Publications

general pattern and morphological specializations of the avian cochlea.	in different bird species, there is a common pattern in the hair-cell morphology and innervation of the basilar papilla; the absolute values, however, are species-specific. in the barn-owl papilla, an extreme being case, the basal high-frequency part of the papilla is greatly expanded. in this behaviorally most important frequency range of the barn owl, the number of afferent nerve terminals to neural hair cells is extensively increased. instead of about 2 afferent terminals as in other species, ...	1994	7701304
the size of the heart.	the size of the heart varies very little over a whole range of normal physiological activities. physiologists, in animals and man, measure changes in cardiac output and heart volumes during exercise. cardiac output can increase 5, 6, or 7 times in athletes but the stroke volume never more than doubles, the end-diastolic volume increases only by about 50% and the end-systolic (residual) volume decreases by the same amount; the heart rate increases about two and a half times in the untrained to 5 ...	1994	7742481
myocardial function in septic sheep.	there is an ongoing discussion whether the heart is the primary target organ responsible for the development of cardiovascular failure during septic shock as well as its onset. we tried to study the reaction of the heart to sepsis in the early phase of 8 h, using a sublethal model of sepsis in six awake cross-bred austrian mountain sheep. sepsis was induced by infusion of a live escherichia coli suspension at a dose of 5 x 10(7) colony-forming units per kg body weight over 8 h. standard hemodyna ...	1994	7743334
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure estimates of left ventricular preload are inaccurate in endotoxin shock: contribution of starling resistor forces to septic pulmonary hypertension.	we tested the hypothesis that starling resistor forces play a significant role in the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance during endotoxin shock. anesthetized pigs (n = 9) were given escherichia coli endotoxin (etx; .5 mg/kg intravenously over 30 min). mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mpap) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (pcwp) were recorded through a swan-ganz catheter. pulmonary capillary pressure (pc) was obtained from the analysis of the transient pulmonary artery pressure dec ...	1994	7743360
an analysis of the interaction between interstitial plasma protein, interstitial flow, and fenestral filtration and its application to synovium.	an analysis of the interstitial flow of a protein solution is presented, based on physical interactions with extracellular matrix biopolymers. previous models were extended by incorporation of three features--(a) interstitial osmotic reflection coefficients and attendant partial molecular sieving, (b) the effect of solute exclusion on apparent intramatrix fluid viscosity, and (c) the effect of discrete capillary porosity on near-pore oncotic and hydraulic gradients. the principles were applied t ...	1994	8022316
experimental transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus by west african wild ground-feeding birds to hyalomma marginatum rufipes ticks.	hyalomma (h.) marginatum rufipes ticks commonly infest birds and are potential vectors of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus in west africa. an experimental model for investigating the role of birds in the cchf virus transmission cycle was developed. following cchf virus inoculation, antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in one red-beaked hornbill and one glossy starling, but not in two laughing doves and six domestic chickens. none of the birds showed a detecta ...	1994	8024058
extravascular protein in the renal medulla: analysis by two methods.	two methods have been used to test for the presence of extravascular protein in the interstitium of the renal inner medulla. first, ascending vasa recta (avr) segments were perfused with buffer containing 5 g/dl of albumin. the hydraulic pressure in the perfused vessel was varied to control transmembrane volume flux (jv) to the interstitium. interpolation to the point of zero jv was employed to estimate interstitial starling forces in the hydropenic rat papilla. analysis of those experiments pre ...	1994	8203616
the relationship of intracranial venous pressure to hydrocephalus.	little is known about intracranial venous pressure in hydrocephalus. recently, we reported that naturally occurring hydrocephalus in beagle dogs was associated with an elevation in cortical venous pressure. we proposed that the normal pathway for cerebrospinal fluid (csf) absorption includes transcapillary or transvenular absorption of csf from the interstitial space and that the increase in cortical venous pressure is an initial event resulting in decreased absorption and subsequent hydrocephal ...	1994	8194060
a radioimmunoassay for recombinant-derived chicken prolactin suitable for the measurement of prolactin in other avian species.	a homologous radioimmunoassay for chicken prolactin is described. the assay is based on recombinant-derived chicken prolactin that has been used to raise an antibody and produce 125i-labeled tracer and assay standards. the radioimmunoassay measures a minimum of 0.03 +/- 0.01 ng of the recombinant prolactin with 50% displacement of binding by 0.6 +/- 0.1 ng. chicken plasma and pituitary immunoreactivity dilute in parallel with the standard curve. the mean (+/- se) concentrations of plasma prolact ...	1994	7883142
regulation of the structural remodelling of the myocardium: from hypertrophy to heart failure.	the framingham heart study has shown that arterial hypertension is the major aetiological factor for the development of heart failure. in the presence of heart failure, various regulatory systems may be operative. these include the frank-starling mechanism, the neurohormonal system, regulation of cardiac growth and peripheral oxygen delivery. recently, the interrelationship of the neuroendocrine system and cardiac growth has been examined. in the pressure or volume overloaded heart, growth of th ...	1994	7713113
5'-nucleotidase inhibition enhances postischemic myocardial performance.	adenosine methylene diphosphate (ampcp), a 5'-nucleotidase inhibitor, was evaluated as an adjunct to cold crystalloid cardioplegic myocardial protection. cardiopulmonary bypass (cpb) was instituted at 28 degrees c in two groups of mongrel dogs (each, n = 6). myocardial ischemia was induced for 150 min by aortic cross clamping. crystalloid cardioplegia (4 degrees c) was infused into the aortic root at 15 ml/kg/20 min in the control group (cp). the experimental group (cp + ampcp) received identica ...	1994	8152230
starling pressures in the human arm and their alteration in postmastectomy oedema.	1. surgery and radiotherapy to axillary lymph nodes during breast cancer treatment is often followed, commonly years later, by chronic postmastectomy oedema (pmo). pmo is considered a 'high protein' oedema due to reduced axillary lymph drainage. since oedema formation also depends on fluid input (capillary filtration), we studied the starling pressures in the affected and contralateral arm. colloid osmotic pressure was measured in patient serum (pi p) and interstitial fluid (pi i). subcutis flui ...	1994	7932226
