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bacterial vaginosis and risk for trichomonas vaginalis infection: a longitudinal analysis.: bacterial vaginosis (bv) and trichomonas vaginalis (tv) have been estimated to affect one-quarter to one-third of sexually active women worldwide, and are often found concurrently. few studies have examined this relationship longitudinally to better understand the direction and temporality of this association.201121844747
A preliminary investigation of microsatellite-based genotyping in Trichomonas vaginalis.The genetic epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis is poorly understood at present. The recent release of the organism's genome sequence opens the way to investigation of polymorphic markers allowing strain identification. We here report a preliminary analysis of microsatellite loci in T. vaginalis and show that this approach holds promise for future studies of infection transmission and organism diversity.201121700304
trichomoniasis: evaluation to execution.trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted disease, caused by a motile flagellate non-invasive parasitic protozoan, trichomonas vaginalis (t. vaginalis). more than 160 million people worldwide are annually infected by this protozoan. t. vaginalis occupies an extracellular niche in the complex human genito-urinary environment (vagina, cervix, penis, prostate gland, and urethra) to survive, multiply and evade host defenses. t. vaginalis (strain g3) has a ~160 megabase genome with 60,00 ...201121440359
hiv-infected women of burkina faso: a "reservoir" of mycoplasma infection.the objective of this work was to assess the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (bv) and genital mycoplasma colonization in 251 hiv-positive compared to 200 hiv-negative women at the maternal and child health (mch) service of saint camille medical center  ouagadougou (burkina faso).201121444986
identification of antigenic proteins in trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease due to infection with trichomonas vaginalis, and it can cause serious consequences for women's health. to study the virulence factors of this pathogen, t. vaginalis surface proteins were investigated using polyclonal antibodies specific to the membrane fractions of t. vaginalis. the t. vaginalis expression library was constructed by cloning the cdna derived from mrna of t. vaginalis into a phage ? uni-zap xr vector, and then used for immunoscreeni ...201121461274
detection of nanobacteria in patients with chronic prostatitis and vaginitis by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.we aimed to investigate the detection of nanobacteria (nb) from expressed prostatic secretions (eps) in patients with category iii chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (cp/cpps) and from vaginal swabs in patients with vaginitis by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and to evaluate the association between nb and neisseria gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum (u. urealyticum), mycoplasma hominis, trichomonas vaginalis, and mycoplasma genitalium ...201121461284
prediction and analysis of paralogous proteins in trichomonas vaginalis genome.trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, second most sexually transmitted disease. the genome sequence draft of t. vaginalis was published by the institute of genomic research reveals an abnormally large genome size of 160 mb. it was speculated that a significant portion of the proteome contains paralogous proteins. the present study was aimed at identification and analysis of the paralogous proteins. the all against all search approach is used to identify the paralogous proteins. the datase ...201121464842
kinetic characterization and gene expression of adenosine deaminase in intact trophozoites of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that resides in the human urogenital tract and causes trichomonosis, the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted disease. nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ntpdase), which hydrolyzes extracellular di- and triphosphate nucleotides, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase, which hydrolyzes amp, have been characterized in t. vaginalis. the aim of this study was to characterize the adenosine deaminase (ada) activity in intact trophozoites of t. vaginalis. a strong ...201121477257
composition, and antimicrobial and remarkable antiprotozoal activities of the essential oil of rhizomes of aframomum sceptrum k. schum. (zingiberaceae).the essential oil from the rhizomes of aframomum sceptrum (zingiberaceae) was analyzed by gc/ms, and its major constituents were found to be β-pinene (12.7%), caryophyllene oxide (10.0%), and cyperene (6.0%). the oil was also evaluated for antimicrobial activities, in comparison with β-pinene, caryophyllene oxide, and the leaf essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (myrtaceae). the a. sceptrum essential oil exhibited bacteriostatic activity against the gram-positive bacteria bacillus subtilis, ...201121480511
gene expression in the unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis.control of gene expression is essential to the survival of an organism. here, we review the current state of gene expression research in trichomonas vaginalis, with particular attention to the progress made since the release of the genome of this unicellular parasite in 2007. the availability of genome data has allowed the study of an array of biological processes, including the role of small nuclear rnas involved in the splicing of introns, the components of transcriptional complexes and the pr ...201121511031
severity of bacterial vaginosis and the risk of sexually transmitted infection.objective: the purpose of this study was to determine whether the association between bacterial vaginosis (bv) and incident sexually transmitted infection (sti) varies with more extreme bv scores. study design: we analyzed the data from 535 women who were enrolled in a randomized trial to promote dual method contraceptive use. incident sti was defined as any case of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomonas vaginalis, or pelvic inflammatory disease. bv was defined by gram stain ( ...201121514555
