Publications

pepper (capsicum annuum) is a dead-end host for tomato yellow leaf curl virus.	abstract tomato yellow leaf curl (tylc) is one of the most devastating pathogens affecting tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) worldwide. the disease is caused by a complex of begomovirus species, two of which, tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus (tylcsv) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv), are responsible for epidemics in southern spain. tylcv also has been reported to cause severe damage to common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) crops. pepper (capsicum annuum) plants collected from commercial ...	2005	18943307
genetic and phenotypic variation of the pepper golden mosaic virus complex.	abstract three isolates of the bipartite begomovirus pepper golden mosaic virus (pepgmv) were characterized for genomic and biological properties. the complete nucleotide sequences of the dna-a and dna-b components were determined from infectious clones of pepgmv-serrano (pepgmv-ser), pepgmv-mosaic (pepgmv-mo), and pepgmv-distortion (pepgmv-d). nucleotide sequence identity among pepgmv components ranged from 91 to 96% for dna-a and from 84 to 99% for dna-b, with each pepgmv component most closel ...	2005	18943475
nucleotide sequencing, whitefly transmission, and screening tomato for resistance against two newly described begomoviruses in bangladesh.	abstract the molecular diversity of tomato leaf curl viruses (tolcvs), from the two main tomato growing areas of jessore and joydebpur, bangladesh, was investigated. the viral dna was amplified from tomato plants exhibiting mild and severe symptoms by polymerase chain reaction, and the complete genomes of the tolcvs were sequenced. an isolate of the bipartite tomato leaf curl new delhi virus-severe (tolcndv-svr) was associated with the severe symptom phenotype from jessore (tolcndv-svr[jes]). a ...	2005	18943559
isolation of dipicolinic acid as an insecticidal toxin from paecilomyces fumosoroseus.	several entomopathogenic fungi produce toxins that could be used as bioinsecticides in integrated pest management programs. paecilomyces fumosoroseus is currently used for the biological control of the whiteflies bemisia tabaci and b. argentifolii. supernatants from submerged batch culture, where the fungus produced abundant dispersed mycelium, conidia and blastospores, were toxic to the whitefly nymphs. the most abundant metabolite was purified by hplc and identified by mass spectrometry and nm ...	2005	15696281
impact of melon accessions resistant to aphids on the demographic potential of silverleaf whitefly.	bemisia tabaci (gennadius) and aphis gossypii glover are devastating melon, cucumis melo l., pests. the geographic areas where they occur overlap, and the same chemicals are used to control both of them. therefore, to reduce pesticide use, it would be necessary to breed melon lines that simultaneously express a resistance to both insects. female survival; the time when reproduction starts, peaks, and ends; the number of female offspring at the reproductive peak; and total reproduction (s) were d ...	2005	15889749
pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus, lecanicillium muscarium, against the sweetpotato whitefly bemisia tabaci under laboratory and glasshouse conditions.	the potential for using the entomopathogenic fungus lecanicillium muscarium to control the sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci has been established in the laboratory by other studies. laboratory studies however frequently overestimate the level of control achieved by biological control agents in the glasshouse. before full-scale commercial or field development is considered, glasshouse trials are required to confirm laboratory results. under both controlled laboratory and glasshouse conditions ...	2005	16244900
benzothiadiazole induces local resistance to bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) in tomato plants.	plant resistance to the b and q biotypes of sweetpotato whitefly, bemisa tabaci (gennadius), induced by benzo [1,2,3] thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid-s-methyl ester (bth or acibenzolar-s-methyl) in tomato 'marmande' plants was evaluated in free-choice and no-choice assays under different conditions. bth is the active ingredient of the syngenta plant activator bion. bth treatment affected host preference of b. tabaci (b and q biotypes) adults on plants sprayed with bion at 0.2 and 0.4 g/liter duri ...	2005	16539159
[life table of natural bemisia tabaci population on cucumber plants in different seasons].	the study showed that in the early growth stage of cucumber in spring, the predation on bemisia tabaci egg was the key factor for controlling b. tabaci population, and the exclusion index of population control was 1.7333. in the late growth stage of cucumber in spring, summer and autumn, the predation on b. tabaci elder nymph was the critical factor for controlling b. tabaci population, and the exclusion index of population control was 4.5372, 4.0429 and 7.9021, respectively. from spring to autu ...	2005	16515210
host-parasitoid interactions relating to penetration of the whitefly, bemisia tabaci, by the parasitoid wasp, eretmocerus mundus.	it has been reported that the aphelinid wasp eertmocerus mundus parasitizes all four nymphal instars of the sweet potato whitefly, bemisia tabaci (biotype b), with 3rd instars being the preferred hosts. the parasitoid lays its egg on the leaf underneath the host nymph. first instars hatch and later penetrate the whitefly. previous studies have shown that the initiation of parasitoid penetration induces the host to form a cellular capsule around the parasitoid. as described here, females never ov ...	2005	17119628
compatibility of the entomopathogenic fungus lecanicillium muscarium and insecticides for eradication of sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci.	the compatibility of the entomopathogenic fungus lecanicillium muscarium and chemical insecticides used to control the second instar stages of the sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci, was investigated. the effect on spore germination of direct exposure for 24 h to the insecticides imidacloprid, buprofezin, teflubenzuron and nicotine was determined. only exposure to buprofezin was followed by acceptable spore germination. however, all chemicals significantly reduced spore germination when compar ...	2005	16160767
how predatory mites find plants with whitefly prey.	we investigated the searching behaviour of two species of predatory mites, typhlodromips swirskii (athias-henriot) and euseius scutalis (athias-henriot), both known to feed on immature stages of the whitefly bemisia tabaci gennadius. when released in a greenhouse inside a circle of cucumber plants that were alternatingly clean or infested with immature whiteflies, the mites took several days to find plants. both species were recaptured significantly more on plants with whiteflies. this suggests ...	2005	16132740
development, survivorship and reproduction of eretmocerus sp. nr furuhashii (hymenoptera: aphelinidae) parasitizing bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) on glabrous and non-glabrous host plants.	the developmental, survivorship and reproductive biology of eretmocerus sp. nr furuhashii rose & zolnerowich parasitizing bemisia tabaci (gennadius) biotype b on tomato, cucumber, eggplant and collard at 26+/-0.5 degrees c was studied. the mean longevity ranged from 6.5 days on tomato to 8.1 days on collard. the mean lifetime fecundities on tomato, cucumber, eggplant and collard were 35.4, 37.3, 41.4 and 46.4 eggs, whereas the mean lifetime fertility was 20.2, 22.7, 28.3 and 33.6 offspring, resp ...	2005	16048679