cyclophosphamide effects on immune function of european starlings.	we developed and tested a battery of immune function assays on adult european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) exposed to the immunotoxicant cyclophosphamide (cy). starlings were injected intraperitoneally for three consecutive days with saline or 20 mg/kg cy. cyclophosphamide did not affect body mass or packed cell volume. however, spleen to body mass ratios and the number of viable spleen cells were lower in cy-treated birds when compared to controls. peripheral white blood cell numbers were reduc ...	1994	7933273
increased vascular resistance with hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.	to compare the effects of resuscitation with hemoglobin-based oxygen-carriers and conventional resuscitation fluids on hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and oxygen consumption in an animal model of the use of these fluids in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock.	1994	7994360
left-to-right ventricular interaction with a noncontracting right ventricle.	left ventricular systole is known to contribute to generation of right ventricular pressure and stroke volume. to study the interactions in a dilated noncontractile right ventricle after cardiopulmonary bypass we created a variable volume, neo-right ventricle by excision and replacement of the right ventricular free wall with a xenograft pericardial patch. we investigated the interactions in eight dogs with neo-right ventricle, instrumented to measure cardiac pressures and cardiac output in cont ...	1994	8196395
chronic alterations in cardiac mechanics after fetal closed heart operation.	pulmonary artery banding was performed in 8 fetal sheep at 125 days' gestation to evaluate the feasibility of fetal closed cardiac operation. at 135 days' gestation, the fetuses were delivered and the cardiac mechanics were evaluated using a modified langendorff isolated heart preparation. two of the 8 fetuses aborted spontaneously 2 and 7 days after operation. six fetuses (75%) survived the 10 days after delivery. the left ventricular cardiac mechanics in the banded fetuses (group i) were compa ...	1994	8010781
length-dependent modulation of ang ii inotropism in rat myocardium: effects of myocardial infarction.	to determine whether changes in sarcomere length affect the inotropic response of the heart to angiotensin ii (ang ii) differently in dilated and failing myocardium, papillary muscles were removed 2 days after infarction, and the effects of ang ii were studied at various muscle lengths. myocardial infarction, which averaged 52% of the left ventricle inclusive of the interventricular septum, was characterized hemodynamically by left ventricular failure and right ventricular dysfunction. ang ii ad ...	1994	8141379
the failing human heart is unable to use the frank-starling mechanism.	there is evidence that the failing human left ventricle in vivo subjected to additional preload is unable to use the frank-starling mechanism. the present study compared the force-tension relation in human nonfailing and terminally failing (heart transplants required because of dilated cardiomyopathy) myocardium. isometric force of contraction of electrically driven left ventricular papillary muscle strips was studied under various preload conditions (2 to 20 mn). to investigate the influence of ...	1994	8156643
regional geometry and function during myocardial ischemia and recovery.	to define the effects of altered left ventricular (lv) geometry on regional myocardial function during ischemia and recovery, regional and global lv geometry and transmural pressure (p) were measured in seven conscious dogs with sonomicrometry and micromanometry. data were obtained at steady state and during rapid vena caval occlusion (vco) under control conditions, after 15 min of left anterior descending occlusion, and after 1, 4, and 24 hr of reperfusion. regional midwall minor axis (ma) lagr ...	1993	8412064
analysis of endotoxin effects on pulmonary circulation in terms of pressure-flow characteristics.	the purpose of the present work was to explore the hypothesis that pulmonary vasoconstriction secondary to endotoxin insult results mainly from an increase in the critical closing pressure of the pulmonary vessels. specifically, we reasoned that in the face of a starling resistor located between pulmonary arteries and left atrium, upstream transmission of increased left atrial pressure (pla) would be inversely related to the level of the pressure intercept (pi) obtained by extrapolation from the ...	1993	8485820
pressure-volume relationship of the fetal lamb heart.	in contrast to the adult heart, the fetal heart reportedly has little functional reserve. with increased clinical emphasis on fetal cardiac diagnosis, neonatal surgery, and the potential for future fetal cardiac intervention, it is essential that we better understand fetal cardiac function. therefore, to demonstrate the extent of fetal cardiac preload reserve, we studied 10 fetal lambs using an isolated, isovolumic, blood-perfused heart preparation. we maintained constant afterload, inotropic st ...	1993	8431061
geometric and muscle physiological factors of the frank-starling mechanisms.	the relation between left-ventricular stroke volume (sv) and end-diastolic volume (edv) was determined based on angiocardiographic measurements in 10 open-chest minipigs under varying filling conditions (blood letting or infusions). the results were compared with a theoretical relation calculated under the assumption of varying edv but constancy of myocardial properties. in contrast to the linear increase of sv as a function of edv as found in the animal experiments, the calculated curve reveals ...	1993	8471007
effect of changes in aortic pressure and in coronary arterial pressure on left ventricular geometry and function anrep vs. gardenhose effect.	sudden increases in aortic pressure (aop, mm hg) are associated with increases in left ventricular (lv) function which persist even after diastolic volume has returned to its initial value (anrep effect). likewise, increases in coronary arterial pressure (cap, mm hg) are associated with improved lv function (gardenhouse effect). in situ, increases in aop are paralleled by increases in both cap and coronary blood flow, i.e., oxygen supply. we investigated the individual contributions of aop and c ...	1993	8147826
a model of human microvascular exchange: parameter estimation based on normals and nephrotics.	a mathematical model is formulated and used to describe the distribution and transport of fluid and albumin in the human circulation, interstitium and lymphatics. two transcapillary mass exchange mechanisms are investigated: a homoporous 'coupled starling model', in which transcapillary albumin diffusion and convection occur within the same pathway, and a heteroporous 'plasma leak model', in which variations in structure and pressure are permitted along the length of the capillary. parameters us ...	1993	8275681
capillary filtration coefficients using laser densitometry and gravimetry in isolated dog lungs.	we compared pulmonary capillary filtration coefficients (kf,c) using measurements of transcapillary filtration rates based on laser densitometry of perfusate hematocrit changes (jy,l) and gravimetric measurement of the rate of lobe weight gain (delta wt/delta t) after an increase in capillary pressure (pc) in isolated autologous blood-perfused dog lungs. although the lobe weight increased at a rate that decreased with time, the densitometric filtration rate was relatively constant over time. kf, ...	1993	8514719
