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differentiating entamoeba histolytica, entamoeba dispar and entamoeba moshkovskii using nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in rural communities in malaysia.in this study, a total of 426 human faecal samples were examined for the presence of entamoeba histolytica, entamoeba dispar, entamoeba moshkovskii infection via a combination of microscopic examination and nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting 16s ribosomal rna of entamoeba species.201222947430
first molecular identification of entamoeba moshkovskii in malaysia.entamoeba moshkovskii and entamoeba dispar are microscopically indistinguishable from the pathogenic species entamoeba histolytica. although sporadic cases of human infection with e. moshkovskii have been reported, the amoeba is still considered primarily as a free-living amoeba. a cross-sectional study was carried out among orang asli communities in 3 different states of peninsular malaysia. fecal samples were examined by formalin-ether sedimentation and trichrome staining techniques and then s ...201222939193
[differentiation of entamoeba histolytica from entamoeba dispar using gal/galnac-lectin and polymerase chain reaction].entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar are morphologically identical. however, the former is highly pathogenic and the latter is not.201222854693
blastocystis spp., cryptosporidium spp., and entamoeba histolytica exhibit similar symptomatic and epidemiological patterns in healthcare-seeking patients in karachi.in this study, we collected data on the incidence of enteric parasites in healthcare-seeking individuals along with their symptoms to quantify the potential roles of factors such as age, sex, and seasonality in infection. we performed analysis to identify factors which could help differentiate parasitic infection from other causes of gastrointestinal illness in a community. the size of the patient population (n = 339), patient selection methodology, collection methods, and statistical analysis f ...201222763702
development of a thermostabilized, one-step, nested, tetraplex pcr assay for simultaneous identification and differentiation of entamoeba species, entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar from stool samples.entamoeba histolytica is the only entamoeba species that causes amoebiasis in humans. approximately 50 million people are infected, with 100, 000 deaths annually in endemic countries. molecular diagnosis of entamoeba histolytica is important to differentiate it from the morphologically identical entamoeba dispar to avoid unnecessary medication. conventional molecular diagnostic tests require trained personnel, cold-chain transportation and/or are storage-dependent, which make them user-unfriendl ...201222556327
nonutility of routine testing of stool for ova and parasites in a tertiary care canadian centre.in many clinical situations, stool examinations for ova and parasites (o&p) are routine in the work-up of patients with acute or chronic diarrhea. frequently, these tests are found to be negative for pathogens. the purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic yield of routine stool testing for o&p in a canadian tertiary care centre and to estimate the potential clinical benefit of a positive result.201222540249
control of entamoeba histolytica adherence involves metallosurface protease 1, an m8 family surface metalloprotease with homology to leishmanolysin.invasive amebiasis due to entamoeba histolytica infection is an important cause of morbidity in developing countries. the e. histolytica genome contains two homologues to the metalloprotease leishmanolysin gene, entamoeba histolytica msp-1 (ehmsp-1) and ehmsp-2, while the commensal ameba entamoeba dispar has lost ehmsp-1. in this study, we sought to characterize e. histolytica metallosurface protease 1 (ehmsp-1). using immunoprecipitation and a model substrate, we found that ehmsp-1 was a functi ...201222451519
differences in cap formation between invasive entamoeba histolytica and non-invasive entamoeba dispar.the rapid redistribution of surface antigen-antibody complexes in trophozoites of the human protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica, in a process known as capping, has been considered as a means of the parasite to evade the host immune response. so far, capping has been documented in the invasive e. histolytica, whereas the mobility of surface components in the non-invasive entamoeba dispar is not known. e. dispar does not induce liver lesions in rodent experimental models, in contrast to the l ...201222278728
in silico analysis of ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like modifiers and their conjugating enzymes in entamoeba species.covalent modification of proteins by ubiquitin (ub) and ubiquitin-like modifiers (ubls) regulates many cellular functions in eukaryotes. these modifications are likely to be associated with pathogenesis, growth, and development of many protozoan parasites but molecular details about this pathway are unavailable for most protozoa. this study presents an analysis of the ub pathway in three members of the entamoeba species. using bioinformatics tools we have identified all ub and ubl genes along wi ...201222246365
prevalence and risk factors associated with entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii infection among three orang asli ethnic groups in malaysia.entamoeba histolytica/entamoeba dispar/entamoeba moshkovskii infection is still prevalent in rural malaysia especially among orang asli communities. currently, information on prevalence of this infection among different ethnic groups of orang asli is unavailable in malaysia. to contribute to a better comprehension of the epidemiology of this infection, a cross-sectional study aimed at providing the first documented data on the prevalence and risk factors associated with e. histolytica/e. dispar/ ...201223133561
molecular epidemiology of amoebiasis in malaysia: highlighting the different risk factors of entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar infections among orang asli communities.currently, species-specific information on entamoeba infections is unavailable in malaysia and is restricted worldwide due to the re-description of pathogenic entamoeba histolytica and non-pathogenic entamoeba dispar and entamoeba moshkovskii. therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted to provide the first known documented data on the true prevalence of these three species in western malaysia using a molecular method. another aim of this study was to determine the association of potenti ...201223123168
a toll/il-1r/resistance domain-containing thioredoxin regulates phagocytosis in entamoeba histolytica.entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that infects humans and causes amebiasis affecting developing countries. phagocytosis of epithelial cells, erythrocytes, leucocytes, and commensal microbiota bacteria is a major pathogenic mechanism used by this parasite. a toll/il-1r/resistance (tir) domain-containing protein is required in phagocytosis in the social ameba dictyostelium discoideum, an ameba closely related to entamoeba histolytica in phylogeny. in insects and vertebrates, tir domain ...201223043976
