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[cloning, expression and antiviral activity of arctic fox (alopex lagopus) interferon-gamma gene].in order to characterize the biological activity of fox (vulpes vulpes) interferon gamma(vuifn-gamma), we have isolated the cdna encoding arctic fox (alopex lagopus) vuifn-gamma. this cdna encodes a 23 amino acid signal peptide and a 144 amino acid mature protein, which shares 99.8% or 99.4% for nucleotide identity with silver fox and canine, respectively, and 100% for amino acid identity. expression of recombinant mature arctic fox interferon gamma (mvuifn-gamma) in bacterial system was confirm ...200819160847
[gingival fibromatosis (hereditary hyperplastic gingivitis) in a wild european red fox (vulpes vulpes)].this report describes a case of gingival fibromatosis in an otherwise healthy and well nourished wild european red fox (vulpes vulpes), which was shot by a hunter and submitted to the state laboratory in the context of the rabies monitoring program of the federal state of brandenburg, germany. at necropsy, a severe papillomatous proliferation of the complete gingival tissue of the upper and lower jaw was present. this gingival proliferation had already resulted in malocclusion, loosening and los ...200819115504
evidence for an increasing presence of echinococcus multilocularis in foxes in the netherlands.echinococcus multilocularis, a tapeworm causing alveolar echinococcosis which is considered a serious zoonosis known to affect humans, appears to be expanding its geographical range in europe. we studied the emergence of the parasite in the european westernmost edge of its geographical distribution, based on two consecutive parasitological examinations of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) sampled between 1996 and 2003 in the netherlands. the average worm count increased from 2.6 worms per fox in the fir ...200818005971
measurement of segregating behaviors in experimental silver fox pedigrees.strains of silver foxes, selectively bred at the institute of cytology and genetics of the russian academy of sciences, are a well established, novel model for studying the genetic basis of behavior, and the processes involved in canine domestication. here we describe a method to measure fox behavior as quantitative phenotypes which distinguish populations and resegregate in experimental pedigrees. we defined 50 binary observations that nonredundantly and accurately distinguished behaviors in re ...200818030612
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) infection in red foxes fed infected bird carcasses.eating infected wild birds may put wild carnivores at high risk for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus (h5n1). to determine whether red foxes (vulpes vulpes) are susceptible to infection with hpai virus (h5n1), we infected 3 foxes intratracheally. they excreted virus pharyngeally for 3-7 days at peak titers of 103.5-105.2 median tissue culture infective dose (tcid50) per ml and had severe pneumonia, myocarditis, and encephalitis. to determine whether foxes can become i ...200819046504
genetic characterisation of attenuated sad rabies virus strains used for oral vaccination of wildlife.the elimination of rabies from the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in western europe has been achieved by the oral rabies vaccination (orv) of wildlife with a range of attenuated rabies virus strains. with the exception of the vaccinia rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine (vrg), all strains were originally derived from a common ancestor; the street alabama dufferin (sad) field strain. however, after more than 30 years of orv it is still not possible to distinguish these vaccine strains and there is l ...200818485548
reduced egg production of echinococcus multilocularis in experimentally infected and re-infected red foxes (vulpes vulpes).ingestion of eggs of the small fox tapeworm, echinococcus multilocularis, causes the severe human disease alveolar echinococcosis. previously, the dynamics of the egg excretion from infected carnivores have been studied only where the host animals have been exposed to a single experimental infection. in nature, foxes are most likely repeatedly infected. to study the effect of repeated exposure, twenty-one foxes were inoculated with a high dose of e. multilocularis protoscoleces three times over ...200818513873
rabies in estonia: situation before and after the first campaigns of oral vaccination of wildlife with sag2 vaccine bait.despite the extermination of stray animals and the compulsory vaccination of companion animals, rabies has been widely distributed over estonia for more than 30 years. the red fox and the raccoon dog are the rabies virus reservoirs. through a phare project, successive oral vaccination campaigns, using rabidog sag2 baits, were implemented in the autumn of 2005 in north estonia, and in the spring and autumn 2006 throughout the whole territory. after the autumn 2005 campaign, 73.5% of the raccoon d ...200818524435
infection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) with echinococcus multilocularis during the years 2001-2004 in poland.during the period of 2001-2004, 1,514 red foxes from the north and the southeast of poland were sampled and examined parasitologically for infections with echinococcus multilocularis. a mean 23.8% were found infected in the whole study area. the highest prevalence (50.0-62.9%) was found in some counties in the northeastern (warmia-mazuria) and the southeastern (carpathian foothill) part of the country. during the study period, significant differences in the prevalence were found on a regional le ...200818536937
natural and experimental salmonella typhimurium infections in foxes (vulpes vulpes).the red fox (vulpes vulpes) can be considered as a relevant indicator species for salmonella in the local environment and salmonella faecal carriage was investigated in 215 red foxes in norway shot during the winters 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. fourteen (6.5%) of the foxes carried salmonella. four isolates were determined as serovars kottbus (n=2) and hessarek (n=2) of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica, and one as s. enterica subspecies iiib:61:k:1,5,(7). the remaining nine isolates were s. e ...200818547749
high seroprevalence of neospora caninum in the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in the pyrenees (ne spain).antibodies to neospora caninum were determined in the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in the pyrenees, north-eastern spain. sera from 53 red foxes (29 male and 24 female) were tested using a neospora agglutination test (nat). seroprevalence at dilutions of 1/40, 1/80 and 1/160 was 69.8%, 47.2% and 7.5%, respectively. sex differences were significant only at a dilution of 1:40. the high seroprevalence observed in red fox suggests that this species is highly exposed to n. caninum in this area.200818280664
phylogenomics of the dog and fox family (canidae, carnivora) revealed by chromosome painting.canid species (dogs and foxes) have highly rearranged karyotypes and thus represent a challenge for conventional comparative cytogenetic studies. among them, the domestic dog is one of the best-mapped species in mammals, constituting an ideal reference genome for comparative genomic study. here we report the results of genome-wide comparative mapping of dog chromosome-specific probes onto chromosomes of the dhole, fennec fox, and gray fox, as well as the mapping of red fox chromosome-specific pr ...200818293108
ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission of echinococcus multilocularis in the french ardennes.in order to identify the respective importance of the ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission of echinococcus multilocularis, we estimated grassland vole intermediate host (microtus sp. and arvicola terrestris) population densities, in relation to the diet of the definitive host (red fox, vulpes vulpes) and with the prevalence of e. multilocularis in the fox population. the study was conducted in the ardennes, north-eastern france, which is an area with a high incidence of ...200818394209
angiostrongylus vasorum and eucoleus aerophilus in foxes (vulpes vulpes) in great britain.the nematode parasite angiostrongylus vasorum is a source of increasing concern in several parts of the world, where it causes significant disease in dogs. wild canids, especially foxes, are likely to have a role in the epidemiology of canine infection, and the parasite could also affect fox health and population dynamics. the heart and pulmonary vasculature of 546 foxes culled mostly by gamekeepers in great britain in 2005-2006 were examined by dissection and a modified flushing technique. fort ...200818407416
infection of foxes by echinococcocus multilocularis in urban and suburban areas of nancy, france: influence of feeding habits and environment.this study evaluated the impact of biological and environmental factors on the infection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) by echinococcus multilocularis in an endemic area of north-east france. from january 2004 to april 2006, 127 foxes were examined for e. multilocularis and their stomach contents analysed. the effect of year, season, age, sex and urbanisation level on e. multilocularis presence was estimated using a general linear model (glm) with logit link, (i.e. logistic regression). urbanisati ...200818416250
[the first case of human alveolar echinococcosis in hungary].infection caused by echinococcus multilocularis is a rare helminthiasis, human cases have not been diagnosed in hungary until now. the endemic region is central europe; the occurrence of this infection has been reported from most of the neighbouring countries; however, e. multilocularis has been found in the red fox population in hungary. summarizing the recent knowledge concerning epidemiological, clinical patterns and therapeutic options, the authors describe the first hungarian case of alveol ...200818426761
levels of heavy metals and metalloids in critically endangered iberian lynx and other wild carnivores from southern spain.the iberian lynx (lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid in the world with a wild population which probably stands at less than 200 individuals inhabiting two areas in southern spain (doñana and sierra morena) that are known to have been contaminated by heavy metals and metalloids due to a long history of mining activities. this contamination may pose a threat to long term conservation efforts and hence, the concentrations of seven elements (as, se, cd, zn, cu, pb, hg) were determined in th ...200818455757
neospora caninum antibodies in wild carnivores from spain.serum samples from 251 wild carnivores from different regions of spain were tested for antibodies to neospora caninum by the commercial competitive screening enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa) and confirmed by neospora agglutination test (nat) and/or by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). samples with antibodies detected by at least two serological tests were considered seropositive. antibodies to n. caninum were found in 3.2% of 95 red foxes (vulpes vulpes); in 21.4% of 28 wolve ...200818556128
characterization of widespread canine leishmaniasis among wild carnivores from spain.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is an emerging zoonotic parasitic disease caused by leishmania infantum in mediterranean countries, with sand flies (phlebotomus spp.) as vectors and dogs as the main domestic reservoir. the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis is still controversial. in order to determine the prevalence of natural infection with l. infantum in wild carnivores from spain, we analyzed 217 samples by pcr and western blotting and used restriction fragment length p ...200818579311
red fox and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in humans: can predators influence public health?analysing datasets from hunting statistics and human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), we found a positive correlation between the number of human tbe cases and the number of red fox (vulpes vulpes). time lags were also present, indicating that high numbers of red fox in 1 y translated into high numbers of human tbe cases the following y. results for smaller predators were mixed and inconsistent. hares and grouse showed negative correlations with human tbe cases, suggesting that they might ...200818584542
long-term study of sarcoptes scabiei infection in norwegian red foxes (vulpes vulpes) indicating host/parasite adaptation.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) population, in norway, was naïve to sarcoptes scabiei prior to the late 1970s when this parasite was first recorded and a still ongoing epidemic started. during the course of this protracted epidemic some degree of host/parasite adaptation, with the occurrence of healthy antibody positive foxes, might be expected. in the present study the prevalence of sarcoptic mange and serologically identified s. scabiei exposure was investigated in 363 norwegian red foxes, shot by ...200818586406
high tolerance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing in different trichinella nativa isolates.trichinella nativa is the most frequent trichinella species in arctic wildlife and also the predominating species seen in norwegian fauna. the adaptation of t. nativa to a cold climate is reflected by the well-documented freeze tolerance of its muscle larvae. the ability of the larvae to survive repeated freezing and thawing events has not however been elucidated and was investigated in the present study, using an alaskan isolate and two isolates from coastal and inland norway, respectively. eac ...200818594862
efficacy and bait acceptance of vaccinia vectored rabies glycoprotein vaccine in captive foxes (vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and dogs (canis familiaris).the red fox, dog, and raccoon dog are known to play a major role in the global epidemiology of rabies. these three canid species were used to compare the appetency and efficacy of two commercial bait formats, each containing a single dose of vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) vaccine. square and rectangular raboral v-rg baits were fed to individual caged animal, and results were evaluated using three parameters: bait consumption, induction of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies and protection ...200818620017
the rabies situation in eastern europe.an overview of the rabies situation in the 19 countries of central and eastern europe covering more than 2.5 million km2 is presented. in 2005, 6,500 cases of rabies were registered in this region with 31% in domestic animals and 69% in wild animals. rabies was found in a limited number of dogs in 10 countries, and sporadically in three countries with seven cases in bats. a similar situation existed in 2006. rabies is very rare in humans: 2 cases were reported in belarus in 2006. around 40,000 p ...200818634463