isolation of the physiological regulation component of the arterial pressure time variation after postural stresses in by a model of the gravitational and arterial kinking effects.	prompt active postural manoeuvres induce an immediate arterial pressure variation followed by a period of regulation. for the squatting manoeuvre, initial hypertension was explained by a rise of cardiac filling pressure due to "squeezing blood out of the veins of the legs", leading to an increase in stroke output by frank-starling mechanism. for a minor part, it was also explained by "kinking" of the femoral arteries. o'donnel and mc ilroy observed an increase in central blood volume and acce ...	1993	11538520
[cardiodynamics and cardiac pump function in hyperthermia].	disorders of myocardial pumping function were shown in experimental dogs under hyperthermia. end-systolic, end-diastolic and stroke volume were decreased under those conditions. the effectiveness of frank-starling mechanism was reduced in severe hyperthermia.	1993	7690614
the ventricular-synchronous, skeletal-muscle ventricle: preliminary feasibility studies.	the two requirements for the optimal use of skeletal muscle wrapped around a pouch used to pump blood are:(1) a low pouch diastolic pressure (to assure a high muscle capillary blood flow; and (2) a high pouch precontraction pressure (pcp) (to assure a forceful muscle contraction). both requirements are satisfied with the pumping method described herein. this new type of skeletal-muscle ventricle (smv) consists of a rectus abdominis muscle wrapped around a pouch connected to the left ventricular ...	1993	7686661
effect of extravascular plasma protein on pressure-flow relations across synovium in anaesthetized rabbits.	1. the effect of extravascular plasma protein on fluid flux through interstitial matrix was investigated in vivo by studying the pressure-flow relation across synovium during intra-articular infusions of protein solutions (usually bovine serum albumin). synovium is a sheet of non-epithelial cells separated by interstitium-filled gaps, beneath which are fenestrated capillaries: synovium regulates synovial fluid volume and composition. 2. albumin solutions (10-150 g l-1) of measured oncotic pressu ...	1993	8229849
exhaustion of frank-starling mechanism in conscious dogs with heart failure.	the goal of this study was to elucidate the ability of the left ventricle to accommodate an increase in preload (frank-starling mechanism) in the presence of congestive heart failure (chf) but in the absence of the complicating effects of hypertrophy and fibrosis. to accomplish this, the effects of volume loading were examined in eight conscious dogs during the control state and after 3 wk of right ventricular pacing (240 beats/min). chf increased heart rate (by 16 +/- 5 from 92 +/- 5 beats/min) ...	1993	8238398
[ventricular function in animals undergoing renal mass ablation. effect of blood pressure control].	the causes of left ventricular hypertrophy (lvh) in chronic renal failure are multifactorial. the tail arterial pressure, heart weight, maximum developed pressure and pressure-volume relationship in animals with 5/6 nephrectomy (crf, n = 16) and crf animals who received furosemide by oral gavage (crf-f, n = 17) were studied. all crf animals increased their blood pressure (basal: 117.2 +/- 0.8; 6th week: 184.8 +/- 2.9, p < 0.001) but in those treated with furosemide the blood pressure stayed with ...	1993	8242106
continuing development of the cleveland clinic-nimbus total artificial heart.	a completely implanted total artificial heart (tah) is under development by nimbus, inc., and the cleveland clinic foundation (ccf). key features of the system include an electrohydraulic energy converter, an automatic control system that produces a frank-starling response, and dual ventricles composed of graphite-epoxy and titanium with gelatin blood contacting surfaces. the system is controlled by a single substrate, hybridized microcircuit (the hybrid). fabrication of the tah control hybrid h ...	1993	8268522
an atrial hydraulic shunt in a total artificial heart. a balance mechanism for the bronchial shunt.	an implantable tah must be able to maintain physiologic atrial pressures over a range of left side shunt flows, which in humans can range up to 5% of the total cardiac output (co). the authors describe the characteristics of an atrial hydraulic shunt in an electrohydraulic tah. a small (10 cc stroke) chamber placed in line between the left atrial cuff and the inflow valve is shunted to the right hydraulic chamber. high left atrial pressure increases the volume displaced by this chamber; this con ...	1993	8268531
[cardiodynamics and cardiac pump function in hyperthermia].	breaking of myocardial pumping function was shown in experiments in anesthesized dogs under hyperthermia. the end-systolic, end-diastolic and stroke volume was decreased under those conditions. the effectiveness of frank-starling mechanism was reduced in severe hyperthermia.	1993	8274672
[physiologic pacemaker therapy for drug-resistant heart failure in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and first-degree atrioventricular block: a case report].	this is a report of a 65-year-old man with end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy, and first-degree atrioventricular (av) block, which had been resistant to intensive medical therapy and was eventually treated using a ddd pacemaker. the optimal av interval setting was determined using invasive right heart catheterization and doppler echocardiography. at a pacing rate of 92/min, an av interval setting between 200 and 100 msec increased left ventricular filling and enhanced myocardial contractility. an ...	1993	8164130
response of arterial resistance and critical pressure to changes in perfusion pressure in canine hindlimb.	the dynamic pressure-flow relationship in the canine hindlimb at normal arterial pressure is best explained by modeling a starling resistor (critical pressure, pcrit) at the level of the arterioles. regulation of flow can therefore occur at the starling resistor through changes in pcrit or along the length of the vessel through changes in arterial resistance (ra). we hypothesized that increasing perfusion pressure (pper) would increase pcrit due to the myogenic response but would decrease ra bec ...	1993	8285232
plasmalemmal vesicles represent the large pore system of continuous microvascular endothelium.	in the capillary physiology literature, molecules and particles larger than 10 nm are assumed to leave the plasma mostly through large pores located at the level of intercellular junctions in microvessels lined with a continuous endothelium. in morphological studies of similar microvessels, outgoing particles > 10 nm were detected in endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles not in intercellular junctions. because the probes may not be found in transit through the junctions because they may be swept awa ...	1993	8368373
auditory frequency generalization and a failure to find octave generalization in a songbird, the european starling (sturnus vulgaris).	many species of songbirds have absolute pitch perception. they memorize tones when discriminating between sequences and fail to generalize to novel frequency ranges. i examined frequency generalization in starlings (sturnus vulgaris) that were trained to discriminate between individual frequencies. starlings were tested for frequency generalization after training on 2- and 3-tone discriminations. there was no evidence for octave generalization, which is a hallmark of human absolute pitch percept ...	1993	8370267