parasitic causes of prolonged diarrhoea in travellers - diagnosis and management.prolonged infectious diarrhoea in the returning traveller is generally caused by protozoal and occasionally by helminth parasites.201223210100
comparison of the triage micro parasite panel and microscopy for the detection of entamoeba histolytica/entamoeba dispar, giardia lamblia, and cryptosporidium parvum in stool samples collected in kenya.entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia, and cryptosporidium parvum are three of the most important parasitic causes of acute diarrhea worldwide. laboratory diagnosis of these parasites is usually done by ova and parasite examination (o&p examination) via microscopy. the sensitivity and specificity of o&p examination varies among laboratories and can be labor intensive and time consuming. the triage micro parasite panel (biosite, san diego, california) is an enzyme immunoassay kit that can detect ...201222848229
benign ulcer of the right colon clinically misdiagnosed as carcinoma: an additional case.benign solitary ulcer of the colon is an uncommon lesion that was originally described by cruveilhier in 1832. its aetiology remains unknown, and there are no pathognomonic lesions or symptoms. diagnosis is made by exclusion; in fact, diseases such as specific infections (cytomegalovirus, campylobacter jejuni, entamoeba histolytica), common clinical conditions (acute appendicitis, diverticulitis, intestinal obstruction, inflammatory bowel disease), pharmacotherapy (non-steroidal anti-inflammator ...201222799054
the narrow active-site cleft of o-acetylserine sulfhydrylase from leishmania donovani allows complex formation with serine acetyltransferases with a range of c-terminal sequences.cysteine is a crucial substrate for the synthesis of glutathione and trypanothione, which in turn maintain intracellular redox homeostasis and defend against oxidative stress in the pathogen leishmania donovani. here, the identification, sequencing, characterization and crystal structure at 1.79 å resolution of o-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (oass), a cysteine-biosynthetic pathway enzyme from l. donovani (ldoass), are reported. it shows binding to the serine acetyltransferase (sat) c-terminal pept ...201222868756
opportunistic parasites among immunosuppressed children in minia district, egypt.a total of 450 stool samples were collected from inpatient and outpatient clinics of pediatric department, minia university hospital, minia district, egypt. two groups of patients were studied, including 200 immunosuppressed and 250 immunocompetent children. stool samples were subjected to wet saline and iodine mounts. a concentration technique (formol-ether sedimentation method) was carried out for stool samples diagnosed negative by wet saline and iodine mounts. samples were stained by 2 diffe ...201222451735
prevalence of parasites in patients with gastroenteritis at east of mazandaran province, northern iran.parasitic gastrointestinal infections are one of the most important health problems in the developing countries, which lead to the onset of intestinal disease particularly diarrhoea. due to the particular geographic situation in the mazandaran province, individuals are infected with various intestinal parasites. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of enteropathogenic parasites in the patients with gastroenteritis living at the east of mazandaran province (sari, nekah and j ...201223202601
prevalence of intestinal parasites in hiv-positive patients on the island of bioko, equatorial guinea: its relation to sanitary conditions and socioeconomic factors.the prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases and their associated factors has been investigated in hiv populations from the island of bioko, equatorial guinea. the feces of 310 participants from the island of bioko (260 hiv-positive and 50 hiv-negative) were analyzed by microscopic observation. immunochromatography was also used to diagnose giardia, entamoeba histolytica and cryptosporidium spp. in addition, patients were asked for sociodemographic, economic and academic status, and cd4+ t ce ...201222771815
maximising the potential of voluntary counselling and testing for hiv: sexually transmitted infections and hiv epidemiology in a population testing for hiv and its implications for practice.this study aimed to describe the epidemiology of hiv infection and sexually transmitted infections (stis) among persons who attended voluntary counselling and testing (vct) service for hiv and to assess whether the vct programme reached the right population at risk in taiwan.201222717470
novel transmembrane receptor involved in phagosome transport of lysozymes and β-hexosaminidase in the enteric protozoan entamoeba histolytica.lysozymes and hexosaminidases are ubiquitous hydrolases in bacteria and eukaryotes. in phagocytic lower eukaryotes and professional phagocytes from higher eukaryotes, they are involved in the degradation of ingested bacteria in phagosomes. in entamoeba histolytica, which is the intestinal protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, phagocytosis plays a pivotal role in the nutrient acquisition and the evasion from the host defense systems. while the content of phagosomes and biochemical and physio ...201222383874
prevalence of intestinal and blood parasites among wild rats in kuala lumpur, malaysia.a survey was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of intestinal and blood parasites among wild rats in urban area of kuala lumpur, malaysia. a total of 137 stool and blood samples were collected from wild rats from sentul and chow kit areas. five species of rats were captured and supplied by kuala lumpur city hall. the most common was rattus rattus diardii (malayan black rat), 67%, followed by rattus norvegicus (norway rat), 10%, rattus argentiventer (rice-field rat), 10%, rattus tiomanicus ...201223202599
[infection frequency in patients with chronic idiopathic ulcerative colitis].ulcerative colitis (uc) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of the mucosa of the colon. up to now, diverse observational studies have implicated a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms as causal and exacerbating factors in uc. clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection has been associated with recurrence and treatment failure and its incidence in patients with uc has been on the rise in the last few years.201223159238
clostridium difficile and entamoeba histolytica infections in patients with colitis in the philippines.amoebiasis is a common cause of non-specific colitis in the philippines. the prevalence of clostridium difficile infection with colitis is unknown. empiric use of metronidazole for colitis treatment is widely practiced. we investigated the association of c. difficile or entamoeba histolytica infection with endoscopically/histopathologically proven colitis among adults in the philippines. two hundred and ten patients undergoing colonoscopy were enrolled. demographic and clinical data were reviewe ...201222657531