the rabies situation in the middle east.rabies is a public health problem of significant importance in the majority of southern and eastern mediterranean and middle eastern countries. in some of these countries, there is a considerable death rate due to rabies. dogs are the main source of human infection, while cats constitute the second most important group of domestic animals followed by cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys and then wild animals. there are around 300 reported human cases in these regions annually, with several hund ...200818634465
assessment of the efficacy of oral vaccination of livestock guardian dogs in the framework of oral rabies vaccination of wild canids in israel.since 1956, red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (canis aureus) have been the primary vectors maintaining wildlife rabies in israel. oral rabies vaccination of wild canids, initiated in 1998, resulted in near-elimination of the disease in wildlife by 2005. in 2005 and 2006, an outbreak of rabies was observed in stray dogs in the vaccinated area of the golan heights, with no cases in foxes or jackals. epidemiological investigations showed that the infected dogs were from territories acros ...200818634475
epidemiology of rabies in southeast europe.rabies remains endemic within a number of countries in southeast europe including romania, bulgaria and turkey. with the probable expansion of the european union eastwards, it is likely that rabies elimination programs will be increased to reduce the burden of disease in new accession countries. a clear understanding of the epidemiology of the virus in this area of europe is vital before such programs are introduced. with the exception of turkey, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the principal dise ...200818634479
rabies in the mongolian steppes.historically, rabies in mongolia has been connected to the specific steppe and forest-steppe landscapes, known as the mongolian steppes. the main reservoirs of the rabies virus (rabv) are the wolf, red fox and corsac fox. fox rabies has been reported in mongolia since the early 1960s. eleven human rabies cases (0.4 per million inhabitants) were reported in mongolia from 1994-2004. wild animals predominated as a source of human infection: five people died following wolf bites, two were exposed to ...200818634480
rabies surveillance in poland (1992-2006).data on the surveillance of rabies in poland from 1992 to 2006 is presented. between 1992 and 2006, 22,575 rabies cases were diagnosed. there were 3,963 (17.5%) cases recorded in domestic animals, 18,555 (82.2%) in wildlife and 57 (0.3%) in bats. the peak of the epizootic in wildlife was recorded in 1992 with 3,084 cases. there were 2,547 cases recorded in wildlife with 2,079 (81.6%) found in the red fox. in 1993, the decision was made to apply oral rabies vaccination (orv) of the red fox as a m ...200818634486
efficacy of a square presentation of v-rg vaccine baits in red fox, domestic dog and raccoon dog.oral vaccination programmes conducted in rabies infected countries from eastern europe and eurasia should not be restricted to foxes but should target other major rabies vectors such as dogs and raccoon dogs as well. the objective of this experimental trial was to assess the protection induced by the vaccine by challenging these different species, which had been previously vaccinated intramuscularly with the square v-rg baits (produced in the us). different parameters were evaluated such as attr ...200818634487
spatial distribution of trichinella britovi, t. pseudospiralis and t. spiralis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is considered one of the main reservoir of trichinella spp. in europe. as limited information on trichinella infection in wildlife of hungary is available, 2116 red foxes, representing more than 3% of the estimated fox population of the country, were screened to detect trichinella larvae by a digestion method. trichinella larvae from the 35 positive foxes were identified by a multiplex pcr as trichinella britovi (30 isolates, 85.7%), trichinella spiralis (4 isolates, ...200818657367
detection of gastric helicobacter species in free-ranging lynx (lynx lynx) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in sweden.specimens of gastric mucosa and liver of 25 free-ranging eurasian lynx (lynx lynx), and four red foxes (vulpes vulpes) shot in sweden during 1999-2000, were investigated for the presence of helicobacter species. histopathology, bacteriologic culture and urease test, helicobacter genus-specific 16s rdna pcr analysis, and dna sequence analysis were applied. numerous helicobacter-like organisms were observed histologically in the gastric mucosa of one fox. helicobacter spp. were detected in the sto ...200818689656
disseminated bovine tuberculosis in a wild red fox (vulpes vulpes) in southern spain.a wild-caught, adult red fox (vulpes vulpes) from doñana national park (southern spain), in very poor condition, died during anesthesia. at necropsy, the submandibular, retropharyngeal, mediastinal, axillary, mesenteric, and popliteal lymph nodes were enlarged, and the right submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes had hard, white-colored concretions (calcifications). multiple white pinpoint foci were observed in the lungs, and abscesses were present in the left dorsal lung lobes. no lesions wer ...200818689657
genetic identification of mammalian carnivore species in the kushiro wetland, eastern hokkaido, japan, by analysis of fecal dna.to identify mammalian carnivore species distributed in the kushiro wetland, eastern hokkaido, japan, we developed molecular-genetic methods for identification of the species from fecal samples collected from the field. species-specific primers and pcr programs were established for five native and six alien species of carnivores: martes zibellina, mustela nivalis, mustela erminea, vulpes vulpes, and nyctereutes procyonoides as native species, and neovison vison, martes melampus, mustela itatsi, c ...200818828658
prevalence of antibodies against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus among foxes and wolves from spain.viral diseases can influence the population dynamics of wild carnivores and can have effects on carnivore conservation. hence, a serologic survey was conducted in an opportunistic sample of 137 foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 37 wolves (canis lupus) in spain for 1997-2007 to detect antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv) and against canine parvovirus (cpv) by indirect elisa. antibodies against cdv were detected in 18.7% of the analyzed animals and antibodies against cpv in 17.2%. there was no ...200817646060
echinococcus multilocularis in belgium: prevalence in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and in different species of potential intermediate hosts.echinococcus multilocularis causes a rare but potentially lethal zoonotic infection in humans. this tapeworm is known to be endemic in foxes in several countries of western and central europe. in western europe, the common vole (microtus arvalis) and the water vole (arvicola terrestris) are considered to be the most important intermediate host species of this cestode whereas the red fox is by far the most important final host. the purpose of this study was to provide data on the prevalences in w ...200818164551