a near perfect temperature adaptation of bilayer order in vertebrate brain membranes.	the bilayer order of a brain synaptic membrane fraction from a number of fish, mammalian and avian species have been compared in relation to their respective body temperatures using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy techniques. fluorescence anisotropy for both 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and trans-parinaric acid increased in the order: antarctic notothenia, trout, perch, cichlid, rat and starling, this also being the order of increasing body temperature. this suggests that ...	1993	8373797
anion manipulation, a novel antiarrhythmic approach: mechanism of action.	we recently reported that modulation of anion homeostasis by substitution of extracellular chloride by nitrate prevents ischaemia- and reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation (vf) in rat and rabbit in vitro by an unknown mechanism independent of haemodynamic changes but related to widening of qt interval (ridley and curtis 1991). in the present study we have examined three possible explanations for the mechanism: modification of membrane anion permeability, alteration of cyclic nucleotide h ...	1993	8393492
age-dependent changes in plasma and brain cholinesterase activities of eastern bluebirds and european starlings.	age-dependent changes in plasma and brain cholinesterase (che) activity were characterized in two altricial passerine species: eastern bluebirds (sialia sialis) and european starlings (sturnus vulgaris). plasma acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity declined rapidly immediately after hatching, while plasma butyrylcholinesterase (bche) activity increased throughout the nestling period. these patterns continued after birds fledged, since the bche: ache ratio was higher in adult birds than fledglings ...	1993	8445767
are diffusion models too simple? a comparison with telegraph models of invasion.	diffusion models of animal movement are often criticized because they assume animals have infinite velocity and completely random motion. to investigate the impact of these assumptions, i compared a diffusion model with a telegraph model of dispersal the telegraph model assumes organisms have finite velocity and tend to maintain their direction. i compared the models in two settings: (i) as models for dispersal of nonreproducing organisms and (ii) as models for range expansion of organisms that ...	1993	19425956
hair cell regeneration in the european starling (sturnus vulgaris): recovery of pure-tone detection thresholds.	behavioral detection thresholds were obtained from four starlings before, during, and after 11 days of subcutaneous injections of kanamycin. birds were operantly conditioned to respond to pure-tones ranging in frequency from 0.25 khz to 7 khz using the method of constant stimuli and were tested daily for 141 days after the first injection of aminoglycoside. all four birds sustained hearing losses greater than 60 db at frequencies from 4 khz to 7 khz by the end of the 11 day injection schedule. t ...	1993	8113131
perceptual organization of auditory temporal patterns in european starlings (sturnus vulgaris).	the perception of continuously repeating auditory patterns by european starlings was explored in seven experiments. in experiment 1, 4 starlings learned to discriminate between two continuously repeating, eight-element, auditory patterns. each eight-element pattern was constructed from different temporal organizations of two elements differing in timbre. in experiments 2-7, the repeating patterns were transformed in ways designed to identify the starlings' perceptual organization of the patterns ...	1993	8290326
thyroidectomy progressively renders the reproductive system of starlings (sturnus vulgaris) unresponsive to changes in daylength.	if starlings (sturnus vulgaris) are transferred to long days soon after being thyroidectomized, they show gonadal maturation but no subsequent photorefractoriness, suggesting a specific role for thyroid hormones in the development of photorefractoriness. this study tests an alternative hypothesis: that following thyroidectomy all gonadal responses to photoperiodic changes are progressively inhibited. photoperiodic responses of starlings were examined at two different times after thyroidectomy. t ...	1993	8254293
nonlethal rodent repellents: differences in chemical structure and efficacy from nonlethal bird repellent.	at least some anthranilates (e.g., methyl anthranilate), and acetophenones (e.g., orthoaminoacetophenone) are aversive to mice as well as to birds. here we systematically examined nine acetophenone isomers (ortho, meta, para) and moieties (amino, hydroxy, methoxy) previously tested as drinking and feeding repellents for european starlings (sturnus vulgaris). all nine substances reduced intake by mice in single-bottle tests. when molecular characteristics were examined, amino group reactivity and ...	1993	24249376
porphyrin profiles in the nestling european starling (sturnus vulgaris): a potential biomarker of field contaminant exposure.	porphyrin patterns in avian and mammalian tissues and/or excreta have been proposed as qualitative and quantitative biomarkers of exposure to polyhalogenated hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other environmental contaminants. however, no widely distributed terrestrial species has been characterized as a suitable model in which to assess porphyrin profiles in the evaluation of environmental contaminant exposure. the european starling, whose nests can be readily established and manipulated on contam ...	1993	8360942
sexual dimorphism in the volume of song control nuclei in european starlings: assessment by a nissl stain and autoradiography for muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	previous studies have found that the volume of several song control nuclei is larger in male songbirds than in female songbirds. the degree of this volumetric sex difference within a given species appears to be systematically related to the degree of the behavioral sex difference. the largest volumetric differences have been reported in species in which the male sings and the female sings little, if at all, and the smallest sex differences in volume have been reported in species in which males a ...	1993	7691901
ultrastructural evidence for changes in synaptic input to the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in photosensitive and photorefractory starlings.	neural input to the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (lhrh) neurons was investigated in male starlings (sturnus vulgaris) using electron microscopy combined with immunocytochemistry. birds (4 to 6 in each group) were sampled at four stages of a photoperiodically induced reproductive cycle: (a) sexually immature but photosensitive, under short days; (b) during sexual maturation after 7 to 25 long days; (c) during gonadal regression after 35 to 50 long days; and (d) when fully ph ...	1993	8401562
sucrose repellency to european starlings: will high-sucrose cultivars deter bird damage to fruit?	european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) are often pests in commercial fruit crops in north america and europe. because starlings slack the digestive enzyme sucrase and cannot digest sucrose, they may develop an aversion to high-sucrose fruits. in water-tube drinking trials, we tested captive starlings with aqueous solutions of 15% (mass/volume) mixed sugars to identify the level of sucrose required to develop a conditioned feeding aversion when digestible sugars are present. in one-tube tests, sta ...	1993	27759327