a study on parasites in mexican rheumatic disease patients.blastocystis hominis is a common human parasite with infection rates up to 50% in developing countries, and giardiasis is the commonest intestinal one in mexico. no doubt, various parasites as giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica can cause rheumatic diseases. this study coproparasitoscopic analysis evaluated the cysts by b. hominis, g. lamblia, e. hartmani, e. coli and e. histolytica in mexican rheumatic disease patients. also, elisa was used to detect e. histolytica, ascaris lumbricoides, ...201223214207
survey of nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among food handlers working at gondar university, northwest ethiopia.food borne disease are major health problems in developing countries like ethiopia. food handlers with poor personal hygiene working in food establishments could be potential sources of disease due to pathogenic organisms. however; information on disease prevalence among food handlers working in university of gondar cafeterias are very scarce. the aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus, their drug resistance pattern and prevalence of intestinal p ...201223031414
detection of selected intestinal helminths and protozoa at hospital universiti sains malaysia using multiplex real-time pcr.intestinal parasites are the causative agents of a number of important human infections in developing countries. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of selected helminths and protozoan infections among patients admitted with gastrointestinal disorders at hospital universiti sains malaysia, kelantan, malaysia using multiplex real-time pcr. in addition microscopic examination was also performed following direct smear, zinc sulphate concentration and kato-katz thick smear te ...201223018507
[the distribution of intestinal parasites in people admitted to the yüzüncü yıl university parasitology laboratory of health research and training hospital, in 2009].this study was performed to present the distribution of intestinal parasites in parients admitted to the parasitology laboratory of the health research and training hospital of yüzüncü yıl university in 2009.201222801916
determining the prevalence of intestinal parasites in three orang asli (aborigines) communities in perak, malaysia.this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among children and adult orang aslis (aborigines) from different locations in perak. faecal samples were collected and analyzed using the direct smear and formal ether sedimentation technique. some of the faecal samples were stained using the modified acid fast stain for cryptosporidium. nail clippings of the respondents and the soil around their habitat were also analyzed. of the 77 stool samples examined, 39 (50.6%) w ...201222735840
cockroaches and flies in mechanical transmission of medical important parasites in khaldyia village, el-fayoum, governorate, egypt.the role of non-blood sucking insects in dissemination of human parasites was investigated in khaldyia village, al-fayoum governorate over during the summer of 2011. a total of 278 american cockroach (periplaneta americana), and 508 house flies musca domestica var. vicina were collected. the insects were collected indoors and outdoors. flies were abundant in defecation areas and around houses. the recovered zoonotic parasites identified were cysts of entamoeba histolytica cryptosporidium parvum ...201222662605
diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in an amazonic community of peru using multiple diagnostic techniques.an observational descriptive study was conducted in a shipibo-conibo/ese'eja community of the rainforest in peru to compare the kato-katz method and the spontaneous sedimentation in tube technique (sstt) for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites as well as to report the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (sth) infections in this area. a total of 73 stool samples were collected and analysed by several parasitological techniques, including kato-katz, sstt, modified baermann technique (mbt), a ...201222515992
a comparative study of the tf-test®, kato-katz, hoffman-pons-janer, willis and baermann-moraes coprologic methods for the detection of human parasitosis.this study compares the diagnostic accuracy of the tf-test(®) (tft) for human parasitosis with results obtained using the traditional kato-katz (kk), hoffman-pons-janer (hpj), willis and baermann-moraes (bm) techniques. overall, four stool samples were taken from each individual; three alternate-day tft stool samples and another sample that was collected in a universal container. stool samples were taken from 331 inhabitants of the community of quilombola santa cruz. the gold standard (gs) for p ...201222310539
finding the smoking gun: protein tyrosine phosphatases as tools and targets of unicellular microorganisms and viruses.protein tyrosine phosphatases (ptps) are increasingly recognized as important effectors of host-pathogen interactions. since guan and dixon reported in 1990 that phosphatase yoph serves as an essential virulence determinant of yersinia, the field shifted significantly forward, and dozens of ptps were identified in various microorganisms and even in viruses. the discovery of extensive tyrosine signaling networks in non-metazoan organisms refuted the moth-eaten paradigm claiming that these organis ...201222360485
prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among school children in baglung districts of western nepal.this study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among school-going children of the baglung municipality from december 2010 to january 2011.201222971852
acute diarrhea among military recruits.there is a considerable amount of speculations concerning the presence of symptoms mainly diarrhea in various bacterial and parasitic infections. among a youth group with acute diarrhea, many bacterial and parasitic diseases were detected. the bacterial causes were campylobacter jejuni, shigella sp. entero-toxigenic, escherichia coli, salmonella sp. and aeromonas hydrophila. the parasitic causes were cryptosporidium parvum, entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia and strongyloides stercoralis. ma ...201223214210
intestinal parasitic infection in bhil tribe of rajasthan, india.a total of 224 bhil tribal individuals (115 males and 109 females) of different age groups inhabiting tribal rural areas of udaipur district of rajasthan, india were investigated for the prevalence of intestinal parasitic (protozoan and helminths) infections. fresh stool samples of these tribal subjects were examined microscopically by direct wet smear with saline and 1 % lugol's iodine and formaline ether concentration. of these 116 (51.78 %) were found to be infected with diverse species of in ...201224082517
evaluation of antigen detection and polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess in patients on anti-amoebic treatment.diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess (ala) in patients on anti-amoebic drugs is difficult. there is scanty data on this issue using entamoeba histolytica (e. histolytica) lectin antigen and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). we studied utility of lectin antigen, pcr, and igg antibody in diagnosis of liver abscess in patients on anti-amoebic treatment. liver aspirate of 200 patients, of which 170 had anti-amoebic drug prior to drainage, was tested for e. histolytica lectin antigen by (elisa), pcr, ba ...201222870930