natural products: seasonal variation in trichome counts and contents in lycopersicum hirsutum f. glabratum.	wild tomato leaves possess a pest-resistance mechanism in their glandular trichomes and the exudates they produce. type iv and vi glandular trichomes on the leaves of five wild tomato accessions of lycopersicum hirsutum f. glabratum (pi 126449, pi 134417, pi 134418, pi 251304, and la 407) grown under greenhouse conditions were counted. major chemical compounds from glandular leaf trichomes of the accessions tested were extracted, purified, and quantified at different periods during the growing s ...	2005	16047884
bemisia argentifolii is a race of b. tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae): the molecular genetic differentiation of b. tabaci populations around the world.	the phylogenetic relationships between genotypes of bemisia tabaci were compared using its1 and co1 nucleotide sequences. phylogenetic and minimum spanning network analyses identified six major races, asia, bali, australia, sub-saharan africa, mediterranean/asia minor/africa and new world as well as a large collection of genotypes from the asia region with no strong association with any of the races. the term race is based on its usage in mallet (2001). mating incompatibility occurs between some ...	2005	15960874
[feeding behavior of serangium japonicum (coleoptera: coccinellidae), a predator of bemisia tabaci (homoptera: aleyrodidae)].	serangiurm japonicum is an important predator of whiteflies in china. in this study, the bemisia tabaci-attacking behavior of s. japonicum adults and larvae was observed by a videocassette recorder. the results showed that the predatory behavior of s. japonicum adults was characteristic with six events, i.e., walking, feeding, clearing, resting, vibrating wings, and excreting. the starved larvae of s. japonicum was fond spending all times in feeding and walking on host eggs, with no time in rest ...	2005	15943367
insect resistance in tomato accessions and their hybrid derivatives in tamil nadu, india.	host plant resistance offers a viable alternative to the use of chemical insecticides for managing insects infesting tomato. hence, a study was carried out in tamil nadu, india during 1996 to 2004. an exhaustive germplasm comprising 321 tomato accessions including cultivars, wild lines, land races, tribal/native tomatoes was gathered from various sources and screened for resistance against the major pest namely fruit worm, helicoverpa armigera hubner (noctuidae: lepidoptera). in the field screen ...	2005	16628895
biorational insecticides: mechanism and cross-resistance.	potency and cross-resistance of various biorational insecticides, exemplified by the whitefly bemisia tabaci, have been studied. bemisia tabaci were exposed to the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen for the past 12 years resulting in an over 2,000-fold resistance, but there was no appreciable cross-resistance with the benzoylphenyl urea novaluron. similarly, no cross-resistance was found between pyriproxyfen and the two neonicotinoids, acetamiprid and imidacloprid. on the other hand, a slight c ...	2005	15756702
resistance of insect pests to neonicotinoid insecticides: current status and future prospects.	the first neonicotinoid insecticide introduced to the market was imidacloprid in 1991 followed by several others belonging to the same chemical class and with the same mode of action. the development of neonicotinoid insecticides has provided growers with invaluable new tools for managing some of the world's most destructive crop pests, primarily those of the order hemiptera (aphids, whiteflies, and planthoppers) and coleoptera (beetles), including species with a long history of resistance to ea ...	2005	15756698
the susceptibility of immature stages of bemisia tabaci to the entomopathogenic fungus lecanicillium muscarium on tomato and verbena foliage.	lecanicillium muscarium is a widely occurring entomopathogenic fungus. laboratory studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of l. muscarium against different instars of bemisia tabaci on tomato and verbena foliage after two incubation times (3 and 7 days). significant reduction in b. tabaci numbers were recorded on fungus treated plants (p < 0.001). second instar b. tabaci proved most susceptible to l. muscarium infection. there was no significant difference in mortality of b. tabaci seco ...	2005	15750729
conservation of natural enemies in cotton: comparative selectivity of acetamiprid in the management of bemisia tabaci.	the integrated control concept emphasizes the importance of both chemical and biological control for pest suppression in agricultural systems. a two-year field study was conducted to evaluate the selectivity of acetamiprid for the control of bemisia tabaci (gennadius) in cotton compared with a proven selective regime based on the insect growth regulators (igrs) pyriproxyfen and buprofezin. acetamiprid was highly effective in controlling all stages of b tabaci compared with an untreated control, ...	2005	15712368
identification of the molting hormone of the sweet potato (bemisia tabaci) and greenhouse (trialeurodes vaporariorum) whitefly.	in order to identify the whitefly molting hormone, whole body extracts of mature 4th instar and newly formed pharate adult bemisia tabaci (biotype b) and trialeurodes vaporariorum were prepared and subjected to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (rphplc). ecdysteroid content of fractions was determined by enzymeimmunoassay (eia). the only detectable ecdysteroids that were present in significant amounts in whitefly extracts were ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone. the concentration ...	2005	15686645
[interactive system of delphastus catalinae and its competitor: interspecies competition].	delphastus catalinae and serangium japonicum are the important natural enemies of bemisia tabaci, of which, the former is exotic, and the latter is indigenous. in this paper, the influence of interspecies competition on the population growth of d. catalinae and s. japonicum was studied under conditions of single and mixed rearing, and lotka-volterra equation was used to simulate the competition when more and less preys provided for the two ladybirds. the results showed that the population growth ...	2004	15334980
characterization and molecular cloning of a glutathione s-transferase from the whitefly bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae).	glutathione s-transferases (gst) catalyzing the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a vast range of xenobiotics including insecticides were characterized in the whitefly bemisia tabaci. gst activities were determined in susceptible and resistant strains of b. tabaci towards artificial substrates, i.e. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (cdnb) in a photometric microplate assay and monochlorobimane (mcb) in a fluoroemtric microplate assay and characterized by their michaelis-menten kinetics. the inhibi ...	2004	15041016
methods of surveying the incidence and severity of cassava mosaic disease and whitefly vector populations on cassava in africa: a review.	field surveys in many cassava growing areas of africa have assessed the incidence and severity of cassava mosaic disease (cmd), populations of the whitefly vector (bemisia tabaci), and the distribution of cassava mosaic begomoviruses (cmbs). the methods employed differ greatly between countries and attempts at standardization were made in recent cmd surveys in east and central africa, notably in the systemwide whitefly ipm project, which provides a paradigm for future work on cmbs and whiteflies ...	2004	15036844
the ecology and epidemiology of whitefly-transmitted viruses in latin america.	whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses are the most important constraint to the production of common bean and vegetable crops in the tropical lowlands and mid-altitude valleys of latin america. currently, over 30 distinct species of geminiviruses that are transmitted by the whitefly bemisia tabaci infect common bean, tomato, pepper, cucurbits and other horticultural crops. a climate probability model (using floramap) was obtained using data from 304 geo-referenced locations where b. tabaci and gemin ...	2004	15036836