trichomonas vaginalis among multiethnic female uk students. 201121561888
interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy.vaginitis due to trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common of sexually transmitted diseases. trichomoniasis affects women during pregnancy as well but it is not clearly established whether it causes preterm birth and other pregnancy complications.201121563127
hiv, sti prevalence and risk behaviours among women selling sex in lahore, pakistan.abstract: background: more than 340 million cases of curable sexually transmitted infections (stis) were estimated to have occurred worldwide in 1995. previous studies have shown that the presence of other concomitant stis increases the likelihood of hiv transmission. the first national study of stis conducted in pakistan in 2004 revealed a high burden of stis among women selling sex. the hiv epidemic in pakistan has thus far followed the "asian epidemic model". earlier studies among women selli ...201121569319
effects of periodic presumptive treatment on three bacterial sexually transmissible infections and hiv among female sex workers in port moresby, papua new guinea.background sexually transmissible infections (sti) are common in female sex workers (fsw). aim: to determine if 3-monthly periodic presumptive treatments (ppt) would reduce the prevalence of sti in fsw. methods: in a cohort study conducted between november 2003 and september 2004, fsw were enrolled, counselled and interviewed. informed consent was obtained. testing by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) and trichomonas vaginalis (tv), ...201121592437
pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thioredoxin reductase are involved in 5-nitroimidazole activation while flavin metabolism is linked to 5-nitroimidazole resistance in giardia lamblia.objectives the mechanism of action of, and resistance to, metronidazole in the anaerobic (or micro-aerotolerant) protozoan parasite giardia lamblia has long been associated with the reduction of ferredoxin (fd) by the enzyme pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor) and the subsequent activation of metronidazole by fd to toxic radical species. resistance to metronidazole has been associated with down-regulation of pfor and fd. the aim of this study was to determine whether the pfor/fd couple is ...201121602576
comparative molecular field analysis (comfa) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (comsia) of some benzimidazole derivatives with trichomonicidal activity.trichomonosis is a common sexually transmitted infectious disease linked to reproductive health complications. recently, the benzimidazole nucleus has emerged as a promising scaffold to develop new trichomonicidal agents. despite the fact that large amounts of experimental data have been accumulated over the past eight years, no quantitative studies have yet been reported on this class of compounds. in our effort to develop new antiparasitic benzimidazole derivatives, we report in this paper com ...201121621311
effect of mirazid (commiphora molmol) on experimental giardiasis.mirazid -a purified oleo-resin extract derived from myrrh- with previously proved trematocidal activity, has been recently reported to be also effective against protozoa like trichomonas vaginalis and cryptosporidium in humans. this experimental study aimed at investigating the possible therapeutic effect of mirazid on experimental giardia lamblia infection in albino rats, using tinidazole as a therapeutic control. results proved the efficacy of mirazid, as indicated by a 100% reduction in paras ...201121634251
the presence of dsrna virus in trichomonas vaginalis isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic indian women and its correlation with in vitro metronidazole sensitivity.trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of human trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease. the infection encompasses from a complete asymptomatic presentation to severe sequelae; yet, the virulence markers have been poorly understood. it is suggested that the presence of trichomonas vaginalis virus (tvv) in t. vaginalis may have an impact on its virulence, and its relatedness to in vitro metronidazole resistance has been reported. the aim ...201121654110
mechanistic studies on the enzymatic processing of fluorinated methionine analogues by trichomonas vaginalis methionine γ-lyase.tfm (l-trifluoromethionine), a potential prodrug, was reported to be toxic towards human pathogens that express mgl (l-methionine γ-lyase; ec 4.4.1.11), a pyridoxal phosphate-containing enzyme that converts l-methionine into α-oxobutyrate, ammonia and methyl mercaptan. it has been hypothesized that the extremely reactive thiocarbonyl difluoride is produced when the enzyme acts upon tfm, resulting in cellular toxicity. the potential application of the fluorinated thiomethyl group in other areas o ...201121658005
high detection rate of trichomonas vaginalis in benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue.while trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan parasite, is a well-investigated pathogen in the female population, there is little awareness of its significance in the male uro-genital tract. the presence of t. vaginalis in the prostate gland has only been scarcely investigated and has never been attested in conditions other than clinical prostatitis. still, by some authors, this organ is regarded as ecologic niche for t. vaginalis. since normal prostate tissue of sufficient quality is hard to come by ...201121660495
[development and use of test systems for the evaluation of sensitivity of trichomonas vaginalisto preparations of the 5-nitroimidazole and 5-nitrofuran groups].development of test system for the evaluation of sensitivity of trichomonas vaginalis to preparations of the 5-nitroimidazole and 5-nitrofuran groups.201121809648