circannual rhythms in starlings: response of castrated birds to 12-hr days depends on photoperiodic history.	the annual cycle of reproductive function in starlings (sturnus vulgaris) is driven by seasonal changes in daylength and consists of a 6-month period of photosensitivity, culminating in maximal gonadal development, followed by a 6-month period of photorefractoriness. if male starlings are held under a constant photoperiod of 12 hr of light per day (ld 12:12), some individuals show circannual rhythms of testicular size. do these rhythms consist of alternating periods of photosensitivity and photo ...	1993	8369550
cytoarchitectonic organization and morphology of cells of the field l complex in male zebra finches (taenopygia guttata).	the organization of the field l complex, a thalamorecipient auditory region in the telencephalon of birds, was examined in nissl and golgi preparations of male zebra finches (taenopygia guttata). the field l complex comprises five cytoarchitectonic subdivisions: l1, l2a, l2b, l3, and l, although the border between l and l2b is not distinct. l2a is a plate extending dorsocaudally from the dorsal medullary lamina in the caudal neostriatum. l1 lies on the anterodorsal border and l3 lies on the post ...	1992	1447407
frequency discrimination in the european starling (sturnus vulgaris): a comparison of different measures.	frequency-difference limens (dl) were determined in a songbird, the european starling (sturnus vulgaris), for stimuli differing in the type of frequency change. four different types of frequency change were studied: an increase in frequency between pulsed tones (type fsu), a single sinusoidal sweep upward (type ssu) starting in the center of an 800 ms signal, an asymmetrical periodic sinusoidal frequency modulation that extended only above the reference frequency (type asfm), and a symmetrical p ...	1992	1464574
the identification of sex in the starling sturnus vulgaris using a molecular dna technique.	female birds can be identified through the presence of a w-chromosome. we describe a procedure for amplifying a w-linked dna marker in the starling (sturnus vulgaris) by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) so allowing the diagnosis of sex in this species. the technique is sensitive, allowing even the smallest chicks to be sexed from a blood sample. the method possesses a positive internal control to ensure accuracy. it is also applicable to the spotless starling (s. unicolor) but not to two bird ...	1992	1344995
avian repellency of coniferyl and cinnamyl derivatives.	phenylpropanoids, a class of common phenolic compounds in plants, may potentially be useful as pest repellents. we investigated the relationship between the chemical structure of coniferyl benzoate and its repellency to birds by comparing coniferyl benzoate to two analogous natural esters, corresponding alcohols, and benzoic acid. the absolute and relative feeding repellency of these compounds were assessed in choice (two-cup) and no-choice (one-cup) tests using european starlings (sturnus vulga ...	1992	27759204
azimuthal sound localization in the european starling (sturnus vulgaris): i. physical binaural cues.	the physical measurements reported here test whether the european starling (sturnus vulgaris) evaluates the azimuth direction of a sound source with a peripheral auditory system composed of two acoustically coupled pressure-difference receivers (1) or of two decoupled pressure receivers (2). a directional pattern of sound intensity in the free-field was measured at the entrance of the auditory meatus using a probe microphone, and at the tympanum using laser vibrometry. the maximum differences in ...	1992	1583608
setting complex tasks to single units in the avian auditory forebrain. i: processing of complex artificial stimuli.	in the auditory forebrain (field l) of the european starling (sturnus vulgaris), single unit responses were recorded for a wide range of complex stimuli, comprising different forms of amplitude and frequency modulation. about two-third of the units locked to sinusoidal modulation regardless of whether frequency (sfm) or amplitude (sam) was modulated. on average, however, frequency led to stronger synchronization. both the proportion of phase locking and its mean strength showed a low-pass depend ...	1992	1733914
comparative response of nestling european starlings and red-winged blackbirds to an oral administration of either dimethoate or chlorpyrifos.	red-winged blackbird (agelaius phoeniceus; blackbird) and european starling (sturnus vulgaris; starling) nestlings were dosed with either 2.0 mg/kg body mass chlorpyrifos, 50.0 mg/kg body mass dimethoate, or a propylene glycol carrier in situ. four growth measurements (body mass, culmen, tarsus, wing) were recorded from nestlings to determine if these organophosphorus compounds caused perturbations in development at sublethal concentrations. blackbird nestlings were more sensitive to chlorpyrifo ...	1992	1380993
fetal atrioventricular and outflow tract flow velocity waveforms during conducted and blocked supraventricular extrasystoles.	maximum flow velocity waveforms at atrioventricular and outflow tract level were studied cross-sectionally in 19 human fetuses with conducted and/or blocked supraventricular extrasystoles ranging from 25 to 38 weeks of gestation. at outflow tract level, peak systolic velocity and acceleration time for extrasystolic and post-extrasystolic beats were compared with those for the immediately preceding normal beat. regression lines were calculated for peak systolic velocities with filling time. at at ...	1992	12796970
the effect of pinealectomy on circadian plasma melatonin levels in house sparrows and european starlings.	we determined 24-hr plasma melatonin profiles in intact, sham-pinealectomized, and pinealectomized european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (passer domesticus) in a light-dark (ld) cycle and in constant darkness (dd). in the intact and sham-pinealectomized birds of both species, a melatonin rhythm was found, with low levels during the day and high levels during the night. pinealectomy abolished the nighttime peak of melatonin in both species; hence, levels were low at all times s ...	1992	1286201
the metabolic output of avian (sturnus vulgaris, calidris alpina) adipose tissue liver and skeletal muscle: implications for bmr/body mass relationships.	1. the oxygen uptake rate of avian adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle slices were measured. 2. the energy consumption of fat was less than one tenth that of liver and muscle. 3. thus, interspecific allometric equations for the prediction of basal metabolic rate from body mass will not be accurate throughout the avian annual cycle unless changes in body composition are taken into account.	1992	1359954
changes in pericardial pressure during the perinatal period.	to determine how the tissues that surround the heart affect diastolic and systolic function during the perinatal period, we studied the pressure-diameter relation of the left ventricle in partially delivered fetal lambs.	1992	1423972
mechanical determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption with special reference to external work and efficiency.	the aim of the study was to investigate the ambiguous effect of left ventricular afterload on myocardial work, oxygen consumption, and efficiency.	1992	1451165