sequence analysis of dna fragments from the genome of the primary endosymbiont of the whitefly bemisia tabaci.	the whitefly bemisia tabaci contains a primary prokaryotic endosymbiont housed within specialized cells in the body cavity. two dna fragments from the endosymbiont, totaling 33.3 kilobases, were cloned and sequenced. in total, 37 genes were detected and included the ribosomal rna operon and genes for ribosomal rna proteins. the guanine plus cytosine of the dna was 30.2 mol%, different from that of endosymbionts of other plant sap-sucking insects.	2004	15018108
foraging behavior and prey interactions by a guild of predators on various lifestages of bemisia tabaci.	the sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci (gennadius) is fed on by a wide variety of generalist predators, but there is little information on these predator-prey interactions. a laboratory investigation was conducted to quantify the foraging behavior of the adults of five common whitefly predators presented with a surfeit of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults. the beetles, hippodamia convergens guerin-meneville and collops vittatus (say) fed mostly on whitefly eggs, but readily and rapidly preyed ...	2004	15861217
tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus can overcome transgene-mediated rna silencing of two essential viral genes.	to evaluate rna silencing for the control of geminivirus infection, two classes of post-transcriptionally silenced (pts) plants were tested using tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus (tylcsv) rep-210-transgenic plants, a sensexantisense hybrid and two multicopy sense lines. in both classes, pts plants accumulated low or undetectable amounts of rep-210 protein and mrna but high amounts of rep-210 small interfering rnas. pts plants were susceptible to tylcsv when challenged by agroinoculation or ...	2004	15166460
gene-for-gene disease resistance: bridging insect pest and pathogen defense.	active plant defense, also known as gene-for-gene resistance, is triggered when a plant resistance (r) gene recognizes the intrusion of a specific insect pest or pathogen. activation of plant defense includes an array of physiological and transcriptional reprogramming. during the past decade, a large number of plant r genes that confer resistance to diverse group of pathogens have been cloned from a number of plant species. based on predicted protein structures, these genes are classified into a ...	2004	15724964
severe outbreaks of tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus in calabria, southern italy.	during the winter 2003--2004 a serious disease was observed in protected tomato crops in castrovillari, reggio calabria province, southern italy. symptoms consisted in marginal leaf yellowing, leaf curling, plant stunting, flower abortion. the disease was detected in a group of greenhouses (about 10ha) where several tomato cultivars were grown hydroponically. the highest incidence of infection (60-100%) was observed in tomatoes grafted on beaufort drs tomato rootstock. since the symptoms were si ...	2004	15756842
whitefly transmission of sweet potato viruses.	three genera of plant viruses, begomovirus (geminiviridae), crinivirus (closteroviridae) and ipomovirus (potyviridae), contain members that infect sweet potato (ipomoea batatas) and are transmitted by whiteflies. the begomoviruses, sweet potato leaf curl virus (splcv) and ipomoea leaf curl virus (ilcv), and the ipomovirus sweet potato mild mottle virus are transmitted by bemisia tabaci, the sweet potato whitefly. the crinivirus, sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (spcsv), is transmitted by b. ta ...	2004	15036843
tylcsv dna, but not infectivity, can be transovarially inherited by the progeny of the whitefly vector bemisia tabaci (gennadius).	the transovarial transmission of two species of begomovirus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) and tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus (tylcsv), through generations of bemisia tabaci of the b and q biotypes has been investigated. different life stages of the progeny of viruliferous female whiteflies have been analysed by pcr detection of viral dna and infectivity tests. our results indicate that tylcsv dna can be detected in eggs and nymphs, and to a lesser extent adults, of the first-gen ...	2004	15193923
complete nucleotide sequence of iranian tomato yellow leaf curl virus isolate: further evidence for natural recombination amongst begomoviruses. brief report.	complete nucleotide sequence of the iranian strain of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv-ir) was determined and compared with some begomoviruses. the complete sequence of tylcv-ir clustered together with tylcv and tylcv-mid from israel. a similar relationship holds when the deduced amino acid sequences of v1, v2, c2 and c3 and nucleotide sequences of ir, and rir were compared. in contrast, phylogenetic analyses of amino acid sequences of c4, c1, and nucleotide sequences of lir revealed that ty ...	2004	15221543
trapping of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) and other plant viruses with a groel homologue from the whitefly bemisia tabaci.	to avoid destruction in the haemolymph of their vector, many plant circulative viruses interact with groel homologues produced by insect endosymbiotic bacteria. we have exploited this phenomenon to devise tools allowing trapping of plant viruses by either groel purified from the whitefly bemisia tabaci or by whitefly groel over-expressed in e. coli. pcr tubes or 96-well plates coated with a groel preparation were incubated with cleared sap of virus infected plant leaves or insect vectors. groel- ...	2004	15290375
intra- and interspecific competition between biotypes b and q of bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) from spain.	biotypes b and q of bemisia tabaci (gennadius), collected from the islands of tenerife and majorca respectively, were exposed to competition conditions on tomato cv. marmande in the laboratory. both biotypes were established in single and mixed cultures at different densities. increased mortality of biotype q females and immature instars was observed together with a lower rate of fecundity and progeny size compared to biotype b, when reared in single or mixed cultures. the female:male sex ratio ...	2004	15301702
quantitative parameters determining whitefly (bemisia tabaci) transmission of lettuce infectious yellows virus and an engineered defective rna.	in this study, quantitative parameters affecting in vitro acquisition and whitefly (bemisia tabaci) transmission of lettuce infectious yellows virus (liyv) were examined and b. tabaci transmission of an engineered defective rna (d-rna) was demonstrated. virions purified from virus- and virion rna-inoculated chenopodium murale plants and protoplasts of nicotiana tabacum, respectively, were consistently transmitted to plants by b. tabaci when virion concentrations were 0.1 ng microl(-1) or greater ...	2004	15302963
east african cassava mosaic zanzibar virus - a recombinant begomovirus species with a mild phenotype.	cassava plants exhibiting mild symptoms of cassava mosaic disease (cmd) were collected from unguja island, zanzibar. cuttings grown from these plants in the glasshouse produced similar symptoms, which were milder than those caused by other known cassava mosaic geminiviruses (cmgs). the whitefly vector, bemisia tabaci (gennadius), transmitted the putative virus to 27.7% (n = 18) of target plants. total dna extracted from diseased leaves did not yield diagnostic pcr-bands using virus-specific prim ...	2004	15375675