putrescine is required for the expression of eif-5a in trichomonas vaginalis.recently, we found that trichomonas vaginalis contains a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5a (tveif-5a) with unknown function in this parasite. eif-5a is the only cellular protein dependent of polyamines to form a hypusine residue, an unusual basic amino acid that is post-translationally formed by modification of a single specific lysine residue in an eif-5a precursor protein. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a putrescine analogue, 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (dab), on ...201121801756
evaluation of a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay stdfinder for the simultaneous detection of 7 sexually transmitted disease pathogens.we evaluated a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr), "stdfinder assay", a novel multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (mlpa) assay for the simultaneous detection of 7 clinically relevant pathogens of stds, i.e., neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis, mycoplasma genitalium, treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2). an internal amplification control was included in the mpcr reaction. the limits of detection for t ...201121798683
finding cases of trichomonas vaginalis infection in england.we describe the use of a new molecular assay for trichomonas vaginalis (tv), the gen-probe aptima tv (atv) in female attendees at community clinics, a genitourinary (gu) medicine clinic and a prison gu medicine service. positivity rates at community clinics and gu medicine were 0/382 (0%) and 3/358 (0.8%, 95% confidence interval [ci] 0-1.7%), respectively. positivity was significantly higher, 29/269 (10.8%, 95% ci 7.1-14.5%), odds ratio (or) 14.3 (4.11 < or < 59.55), in those tested at the priso ...201121795421
the minimal kinome of giardia lamblia illuminates early kinase evolution and unique parasite biology.abstract: background: the major human intestinal pathogen, giardia lamblia is a very early-branching eukaryote with a minimal genome of broad evolutionary and biological interest. results: to explore early kinase evolution and regulation of giardia biology, we cataloged the kinomes of three sequenced strains. comparison with published kinomes and those of the excavates trichomonas vaginalis and leishmania major shows that giardia's 80 core kinases constitute the smallest known core kinome of any ...201121787419
development of a pigtail macaque model of sexually transmitted infection/hiv coinfection using chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis, and shiv(sf162p3).background sexually transmitted infections (stis) are associated with an increased risk of hiv infection. to model the interaction between stis and hiv infection, we evaluated the capacity of the pigtail macaque model to sustain triple infection with trichomonas vaginalis, chlamydia trachomatis, and shiv(sf162p3) . methods seven shiv(sf162p3) -infected pigtail macaques were inoculated with t. vaginalis only (n = 2), c. trachomatis only (n = 1), both t. vaginalis and c. trachomatis (n = 2), or ...201121781129
endometrial leukocyte subpopulations associated with chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and trichomonas vaginalis genital tract infection.objective: the objective of the study was to characterize endometrial inflammation associated with common genital tract pathogens. study design: the design of the study was the immunohistochemical characterization of the endometrial leukocyte subpopulations from 37 controls and 45 women infected with chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, or trichomonas vaginalis. results: compared with uninfected women, endocervical infection with c trachomatis, n gonorrhoeae, or t vaginalis was associat ...201121777898
identification and characterization of the immunogenic cytotoxic tvcp39 proteinase gene of trichomonas vaginalis.tvcp39 is a 39kda cysteine proteinase (cp) involved in trichomonas vaginalis cytotoxicity that has been found in vaginal secretions and is immunogenic in patients with trichomonosis. the goal of this work was to identify, clone, express, and characterize the tvcp39 gene. the tvcp39 gene was identified using a proteomic approach, and the complete gene was amplified using pcr, cloned, and sequenced. tvcp39 is encoded by a 915-bp cathepsin l-like cp gene. a fragment corresponding to the mature regi ...201121777690
[comparing the occurrence of trichomonas vaginalis infections today to ten years ago among women prostitutes and gynecology and obstetrics patients].objective: trichomonas vaginalis is is a monoxenous parasite which lives in human urogenital systems and causes sex transmitted disease through human sexual contact. disease frequency has been seen at different rates in different communities or in the same community depending on people's sociocultural status. previously we made a study for determining prevalence of t. vaginalis infection in woman living in istanbul. we made this present study for determining any difference in prevalence in compa ...201121776589
molecular basis of the recognition of the ap65-1 gene transcription promoter elements by a myb protein from the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis.iron-inducible transcription of the ap65-1 gene in trichomonas vaginalis involves at least three myb-like transcriptional factors (tvmyb1, tvmyb2 and tvmyb3) that differentially bind to two closely spaced promoter sites, mre-1/mre-2r and mre-2f. here, we defined a fragment of tvmyb2 comprising residues 40-156 (tvmyb2(40-156)) as the minimum structural unit that retains near full binding affinity with the promoter dnas. like c-myb in vertebrates, the dna-free tvmyb2(40-156) has a flexible and ope ...201121771861
comparative drug susceptibility study of five clonal strains of trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.to produce comparative data on a group of trichomonas vaginalis clonal strains with varied drug responses using identical methods and materials.201121771415