diastolic vibration improves systolic function in cases of incomplete relaxation.	incomplete relaxation of the left ventricle (lv) affects lv filling, but the subsequent effect on lv systolic function remains unclear. we attempted to improve relaxation by applying oscillatory mechanical perturbation during diastole (diastolic vibration) and examined the extent to which systolic function improved.	1992	1451267
auditory perception of conspecific and heterospecific vocalizations in birds: evidence for special processes.	budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus), canaries (serinus canaria), and zebra finches (poephila guttata castanotis) were tested for their ability to discriminate among distance calls of each species. for comparison, starlings (sturnus vulgaris) were tested on the same sounds. response latencies to detect a change in a repeating background of sound were taken as a measure of the perceptual similarity among calls. all 4 species showed clear evidence of 3 perceptual categories corresponding to the c ...	1992	1555398
ischemia-induced depressed systolic thickening is transiently augmented by remote coronary occlusion.	to determine if ischemia-induced depressed myocardial thickening can be augmented by remote coronary occlusion, posterior wall function (pulsed doppler crystal) was measured before and after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion in the presence of reduced circumflex coronary artery flow (of sufficient severity to reduce resting function) in an anesthetized open-chest canine preparation in which the circumflex was pump-perfused with carotid arterial blood. left anterior descending co ...	1992	1571984
regional contractile performance during acute ischemia in porcine right ventricle.	studies of regional ischemia in the canine left ventricle (lv) have shown augmented systolic segmental shortening in nonischemic regions. to characterize these responses in the right ventricle (rv), acute occlusions of the right coronary artery (rcao) were produced in anesthetized pigs. orthogonal pairs of ultrasonic segment-length crystals were implanted in the mid-rv free wall (ischemic region) and in the outflow tract (nonischemic region). rv pressure-area work loops were generated during inf ...	1992	1636753
estimation of total body fluid shifts between plasma and interstitium in man during extracorporeal circulation.	fluid transport between plasma and interstitium during extracorporeal circulation was studied in seven patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting. the absolute shifts in plasma volume during hypothermia were determined as the difference between input and loss of fluid and the changes in blood volume. the change in haemoglobin concentration due to acute haemodilution when starting extracorporeal circulation was used to calculate the absolute blood and plasma volume. the starling equation f ...	1992	1574974
acute lowering of plasma oncotic pressure increases filtration fraction and sodium excretion in conscious sheep.	we examined the effect of acutely lowering the colloid osmotic pressure by removing plasma (36.2 +/- 3.1 ml/kg) and replacing it with hartmann's solution (93.0 +/- 8.2 ml/kg) in 6 conscious merino sheep. the colloid osmotic pressure was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) from 20.3 +/- 0.9 to 8.5 +/- 2.5 mm hg 0 h after plasmapheresis and to 15.2 +/- 0.8 mm hg 20 h after treatment. the filtration fraction increased from 0.16 +/- 0.02 to 0.27 +/- 0.02 at 0 h (p < 0.05 vs. control) and to 0.20 +/- 0. ...	1992	1282727
influence of hypertonic-hyperoncotic solution and furosemide on canine hydrostatic pulmonary oedema resorption.	1. this study aimed at enhancing the clearance of experimental hydrostatic pulmonary oedema in dogs using hypertonic-hyperoncotic solution (hhs) and furosemide. 2. anaesthetized dogs (n = 20) were mechanically ventilated with a positive end-expiratory pressure of 10 cmh2o (1.0 kpa). 3. hydrostatic pulmonary oedema was induced by inflating a balloon inserted into the left atrium and simultaneously infusing isotonic saline rapidly. oedema formation was terminated by deflating the balloon and reduc ...	1992	1302272
lymphatic versus nonlymphatic fluid absorption from the peritoneal cavity as related to the peritoneal ultrafiltration capacity and sieving properties.	in this article we discuss the role of capillary fluid absorption via starling mechanisms (the transcapillary hydrostatic pressure gradient opposed by the colloid osmotic pressure gradient as multiplied by the capillary uf coefficient) vs. lymphatic fluid absorption as determinants of the total fluid loss from the peritoneal cavity during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). we also mention that, under nonsteady state conditions, there is in addition some net absorption of fluid int ...	1992	1308683
effect of dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, in the isolated heart.	dexmedetomidine (dm) was studied in the isolated dog heart in the form of a starling heart-lung preparation, (hlp). hearts were subjected to increased loading by (a) increasing cardiac output, and (b) increasing systemic resistance. results are depicted by cardiac function curves, prepared by plotting left atrial pressure against either systemic cardiac output or mean arterial pressure. dm, given in divided doses up to 44 micrograms, had no effect on heart rate or cardiac function, nor did injec ...	1992	1353991
the emergence of endocrinology.	endocrinology was recognized as a new branch of biological science mainly as a result of events which took place between about 1890 and 1905, but ideas and discoveries dating from antiquity contributed to it also. experiments supporting the concept of internal secretions by the testicles were described by aristotle (4th c. b.c.) and by hunter (18th c.) and berthold (19th c.). in 1855 bernard described glucose as an internal secretion of the liver and addison reported the effects of adrenal disea ...	1992	1398153
functional significance of the frank-starling mechanism under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.	the functional significance of the frank-starling mechanism under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is discussed, based mainly on animal experiment results (in the dog, pig and rat). the dependence of individual stroke volume on end-diastolic volume can be described adequately using frank's diagram. this can be illustrated by varying filling pressure (respiratory cycle, vascular tone in the capacitance system, body position, circulating blood volume) and by alterations in the durat ...	1992	1478214
responses of isolated rabbit thoracic aortae to endothelin-1 and several vasoactive substances. a new blood perfusion circuit under the controlled conditions of resistance and flow.	analysis of the reactivity of isolated rabbit thoracic aorta to isoproterenol and norepinephrine injected into a blood perfusion circuit intraarterially (i.a.) under controlled conditions of resistance and flow using conscious support rabbits revealed that with pressure loads of 10-20 mmhg for a vessel-holding chamber and 60 mmhg for a starling pneumatic resistance set, a suitable vasodilation or vasoconstriction can be obtained. this leads us to assume that the system could be used to assess th ...	1992	1392057