dynamics of resistance to the neonicotinoids acetamiprid and thiamethoxam in bemisia tabaci (homoptera: aleyrodidae).	the dynamics of resistance in the sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci (gennadius), to the neonicotinoids acetamiprid and thiamethoxam was studied extensively in cotton fields in israel during the cotton-growing seasons 1999-2003. whitefly strains were collected in early and late seasons mainly in three locations in northern, central, and southern israel. the whiteflies were assayed under laboratory conditions for susceptibility to neonicotinoids, as part of the israeli cotton insecticide resist ...	2004	15666764
phylogenetic evidence for two new insect-associated chlamydia of the family simkaniaceae.	on the basis of 16s-23s ribosomal dna analyses, the whitefly bemisia tabaci (sternorrhyncha, aleyrodidae) and the eriococcid eriococcus spurius (sternorrhyncha, eriococcidae) were each found to harbor novel related chlamydial species within the family simkaniaceae. the generic designation fritscheagen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the two species, f. bemisiaesp. nov. and f. eriococci sp. nov. the finding of chlamydial 16s-23s ribosomal dna in b. tabaci is consistent with a previous electron m ...	2003	12783192
plastic cup traps equipped with light-emitting diodes for monitoring adult bemisia tabaci (homoptera: aleyrodidae).	equipping the standard plastic cup trap, also known as the cc trap, with lime-green light-emitting diodes (led-plastic cup trap) increased its efficacy for catching bemisia tabaci by 100%. few eretmocerus eremicus rose and zolnerowich and encarsia formosa gahan were caught in led-plastic cup traps. the led-plastic cup traps are less expensive than yellow sticky card traps for monitoring adult whiteflies in greenhouse crop production systems and are more compatible with whitefly parasitoids relea ...	2003	12852586
insecticide resistance in egyptian populations of the cotton whitefly, bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae).	three collections of bemisia tabaci were taken from cotton and vegetable crops at the beginning of the growing season in egypt. these displayed marked resistance to the carbamates carbosulfan (ca 20- to 50-fold) and aldicarb (ca 40- to 80-fold) and moderate resistance to the pyrethroids cypermethrin (ca 10- to 30-fold) and lambda-cyhalothrin (ca 10- to 25-fold). they displayed no resistance to the organophosphates profenofos and pirimiphos-methyl, or to imidacloprid. another population, collecte ...	2003	12916767
detection of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction.	the genomic dna molecule of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv), a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus, was amplified from total dna extracts of tylcv-infected tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) by the use of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp). the procedure was also used to amplify tylcv dna from total dna extracts of individual whiteflies (bemisia tabaci) that had fed on tylcv-infected plants. one of the characteristics of the lamp method is its ability to synthesize an extremely large ...	2003	12951210
wolbachia infections of the whitefly bemisia tabaci.	we report the first systematic survey for the presence of wolbachia endosymbionts in aphids and whiteflies, particularly different populations and biotypes of bemisia tabaci. additional agriculturally important species included were predator species, leafhoppers, and lepidopterans. we used a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based detection assay with ribosomal 16s rdna and wolbachia cell surface protein (wsp) gene primers. wolbachia were detected in a number of whitefly populations and species, w ...	2003	14506854
field efficacy and baseline toxicities of pyriproxifen, acetamiprid, and diafenthiuron against bemisia tabaci gennadius (homoptera: aleyrodidae) in burkina faso (west africa).	bioassays were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to estimate toxicities and dose-response relationships of 24 bemisica tabaci gennadius populations to pyriproxifen, acemitaprid, and diafenthiuron. lc50s ranging from 0.014 to 0.096 mgl(-1), 0.60 to 1.3 mgl(-1), and 3.5 to 6.7 mgl(-1) were observed respectively for pyriproxifen, acemitaprid, and diafenthiuron. these lc50s much lower than the field doses recommended for each compound. a fast increase in rates of mortality within a narrow range of lethal c ...	2003	14649707
bemisia tabaci (homoptera: aleyrodidae) biotypes in india.	host plant performance, esterase, and virus transmission tests revealed cassava-strain and sweetpotato-strain populations of whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius) biotypes in india. individuals from the sweetpotato-reared population did not breed on cassava, manihot esculenta crantz, and the cassava-strain-reared individuals failed to develop on sweetpotato, ipomoea batatus (l.) lam. eggplant, solanum melongena l., and tobacco, nicotiana tabacum l., were common hosts for both biotypes. the cassava ...	2003	14994796
distribution and genetic diversity of tomato-infecting begomoviruses in brazil.	tomato-infecting begomoviruses have been reported throughout brazil since the introduction of the b biotype of bemisia tabaci. here, we report a large scale survey on the distribution and genetic diversity of tomato-infecting begomoviruses. tomato samples with typical begomovirus symptoms were collected in seven different states, comprising the major tomato growing areas of the country. viruses were detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using universal primers for the genus begomovirus. pc ...	2003	12556993
susceptibility of field populations of adult bemisia tabaci gennadius (homoptera: aleyrodidae) and eretmocerus sp (hymenoptera: aphelinidae) to cotton insecticides in burkina faso (west africa).	research was conducted in 14 cotton fields (3-10 ha) selected in seven localities (two fields per locality) in burkina faso, with the objectives of: (1) estimating bemisia tabaci gennadius (homoptera: aleyrodidae) population abundance, (2) assessing the levels of parasitism by encarsia spp and eretmocerus spp (hymenoptera: aphelinidae) and (3) estimating the susceptibilities of the pest and of an eretmocerus sp to the insecticides currently sprayed on cotton. yellow sticky cards and a leaf-turni ...	2003	12558104
relative effects of the insecticide thiamethoxam on the predator podisus nigrispinus and the tobacco whitefly bemisia tabaci in nectaried and nectariless cotton.	the predaceous stinkbug podisus nigrispinus (dallas) (heteroptera: pentatomidae) feeds on plants as well as on arthropod prey. the question arises whether feeding on plants might expose the predator to systemic insecticide via ingestion of the active ingredient or its metabolites through plant sap of treated plants. this interaction was investigated with nectaried and nectariless cotton plants cropped in pots and treated with the systemic insecticide thiamethoxam at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg per plant ...	2003	12639049
biochemical study of resistance to imidacloprid in b biotype bemisia tabaci from guatemala.	systemic uptake bioassays using excised cotton leaves confirmed resistance to imidacloprid in a guatemalan population of the tobacco whitefly bemisia tabaci gennadius. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of naphthyl esterases identified the insects as b-types. upon collection from the field, resistance was determined to be 58-fold relative to a susceptible strain originating in the imperial valley of california. resistance levels increased to 126-fold in this population during its continuous expo ...	2003	12639053
survey of bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) biotypes in italy with the description of a new biotype (t) from euphorbia characias.		2003	12762868