rare case of trichomonal peritonitis.to the editor: trichomonads are flagellated protozoa with several species capable of infecting or colonizing humans. the most common, trichomonas vaginalis, causes genitourinary infection in adults and, rarely, respiratory infections in premature neonates of infected mothers. pentatrichomonas hominis has been isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract, and trichomonas tenax, a human oropharynx commensal, has caused empyema in immunocompomised persons. rare cases of human peritonitis caused b ...201121762600
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection in symptomatic adolescent females presenting to a pediatric emergency department.academic emergency medicine 2011; 18:763-766 © 2011 by the society for academic emergency medicine abstract: objectives: adolescent females are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections (stis). although trichomonas vaginalis (tv) has been declared the most common nonviral sti, tv testing is not routinely conducted in the emergency department (ed), and when it is performed, insensitive testing methods are often used. therefore, this study sought to determine the prevalence o ...201121762238
atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: bethesda classification and association with human papillomavirus.introduction. to analyze patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ascus) through a cytology review and the presence of microbiological agents, with consideration of colposcopy and semiannual tracking. methods. 103 women with ascus were reviewed and reclassified: normal/inflammatory, ascus, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (lsil), or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (hsil). if ascus confirmed, it was subclassified in reactive or neoplastic ascus, asc- ...201121760701
effect of the antimicrobial peptide tritrpticin on the in vitro viability and growth of trichomonas vaginalis.antimicrobial peptides are widely distributed in nature; they play important roles in several aspects of innate immunity and may provide a basis for the design of novel therapeutic agents. in this study, c-amidated tritrpticin, a 13 amino acid tryptophan-rich antimicrobial peptide derived from a porcine cathelicidin, was tested against trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan that causes a serious non-viral sexually transmitted disease associated with preterm birth, low birth weight, and high risk of ...201120640424
longitudinal examination of alcohol use: a predictor of risky sexual behavior and trichomonas vaginalis among african-american female adolescents.alcohol use has been linked to risky sexual practices among adolescents. however, limited research on alcohol use and risky sexual behavior has been conducted on african-american female adolescents. this study examined high quantity of alcohol as a longitudinal predictor of risky sexual behavior and sexually transmitted diseases (stds) among african-american female adolescents, a high-risk population for stds.201120739910
microsatellite polymorphism in the sexually transmitted human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis indicates a genetically diverse parasite.given the growing appreciation of serious health sequelae from widespread trichomonas vaginalis infection, new tools are needed to study the parasite's genetic diversity. to this end we have identified and characterized a panel of 21 microsatellites and six single-copy genes from the t. vaginalis genome, using seven laboratory strains of diverse origin. we have (1) adapted our microsatellite typing method to incorporate affordable fluorescent labeling, (2) determined that the microsatellite loci ...201120813140
co-occurrence of trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis among hiv-positive women.trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and bacterial vaginosis (bv) were examined among human immunodeficiency virus+ women. the prevalence rates were 28.0% for tv, 51.4% for bv, and 17.5% for tv/bv co-infection. among human immunodeficiency virus+/tv+ women, the rate of bv was 61.0%. research is needed to examine how bv affects the clinical course and treatment of t. vaginalis.201120842073
association between sexually transmitted diseases and young adults' self-reported abstinence.self-reported behavior has been the cornerstone of sexual health research and clinical practice, yet advances in sexually transmitted disease (std) screening provide researchers with the opportunity to objectively quantify sexual risk behaviors. however, the extent to which young adults' laboratory-confirmed std results and self-reported sexual behaviors are consistent has not been assessed in a nationally representative sample.201121199852
changing sexually transmitted infection screening protocol will result in improved case finding for trichomonas vaginalis among high-risk female populations.: trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted infection, which is largely underestimated because of ineffective screening protocols and lack of public health attention.201121217417
involvement of the gp63 protease in infection of trichomonas vaginalis.there are 48 members of the gp63 protease family in trichomonas vaginalis according to our annotations; 37 of them are predicted to be transmembrane proteins. because the gp63 protease family is the largest surface protease family and the second largest surface protein family, they are most likely to be involved in the interactions between t. vaginalis and the host cell surfaces, or otherwise participate in infection. we performed a preliminary study on the functions of gp63 in t. vaginalis (tvg ...201121221643