evaluation of an immunochromatographic dip strip test for simultaneous detection of cryptosporidium spp, giardia duodenalis, and entamoeba histolytica antigens in human faecal samples.immunochromatographic (ic) tests may play an important role in the future diagnosis of parasitic diseases because of their speed and simplicity of use. a recently developed test to detect cryptosporidium spp, giardia duodenalis and entamoeba histolytica was evaluated. microscopy and pcr were the "gold standard" reference techniques and the results of this ic test were compared with those obtained with elisa and ic single test for the three parasites. one hundred sixty stool samples were assayed. ...201222262367
Iron-saturated lactoferrin and pathogenic protozoa: could this protein be an iron source for their parasitic style of life?Iron is an essential nutrient for the survival of pathogens inside a host. As a general strategy against microbes, mammals have evolved complex iron-withholding systems for efficiently decreasing the iron accessible to invaders. Pathogens that inhabit the respiratory, intestinal and genitourinary tracts encounter an iron-deficient environment on the mucosal surface, where ferric iron is chelated by lactoferrin, an extracellular glycoprotein of the innate immune system. However, parasitic protozo ...201222191452
the patient presenting with acute dysentery - a systematic review.objectives: the etiologies, clinical presentations and diagnosis of acute pathogen-specific dysentery in children and adults in industrialized and developing regions is described to help develop recommendations for therapy. methods: we conducted a systematic review of literature published between january 2000 and june 2011 to determine the frequency of occurrence of pathogen-specific dysentery. results: shigella, salmonella, and campylobacter remain the most frequent bacterial causes of dysenter ...201222266388
a parasitological survey of natural water springs and inhabitants of a tourist city in southeastern brazil.abstract the goals of this study were to investigate the occurrence of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts in main springs of campos do jordão, an important tourist city, in brazil and to gather the largest amount of parasitological data from autochthonous population that live in rural areas of this city. the membrane filtration technique followed by direct immunofluorescence assay was employed for concentration and visualization of waterborne protozoa. in the period between june 2003 an ...201222217166
oxidative stress resistance genes contribute to the pathogenic potential of the anaerobic protozoan parasite, entamoeba histolytica.the protozoan parasite, entamoeba histolytica, invades the host colon causing significant tissue destruction and inflammation. upon host infection, the parasite is confronted with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ros/rns) that cause large-scale changes in gene expression profiles, which likely support the parasite's adaptation to the host environment. we have previously identified oxidative and nitrosative stress responsive genes using whole-genome expression profiling. functional studies o ...201223009748
entamoeba moshkovskii is associated with diarrhea in infants and causes diarrhea and colitis in mice.entamoeba moshkovskii is prevalent in developing countries and morphologically indistinguishable from pathogenic entamoeba histolytica and nonpathogenic entamoeba dispar. it is not known if e. moshkovskii is pathogenic.201222723640
structure-function relationships of human milk oligosaccharides.human milk contains more than a hundred structurally distinct oligosaccharides. in this review, we provide examples of how the structural characteristics of these human milk oligosaccharides (hmo) determine functionality. specific α1-2-fucosylated hmo have been shown to serve as antiadhesive antimicrobials to protect the breast-fed infant against infections with campylobacter jejuni, one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea. in contrast, α1-2-fucosylation may abolish the beneficial ef ...201222585916
diagnostic microbiologic methods in the gems-1 case/control study.to understand the etiology of moderate-to-severe diarrhea among children in high mortality areas of sub-saharan africa and south asia, we performed a comprehensive case/control study of children aged <5 years at 7 sites. each site employed an identical case/control study design and each utilized a uniform comprehensive set of microbiological assays to identify the likely bacterial, viral and protozoal etiologies. the selected assays effected a balanced consideration of cost, robustness and perfo ...201223169941
case-control study of the etiology of infant diarrheal disease in 14 districts in madagascar.acute diarrhea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. its microbiological causes and clinico-epidemiological aspects were examined during the rainy seasons from 2008 to 2009 in 14 districts in madagascar.201223028555
Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function, and maternal malnutrition to infant malnutrition in bangladesh.Background. Malnourished children are at increased risk for death due to diarrhea. Our goal was to determine the contribution of specific enteric infections to malnutrition-associated diarrhea and to determine the role of enteric infections in the development of malnutrition. Methods. Children from an urban slum in Bangladesh were followed for the first year of life by every-other-day home visits. Enteropathogens were identified in diarrheal and monthly surveillance stools; intestinal barrier fu ...201222109945
The Entamoeba histolytica methylated LINE-binding protein EhMLBP provides protection against heat shock.Adaptation to environmental stress is a key process that allows the unicellular parasite Entamoeba histolytica to survive in its human host. We previously characterized EhMLBP as an essential protein for the growth and the virulence of the parasite. EhMLBP binds to methylated repetitive DNA, and is one of the core proteins of the parasite's epigenetic machinery. Here, we show that EhMLBP and heat shock proteins have common properties. EhMLBP is induced by heat shock and its expression is regulat ...201221899705
Amoebic liver abscess production by Entamoeba dispar.Although Entamoeba dispar displays a similar morphology to Entamoeba histolytica, cellular and molecular studies have revealed significant differences between these two amoebae, including the former being characterized as non-pathogenic and the later as pathogenic. However, recent in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that E. dispar strains of different origin are capable of causing liver damage and destroying cell culture lines in the presence of common intestinal bacter ...201222166569