age-specific interaction between the parasitoid, encarsia formosa and its host, the silverleaf whitefly, bemisia tabaci (strain b).	the effect of hostage, the instar of bemisia tabaci (gennadius) parasitized, on the growth and development of encarsia formosa (gahan) was studied. e. formosa was able to parasitize and complete its life cycle no matter which instar of b. tabaci (strain b), [also identified as b. argentifolii (bellows and perring)], was provided for oviposition, but parasitoid development was significantly slower when 1st or 2nd instar b. tabaci rather than 3rd or 4th instars were parasitized. host age influence ...	2003	15841244
tomato yellow leaf curl virus, the intracellular dynamics of a plant dna virus.	summary tomato yellow leaf curl virus is a geminivirus, transmitted by whitefly (bemisia tabaci) and causing the most destructive disease of tomato throughout the mediterranean region, the middle east and the tropical regions of africa and central america. affected plants produce either no fruits or a few small fruits. since it is an ssdna virus which replicates in the host cell nucleus, the molecular mechanisms involved in the viral nuclear import have been the focus of our studies in recent ye ...	2003	20569358
the root-knot nematode resistance gene mi-1.2 of tomato is responsible for resistance against the whitefly bemisia tabaci.	the tomato gene mi-1.2 confers resistance against root-knot nematodes and some isolates of potato aphid. resistance to the whitefly bemisia tabaci previously has been observed in mi-bearing commercial tomato cultivars, suggesting that mi, or a closely linked gene, is responsible for the resistance. the response of two biotypes of b. tabaci to tomato carrying the cloned mi was compared with that of the isogenic untransformed tomato line moneymaker. our results indicate that mi-1.2 is responsible ...	2003	12848430
characterization of acetylcholinesterases, and their genes, from the hemipteran species myzus persicae (sulzer), aphis gossypii (glover), bemisia tabaci (gennadius) and trialeurodes vaporariorum (westwood).	gene sequences encoding putative acetylcholinesterases have been reported for four hemipteran insect species. although acetylcholinesterase insensitivity occurs in insecticide-resistant populations of each of these species, no mutations were detected in the gene sequences from the resistant insects. this, coupled with a series of experiments using novel reversible inhibitors to compare the biochemical characteristics of acetylcholinesterase from a range of insect species, showed that the cloned ...	2003	14986922
phytoseiid predator of whitefly feeds on plant tissue.	predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae feed on herbivorous mites and insects but they also use a variety of non-prey food items, such as pollen and nectar. plant tissue is another potential food source. we investigated whether plant feeding occurs in the two phytoseiids euseius scutalis (athias-henriot) and typhlodromips swirskii (athias-henriot), which are natural enemies of whiteflies. these predatory mites can suppress populations of bemisia tabaci (gennadius) on isolated plants and are c ...	2003	14756398
phytoseiid predators of whiteflies feed and reproduce on non-prey food sources.	two phytoseiid species, euseius scutalis (athias-henriot) and typhlodromips swirskii (athias-henriot), are able to suppress whitefly populations on single plants and are candidate biological control agents for whiteflies such as bemisia tabaci (gennadius). these species can feed on pollen and insect-produced honeydew and these food sources are likely to be available in crops. if the utilization of these food types results in increased reproduction or survival, populations of predators can persis ...	2003	14756397
volatile emissions triggered by multiple herbivore damage: beet armyworm and whitefly feeding on cotton plants.	plants are commonly attacked by more than one species of herbivore, potentially causing the induction of multiple, and possibly competing, plant defense systems. in the present paper, we determined the interaction between feeding by the phloem feeder silverleaf whitefly (swf), bemisia tabaci gennadius (b-biotype = b. argentifolii bellows and perring), and the leaf-chewing beet armyworm (baw), spodoptera exigua hübner, with regard to the induction of volatile compounds from cotton plants. compare ...	2003	14682532
inheritance of pyriproxyfen resistance in the whitefly, bemisia tabaci (q biotype).	the inheritance of resistance to pyriproxyfen, an insect growth regulator (a juvenoid, with ovicidal and larvicidal activities), was studied in the whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius). two parental strains, both belonging to q biotype, were assayed with pyriproxyfen; a susceptible strain (alm-1) originating from spain and a pyriproxyfen-resistant one (pyri-r) from israel. the resistance ratio between the two parental strains was approximately 7,000-fold. concentration-mortality lines for f(1) he ...	2003	14635179
identification of biochemical markers linked to neonicotinoid cross resistance in bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae).	the whitefly, bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae), is a serious pest in many cropping systems world-wide and occurs in different biotypes. the most widespread one is the b-type, whereas the q-biotype is nowadays still mostly restricted to southern spain. neonicotinoid cross-resistance is known at a high level in q-types from spain and individual samples collected in italy and germany. now we detected for the first time high neonicotinoid cross-resistance in a b-type from israel. target site ...	2003	14635178
novaluron (rimon), a novel igr: potency and cross-resistance.	the potency of novaluron on laboratory susceptible and field strains of s. littoralis resembles that of chlorfluazuron and both compounds are about 20-fold more potent than teflubenzuron. no appreciable resistance to novaluron or chlorfluazuron was observed in a field strain of spodoptera littoralis collected from cucumber field in the central part of israel. on the other hand, the field strain showed a mild resistance of about 4-fold to teflubenzuron as compared to the laboratory susceptible st ...	2003	14635177
cotton leaf curl disease, a multicomponent begomovirus complex.	summary cotton leaf curl is a serious disease of cotton and several other malvaceous plant species that is transmitted by the whitefly bemisia tabaci. the disease is, at this time, endemic throughout pakistan and epidemic in western india. affected cotton plants exhibit a range of symptoms such as leaf curling, stunted growth and a poor yield of cotton fibre. in addition, affected plants may develop leaf-like outgrowths from the veins on the undersides of leaves. a number of distinct begomovirus ...	2003	20569402
the efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema feltiae, against the immature stages of bemisia tabaci.		2003	12877837
herbivore host plant selection: whitefly learns to avoid host plants that harbour predators of her offspring.	evidence is accumulating that herbivorous arthropods do not simply select host plants based on their quality, but also on the predation risk associated with different host plants. it has been suggested that herbivores exclude plant species with high predation risk from their host range. this assumes a constant, predictable predation risk as well as a rather static behaviour on the part of the herbivore; plants are ignored irrespective of the actual predation risk. we show that adult females of a ...	2003	12802671