novel core promoter elements and a cognate transcription factor in the divergent unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis.a highly conserved dna initiator (inr) element has been the only core promoter element described in the divergent unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis, although genome analyses reveal that only ∼75% of protein-coding genes appear to contain an inr. in search of another core promoter element(s), a nonredundant database containing 5' untranslated regions of expressed t. vaginalis genes was searched for overrepresented dna motifs and known eukaryotic core promoter elements. in addition to id ...201121245378
comparison of aptima trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification assay and bd affirm vpiii for detection of t. vaginalis in symptomatic women: performance parameters and epidemiological implications.trichomonas vaginalis is an underestimated sexually transmitted infection (sti) associated with numerous clinical sequelae. the true prevalence and clinical impact of trichomoniasis are unknown, as current methods of detection exhibit poor sensitivity compared to molecular amplification methods. limited data exist comparing the bd affirm vpiii hybridization assay to the gen-probe aptima t. vaginalis (atv) transcription-mediated amplification (tma) assay for detection of t. vaginalis. in this stu ...201121248097
the influence of bacterial vaginosis on the response to trichomonas vaginalis treatment among hiv-infected women.trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is common in hiv+ women, and host factors may play a role in tv treatment outcomes. the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of bacterial vaginosis (bv) on the response to tv treatment among hiv+ women.201121278401
demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of men with nongonococcal urethritis differ by etiology: a case-comparison study.nongonococcal urethritis (ngu) is common, yet up to 50% of cases have no defined etiology. the extent to which risk profiles and clinical presentations of pathogen-associated and idiopathic cases differ is largely unknown.201121285914
re-evaluating the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis: emphasizing emerging pathogens--a randomized clinical trial.nongonococcal urethritis (ngu) is a common chlamydia-associated syndrome in men; however, trichomonas vaginalis and mycoplasma genitalium are associated with its etiology and should be considered in approaches to therapy. we sought to determine whether the addition of tinidazole, an anti-trichomonal agent, to the treatment regimen would result in higher cure rates than those achieved with treatment with doxycycline or azithromycin alone. a secondary aim was to compare the efficacy of doxycycline ...201121288838
non-sexual transmission of trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent girls attending school in ndola, zambia.to identify risk factors for trichomoniasis among young women in ndola, zambia.201121305023
a systematic identification of kolobok superfamily transposons in trichomonas vaginalis and sequence analysis on related transposases.transposons are sequence elements widely distributed among genomes of all three kingdoms of life, providing genomic changes and playing significant roles in genome evolution. trichomonas vaginalis is an excellent model system for transposon study since its genome (~160 mb) has been sequenced and is composed of ~65% transposons and other repetitive elements. in this study, we primarily report the identification of kolobok-type transposons (termed tvbac) in t. vaginalis and the results of transpos ...201121356525
clinical trial report: duration of metronidazole therapy in hiv-infected women with trichomonas vaginalis: is more metronidazole better? 201121365373
expedited partner treatment for sexually transmitted infections: an update.to date, seven randomized trials have evaluated the efficacy of expedited partner treatment (ept). these trials have included heterosexual men and women and examine ept for chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoea, and trichomonas vaginalis. these studies demonstrated either superiority for percentage of partners being treated, for a reduction in repeat infections, or cost benefit for ept compared to the standard partner referral method and reported no adverse events. in the united states, al ...201121365383
sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers in manado, indonesia, using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based reverse line blot assay.sexually transmissible infections (stis) remain highly prevalent, and hiv is increasing, among female sex workers (fsws) in indonesia. our aim was to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, stis among fsws in manado, indonesia.201121371382
prevalence over time and risk factors for sexually transmissible infections among newly-arrived female sex workers in timika, indonesia.hiv rates are escalating in indonesia. at timika in papua, the world's largest gold mine employs many single and migrant men, who frequently have sex with female sex workers (fsws). we investigated trends of sexually transmissible infections (stis) in fsws in timika.201121371383
trichomonas vaginalis infection among women in a low prevalence setting.trichomonas vaginalis has become rare in australian cities but remains endemic in some remote regions. we describe the prevalence and associations of infection among women attending an urban australian sexual health clinic.201121371384
use of the internet and self-collected samples as a sexually transmissible infection intervention in rural illinois communities.in the usa, reported cases of chlamydia (chlamydia trachomatis) continue to rise despite substantial funding for screening. national gonorrhoea (neisseria gonorrhoeae) rates have remained relatively stable, with clusters associated with metropolitan areas. rural areas are no exception, as every county in illinois reported cases of chlamydia in 2007. morbidity associated with infection remains a public health concern, with costs of $us2.5+ billion annually. novel screening interventions must be e ...201121371388