entamoeba histolytica induces intestinal cathelicidins but is resistant to cathelicidin-mediated killing.the enteric protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica is the cause of potentially fatal amebic colitis and liver abscesses. e. histolytica trophozoites colonize the colon, where they induce inflammation, penetrate the mucosa, and disrupt the host immune system. the early establishment of e. histolytica in the colon occurs in the presence of antimicrobial human (ll-37) and murine (cramp [cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide]) cathelicidins, essential components of the mammalian innate defense sy ...201222083705
a novel entamoeba histolytica inositol phosphate kinase catalyzes the formation of 5pp-ins(1,2,3,4,6)p(5).the parasitic protozoan entamoeba histolytica is able to invade human tissues by secreting proteolytic enzymes. this secretion is regulated by inositol phosphate-mediated ca(2+) release from internal stores. to further investigate the inositol phosphate metabolism of entamoeba histolytica four putative inositol phosphate kinase genes (ehipk1-4) were identified and their expression analyzed by real-time quantitative pcr using rna of trophozoites. furthermore inositol phosphate kinase ehipk1 was r ...201222001062
Molecular and functional characterization of an Entamoeba histolytica protein (EhMLCI) with features of a myosin essential light chain.Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite of humans, relays on its striking motility to survive and invade host tissues. Characterization of the molecular components involved in motile processes is crucial to understand its pathogenicity. Although protein components of myosin II hexamers have been predicted from E. histolytica genome data, only a heavy chain of myosin, EhmhcA, has been characterized so far. We have cloned an E. histolytica cDNA sequence that best matched Dictyostelium discoide ...201221963788
amebic liver abscess complicated by inferior vena cava thrombosis: a case report.amebic liver abscess is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of infection with entamoeba histolytica. it is a common disease, especially in endemic areas, but it is a rare cause of inferior vena cava (ivc) obstruction, with only a few cases appearing in the literature. the authors describe a case of amebic liver abscess in a patient who developed a rare vascular complication of inferior vena cava thrombosis. the case responded to conservative treatment and radiological intervention.201223770872
prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in certified food-handlers working in food establishments in the city of nairobi, kenya.most intestinal parasites are cosmopolitan with the highest prevalence in the tropics and subtopics. rural-to-urban migration rapidly increases the number of food eating places in towns and their environs. some of these eating estabishments have poor sanitation and are overcrowded, facilitating disease transmission, especially through food-handling. our investigations in nairobi, therefore, were set to determine the presence of intestinal parasites in food-handlers with valid medical certificate ...201223554735
nested pcr reveals elevated over-diagnosis of e. histolytica in barcelona, venezuela.the aim of this study was to identify the presence of entamoeba histolytica and e. dispar by nested pcr in children attending the "dr. luis razetti" hospital, barcelona, anzoátegui state. of the 1,141 fecal samples coproparasitologically evaluated by conventional microscopy, 150 were diagnosed positive for e. histolytica in 0-10 year-old-children, of both sexes. the signs, symptoms and a full coproparasitological report were obtained from all of these and nested pcr was performed to identify e. ...201223513487
epidemiological analysis of eosinophilia and elevation of immunoglobulin e as a predictable and relative risk of enteroparasitosis.among the intestinal parasites, the helminthiasis occupies a prominent position in brazil, since it worsens malnutrition and the gives rise to neurovegetative disorders. helminths like ascaris lumbricoides, enterobius vermicularis, hookworm, trichuris trichiura and strongyloides stercoralis stand out due to several factors that modulate the immune response of individuals. among the protozoa are giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica. e. dispar. parasitic helminth antigens are important to stimul ...201223444622
[second national survey of intestinal parasitic infections in cuba, 2009].the intestinal parasitic infections are still endemic in cuba, with a higher frequency in rural and mountain regions. twenty five years after the last national survey, it deemed necessary to carry out a new national survey in order to know the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and to compare the obtained results between both studies. that knowledge would be valuable to work out strategies of health and to design a control program for intestinal parasitic infections in cuba.201223444621
the incidence of feco-oral parasites in street-food vendors in buea, south-west region cameroon.the street-food industry lacks legal recognition, it operates in unstable and precarious conditions, involving women and men with minimal or no knowledge of hygienic food handling practices. infective eggs, bacteria, toxins and cysts of faecal orally transmissible parasites are common agents responsible for food contamination in developing countries.201223382755
[comparison of individual differences in the direct microscopic examination in the diagnosis of intestinal parasites].the aim is to emphasise the importance for intestinal parasites' diagnosis by direct microscopic examination and the discrepancies among results from different microscopists.201223339941
prevalence of intestinal parasites among hiv patients in baringo, kenya.hiv patients have reduced immune response which makes them more susceptible to different infections. this cross-sectional study was carried out to document the prevalence of intestinal parasites among hiv patients in baringo county, kenya.201223330028
clinical and microbiological profile of hiv/aids cases with diarrhea in north india.intestinal infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with hiv/aids (plwha) especially in developing countries. the present study was conducted to assess the clinical and microbiological spectrum in hiv/aids cases with diarrhea and to correlate the occurrence of such pathogens with stool characters, hiv seropositivity status, and cd4 counts. stools from 154 hiv seropositive subjects and 50 hiv negative controls were examined by direct microscopy, fecal culture ...201223326669
the calmodulin-like calcium binding protein ehcabp3 of entamoeba histolytica regulates phagocytosis and is involved in actin dynamics.phagocytosis is required for proliferation and pathogenesis of entamoeba histolytica and erythrophagocytosis is considered to be a marker of invasive amoebiasis. ca²⁺ has been found to play a central role in the process of phagocytosis. however, the molecular mechanisms and the signalling mediated by ca²⁺ still remain largely unknown. here we show that calmodulin-like calcium binding protein ehcabp3 of e. histolytica is directly involved in disease pathomechanism by its capacity to participate i ...201223300437