[effectiveness of eretmocerus sp. and aschersonia aleyrodis in controlling bemsia tabaci populations].	the effectiveness of eretmocerus sp. and aschersonia aleyrodis in controlling bemisia tabaci populations on cucumber were determined in separated and combined greenhouse experiments. the results showed that after spraying a. aleyrodis (5 x 10(6) spores per ml, twice per generation) and releasing eretmocerus sp. (3 female per plant, twice per generation), 95.74% and 57.58% of whitefly populations were controlled, respectively. however, when the two natural enemies were used together with the same ...	2003	15031927
molecular characterization of whitefly, bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) populations infesting cassava.	bemisia tabaci (gennadius) populations, collected from cassava and other plants in major cassava-cultivation areas of sub-saharan africa and from elsewhere around the world, were studied to determine their biotype status and genetic variation. random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr) markers were used to examine the genetic structure of the populations. the dendogram obtained using the neighbour joining method (nj) split the cassava-associated populations from the no ...	2003	12699530
genetic structure of field populations of begomoviruses and of their vector bemisia tabaci in pakistan.	abstract the genetic structure of field populations of begomoviruses and their whitefly vector bemisia tabaci in pakistan was analyzed. begomoviruses and b. tabaci populations were sampled from different crops and weeds in different locations in punjab and sindh provinces, in areas where cotton leaf curl disease (clcud) occurs or does not occur. phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of the intergenic region in the viral dna-a provided evidence of two clusters of isolates: viruses i ...	2003	18944071
field evaluation of different insecticide use strategies as resistance management and control tactics for bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae).	various insecticide use strategies including rotations, sequential use, and mixtures were evaluated experimentally on bemisia tabaci (gennadius) in california and arizona (u.s.a.) cotton fields. toxicological responses of adult b. tabaci were measured along with preimaginal densities and cotton yields from plots subjected to different insecticide regimens. weekly monitoring for susceptibility changes over ten consecutive weeks in four different trials failed to detect significant differences bet ...	2002	17598296
novaluron (rimon), a novel igr--mechanism, selectivity and importance in ipm programs.	novaluron (rimon), a new igr, acts by both ingestion and contact. it is a powerful toxicant for controlling lepidopteran larvae resulting in lc-90 values of 0.42 and 0.30 mg a.i./liter for spodoptera littoralis and s. exigua, respectively. its residual activity under field conditions ranges between 10 and 30 days depending on environmental conditions. the compound is a powerful toxicant against developing stages of whiteflies, resulting in lc-90 values of 0.68 and 8.56 mg a.i./liter for bemisia ...	2002	12696429
phytoseiid predators suppress populations of bemisia tabaci on cucumber plants with alternative food.	phytoseiids are known to attack whiteflies, but it is an open question whether they can be used for biological control of these pest insects. preselection experiments in the laboratory showed that two out of five phytoseiid species tested, euseius scutalis and typhlodromips swirskii, stood out in terms of their ability to develop and reproduce on a diet of bemisia tabaci immatures. in this paper, we show that both predators are able to suppress whitefly populations on isolated cucumber plants in ...	2002	12593512
dynamics of insecticide resistance in bemisia tabaci: a case study with the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen.	the dynamics of pyriproxyfen resistance in bemisia tabaci (gennadius) have been studied intensively in cotton fields and greenhouses in israel. high resistance to pyriproxyfen evolved one year after its introduction for use on flowers in greenhouses, after three successive applications. after ten years of pyriproxyfen use in cotton fields, with only one application per season, a high level of resistance was observed, but its rate of development differed among localities. it is hypothesized that ...	2002	12449527
mutations in the bemisia tabaci para sodium channel gene associated with resistance to a pyrethroid plus organophosphate mixture.	the voltage-gated sodium channel is the primary target site of pyrethroid insecticides. in some insects, super knockdown resistance (super-kdr) to pyrethroids is caused by point mutations in the linker fragment between transmembrane segments 4 and 5 of the para-type sodium channel protein domain ii (iis4-5). here, we identify two mutations in the iis4-5 linker of the para-type sodium channel of the whitefly, bemisia tabaci: methionine to valine at position 918 (m918v) and leucine to isoleucine a ...	2002	12429130
plant nitrogen status rapidly alters amino acid metabolism and excretion in bemisia tabaci.	the effect of plant nitrogen (n) status on the content and distribution of free amino acids in the bodies and honeydew of silverleaf whiteflies bemisia tabaci (gennadius) biotype b (= b. argentifolii bellows and perring) was determined. whiteflies fed for 4 days on cotton leaves that received high or low n fertility. for low-n plants, photosynthesis and leaf total n levels were decreased, and a much-reduced amount of free amino acids was recovered in phloem sap. low n fertility did not affect wh ...	2002	12770130
bemisia tabaci (homoptera: aleyrodidae) biotype b colonization on okra- and normal-leaf upland cotton strains and cultivars.	we compared smooth-leaf okra- and normal-leaf upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) strains and cultivars for susceptibility to colonization by bemisia tabaci (gennadius) biotype b. experiments were conducted at seven field sites, five at holtville, ca, and two at maricopa, az, during 1996-2000. okra-leaf strains and cultivars, as a group, had lower numbers of adults, eggs, and nymphs compared with normal-leaf strains and cultivars indicating the potential of okra-leaf genetic traits for reducin ...	2002	12216814
conservation of predatory arthropods in cotton: role of action thresholds for bemisia tabaci (homoptera: aleyrodidae).	studies were conducted in 1994 and 1995 to examine the effects of a range of action thresholds for managing bemisia tabaci (gennadius) biotype b (= b. argentifolii bellows & perring) with insecticides in cotton on populations of arthropod predators in imperial valley, ca, and maricopa, az. application of insecticides significantly reduced population densities of spiders, geocoris punctipes (say), g. pallens (stål), orius tristicolor (white), nabis alternatus parshley, zelus renardii kolenati, hi ...	2002	12216807
new developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two-spotted spider mite (tetranychus urticae) in the uk.	a recent survey of insecticide resistance in two of the most problematic pests in uk glasshouses revealed some new developments. at least some individuals in all uk samples of trialeurodes vaporariorum that were tested resisted the insect growth regulator (igr) buprofezin. the most strongly resistant strains were unaffected by the field application rate of this compound, and even samples from populations that had never been exposed to buprofezin contained individuals that survived the highest co ...	2002	11852636
emamectin, a novel insecticide for controlling field crop pests.	emamectin is a macrocyclic lactone insecticide with low toxicity to non-target organisms and the environment, and is considered an important component in pest-management programmes for controlling field crop pests. it is a powerful compound for controlling the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera (hübner). a spray concentration of 25 mg ai litre-1 in a cotton field resulted in over 90% suppression of h armigera larvae up to day 28 after treatment, while similar mortality of the egyptian cotton l ...	2002	12449526