vulpes vulpes: a possible wild reservoir for zoonotic filariae.foxes (vulpes vulpes, n = 132) killed during the hunting seasons 2005-2006 in central italy (tuscany region) were examined in order to investigate the possible importance of this animal as a wild reservoir for zoonotic filariae. in each specimen adult worms of dirofilaria immitis and hematic microfilariae were searched for. species identification was performed by morphology, morphometry, the barka staining technique applied to pulmonary and splenic blood smears, and, finally, by molecular diagno ...200818260788
era vaccine-derived cases of rabies in wildlife and domestic animals in ontario, canada, 1989-2004.a vaccination program for the control of terrestrial rabies in the province of ontario, canada, began in 1989. during the period between 1989 and 2004, over 13 million baits containing the live, attenuated rabies virus era-bhk21 were distributed across the province, with the aim of immunizing foxes by the oral route. animals recovered from bait distribution areas were assayed by fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus infection. immunoreactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies that disc ...200818263823
mycobacterium bovis in wildlife in france.in early 2001, tuberculosis-like lesions were detected in three hunter-killed red deer (cervus elaphus) in the brotonne forest (normandy, france), and mycobacterium bovis was isolated. in subsequent hunting seasons, two surveys were conducted in the area. in the first survey (2001-02 hunting season), nine (13%) of 72 red deer sampled were positive for m. bovis. in the 2005-06 hunting season, the prevalence of m. bovis infection increased to 24% (chi2=3.85, df=1, p=0.05; 33 positive among 138 sam ...200818263825
environmental variation at the onset of independent foraging affects full-grown body mass in the red fox.the period following the withdrawal of parental care has been highlighted as a key developmental period for juveniles. one reason for this is that juveniles cannot forage as competently as adults, potentially placing them at greater risk from environmentally-induced changes in food availability. however, no study has examined this topic. using a long-term dataset on red foxes (vulpes vulpes), we examined (i) dietary changes that occurred in the one-month period following the attainment of nutrit ...200818628118
experimental evidence of competitive release in sympatric carnivores.changes in the relative abundance of sympatric carnivores can have far-reaching ecological consequences, including the precipitation of trophic cascades and species declines. while such observations are compelling, experimental evaluations of interactions among carnivores remain scarce and are both logistically and ethically challenging. carnivores are nonetheless a particular focus of management practices owing to their roles as predators of livestock and as vectors and reservoirs of zoonotic d ...200818089523
global warming and effects on the arctic fox.we predict the effect of global warming on the arctic fox, the only endemic terrestrial predatory mammals in the arctic region. we emphasize the difference between coastal and inland arctic fox populations. inland foxes rely on peak abundance of lemming prey to sustain viable populations. in the short-term, warmer winters result in missed lemming peak years and reduced opportunities for successful arctic fox breeding. in the long-term, however, warmer climate will increase plant productivity and ...200818717368
using the dog genome to find single nucleotide polymorphisms in red foxes and other distantly related members of the canidae.single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) are the ideal marker for characterizing genomic variation but can be difficult to find in nonmodel species. we explored the usefulness of the dog genome for finding snps in distantly related nonmodel canids and evaluated so-ascertained snps. using 40 primer pairs designed from randomly selected bacterial artificial chromosome clones from the dog genome, we successfully sequenced 80-88% of loci in a coyote (canis latrans), grey fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), ...200821585716
sea ice occurrence predicts genetic isolation in the arctic fox.unlike oceanic islands, the islands of the arctic sea are not completely isolated from migration by terrestrial vertebrates. the pack ice connects many arctic sea islands to the mainland during winter months. the arctic fox (alopex lagopus), which has a circumpolar distribution, populates numerous islands in the arctic sea. in this study, we used genetic data from 20 different populations, spanning the entire distribution of the arctic fox, to identify barriers to dispersal. specifically, we con ...200717868292
trophic control of mesopredators in terrestrial ecosystems: top-down or bottom-up?it has been argued that widespread extinctions of top predators have changed terrestrial ecosystem structures through mesopredator release, where increased abundances of medium-sized predators have detrimental effects on prey communities. this top-down concept has received much attention within conservation biology, but few studies have demonstrated the phenomenon. the concept has been criticized since alternative explanations involving bottom-up impacts from bioclimatic effects on ecosystem pro ...200717305803
chastek paralysis in two wild foxes (vulpes vulpes japonica). 200717693634
adenosquamous carcinoma with cilium formation, mucin production and keratinization in the nasal cavity of a red fox (vulpes vulpes schrencki).a diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma was made in an 11-year-old red fox. the animal showed emaciation and purulent nasal discharge. necropsy revealed diffuse thickening of the nasal mucosa and tumours on the soft palate, and there was an oronasal fistula contiguous with the tumours. the nasal and oral lesions were composed of adenocarcinomatous cells and squamous cells, the latter predominating in the oral lesions. the marrow of the palatine bone also contained neoplastic tissue, which consist ...200717645890
selection for tameness modulates the expression of heme related genes in silver foxes.the genetic and molecular mechanisms of tameness are largely unknown. a line of silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) selected for non-aggressive behavior has been used in russia since the 1960's to study the effect of domestication. we have previously compared descendants of these selected (s) animals with a group of non-selected (ns) silver foxes kept under identical conditions, and showed that changes in the brain transcriptome between the two groups are small. unexpectedly, many of the genes showing ...200717439650
[analysis of secondary sex ratio in the fox (vulpes vulpes l.)].secondary sex ratio and its variability in relation to some paratypic and genetic factors were studied in the silver fox by analysis of data obtained at the pushkinskii fur farm (moscow oblast) in 1980-1989. a total of 17285 whelps were examined. the mean proportion of males over the ten years of observation was 0.536+/-0.004. no effect of parent age or litter size on this proportion was found. individual analysis of the progeny of a single parent revealed 44 males and 49 females showing signifi ...200717385323
canid genomics: mapping genes for behavior in the silver fox. 200717284673
population genetic analysis of serbian red foxes (vulpes vulpes) by means of mitochondrial control region sequences.a population genetic analysis based on sequences of the mitochondrial control region in 110 red foxes from five sampling localities in northern serbia was carried out. the analysis yielded nine different haplotypes. neither haplotype phylogeny nor their distribution was in accordance with the geographic location of the populations. in particular, the data failed to detect an unequivocal influence of the two big rivers, the danube and the tisza, separating the populations studied. population diff ...200717265184