intestinal protozoan parasitic infection among school children.intestinal protozoan parasitosis is highly prevalent among general population, majority of them are children. the objective of the study is to find out the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection in school children of sindhuli.201223281452
effect of antimicrobial peptides derived from human cathelicidin ll-37 on entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.the human cathelicidin hcap18/ll-37 is an antimicrobial protein consisting of a conserved n-terminal prosequence called the cathelin-like domain and a c-terminal peptide called ll-37. this peptide contains 37 amino acid residues, and several truncated variants obtained from natural sources or by chemical synthesis differ in their capability to damage gram positive and gram negative bacteria as well as candida albicans. kr-12 is the shortest peptide (12 amino acids) of ll-37 that has conserved an ...201223274811
entamoeba histolytica: the over expression of a mutated ehrabb protein produces a decrease of in vitro and in vivo virulence.vesicular trafficking, which is implicated in secretion of cytolytic molecules as well as in phagocytosis, plays an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite causative of human amoebiasis. thus, rab gtpases, that are key regulators of vesicle trafficking, should be considered as molecules involved in the parasite virulence. ehrabb is a rab protein located in cytoplasmic vesicles that are translocated to phagocytic mouths during ingestion of targe ...201223268174
the entamoeba histolytica serum-inducible transmembrane kinase ehtmkb1-9 is involved in intestinal amebiasis.entamoeba histolytica possesses a family of approximately 100 putative transmembrane kinases (tmks), indicating that the parasite has an extensive means of environmental sensing. the tmks have been divided into nine sub-groups based on the sequence composition of their intracellular kinase as well as extracellular cysteine-rich domains. ehtmkb1-9 has been recently shown to be expressed in proliferating trophozoites and induced by serum. interference with ehtmkb1-9 by antisense rna knockdown or e ...201223267432
amoebic toxic colitis: analysis of factors related to mortality.toxic or fulminant colitis due to entamoeba histolytica infrequently presents but is very serious. unfortunately, there are numerous contradictory factors related to mortality.201223265426
giant liver abscess with bilateral pleural effusion: an unfamiliar association.amoebic liver abscess is a common problem in tropical countries. however, its protean manifestations sometimes pose diagnostic dilemma leading to delay in starting appropriate therapy. we report here one interesting case of an amoebic liver abscess where the patient developed some uncommon features like bilateral pedal edema and bilateral pleural effusion. although unilateral effusion is well known in such patients, the cause of bilateral involvement of pleura in this patient remained largely un ...201223767022
new insights into parasite rhomboid proteases.the rhomboid-like proteins constitute a large family of intramembrane serine proteases that are present in all branches of life. first studied in drosophila, these enzymes catalyse the release of the active forms of proteins from the membrane and hence trigger signalling events. in protozoan parasites, a limited number of rhomboid-like proteases have been investigated and some of them are associated to pathogenesis. in apicomplexans, rhomboid-like protease activity is involved in shedding adhesi ...201122173057
waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010.the present update gives a comprehensive review of worldwide waterborne parasitic protozoan outbreaks that occurred and were published globally between january 2004 and december 2010. at least one hundred and ninety-nine outbreaks of human diseases due to the waterborne transmission of parasitic protozoa occurred and were reported during the time period from 2004 to 2010. 46.7% of the documented outbreaks occurred on the australian continent, 30.6% in north america and 16.5% in europe. cryptospo ...201122048017
identification and evaluation of inhibitors of the ehgef1 protein from entamoeba histolytica.the dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) is made up of a vast array of members that participate in the activation of the rho family of small gtpases. dbl-family proteins promote the exchange of guanosine diphosphate/guanosine triphosphate (gdp/gtp) in their target molecules, resulting in the activation of a variety of signaling pathways involved in diverse cellular events, such as actin-cytoskeleton remodeling, cellular invasion, cell movement, and other functions. it has bee ...201122038800
Glu-108 is essential for subunit assembly and dimer stability of d-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from Entamoeba histolytica.d-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase catalyses the first step of phosphorylated serine biosynthesis pathway by oxidizing 3-phosphoglycerate, a glycolysis intermediate into phosphohydroxsy pyruvate. For Entamoeba histolytica this pathway is an integral part of the cysteine metabolism, which is considered to be vital for growth and survival of the parasite. Entamoeba histolyticad-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (EhPGDH) exists as a homodimer at pH 7. Mild acidic conditions induce significant changes in ...201122057349
Transcriptional and functional analysis of trifluoromethionine resistance in Entamoeba histolytica.OBJECTIVES: Drug resistance in parasitic protozoa is an obstacle to successful chemotherapy. Understanding how pathogens respond to drugs is crucial in preventing resistance. Previously, we have shown that in Entamoeba histolytica, methionine ?-lyase (EhMGL) downregulation results in trifluoromethionine resistance. The transcriptional response, however, of this parasite to the drug is not known. In this study, we used microarray analysis to determine whether additional genes are involved. METHOD ...201122110087
Coinfection of schistosoma (trematoda) with bacteria, protozoa and helminths.This review examines coinfection of selected species of Schistosoma with bacteria, protozoa and helminths and focuses on the effects of the coinfection on the hosts. The review is based mainly on tables that contain the salient information on the coinfecting organisms in vertebrate hosts. Further explanation and clarification of the tables are given in the text. A table is also provided that gives synoptic information on the 37 species in the 19 genera considered in this review. Coinfection stud ...201122137582
prevalence and epidemiology of intestinal parasitism, as revealed by three distinct techniques in an endemic area in the brazilian amazon.this survey aims to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in santa isabel do rio negro, amazonian brazil, through three distinct techniques, correlating the prevalence rates with family income and age groups as well as assessing the household clustering of infections. prevalence rates were assessed through graham (n=113), baermann-moraes (n=232) and ritchie (n=463) methods. the graham method was adopted only for children under 5 years old, 15% of whom were positive for enter ...201122117850