tomato leaf curl karnataka virus from bangalore, india, appears to be a recombinant begomovirus.	abstract the genome of tomato leaf curl virus (tolcv) from bangalore, india, a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus, was cloned (pind9) and sequenced. the circular dna of 2,759 nucleotides (u38239) is organized similarly to that of other begomoviruses with monopartite genomes. comparison of the nucleotide sequence of pind9 with other tomato-associated begomoviruses from india (tomato leaf curl bangalore virus [tolcbv, z48182]) and tomato leaf curl new delhi virus-severe (tolcndv-svr, u15015) showed ...	2002	18944261
toxicological and mechanistic studies on neonicotinoid cross resistance in q-type bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae).	the tobacco whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius (homoptera: aleyrodidae) is a serious pest in numerous cropping systems and has developed a high degree of resistance against several chemical classes of insecticides. one of the latest group of insecticides introduced to the market were the neonicotinoids (chloronicotinyls), acting agonistically on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides has recently been shown to occur, especially in q-type b tabaci in so ...	2002	12233176
efficiency of insect exclusion screens for preventing whitefly transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus of tomatoes in israel.	tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) is the most frequently occurring virus in tomatoes in the middle east, and the most harmful one. it is transmitted solely by the whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius). within 4-6h of inoculative feeding, a whitefly can transmit tylcv to a healthy plant with 80% probability. the symptoms are apparent after two to three weeks whereupon fruit-set is effectively terminated. the only means of controlling tylcv is by controlling the whitefly. until 1990 this was exc ...	2002	12241562
emergence of a new cucurbit-infecting begomovirus species capable of forming viable reassortants with related viruses in the squash leaf curl virus cluster.	abstract cucurbit leaf curl virus (culcv), a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus previously partially characterized from the southwestern united states and northern mexico, was identified as a distinct bipartite begomovirus species. this virus has near sequence identity with the previously partially characterized cucurbit leaf crumple virus from california. experimental and natural host range studies indicated that culcv has a relatively broad host range within the family cucurbitaceae and also inf ...	2002	18943269
developmental rates of two congeneric parasitoids, encarsia formosa and e. pergandiella (hymenoptera: aphelinidae), utilizing different egg provisioning strategies.	endoparasitic hymenoptera vary in the extent to which they provision their eggs and thus in the degree to which they appear to rely on their hosts for resources during embryonic development. in this study, developmental rates were examined in two congeneric parasitoid species, encarsia formosa and e. pergandiella, that provision their eggs to different degrees. e. formosa eggs are much larger than e. pergandiella eggs. e. formosa eggs hatch significantly earlier than the eggs of e. pergandiella ...	2002	12770098
evaluation of peracid activated organophosphates in studies of insecticide resistance conferred by insensitive acetylcholinesterases.	peracid activated organophosphorus (op) insecticides were evaluated against electric eel and a range of insect acetylcholinesterases (ache). incubation of chlorpyrifos and sulprofos with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mcpba) produced active metabolites capable of distinguishing between ache enzymes conferring op susceptibility and resistance in populations of the tobacco whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius, and the beet armyworm, spodoptera exigua hubner. these products were also active against e ...	2002	12020023
whiteflies (bemisia tabaci) issued from eggs bombarded with infectious dna clones of tomato yellow leaf curl virus from israel (tylcv) are able to infect tomato plants.	we have reported previously that tomato yellow leaf curl virus from israel (tylcv) penetrates the reproductive system of its vector, the whitefly bemisia tabaci biotype b, and may be transmitted to progeny. in order to mimic this phenomenon and to understand how tylcv accompanies the development of the insect, we have bombarded b. tabaci eggs with an infectious dna clone of tylcv. after a linear full-length genomic copy of tylcv dna was delivered to eggs, the dpni-sensitive dna became circular a ...	2002	12038688
a distinct bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (hemiptera: sternorrhyncha: aleyrodidae) genotype cluster is associated with the epidemic of severe cassava mosaic virus disease in uganda.	during the 1990s, an epidemic of cassava mosaic virus disease caused major losses to cassava production in uganda. two factors associated with the epidemic were the occurrence of a novel recombinant begomovirus, eacmv-ug, and unusually high populations of the whitefly vector, bemisia tabaci. here we present molecular evidence for the occurrence of two cassava-colonizing b. tabaci genotype clusters, ug1 and ug2, one of which, ug2, can be consistently associated with the cmd epidemic in uganda at ...	2002	12074729
co-adaptation between cassava mosaic geminiviruses and their local vector populations.	four cassava mosaic geminivirus (cmg) isolates; african cassava mosaic virus from namulonge, uganda (acmv-[nam]), east african cassava mosaic virus from mtwara, tanzania (eacmv-[mtw]), eacmv-uganda from namulonge (eacmv-ug[nam]) and indian cassava mosaic virus from trivandrum, india (icmv-[tri]) were compared for their ability to be transmitted by four colonies of cassava whitefly, bemisia tabaci (gennadius), collected from namulonge (nam), mtwara (mtw), kumasi (kum) and trivandrum (tri). with 2 ...	2002	12076831
nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis of cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus rna 2.	the complete nucleotide sequence of cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (cysdv) rna 2, a whitefly (bemisia tabaci)-transmitted closterovirus with a bi-partite genome, is reported. cysdv rna 2 is 7,281 nucleotides long and contains the closterovirus hallmark gene array with a similar arrangement to the prototype member of the genus crinivirus, lettuce infectious yellows virus (liyv). cysdv rna 2 contains open reading frames (orfs) potentially encoding in a 5' to 3' direction for proteins of 5 ...	2002	12086142
quantitation of cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus in bemisia tabaci (genn.) using digoxigenin-labelled hybridisation probes.	a cost-efficient hybridisation assay was developed to estimate the amount of cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (cysdv) in bemisia tabaci (gennadius) whiteflies infesting protected cucumber crops. cdna from the coat protein (cp) gene and the hsp70 homologue protein gene from cysdv were obtained by reverse transcriptase-pcr from viruliferous whiteflies and cloned into plasmids. digoxigenin (dig)-labelled cdna probes reacted with extracts from these whiteflies applied on nylon membranes. prec ...	2002	11849688
cotton whitefly (bemisia tabaci) resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides in pakistan.	resistance to three organophosphate and four pyrethroid insecticides was monitored from 1992 to 2000 in field populations of adult whiteflies, bemisia tabaci, from pakistan using a leaf-dip method. there was generally a very high resistance to dimethoate and deltamethrin, and a moderate resistance to monocrotophos during 1992 to 1996. from 1997 to 2000, resistance to these insecticides dropped to low levels because of less reliance on them for whitefly control, and introduction of new chemistrie ...	2002	11852647
