor head injury by using logistic regression.the aim of this study was to develop a decision rule for physicians in developing countries to identify patients with minor head injury who will benefit from emergency brain ct scanning.200919284234
anti-rnp neonatal lupus in a female newborn.we describe a case of neonatal lupus erythematosus in a term female infant who presented at birth with mild, scattered facial erythema and ice-pick lesions at lateral and superior borders of her face. these lesions then progressed to an erythematous raccoon-like mask following exposure to the sun. initial blood work performed at four-months-old showed speckled anti-nuclear antibody titers of 1:320, with negative anti-ro/ssa and la/ssb negative and a positive anti-rnp. the infant had no evidence ...200919151121
deciphering and dating the red panda's ancestry and early adaptive radiation of musteloidea.few species have been of more disputed affinities than the red or lesser panda (ailurus fulgens), an endangered endemic southeast asian vegetarian member of the placental mammalian order carnivora. this peculiar carnivoran has mostly been classified with raccoons (procyonidae) or bears (ursidae), grouped with the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) in their own family, or considered a separate lineage of equivocal ancestry. recent molecular studies have indicated a close affinity of the red pan ...200919699810
detection of antibody to canine distemper virus in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan.canine distemper virus (cdv) causes a lethal disease among members of the carnivora. to clarify the distribution of cdv in wild animals, we examined 106 raccoon sera collected from two prefectures in japan, hyogo and osaka, from 2005 to 2007. among them, 34 raccoons (32.1%) possessed a virus-neutralizing (vn) antibody to kdk-1 strain (genotype asia-1). there was no significant difference in seroprevalence of cdv regardless of places, gender, and body weights. in hyogo, a geometric mean of vn tit ...200920046037
oral rabies vaccination in north america: opportunities, complexities, and challenges.steps to facilitate inter-jurisdictional collaboration nationally and continentally have been critical for implementing and conducting coordinated wildlife rabies management programs that rely heavily on oral rabies vaccination (orv). formation of a national rabies management team has been pivotal for coordinated orv programs in the united states of america. the signing of the north american rabies management plan extended a collaborative framework for coordination of surveillance, control, and ...200920027214
comparative genomics of 3 farm canids in relation to the dog.there are 3 canids besides the dog (canis familiaris): the red fox (vulpes vulpes), arctic fox (alopex lagopus) and chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides), which have been extensively studied with the use of cytogenetic and molecular genetics techniques. these 3 species are considered as farm fur-bearing animals. in addition, they are also useful models in comparative genomic studies of the canids. in this review genome organization, karyotype evolution, comparative marker m ...200920016159
a comparison of coding sequence and cytogenetic localization of the myostatin gene in the dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog.the gene encoding myostatin (mstn), due to its crucial function for growth of skeletal muscle mass, is an important candidate for muscularity. in this study we analyzed the nucleotide sequence and fish localization of this gene in 4 canids, including 3 farm species. the nucleotide sequence of the mstn coding fragment turned out to be highly conserved, since its identity among the studied species was very high and varied between 99.4 and 99.7%. only 1, widely spread, silent single nucleotide poly ...200920016167
reproductive characteristics of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) captured by the pest control in kamakura, japan.in order to examine reproductive characteristics of feral raccoons in kamakura, 335 raccoons were collected from march 2005 to march 2007. raccoons were classified into five age classes: class i, less than 5 months old; class ii, 5-11 months; class iii, 12-17 months; class iv, 18-23 months; and class v, over 23 months old. females were examined for their age specific pregnancy rate and litter size. to determine when raccoon births occur in the region, birth months of fetuses were estimated by th ...200919959898
bartonella rochalimae in raccoons, coyotes, and red foxes.to determine additional reservoirs for bartonella rochalimae, we examined samples from several wildlife species. we isolated b. rochalimae from 1 red fox near paris, france, and from 11 raccoons and 2 coyotes from california, usa. co-infection with b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was documented in 1 of the coyotes.200919961681
influence of oral rabies vaccine bait density on rabies seroprevalence in wild raccoons.the effect of different oral rabies vaccine (orv) bait densities (75, 150, and 300 baits/km(2)) on the seroprevalence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rvnas) in raccoons (procyon lotor) was assessed at a 15% seroprevalence difference threshold in rural areas of northeast ohio. results (n=588 raccoons) indicated that seropositivity for rvnas was associated with both bait density and bait campaign frequency. associations were not detected for raccoon gender, age, or macro-habitat. the odds ...200919925951