Clinical case of cerebral amebiasis caused by E. histolytica.Although amebic brain abscess is a rare form of invasive amebiasis, when present, it is frequently lethal. This disorder always begins with the infection of the colon by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites, which then travel to extra-intestinal tissues through the bloodstream. Amebic brain abscesses are produced when trophozoites invade the central nervous system. Computerized axial tomography scans can be used to diagnose the presence or absence of a brain abscess with a certainty of 100%. Howev ...201121870245
bowel "infarction" in a postpartum patient. 201121984274
Evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase gene (EhCP5) antigen in Minipig.Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase gene 5(EhCP5) is one of the major proteinase genes of all EhCP-transcripts. The amebiasis cysteine proteinase gene encoding an antigen from E. histolytica, as well as the recombinant EhCP5, obtained by cloning and expression of the EhCP5 gene in heterologous host Escherichia coli BL-21 (DE3), were used to evaluate their ability to induce immune protective responses in Minipig against challenge infection in a minipig-E. histolytica model. There was a 52.2 ...201122202181
nucleus-localized antisense small rnas with 5'-polyphosphate termini regulate long term transcriptional gene silencing in entamoeba histolytica g3 strain.in the deep-branching eukaryotic parasite entamoeba histolytica, transcriptional gene silencing (tgs) of the amoebapore a gene (ap-a) in the g3 strain has been reported with subsequent development of this parasite strain for gene silencing. however, the mechanisms underlying this gene silencing approach are poorly understood. here we report that antisense small rnas (srnas) specific to the silenced ap-a gene can be identified in g3 parasites. furthermore, when additional genes are silenced in th ...201122049083
The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor an anti-inflammatory peptide; therapeutics originating from amebic abscess of the liver.Entamoeba histolytica in culture produces a pentapeptide (MQCNS). This oligopeptide inhibits the in vitro and in vivo locomotion of human monocytes, hence its denomination Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF). The original isolated peptide and its synthetic construct display similar effects, among others, being inhibition of the respiratory burst in monocytes and neutrophils, decrease of Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin hypersensitivity in guinea pigs and gerbils, and delay of mononuclea ...201122074573
analysis of entamoeba histolytica excretory-secretory antigen and identification of a new potential diagnostic marker.serodiagnosis of amoebiasis remains the preferred method for diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess (ala). however, the commercially available kits are problematic in areas of endemicity due to the persistently high background antibody titers. human serum samples (n = 38) from patients with ala who live in areas of endemicity were collected from hospital universiti sains malaysia during the period of 2008 to 2010. western blots using excretory-secretory antigen (esa) collected from axenically grown ...201121918120
crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of the entamoeba histolytica α-actinin-2 rod domain.α-actinins form antiparallel homodimers that are able to cross-link actin filaments. the protein contains three domains: an n-terminal actin-binding domain followed by a central rod domain and a calmodulin-like ef-hand domain at the c-terminus. here, crystallization of the rod domain of entamoeba histolytica α-actinin-2 is reported; it crystallized in space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 47.8, b = 79.1, c = 141.8 å. a matthews coefficient v(m) of 2.6 å(3) da(-1) suggests that ...201122102030
parasitic infections, anemia and malnutrition among rural settled and mobile pastoralist mothers and their children in chad.malnutrition, resulting from various etiologies, is common in rural chadian women and children. this cross-sectional study assessed the spectrum of parasitic infection and level of anemia and their effect on nutritional status in settled and mobile pastoral mothers and children near lake chad. intestinal parasites were evaluated using direct fecal smears and the kato-katz technique. malaria status was determined using paracheck-pf(®) rapid diagnostic test, and anemia was assessed with the hemocu ...201122160444
transferrin regulates mrna levels of a gene involved in iron utilization in entamoeba histolytica.entamoeba histolytica is a human pathogen, which can survive using haemoglobin (hb) as only iron supply. two probable haemophores (ehhmbp26 and ehhmbp45) are involved in iron acquisition in this parasite. however, mechanisms related to their transcriptional regulation have not been studied yet. in the present work, transcriptional profiles of both genes were evaluated in trophozoites cultures grown with different iron sources. ehhmbp26 gene was repressed totally by free iron, whereas ehhmbp45 ge ...201121947947
the ways of a killer: how does entamoeba histolytica elicit host cell death?entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebiasis in humans and is responsible for an estimated 100,000 deaths annually, making it the second leading cause of death due to a protozoan parasite after plasmodium. pathogenesis appears to result from the potent cytotoxic activity of the parasite, which kills host cells within minutes. the mechanism is unknown, but progress has been made in determining that cytotoxicity requires parasite gal (galactose)/galnac (n-acetylgalactosamine) lectin- ...201122023450
Mechanisms of adherence, cytotoxicity and phagocytosis modulate the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica.The unicellular parasite Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of the human disease amebiasis, has traditionally been distinguished from its nonpathogenic cousin Entamoeba dispar by its propensity for the ingestion of erythrocytes. This classic feature, along with the parasite's ability to cause extensive host cell death, are critical mechanisms of pathogenesis during human infection. Recent advances have led to a greater understanding of the molecular components that allow E. histolytica t ...201122122445
[Protozoal antigen positivity in diarrheal patients admitted to emergency service: a point prevalence study].Intestinal parasites are the important etiological agents of water and food related diarrhea cases which are frequently seen during summer/early autumn seasons in developing countries. This point prevalence study was aimed to determine the protozoal antigen positivity rate in diarrhea cases admitted to the emergency service in one single day. A total of 198 diarrheal patients (90 male, 108 female; age range: 1-82 years, mean age: 29 years) who were admitted to the emergency service of Ankara Tra ...201122090311