effect of geminivirus infection and bemisia infestation on accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins in tomato.	the whitefly, bemisia tabaci biotype b, has been shown to cause pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins to accumulate in plants as a result of direct feeding, but their specific role in plant defensive systems is unclear. our objective was to compare accumulation of tomato pr proteins (beta-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase, p2 and p4) in response to whitefly, with or without tomato mottle virus (tomov) infection. tomato pr protein response was measured over time in plants divided into three treat ...	2002	11921078
insecticidal 2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones: correlation of inhibition of ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex iii) with insecticidal activity.	the insecticidal and in vitro activities of four homologous series of 2-hydroxy and acetoxy-3-substituted-1,4-naphthoquinones have been measured and correlated with their (log) octanol/water partition coefficients (log ko/w). in vitro activity against mitochondrial complex iii was only exhibited by 2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones, indicating that the 2-acetoxy compounds act as proinsecticides. good correlation was observed between in vivo activity against the two-spotted spider mite, tetra ...	2002	11975169
discovering new insect viruses: whitefly iridovirus (homoptera: aleyrodidae: bemisia tabaci).	adult whiteflies, bemisia tabaci (gennadius), collected from the field were screened for viral pathogens using a cell line from the silverleaf whitefly, b. tabaci, b biotype (syn. b. argentifolii). homogenates from the field-collected whiteflies were applied to cell cultures and checked for cytopathic effects (cpe). cells were observed to develop cytoplasmic inclusions and to have a change in morphology. cells displaying cpe were observed using a transmission electron microscope and found to be ...	2001	12009803
exchange of three amino acids in the coat protein results in efficient whitefly transmission of a nontransmissible abutilon mosaic virus isolate.	geminiviruses are transmitted in a circulative manner by whiteflies, leafhoppers, or treehoppers. the whitefly species bemisia tabaci (genn.) is the vector for members of the genus begomovirus. the closely related bipartite central american begomoviruses abutilon mosaic virus (abmv), sida golden mosaic virus originating from costa rica (sigmv-cr), and sida golden mosaic virus originating from honduras (sigmv-hoyv) were used to study transmission by their insect vector. the abmv isolate is defect ...	2001	11883001
alkaline phosphatase activity in whitefly salivary glands and saliva.	alkaline phosphatase activity was histochemically localized in adult whiteflies (bemisia tabaci b biotype, syn. b. argentifolii) with a chromogenic substrate (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate) and a fluorogenic substrate (elf-97). the greatest amount of staining was in the basal regions of adult salivary glands with additional activity traced into the connecting salivary ducts. other tissues that had alkaline phosphatase activity were the accessory salivary glands, the midgut, the portion of ...	2001	11304750
genetic diversity of iberian populations of bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) based on random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction.	the genetic structure of six iberian populations of the whitefly bemisia tabaci, two of them biotype q, one biotype b, and the other three a mixture of both, has been studied using random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr). a total of 336 individuals was completely discriminated by means of 234 scored bands. separate analyses of molecular variance of haploid males and diploid females using the pairwise number of differences between haplotypes showed that biotypes cont ...	2001	11348498
molecular characterization of a novel defective dna isolated from tobacco tissues infected with tobacco leaf curl virus.	defective dna of tobacco leaf curl virus (tlcv) was identified in tlcv-infected tobacco plants. the defective dna was cloned and sequenced. the sequence showed it was about half the size of the tlcv dna-a, and was derived from tlcv dna-a by a large deletion. the defective dna contained the intergenic region and part of the ac1 (rep) gene of tlcv, and also novel open reading frames (orfs). the immunotrapping tests showed the defective dna was associated with geminate particles, suggesting it coul ...	2001	11394577
how species-specific is the phoretic relationship between the broad mite, polyphagotarsonemus latus (acari: tarsonemidae), and its insect hosts?	broad mite, polyphagotarsonemus latus (acari: tarsonemidae), is a serious plant pest in tropical and subtropical regions. phoretic associations between broad mite and two genera of whiteflies (insecta: homoptera: aleyrodidae). namely bemisia and trialeurodes, have been reported from different parts of the world. our purpose was to determine the specificity of the association between the mite and its phoretic hosts. two host plants, potatoes and cucumbers, were used to study these relationships i ...	2001	11523917
encarsia species (hymenoptera: aphelinidae) of australia and the pacific islands attacking bemisia tabaci and trialeurodes vaporariorum (hemiptera: aleyrodidae)--a pictorial key and descriptions of four new species.	after the recent introduction of the pest whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius) biotype b into australia, research was undertaken to study the parasitoids of the long established native b. tabaci and trialeurodes vaporariorum (westwood). the genus encarsia contains species which are important biological control agents of whiteflies and hard scales. the taxonomy of the encarsia species attacking b. tabaci and t. vaporariorum in australia and the pacific islands is revised. dna sequencing of the 28s ...	2001	11583600
phytoseiid predators as potential biological control agents for bemisia tabaci.	mites of the family phytoseiidae are known to be predators of whiteflies in several agroecosystems, especially of bemisia tabaci gennadius, a pest with high resistance to chemical insecticides that occurs in greenhouses in temperate regions. we collected predatory mites that were found to co-occur with whiteflies in the middle east for control of b. tabaci: tvphlodromus athiasae (porath and swirski), neoseiulus barkeri hughes, tvphlodromips swirskii (athias-henriot), euseius scutalis (athias-hen ...	2001	11603735
tomato yellow leaf curl china virus: monopartite genome organization and agroinfection of plants.	the complete dna sequence (2734 nucleotides) of the monopartite genome of tomato yellow leaf curl china virus (tylccnv), a begomovirus transmitted by the whitefly bemisia tabaci, was determined. the circular genomic dna contains six open reading frames (orfs) encoding proteins of molecular weights >10 kda, of which two (v1 and v2) are located on the virion-sense strand and four (c1, c2, c3 and c4) on the complementary-sense strand. the orfs are comparable to those of other whitefly-transmitted b ...	2001	11682126
carbamate and organophosphate resistance in cotton pests in india, 1995 to 1999.	monitoring for organophosphate and carbamate resistance was carried out on five major insect pests of cotton collected from 22 cotton-growing districts across india. resistance was monitored in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) for the period 1995-1999 and for spodoptera litura (fabricius), earias vittella (fabricius) and bemisia tabaci (gennadius) in a survey conducted during the 1997-98 cropping season. of the 53 field strains of h. armigera, only four were ...	2001	11228586