perception of cliff swallow calls by birds (hirundo pyrrhonota and sturnus vulgaris) and humans (homo sapiens).	we tested for species differences in the perception of the cliff swallow chick begging call. one cliff swallow (hirundo pyrrhonota), 3 european starling (sturnus vulgaris), and 3 human (homo sapiens) subjects were trained on go-no-go or repeating background tasks to discriminate between all possible stimulus pairs, measured by percentage of correct response and latency. we used multidimensional scaling to convert the similarity measures into a 2-dimensional map for each subject. most of the maps ...	1992	1395493
a simple distensible vessel model for interpreting pulmonary vascular pressure-flow curves.	a simple distensible vessel model was developed for the purpose of interpreting the vascular pressure-flow curve in the zone 3 lung. the model-governing equation has two parameters: r0, representing the hemodynamic resistance of the undistended pulmonary vascular bed, and alpha, representing the distensibility of the resistance vessels. to evaluate the model, the governing equation was used in a nonlinear regression analysis of the pressure-flow data from isolated dog lung lobes. the dependency ...	1992	1400067
single perturbed beat vs. steady-state beats for assessing systolic function in the isolated heart.	single-beat and steady-state techniques for evaluating end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (espvr) and frank-starling mechanism (fsm) in the crystalloid-perfused isolated rabbit heart were compared. in the single-beat technique, a train of stable isovolumic beats was interrupted with a single perturbed beat that either ejected against various levels of imposed isobaric load (espvr protocol) or beat isovolumically against various levels of end-diastolic volume (v(ed); fsm protocol). in stea ...	1992	1621824
heart size and maximal cardiac output are limited by the pericardium.	we tested the hypothesis that the pericardium, by restricting heart size, limits maximal cardiac output and oxygen consumption. we studied 15 pigs. five underwent maximal treadmill running before and 14-21 days after thoracotomy and pericardiectomy; these pigs also received sequential volume infusions to determine end-diastolic pressure-dimension relationships. five underwent maximal treadmill running before and 14-21 days after thoracotomy (pericardium undisturbed) to determine the effect of th ...	1992	1481894
an evaluation of pulsus alternans in closed-chest dogs.	pulsus alternans is a condition in which the arterial pressure generated by the heart oscillates between two levels on a beat-to-beat basis. we evaluated the onset of pulsus alternans in chronically instrumented dogs subjected to tachycardia and inferior vena caval occlusion. during pulsus alternans, the left ventricular (lv) end-diastolic volume (edv) was larger before the strong beats (28.7 +/- 5.3 vs. 25.9 +/- 4.5 ml, p less than 0.001 by paired t test), suggesting that the frank-starling mec ...	1992	1733317
responses of the cardiac transplant patient to exercise and training.	total denervation persists in the human heart following cardiac transplantation. at rest, there is some increase of heart rate and blood pressure. with a low normal cardiac output. the donor heart remains capable of a satisfactory acute response to exercise, based upon an increase of venous return (acting through the frank-starling mechanism) and slower chronotropic and inotropic responses to circulating catecholamines. during submaximal exercise, the stroke volume is greater than normal, but th ...	1992	1623890
[influence of transient and sustained increase of blood pressure on the 1st temporal derivative of the ventricular pressure].	to analyze the influence of transient and sustained elevations of arterial pressure (ap) on the rate of rise of the left ventricular pressure (dp/dt).	1992	1340722
effect of afterload and beta-adrenergic blockade on nonischemic myocardial contraction pattern.	we studied how changes in afterload affect regional contraction in the anterior wall of the left ventricular after circumflex coronary arterial (cfx) occlusion and subsequent beta-adrenergic blockade in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized cats. regional function was determined by orthogonal sonomicrometry. cfx occlusion produced nonuniform hyperkinesis in the nonischemic anterior wall; shortening of circumferential segments increased from 10.1 to 14.1% (p < 0.001), whereas shortening of longitudin ...	1992	1362331
anion manipulation: a new antiarrhythmic approach. action of substitution of chloride with nitrate on ischemia- and reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation and contractile function.	the role of anions in the initiation of ischemia- and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias is unknown. we examined the antiarrhythmic effects of isotonic substitution of extracellular cl- with no3- by using the rat langendorff preparation (n = 12 per group). during 30 minutes of regional ischemia, the incidence of ventricular fibrillation (vf) was reduced from 50% in hearts perfused with control solution (containing a cl-:no3- ratio of 100:0) to 25%, 0% (p less than 0.05), 0% (p less than 0.05), and ...	1992	1551189
pressure-flow relationships of the pulmonary circulation during endotoxin infusion in intact dogs.	we aimed to characterize the effects of an endotoxin insult (escherichia coli 0127:b8) on the relationships between pulmonary vascular pressure and flow in intact dogs. to achieve this goal, multipoint plots of total pressure gradient, arterial pressure gradient, and venous pressure gradient vs. flow were generated by graded inflation of a right atrial balloon, which was used to vary flow. the partitioning of the total pressure decrease across the pulmonary vasculature (total pressure gradient = ...	1992	1617970
studies of myocardial protection in the immature heart. iv. improved tolerance of immature myocardium to hypoxia and ischemia by intravenous metabolic support.	thirteen immature puppies (2 to 4 kg) underwent 1 hour of acute hypoxia (oxygen tension 25 to 30 mm hg), followed by 45 minutes of normothermic global ischemia on total vented bypass with normal blood reperfusion. ventricular function was assessed by inscribing starling function curves and measuring stroke work indices before hypoxia and after reperfusion. seven puppies (control) received normal saline infusion at 4 ml/kg/hr. six other puppies received a 4 ml/kg/hr intravenous infusion of glutam ...	1991	1986167
starling forces and lymphatic drainage in pleural liquid and protein exchanges.	pleural liquid volume and protein concentration (c) were determined in rabbits 60 min after a 2 ml hydrothorax with various albumin concentrations in ringer, homologous serum or plasma. the absorption rate of the hydrothorax decreased with the increase in colloid osmotic pressure of the pleural liquid (pi), being 0.56 +/- 0.03, 0.32 +/- 0.02 and 0.17 +/- 0.05 ml/h with ringer, 1.1 and 3 g% albumin, respectively, and nil with 5% albumin, serum or plasma. c increased with ringer and 1.1% albumin, ...	1991	1780605
[turdus merula l. as a proper host of capillaria ovopunctata (nematoda, capillariidae)].	biometrical analysis of four morphometric characters of male and female specimens of capillaria ovopunctata parasitizing in sturnus vulgaris, erithacus rubecula, turdus philomelos and turdus merula, i.e. length of body, oesophagus, number of stichocytes or length of spicula and vulvar appendage respectively was carried out. it has been proved, that characters of females c. ovopunctata parasitizing in t. merula significantly differ from those of the nematodes found in other hosts. the present and ...	1991	1822042