Amebiasis-Related Mortality among United States Residents, 1990-2007.Abstract. Despite the endemic nature of Entamoeba histolytica infection in the United States there is a lack of data on amebiasis-related mortality. We analyzed national death certificate data from 1990 to 2007 to assess the occurrence of amebiasis-related deaths and determine demographic and regional associations. A total of 134 deaths were identified. Mortality rates were highest in males, Hispanics, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and persons 75 years of age and older. An association with human immu ...201122144440
molecular differentiation of entamoeba spp. in a rural community of loja province, south ecuador.although previous epidemiological surveys in ecuador indicate the presence of entamoeba histolytica, prevalence data of this parasite remain scarce. most of the studies were based on microscopic examination, which does not allow a morphological differentiation from the non-pathogenic ent. dispar and ent. moshkovskii. in the present study, 674 stool samples from a south ecuadorian rural community were screened for entamoeba spp. subsequently, molecular identification was performed on 101 samples ...201121981992
microbiological spectrum of brain abscess at a tertiary care hospital in south india: 24-year data and review.intracranial abscesses are life-threatening infections that pose a diagnostic challenge not only to the neurosurgeon but also to the microbiologists. detailed studies documenting the spectrum of infecting agents involved in brain abscesses are limited from india. materials and methods. this is a retrospective analysis of 352 samples from 1987 to 2010 analyzed at a tertiary care hospital in south india from 1987 to 2010, to document the changing trends with time. results. the age of the patients ...201122191080
mitosomes in trophozoites and cysts of the reptilian parasite entamoeba invadens.heat shock protein genes led to the discovery of mitosomes in entamoeba histolytica, but mitosomes have not been described for any other entamoeba species, nor have they been identified in the cyst stage. here, we show that the distantly related reptilian pathogen entamoeba invadens contains mitosomes, in both trophozoites and cysts, suggesting all entamoeba species contain these organelles.201121965513
localisation to lipid rafts correlates with increased function of the gal/galnac lectin in the human protozoan parasite, entamoeba histolytica.entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of dysentery and liver abscess and is prevalent in developing countries. adhesion to the host is critical to infection and is mediated by amoebic surface receptors. one such receptor, the gal/galnac lectin, binds to galactose or n-acetylgalactosamine residues on host components and consists of heavy (hgl), light (lgl) and intermediate (igl) subunits. the mechanism by which the lectin assembles into a functional complex is not known. the parasite also ...201122085647
absence of cd38 delays arrival of neutrophils to the liver and innate immune response development during hepatic amoebiasis by entamoeba histolytica.to define the role of cd38 in the migration of neutrophils to the liver and consequently in the induction of an innate immune response during murine hepatic amoebiasis by entamoeba histolytica, we examined amoebic liver abscess development (ala), presence of amoebae and neutrophils, and expression levels of cytokines and other inflammation mediators mrna, in infected wild-type and cd38 knockout (cd38ko) c57bl/6j mice. results showed that cd38ko mice undergo a delay in ala development in comparis ...201121919917
pcr diagnosis of entamoeba histolytica cysts in stool samples.amebiasis is a protozoan disease caused by entamoeba histolytica and a potential health threat in areas where sanitation and hygiene are inappropriate. highly sensitive pcr methods for detection of e. histolytica in clinical and environmental samples are extremely useful to control amebiasis and to promote public health. the present study compared several primer sets for small subunit (ssu) rdna and histone genes of e. histolytica cysts. a 246 bp of the ssu rdna gene of pure cysts contained in p ...201122072829
intestinal parasitosis and shigellosis among diarrheal patients in gondar teaching hospital, northwest ethiopia.abstract:201122041102
antiprotozoal activity of proton-pump inhibitors.parasitic diseases are still a major health problem in developing countries. in our effort to find new antiparasitic agents, in this letter we report the in vitro antiprotozoal activity of omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole and pantoprazole against trichomonas vaginalis, giardia intestinalis and entamoeba histolytica. molecular modeling studies were an important tool to highlight the potential antiprotozoal activity of these drugs. experimental evaluations revealed a strong activity for all c ...201122047694
evaluation of amoebicidal potential of paneth cell cryptdin-2 against entamoeba histolytica.background: amoebiasis is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. currently, metronidazole is the gold choice medication for the treatment of this disease. however, reports have indicated towards the possibility of development of metronidazole-resistance in entamoeba strains in near future. in view of the emergence of this possibility, in addition to the associated side effects and mutagenic ability of the currently available anti-amoebic drugs, there is a need to ex ...201122206022
calpain mediates degradation of cytoskeletal proteins during jurkat t-cell death induced by entamoeba histolytica.entamoeba histolytica is known to induce host cell death via activation of calpain and caspases. in this study, we investigated the specific proteases involved in the degradation of cytoskeletal proteins during jurkat t-cell death induced by e. histolytica. amoebic trophozoites induced marked degradation of paxillin, cas, vimentin, vinculin and talin, as well as a- or ß-spectrin, in jurkat t cells. the cleavage effects of e. histolytica were strongly retarded by pretreatment with a calpain inhib ...201121426360
evaluation of antidiarrheal and in vitro antiprotozoal activities of extracts of leaves of alocasia indica.alocasia indica schott (araceae) is used in several regions of india, especially in rural communities, by traditional medicine practitioners to treat diarrhea. however, no scientific data are available to justify the traditional potentials of the plant species in gastrointestinal disorders.201121428863
the cysteine protease inhibitors ehicp1 and ehicp2 perform different tasks in the regulation of endogenous protease activity in trophozoites of entamoeba histolytica.trophozoites of e. histolytica are equipped with two chagasin-like cysteine protease inhibitors, ehicp1 and ehicp2, also known as amoebiasin 1 and 2. expression studies using e. invadens as model organism showed that corresponding mrnas were detectable in both life stages of the parasite, cyst and trophozoite state. unlike ehicp1 known to act in the cytosol, ehicp2 co-localized with cysteine protease ehcp-a1 in lysosome-like vesicles, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. silencing o ...201121440496
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