differences between african-american adolescent females with and without human papillomavirus infection.an important policy question is whether high-risk populations can be identified and prioritised for human papillomavirus (hpv) immunisation.201121371396
correlates of hiv-1 genital shedding in tanzanian women.understanding the correlates of hiv shedding is important to inform strategies to reduce hiv infectiousness. we examined correlates of genital hiv-1 rna in women who were seropositive for both herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 and hiv-1 and who were enrolled in a randomised controlled trial of hsv suppressive therapy (aciclovir 400 mg b.i.d vs. placebo) in tanzania.201121390251
direct simultaneous detection of 6 sexually transmitted pathogens from clinical specimens by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and auto-capillary electrophoresis.the availability of a reliable and user-friendly method to identify pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases (stds) is essential to reduce the complications and spread of infection. in this study, genital/urinary specimens from 113 patients with stds were simultaneously tested for 6 pathogens using the automated seeplex-« (seegene, seoul, korea) multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based std6b auto-capillary electrophoresis (ace) system. the results were compared with conventional re ...201121392925
histamine and tnf-alpha release by rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with trichomonas vaginalis.mast cells have been reported to be predominant in the vaginal smears of patients infected with t. vaginalis. in this study, we investigated whether t. vaginalis could induce mast cells to migrate and to produce tnf-alpha and histamine. rat peritoneal mast cells (rpmc), a primary mast cell, were used for the study. t. vaginalis induced an increase in chemotactic migration of the mast cells toward excretory and secretory product (esp) of t. vaginalis, and the mast cells activated with t. vaginali ...201121395205
light microscopic observation on phagocytosis of candida spp. blastospores by trichomonas vaginalis in a patient with anal canal carcinoma. 201121395883
synthesis of benzologues of nitazoxanide and tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.we have synthesized two new benzologues of nitazoxanide (nit) and tizoxanide (tiz), using a short synthetic route. both compounds were tested in vitro against six protozoa (giardia intestinalis, trichomonas vaginalis, entamoeba histolytica, plasmodium berghei, leishmania mexicana and trypanosoma cruzi). compound 1 (benzologue of nit) showed broad antiprotozoal effect against all parasites tested, showing ic(50)'s<5 ++m. this compound was five-times more active than nit, and 18-times more potent ...201121397502
entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis: trophozoite growth inhibition by metronidazole electro-transferred water.the influence of low-frequency electromagnetic (lf-em) waves on microorganisms has been a subject of experimental investigations for more than two decades and the results are promising. in parallel, an interesting procedure known as biophysical-information-therapy or bioresonance therapy (brt) which in principle is based on lf-em stimulation, has emerged. brt was discovered in the late 1980's but it is still poorly studied. this paper demonstrates that by transferring metronidazole information t ...201120603119
innate immunity and inflammatory response to trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis: relationship to hiv acquisition.most women contract hiv-1 through sexual intercourse with an infected partner. highly prevalent, unreported and often asymptomatic lower genital tract infections, including bacterial vaginosis (bv) and trichomoniasis (trichomonas vaginalis- tv), increase a woman's susceptibility to hiv-1 genital infection, given an exposure. a review of the literature from 1989 to the present was conducted. this article will review potential mechanisms by which bv and tv serve as hiv-1-enhancing cofactors includ ...201120678168
the effect of commiphora molmol (myrrh) in treatment of trichomoniasis vaginalis infection.trichomoniasis vaginalis is now an important worldwide health problem. metronidazole has so far been used in treatment, but the metronidazole-resistant strains and unpleasant adverse effects have been de-veloped. myrrh is one of the oldest known medicinal plants used by the ancient egyptians for medical purposes and for mummification. commiphora molmol (myrrh) proved safe for male reproductive organ which is the main habitat of t. vaginalis and this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the her ...201122737515
incidence and cytomorphological peculiarities of lower genital tract infections in vault (post hysterectomy) smears versus pap smears from non-hysterectomy subjects: a retrospective study.to evaluate morphology and frequency of lower genital infections in (post hysterectomy) vault smears of women.201123024530
gene diversity of trichomonas vaginalis isolates.trichomonas vaginalis is protozoan parasite responsible for trichomoniasis and is more common in high-risk behavior group such as prostitute individuals. interest in trichomoniasis is due to increase one's susceptibility to viruses such as herpes, human papillomavirus and hiv. the aim of this study was to find genotypic differences between the isolates.201122347304
characterizing ncrnas in human pathogenic protists using high-throughput sequencing technology.ncrnas are key genes in many human diseases including cancer and viral infection, as well as providing critical functions in pathogenic organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and protists. until now the identification and characterization of ncrnas associated with disease has been slow or inaccurate requiring many years of testing to understand complicated rna and protein gene relationships. high-throughput sequencing now offers the opportunity to characterize mirnas, sirnas, small nucleola ...201122303390