mitochondrial dna phylogeography of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in northern japan.mitochondrial dna variation in the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and the control region was examined in the red fox vulpes vulpes from japan, with special focus on the population divergence between hokkaido and northern honshu. resultant haplotypes from hokkaido were subdivided into two distinct groups (i and ii), with an average genetic distance of 0.027 for cyt b. divergence time is roughly estimated to be 1-2 million years ago, given that the conventional divergence rate of the mammalian cyt b ge ...200718271634
first larval record of mesocestoides in carnivora of tenerife (canary islands).larvae of mesocestoides sp. were recovered in tenerife (canary islands) in 2004 from the peritoneal cavities of 2 domestic dogs and a domestic cat. morphological and molecular identification were carried out. mesocestoides litteratus from vulpes vulpes was sequenced for the first time using the its-2 region (18s rdna), and was included in the phylogenetic analysis to compare the sequence variability among these and other mesocestoides spp. belonging to different carnivores. phylogenetic studies ...200717436953
rudolf virchow and the recognition of alveolar echinococcosis, 1850s.alveolar echinococcosis, which is caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the most dangerous parasitic diseases. it is endemic in many parts of the northern hemisphere and an emerging health problem in the people's republic of china. in europe and north america, human cases are rare, but concomitant with an increase in the population of the final host, the red fox, an increase of human infections is expected. rudolf virchow, the father of the concept ...200717553252
hepatozoon canis infection in slovakia: imported or autochthonous?tissue samples from nine red foxes (four samples of striated muscle tissue and five samples of heart tissue) that originated from the michalovce district (slovakia), an area with endemic occurrence of canine babesiosis were examined by pcr method using primers amplifying a fragment of the 18s rrna spanning the v4 region of babesia and theileria. an unexpected determination of 450 bp dna fragment of hepatozoon canis was found in four samples. partial sequences of the 18s rrna gene from the h. can ...200717627439
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild carnivores from spain.serum samples from 282 wild carnivores from different regions of spain were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test using a cut-off value of 1:25. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 22 of 27 (81.5%) of iberian lynx (lynx pardinus), 3 of 6 european wildcats (felis silvestris), 66 of 102 (64.7%) red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 15 of 32 (46.9%) wolves (canis lupus), 26 of 37 (70.3%) eurasian badgers (meles meles), 17 of 20 (85.0%) stone martens (martes foina), 4 ...200717689869
presence of leishmania infantum in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in southern italy.skin, lymph node (popliteal), and bone marrow samples were collected from 50 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from may 2004 to may 2005 in southern italy. samples were tested for leishmania infantum by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the parasite was detected by pcr from 20 of 50 (40%) fox carcasses. all 20 positive cases were pcr-positive from lymph node and bone marrow samples, whereas 17 of 20 positive cases were pcr-positive from skin samples. infection status was not related to age or sex. this i ...200717699092
presence of antibotulinum neurotoxin antibodies in selected wild canids in israel.serum samples from 35 golden jackals (canis aureus syriacus), eight wolves (canis lupus), and four red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from various regions of israel were collected during the years 2001-04 and tested for antibodies to clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (bont) types c and d. antibodies against bont types c and d were detected in 10 (29%) and in 3 (9%) of 35 golden jackals, respectively, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. this report describes detection of anti bont antibodies in wild c ...200717699099
outbreak of mycobacterium bovis infection in a wild animal park.an outbreak of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium bovis occurred in a wild animal park. three pot-bellied pigs (sus scrofa vittatus), one red deer (cervus elaphus), one buffalo (bison bonasus) and two european lynxes (lynx lynx) were affected and showed clinical signs including weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes and paralysis of the hindlimbs. postmortem examinations revealed multifocal granulomatous lesions in various organs, including the lymph nodes, lungs, intestines, kidneys and the central n ...200717766809
crenosoma vulpis in dog: first case report in italy and use of the flotac technique for copromicroscopic diagnosis.crenosoma vulpis is a metastrongylid nematode that infects the bronchi, bronchioles, and trachea of wild and domestic canids and various other carnivores. it is endemic in the red fox population in the north-eastern parts of north america and in europe, including italy. dogs are susceptible to infection with clinical signs consisting primarily in a chronic cough. the present paper reports-to the authors' knowledge-the first case of spontaneous c. vulpis infection in a dog in italy. in addition, ...200717805573
ectoparasites of the endangered iberian lynx lynx pardinus and sympatric wild and domestic carnivores in spain.ectoparasites can cause important skin disorders in animals and can also transmit pathogens. the iberian lynx lynx pardinus has been stated to be the most endangered felid in the world and such vector-borne pathogens may threaten its survival. we surveyed 98 wild carnivores (26 iberian lynxes, 34 red foxes vulpes vulpes, 24 egyptian mongooses herpestes ichneumon, 11 common genets genetta genetta, two eurasian badgers meles meles, one polecat mustela putorius) and 75 domestic but free-ranging car ...200717897365
comparative behavioral effects between synthetic 2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (tmt) and the odor of natural fox (vulpes vulpes) feces in mice.synthetic 2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (tmt)--a component of red fox (vulpes vulpes) feces--is frequently used to induce unconditioned fear in rodents. surprisingly, direct comparison between tmt and natural fox feces odor is almost nonexistent. in this study, experiment 1 compared the avoidance in relation to tmt concentration, natural fox feces, and gender of fox and mice. results show that the avoidance is (a) higher with either pure or 50% tmt as compared to natural fox feces, whereas the diffe ...200717907837
[prevalence of trichinella spp. in red foxes and wild boars in the northwestern part of poland].the aim of the study was to establish in which degree wild boars and red foxes are reservoir of trichinella spp. in north-west poland. research was carried out between 1997 and 2004 on 505 foxes and 56,462 wild boars in muscle samples. the muscle samples were examined using the digestion method. the average prevalence rate of trichinella spp. infection of foxes was 4.4 %. large differences of the infection rate in wild boars were observed. in the years 1999-2001 trichinella spp. larvae were obse ...200717927077