oral immunization of raccoons and skunks with a canine adenovirus recombinant rabies vaccine.oral vaccination is an important part of wildlife rabies control programs. currently, the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus is the only oral rabies vaccine licensed in the united states, and it is not effective in skunks. in the current study, captive raccoons and skunks were used to evaluate a vaccine developed by incorporating the rabies virus glycoprotein gene into a canine adenovirus serotype 2 vector (cav2-rvg). seven of 7 raccoons orally vaccinated with cav2-rvg developed viru ...200919925952
nasal neuroendocrine carcinoma in a free-living japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus).neuroendocrine carcinoma was diagnosed in the left nasal cavity of a free-living japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus). microscopically, the tumour consisted of sheets of anaplastic cells separated by narrow zones of fibrovascular stroma. the neoplastic cells had varying numbers of cytoplasmic granules stained by the grimelius method. immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were variably labelled for cytokeratin ae1/ae3, vimentin, chromogranin a and s-100. ultrastructura ...200919081111
overwintering strategy of wild free-ranging and enclosure-housed japanese raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides albus).the raccoon dog, nyctereutes procyonoides, is a canid with a passive overwintering strategy in northern europe. however, the behaviour and physiology of the japanese subspecies, n. p. albus, which has fewer chromosomes than the other subspecies, remain unknown. we measured body temperature, body composition and blood biochemistry of wild free-ranging and fasted enclosure-housed n. p. albus during boreal winter in hokkaido, japan. body temperature of n. p. albus decreased from 38 degrees c in aut ...200919101736
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2008.during 2008, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,841 cases of rabies in animals and 2 cases in humans to the cdc, representing a 3.1% decrease from the 7,060 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2007. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,389 (34.9%) raccoons, 1,806 (26.4%) bats, 1,589 (23.2%) skunks, 454 (6.6%) foxes, 294 (4.3%) cats, 75 (1.1%) dogs, and 59 (0.9%) catt ...200919751163
multiplex pcr system for identifying the carnivore origins of faeces for an epidemiological study on echinococcus multilocularis in hokkaido, japan.a multiplex pcr system was developed to identify the carnivore origins of faeces collected in hokkaido, japan, for epidemiological studies on echinococcus multilocularis. primers were designed against the d-loop region of mitochondrial dna. two separate primer mixtures (mix 1, specific forward primers to fox, raccoon dog and dog, and a universal reverse primer [prh]; and mix 2, specific forward primers to cat, raccoon and weasels and prh) were used so that the pcr products (160 bp, fox and cat; ...200919756739
tactics and economics of wildlife oral rabies vaccination, canada and the united states.progressive elimination of rabies in wildlife has been a general strategy in canada and the united states; common campaign tactics are trap-vaccinate-release (tvr), point infection control (pic), and oral rabies vaccination (orv). tvr and pic are labor intensive and the most expensive tactics per unit area (approximately $616/km(2) [in 2008 can$, converted from the reported $450/km(2) in 1991 can$] and approximately $612/km(2) [$500/km(2) in 1999 can$], respectively), but these tactics have prov ...200919757549
differentiated evolutionary conservatism and lack of polymorphism of crucial sex determination genes (sry and sox9) in four species of the family canidae.the sex determination process is under the control of several genes of which two (sry and sox9), encoding transcription factors, play a crucial role. it is well-known that mutations at these genes may cause the development of an intersexual phenotype. the aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the coding sequence and 5'-flanking regions of both genes in four species of the family canidae (the dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog). similarity of the coding sequence ...200919777961
trypanosoma rangeli genotypes association with rhodnius prolixus and r. pallescens allopatric distribution in central america.previous kdna polymorphism-based reports have revealed the existence of two trypanosoma rangeli genotypes (kp1+ and kp1-): sl and ssu rrna gene polymorphism-based studies have revealed that five genotypes (a-e) are distributed throughout different latin-american countries. some evidence has shown that the genotypes' biogeographical distribution is associated with sympatric rhodnius species. 12 t. rangeli isolates from humans and reservoirs from el salvador, guatemala, honduras, costa rica and pa ...200919778637
backyard raccoon latrines and risk for baylisascaris procyonis transmission to humans. 200919788835
muscular sarcocystosis in wild carnivores in honshu, japan.a total of 65 free-living carnivores collected on honshu island, japan were examined for muscular sarcocystis species infections. among them, 12 japanese raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), one japanese red fox (vulpes vulpes japonica), three japanese martens (martes melampus melampus), and two japanese badgers (meles meles anakuma) were found to have sarcocysts in their muscles. no inflammatory reactions associated with sarcocysts were observed. ultrastructurally, the sarcocysts ...200919841942
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