translation initiation factor eif-5a, the hypusine-containing protein, is phosphorylated on serine and tyrosine and o-glycosylated in trichomonas vaginalis.the eukaryotic translation factor eif-5a is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes and undergoes an unusual polyamine-dependent post-translational modification called hypusination. trichomonas vaginalis has two tveif-5a genes (tveif-5a1 and tveif-5a2), each encoding a 19-kda protein. in this report, we describe the detection of two forms with different isoelectric points (5.2 and 5.5) that correspond to the precursor and mature tveif-5a, respectively. in addition, we demonstrated that only the m ...201122212642
trichomoniasis: an update.trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (stis) with a prevalence of 5-75%. in india, trichomoniasis accounts for 2-7% of all stis. infection with trichomonas vaginalis is known to cause vaginitis. significant association has also been noted between trichomoniasis and cervical cancer, atypical pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, low birth weight, and respiratory-tract infection in neonates. of interest are the recent documentations of association of this par ...201123508486
hiv and other sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in kampala, uganda.uganda has long been successful in controlling the hiv epidemic; however, there is evidence that hiv prevalence and incidence are increasing again. data on the hiv/sti epidemic among sex workers are so far lacking from uganda. this paper describes the baseline epidemiology of hiv/sti in a newly established cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in kampala, uganda.201123330152
cytoskeleton in trichomonads: i. immunological and biochemical comparative study of costal proteins in the genus tritrichomonas.proteins of the whole cytoskeleton fraction obtained by triton x-100 action on several tritrichomonas species have been analyzed by gel electrophoresis. in addition to tubulins, several major protein components with molecular weights between 100 and 150 kda were separated and presumably represent costal proteins. the partial purification of the costae from the whole cytoskeleton fraction of tritrichomonas foetus treated with 0.3 m ki confirmed the presence of costal proteins in the 100-150 kda z ...201123195538
cloning of a 1.8 kb repeated sequence for the identification and comparison of giardia intestinalis isolates.restriction enzyme digestion of bulk dna from giardia intestinalis reveals the presence of repeated sequences. a prominent 1.8 kb band in the alu i profile was cloned into the puc8 plasmid (pgi7) and used for comparing strains. when blots of dna of 34 isolates from different geographic areas are probed with pgi7, hybridization with identical intensities can be detected. however, some strains give different hybridization patterns with several restriction enzymes. no hybridization of pgi7 can be d ...201123195568
sexual assault and abuse of children.testing for sexually transmitted infections (stis) in children presents a number of problems for the practitioner that are not usually faced when testing adults for the same infections. the identification of an sti in a child can have, in addition to medical implications, serious legal implications. the presence of an sti is often used to support the presence or allegations, or, in some cases, may prompt an investigation of possible abuse. the purpose of this paper is to review the recent data o ...201122080264
[research progress on the molecular pathogenesis of trichomonas vaginalis].trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common human sexually transmitted pathogens that colonize the urogenital mucosa. this paper reviews those factors in the molecular pathogenesis of the parasite, including cell adhesin, interaction with fibronectin and laminin, g-proteins, pore-forming protein and proteinases.201121970114
response to 'trichomonas vaginalis among multiethnic female uk students'. 201121917700
[Effects of the symbiosis of Trichomonas vaginalis with Mycoplasma hominis on ferredoxin gene].We isolated 30 Trichomonas vaginalis for the PCR detection from the gynecological outpatients in the Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University using the specific 16s rDNA primers of Mycoplasma hominis. The results showed that there were 25 cases of Mycoplasma hominis infection, with the infection rate of 83.33%. This gave a clew that the symbiosis of Trichomonas vaginalis with Mycoplasma hominis may be of certain generality in China. We sequenced the ferredoxin gene of 10 Trichomonas vaginalis ...201121936384
Impact of international laboratory partnerships on the performance of HIV/sexually transmitted infection testing in five resource-constrained countries.To review a quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) model established to ensure the validity and reliability of collection, storage and analysis of biological outcome data, and to promote good laboratory practices (GLPs) and sustained operational improvements in international clinical laboratories, we conducted a two-arm randomized community-level HIV behavioural intervention trial in five countries: China, India, Peru, Russia and Zimbabwe. The trial was based on diffusion theory utilizing ...201122096049
pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfo) is a surface-associated cell-binding protein in trichomonas vaginalis and is involved in trichomonal adherence to host cells.the trichomonas vaginalis 120 kda protein adhesin (ap120) is induced under iron-rich conditions and has sequence homology with pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase a (pfo a), a hydrogenosomal enzyme that is absent in humans. this homology raises the possibility that, like ap120, pfo might be localized to the parasite surface and participate in cytoadherence. here, the cellular localization and function of pfo that was expressed under various iron concentrations was investigated using a polyclonal ...201122130740