genetic regulation of canine skeletal traits: trade-offs between the hind limbs and forelimbs in the fox and dog.genetic variation in functionally integrated skeletal traits can be maintained over 10 million years despite bottlenecks and stringent selection. here, we describe an analysis of the genetic architecture of the canid axial skeleton using populations of the portuguese water dog canis familiaris) and silver fox (vulpes vulpes). twenty-one skeletal metrics taken from radiographs of the forelimbs and hind limbs of the fox and dog were used to construct separate anatomical principal component (pc) ma ...200718458753
unusual findings on host-tick interactions through carnivore scat analysis.in the course of a study on the diet of two portuguese carnivores, the red fox (vulpes vulpes linnaeus) and the common genet (genetta genetta linnaeus), 276 ticks were found inside the 940 scats analyzed. prevalence in samples was 7.6% for both predators. association of ticks with prey identified on scats, resulted in new data for portugal on host-tick interactions [e.g. ixodes acuminatus (neumann, 1901) and wood mouse] and tick distribution pattern. these unusual findings, besides shedding some ...200718040872
molecular epidemiology of trichinella spp. in three baltic countries: lithuania, latvia, and estonia.meat of domestic pigs and wild boars has been the significant source of emerged human trichinellosis in lithuania, latvia, and estonia over the past two decades. however, there is very little known on the occurrence of trichinella spp. in main wildlife reservoirs and its transmission in domestic and sylvatic cycles in these countries. the present study demonstrated considerably higher endemicity of trichinella spp. in main sylvatic reservoirs (28.9-42% in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs ( ...200717013647
occurrence of giardia and cryptosporidium in norwegian red foxes (vulpes vulpes).faecal samples from 269 norwegian wild red foxes (vulpes vulpes) shot during the hunting season (october-april) in 2002-2004 were examined for the presence of giardia and cryptosporidium. cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in samples from 6 (2.2%) of the foxes, and giardia cysts in 13 (4.8%) of the foxes. the prevalence of giardia infection was significantly higher in juvenile male foxes than in adult male foxes, but no other significant differences between age and sex were found. no signific ...200717045400
prevalence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in hungarian red foxes (vulpes vulpes).in the present study we have investigated the seroprevalence to the protozoan parasites toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in 337 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from 16 out of 19 counties in hungary. the foxes were originally collected within a national vaccination program against rabies. antibodies to t. gondii were detected in as many as 228 (68%) of the foxes using a commercial direct agglutination test (dat). in an indirect iscom elisa, five foxes (1.5%) were positive for antibodies against n ...200717045742
rarity of a top predator triggers continent-wide collapse of mammal prey: dingoes and marsupials in australia.top predators in terrestrial ecosystems may limit populations of smaller predators that could otherwise become over abundant and cause declines and extinctions of some prey. it is therefore possible that top predators indirectly protect many species of prey from excessive predation. this effect has been demonstrated in some small-scale studies, but it is not known how general or important it is in maintaining prey biodiversity. during the last 150 years, australia has suffered the world's highes ...200717164197
evaluation of four serological techniques to determine the seroprevalence of neospora caninum in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) on prince edward island, canada.the objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the performance and agreement of serological assays (elisa, ifat, neospora caninum agglutination test and immunoblot) using reference sera and field sera from foxes and coyotes and (2) to estimate the n. caninum seroprevalence in foxes and coyotes on prince edward island, canada. with fox and coyote reference sera the test performance of the elisa, ifat and ib was excellent (100% sensitivity and specificity). nat showed a low sensitivity (50%). s ...200717223270
occurrence of cryptosporidium parvum and bacterial pathogens in faecal material in the red fox (vulpes vulpes) population. 200717225081
serologic evidence of west nile virus exposure in north american mesopredators.sera from 936 mammalian mesopredators (virginia opossums, gray foxes, striped skunks, hooded skunks, raccoons, a bobcat, and a red fox) were collected during 2003 and 2004 in california, arizona, texas, louisiana, ohio, and wyoming and screened for flavivirus-specific antibodies by an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (blocking elisa). serum samples positive for antibodies against flaviviruses were screened for west nile virus (wnv)-specific antibodies by blocking elisa and sele ...200717255248
a meiotic linkage map of the silver fox, aligned and compared to the canine genome.a meiotic linkage map is essential for mapping traits of interest and is often the first step toward understanding a cryptic genome. specific strains of silver fox (a variant of the red fox, vulpes vulpes), which segregate behavioral and morphological phenotypes, create a need for such a map. one such strain, selected for docility, exhibits friendly dog-like responses to humans, in contrast to another strain selected for aggression. development of a fox map is facilitated by the known cytogeneti ...200717284676
polymorphism and chromosomal location of the mc4r (melanocortin-4 receptor) gene in the dog and red fox.the melanocortin-4 receptor (mc4r) is expressed in the hypothalamus and regulates energy intake and body weight. in silico screening of the canine chromosome 1 sequence and a comparison with the porcine mc4r sequence by blast were performed. the nucleotide sequence of the whole coding region and 3'- and 5'-flanking regions of the dog (1214 bp) and red fox (1177 bp) mc4r gene was established and high conservation of the nucleotide sequences was revealed (99%). five sets of pcr primers were design ...200717306938
epidemiology, histopathology, and muscle distribution of trichinella t9 in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) and wildlife of japan.the prevalences of trichinella t9 in trapped raccoons (procyon lotor) and several other potential mammalian reservoirs in hokkaido, wakayama, and nagasaki prefectures were investigated. muscle samples were collected from 2003 to 2006 from 1,080 raccoons, 113 raccoon dogs including 2 species (nyctereutes procyonoides albus and n. p. viverrinus), 41 wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax), 14 martens (martes melampus), 10 badgers (meles meles), 5 siberian weasels (martes sibirica coreana), 7 mink (mus ...200717310398
biomagnification of pbdes in three small terrestrial food chains.eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbde) congeners (iupac nos. 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) were measured in passerines (great tits--parus major), wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus), and bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus). these data were combined with previously obtained data on pbdes in common buzzards (buteo buteo), sparrowhawks (accipiter nisus), and red fox (vulpes vulpes). this enabled estimation of the biomagnification potential of pbdes in the following three terrestrial fo ...200717310700