myocardial metabolic effects of in vivo hydralazine treatment of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.	we determined myocardial pumping capacity, glucose oxidation, and mechanical response to ischemia in streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated for 4 wk with or without hydralazine (0.5 mg/g of chow). plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were decreased 73 and 50%, respectively, in the treated animals. blood glucose levels were greater than 400 mg/100 g in both groups. hearts were perfused in the working configuration with buffer containing 5 mm [u-14c]glucose. starling curves were constructed by incre ...	1991	1996694
characterization of covalent binding of [14c]-2-chloro-4-acetotoluidide to microsomes of starling liver and kidney.	in this study, we have characterized the covalent binding of [14c]-2-chloro-4-acetotoluidide (cat) radioactivity to microsomes of starling liver and kidney. the maximal velocity (vmax) of covalent binding and apparent michaelis constant (km) for both tissues were similar. the vmax for liver and kidney were 52.8 and 68.9 pmol/min/mg protein, and the apparent kms were 0.54 and 0.87 mm, respectively. the covalent binding of radioactivity to heat-denatured microsomes of liver and kidney was reduced ...	1991	1941900
mechanism of sustained mechanical alternans. effect of variations in ventricular billing volume.	this study investigations the phenomenon of sustained mechanical alternans (sma) through the use of quantitative criteria. discrete analysis is used to demonstrate that the hemodynamic variables during sma are governed by a simple mathematical relation. the analysis shows that the value of the slope created by the two alternating beats on the stroke volume (sv)-end-diastolic volume (edv) plane is gamma = (mu - 1) (1 + beta)/(mu - beta), where mu = svs/svw, and svs and svw denote the strong and w ...	1991	2054940
alterations in myocardial contractility in conscious dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy.	we investigated the changes in left ventricular (lv) geometry and myocardial contractility in eight conscious chronically instrumented dogs studied before and after the development of dilated cardiomyopathy induced by rapid ventricular pacing. significant increases (p less than 0.01) were observed in cardiac dimensions in both the lv long and short axes and in end-diastolic volume (control: 53 +/- 1 ml; cardiomyopathy: 76 +/- 2 ml) and end-systolic volume (control: 27 +/- 2 ml; cardiomyopathy: 5 ...	1991	2058725
comparative studies of the covalent binding of [14c]-2-chloro-4-acetotoluidide by liver and kidney slices of the starling.	in tissue slices of female starlings, binding of [14c]-2-chloro-4-acetotoluidide (cat) radioactivity to liver proteins was almost five times greater than binding to kidney proteins after 2 h of incubation. binding to protein of liver slices increased in a log linear fashion with increasing cat concentrations. binding to protein of kidney slices also increased with increasing concentrations but not in a log linear fashion. mixed-function oxidase inhibitors, skf 525-a and alpha-naphthoflavone, dec ...	1991	1918797
a two-dimensional morphometry-based model of interstitial and transcapillary flow in rabbit synovium.	the synovial lining of a joint is a layer of specialized connective tissue, containing fenestrated capillaries, that regulates the volume and composition of fluid in the joint cavity. the hydraulic conductance of the synovial lining and of the plasma-to-cavity pathway is increased by high intra-articular pressures (iap greater than 9 cmh2o) and this is accompanied by an increase in the interstitial pathway's area/pathlength ratio. in order to assess the contribution of the altered pathway geomet ...	1991	1768416
activity patterns of primary auditory-nerve fibres in chickens: development of fundamental properties.	we have examined the activity patterns of single auditory-nerve fibers in the chicken and tested for possible changes during post-hatching development. for this purpose, we recorded from fibres in the cochlear ganglion of chickens of two age groups (about p2 and p21) and investigated their spontaneous and sound-evoked activity patterns under nembutal-chloralhydrate anaesthesia. the spontaneous activity of primary auditory neurones was irregular, the average rates were between 20.5 (p2) and 23 (p ...	1991	1774201
lymph flow transients following elevation of venous pressure in the dog hindpaw.	lymph flow transients were studied in a dog paw preparation when venous pressure was elevated by 15 and 25 mmhg. the lymph flow transients showed a very rapid initial increase which then declined to a steady-state value that was one-half the peak lymph flow response for both pressure changes. lymph flow increased in the initial 5.3 minutes following venous pressure elevation to 10.4 +/- 2.0 and 18.1 +/- 4.5 times the normal lymph flow (mean +/- standard deviation) for the 15 and 25 mmhg increase ...	1991	1791726
renal sodium retention in the nephrotic syndrome.	where do the experiments on rat kidneys exposed to puromycin leave us in attempting to evaluate further the pathophysiology of oedema in human nephrotic syndrome? they cannot be considered conclusive. the arguments favouring an intrinsic abnormality in the kidney as a major factor in sodium retention, rather than this being a secondary response to humoral and neural influences stimulated by changes in actual or perceived plasma volume, would be strengthened by experiments using another animal mo ...	1991	1818554
[right heart function and endotoxemia in animals].	we used a chronic instrumented ovine model to investigate right heart function following an endotoxin bolus. primary aim of the experiments was to elucidate the influence of the right heart on the cardiopulmonary system. furthermore, we tried a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor as a therapeutical approach. at least we investigated the ir-anf release, as the endocrinal function of the right heart, in this model. following the endotoxin administration we observed a massive increase of the pulmonary ...	1991	1833887
left ventricular hypertrophy: dissociation of structural and functional effects by therapy.	the heart is one of the major target organs that becomes secondarily involved with the unrelenting and progressive vascular disease of essential hypertension. as a result of this increasing afterload that is imposed upon the left ventricle, the ventricular chamber adapts structurally and functionally. structural changes involve an increase in muscle mass that is achieved through left ventricular hypertrophy (in a manner similar to the arteriolar changes demonstrated by increased thickening). unl ...	1991	1839347
responses of slowly and rapidly adapting receptors in the airways of rabbits to changes in the starling forces.	1. the responses of the rapidly adapting receptors (rars) and the slowly adapting receptors (sars) of the airways to changes in the starling forces regulating fluid exchange in the pulmonary extravascular space were investigated in anaesthetized rabbits. the hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary microvasculature was raised by partial obstruction of the mitral valve (mean left atrial pressure increased by approximately 5 and 10 mmhg above the control values) and the concentration of plasma protei ...	1991	1886073