echinococcus multilocularis and toxocara canis in urban red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in brussels, belgium.during the last decades, european red foxes (vulpes vulpes) have been implicated in the transmission of several viral or parasitic pathogenic agents to domestic animals and humans. in urban areas, risks of zoonoses transmission are likely to increase as a result of a higher rate of intra- and inter-species contacts. foxes occur on 35% of the brussels-capital region area and local densities reach up to 4 family groups per square kilometre. according to the directive 2003/99/ecc, a first survey fo ...200717324480
oral rabies vaccine (orv) bait uptake by captive striped skunks.aerial delivery of oral rabies vaccine (orv) baits has proven effective in large-scale efforts to immunize wildlife against rabies, and in north america this strategy currently is being used to immunize foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus and vulpes vulpes), raccoons (procyon lotor), and coyotes (canis latrans). skunks are also a major reservoir and vector of rabies, but at present oral vaccines for use in skunks are not licensed. furthermore, given differences in morphology (smaller jaws) and behav ...200717347398
study on the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum and molecular evidence of encephalitozoon cuniculi and encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis infections in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in rural ireland.thoracic fluid (pleural fluid and clotted blood) from 206 foxes were examined for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii and 220 thoracic fluid samples were tested for neospora caninum antibodies using indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests (ifat). a total of 115 (56%) and six (3%) foxes had antibodies to t. gondii and n. caninum, respectively. the brains from 148 foxes were examined for histological lesions and pathological changes suggestive of parasitic encephalitis were observed in 33 (22%). two ...200717368946
influence of urbanization on the epidemiology of intestinal helminths of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in geneva, switzerland.dixenous helminths that depend on rodent intermediate hosts are supposed to be negatively affected by urbanization due to lower supply of rodents in urbanized environments. prevalence rates of dixenous, non-strictly monoxenous, and monoxenous helminths in 228 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) along a gradient of increasing urbanization were assessed by morphological parasite identification in the city of geneva, switzerland. multivariate analyses for the five most prevalent helminth species or genera re ...200717393184
epizootiological survey of trichinella spp. infection in carnivores, rodents and insectivores in hokkaido, japan.in order to evaluate the present epidemiological situation of trichinella infection in wild animals in hokkaido, japan, red foxes (vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) , brown bears (ursus arctos) , martens (martes melampus), rodents and insectivores captured in hokkaido were examined for muscle larvae by the artificial digestion method from 2000 to 2006. foxes (44/319, 13.8%), raccoon dogs (6/77, 7.8%) and brown bears (4/126, 3.2%) were found to be infected with trichinella l ...200717405354
population dynamics and epidemiology of toxocara canis in danish red foxes.toxocara canis, an intestinal helminth of canids with zoonotic potential, was found in 618 (59%) of 1,040 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) collected from all danish provinces (1997-2002). the prevalence and average worm burden were significantly higher for cubs than older foxes and in males than in females. a multiple logistic regression demonstrated that the prevalence was influenced significantly by sex and age of foxes in addition to location, season, and year of collection. the highest prevalence a ...200617304794
neospora caninum-like oocysts observed in feces of free-ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans).the aim of this study was to examine the feces of free-ranging foxes and coyotes for the presence of neospora caninum oocysts. feces were collected from 271 foxes and 185 coyotes in the canadian province of prince edward island, processed by sucrose flotation, and examined by light microscopy for the presence of coccidian oocysts. in 2 fox and 2 coyote samples, oocysts morphologically and morphometrically similar to oocysts of n. caninum were observed. dna was extracted from these samples and su ...200617304805
temporal distribution of ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and haemaphysalis concinna in hungary.a survey was carried out over a 4-year period to describe the temporal distribution of three 'anthropophilic' tick species, ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and haemaphysalis concinna in hungary. altogether 4658 adult ticks belonging to the three species were collected from 1931 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) killed in an area of about 70,000 km(2) representing all major climatic areas of the country. the seasonal activity of the three species was different. i. ricinus ticks were most active b ...200616919880
echinococcus multilocularis in the red fox vulpes vulpes from the east carpathian region of poland and the slovak republic.the occurrence of echinococcus multilocularis in the poland-slovak frontier zone of the east carpathian region was assessed, for comparison with that in adjacent regions in both countries. a total of 392 red foxes from poland and 427 red foxes from the slovak republic were examined from 2001 to 2004. significant differences in prevalences were observed in foxes captured from the borderland and adjacent zones in both countries. the mean prevalence of e. multilocularis in the polish borderland rea ...200616923266
[bromadiolone poisoning in foxes].bromadiolone is an anticoagulant rodenticide that inhibits the reactivation of vitamin k1 by the enzyme vitamin k1-epoxide reductase. the present case report originated from the application of bromadiolone against water voles (arvicola terrestris) in northeastern switzerland. at least 40 foxes (vulpes vulpes) were found dead after the inappropriate use of a bait that contained 0.02 % bromadiolone. anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning was suspected on the basis of the postmortem examination and su ...200616933704
persistence of antibodies in blood and body fluids in decaying fox carcasses, as exemplified by antibodies against microsporum canis.to assist in evaluating serological test results from dead animals, 10 silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 10 blue foxes (alopex lagopus), 6 of each species previously vaccinated against and all challenged with microsporum canis, were blood sampled and euthanased. fox carcasses were stored at +10 degrees c, and autopsy was performed on days 0, 2, 4, 7, and 11 post mortem during which samples from blood and/or body fluid from the thoracic cavity were collected. antibodies against m. canis were measu ...200616987389
hepatopulmonary fistula caused by alveolar echinococcosis: report of a case.alveolar echinococcosis is a parasitosis endemic to red fox habitats in the northern hemisphere. the liver is the most commonly affected organ, followed by the lungs. we report the case of an elderly woman with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (hae) complicated by a hepatopulmonary fistula. we performed a one-stage operation for the hepatic and pulmonary lesions through the transdiaphragmatic route via a laparotomy. we report this case to emphasize that the first-line treatment for a hepatopulmon ...200616998692
selective predation on utah prairie dogs.predation always affects demography and population dynamics, but removal of certain types of individuals is especially consequential. predators strike quickly and commonly avoid areas with human observers, however, and thereby make it difficult to document patterns of predation under natural conditions. at a colony of marked utah prairie dogs (cynomys parvidens), a high frequency of predation in 2005 provided an unusual opportunity to examine susceptibility of five types of individuals to predat ...200617004225
parasites of carnivorous mammals in białowieza primeval forest.although the parasitofauna of wild carnivorous mammals in poland is quite well recognized, there has been only one research carried on this issue so far in białowieza forest--the last lowland primeval forest of temperate zone in europe.200617007336
trichinella nativa and trichinella t9 in the hokkaido island, japan.trichinella sp. muscle larvae were isolated from the thigh muscle of two red foxes (vulpes vulpes) captured in sapporo and otofuke, hokkaido, japan, in 2003. multiplex pcr designed for genotyping the genus trichinella revealed that the sapporo isolate showed a specific pattern to t. britovi complex (t. britovi, trichinella t8 and trichinella t9) and the otofuke isolate showed that to t. nativa. nucleotide sequences of a part of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) gene and intern ...200617049300
evaluation of a serological test (indirect elisa) for the diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).sarcoptic mange occurs in many parts of the world and is common in populations of domestic and wild canids, including red foxes (vulpes vulpes). in recent years, an indirect antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), with higher sensitivity and specificity than traditional diagnostic methods, has been successfully applied in the diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in dogs. the same elisa has also demonstrated specific antibodies to sarcoptes scabiei in experimentally infected red foxes. the ai ...200617083572
antibodies to mycobacterium bovis in wild carnivores from doñana national park (spain).we conducted a retrospective serologic survey for antibodies against the mpb70 protein of mycobacterium bovis in wild carnivores from doñana national park (southwestern spain). serum samples from 118 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 39 iberian lynx (lynx pardinus), 31 eurasian badgers (meles meles), five egyptian mongoose (herpestes ichneumon), four european genet (genetta genetta), and one eurasian otter (lutra lutra) were analyzed using an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. antibodies a ...200617092907
red fox (vulpes vulpes) a new host species for acanthocefalan moniliformis moniliformis (bremser, 1811) in poland.acanthocephalan moniliformis moniliformis is a parasite of rodents, rarely also reported from carnivorous mammals. one female specimen of this parasite has been found in the small intestine of red fox vulpes vulpes. it is the first report about this species invading the red fox in poland.200617120996
morphology of the lingual papillae in the raccoon dog and fox.the dorsal lingual surfaces of the raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and fox (vulpes vulpes japonica) were examined by scanning electron microscopical (sem) observations. the distribution and type of the lingual papillae found in the raccoon dog were similar to those in the fox. filiform, fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae were observed. the filiform papillae were distributed over the entire dosal surface of the tongue. each filiform papilla on the apical surface of the tongue had sev ...200617154050
organochlorine and heavy-metal contaminants in wild mammals and birds of urbino-pesaro province, italy: an analytic overview for potential bioindicators.tissue samples from 56 bird and 11 mammal species of different trophic levels, collected from 1994 to 1995 from the urbino-pesaro area in the marche region of central italy, were analyzed for the presence of organochlorine compounds (polychlorinated biphenyls and p,p'-dde) and heavy metals (pb, cd, cr, and hg). results revealed interspecies differences in pollutant residue concentrations. a clear relationship between contaminant and trophic levels emerged depending on several factors specific to ...200616418892
low seroprevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum in wild canids in israel.the role of domestic dogs in the epidemiology of neospora caninum as well as the relationship between n. caninum infection of farm dogs and cattle were demonstrated, however, evidence is scarce regarding the role of wild canids in domestic animal neosporosis. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of wild canids in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis in israel by analyzing the prevalence of antibodies to n. caninum in wild canids. sera samples were collected from 114 free rangi ...200616436314
pcr detection of neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii and encephalitozoon cuniculi in brains of wild carnivores.neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii and encephalitozoon cuniculi are important pathogens with affinity to the central nervous system of many animals. 240 brains of wild carnivores were examined by pcr-based diagnosis. the presence of n. caninum dna was confirmed in 4.61% (7/152) red foxes (vulpes vulpes). dna of t. gondii was found in 4.92% (3/61) martens (martes sp.) and in 1.32% (2/152) red foxes. dna of e. cuniculi was determined in 3.28% (2/61) martens and in one examined european otter (lut ...200616472923
prevalence of sarcocystis spp. in two subspecies of caribou (rangifer tarandus) in newfoundland and labrador, and foxes (vulpes vulpes), wolves (canis lupus), and husky dogs (canis familiaris) as potential definitive hosts.a study was conducted to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of sarcocystis spp. infecting 2 subspecies of caribou (rangifer tarandus) inhabiting newfoundland and labrador and its potential definitive hosts. muscle samples of caribou were obtained, primarily from hunters, and feces of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and wolves (canis lupus), from trappers, and husky dogs (canis familiaris), from owners. histological sections of muscle and flotation methods for feces were used for pa ...200616884021
cloning of fox (vulpes vulpes) il2, il6, il10 and ifngamma and analysis of their expression by quantitative rt-pcr in fox pbmc after in vitro stimulation by concanavalin a.the immune response in the fox (vulpes vulpes), despite the success of the oral rabies vaccine is not well characterised, and specific immunological tools are needed. a quantitative rt-pcr using sybr green to investigate fox cytokine expression after antigen pbmc in vitro re-stimulation is presented here. first, we cloned by homology with dog cytokine sequences the fox il2, il6, il10, ifngamma and a partial 18s sequence. fox specific primers were then defined and used to set up a species-specifi ...200616321447
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