The viral RNA-based transfection of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in the parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis.Here we have developed methods to transiently and stably transfect the human pathogenic protist Trichomonas vaginalis. The viral RNA-based transfection vector pTVV-EGFP/NEO was constructed by using enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (EGFP) and neomycin resistance gene (NEO) in tandem to replace the whole gene encoding region of T. vaginalis virus (TVV). The in vitro transcripts of linearized pTVV-EGFP/NEO were electroporated into trophozoites and the transfectants transiently expressed EGFP ...201121861063
a highly organized structure mediating nuclear localization of a myb2 transcription factor in the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis.nuclear proteins usually contain specific peptide sequences, referred to as nuclear localization signals (nlss), for nuclear import. these signals remain unexplored in the protozoan pathogen, trichomonas vaginalis. the nuclear import of a myb2 transcription factor was studied here using immunodetection of a hemagglutinin-tagged myb2 overexpressed in the parasite. the tagged myb2 was localized to the nucleus as punctate signals. with mutations of its polybasic sequences, 48kkqk51 and 61kr62, myb2 ...201122021237
[Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence in sex workers].Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) usually associated to vaginitis, urethritis, cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause infertility. The aim of this retrospective longitudinal study was to determine Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence in a population of male and female sex workers in Mendoza, Argentina. A cohort of 720 people who attended the STI Program in this province was retrospectively analyzed. From February 2007 up to June 2009, 1692 samples were pro ...201122057167
chlamydial infection in a high risk population: association with vaginal flora patterns.purpose: this study aimed to determine the frequency of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infection among high risk brazilian women and evaluate its association with vaginal flora patterns. methods: this was a cross-sectional study, performed in an outpatient clinic of bauru state hospital, são paulo, brazil. a total of 142 women were included from 2006 to 2008. inclusion criteria was dyspareunia, pain during bimanual exam, presence of excessive cervical mucus, cervical ectopy or with three or more epi ...201121938501
Refractory Trichomoniasis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative Subjects.Trichomonas vaginalis, a common pathogen, remains widely unknown to the public. Its clinical consequences include upper genital tract infection, increased risk of preterm delivery, and increased risk of HIV transmission. Diagnostic tests, especially in men, have historically had low sensitivity, but the recent development of rapid, reliable point-of-care testing is a step toward improved detection. Reliable treatments for trichomoniasis are limited to the nitroimidazoles, and options for cases w ...201121922351
APTIMA® Trichomonas vaginalis, a transcription-mediated amplification assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in urogenital specimens.The APTIMA(®) Trichomonas vaginalis (APTIMA TV; Gen-Probe Inc.) assay is the only amplification-based assay for T. vaginalis (TV) currently cleared by the US FDA. The assay was cleared in April 2011. APTIMA TV utilizes target capture specimen processing, transcription-mediated amplification and chemiluminescent probe hybridization for the qualitative detection of TV ribosomal RNA. The assay is used for the screening/diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. Specimen types that can be used include ph ...201121902528
[Early diagnosis and correlations of sexually transmitted infections among women in primary care health services].Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in women remain a public health challenge due to high prevalence, difficulties to implement early diagnosis strategies and high rates of complications.201122069014
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of palladium(II) salicylaldiminato thiosemicarbazone complexes against Trichomonas vaginalis.Eight mononuclear Pd(II) complexes containing salicylaldiminato thiosemicarbazones (saltsc-R; where R=H (1), 3-OMe (2), 3-(t)Bu (3) and 5-Cl (4)) as dinegative tridentate ligands were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding thiosemicarbazone with the precursor Pd(L)(2)Cl(2) (L=phosphatriazaadamantane or 4-picoline) in the presence of a weak base. These complexes (9-16) were characterised by a range of spectroscopic and analytical techniques including NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. ...201122071079
Pathogenic lower genital tract organisms in HIV-infected and uninfected women, and their association with postpartum infectious morbidity.To determine the prevalence of vaginal pathogens during pregnancy and their impact on postpartum infectious morbidity among antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected, and HIV-uninfected, women.201121920099
Trichomonas vaginalis: current understanding of host-parasite interactions.Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted obligate extracellular parasite that colonizes the human urogenital tract. Despite being of critical importance to the parasite's survival relatively little is known about the mechanisms employed by T. vaginalis to establish an infection and thrive within its host. Several studies have focused on the interaction of the parasite with host cells and extracellular matrix, identifying multiple suspected T. vaginalis adhesins. However, with the exceptio ...201122023448
evaluation and management of sexually transmitted infections in adolescent males presenting to a pediatric emergency department: is the chief complaint diagnostic?the objectives of the study were to (1) describe evaluation and treatment patterns for adolescent males presenting with a concern for sexually transmitted infection (sti) in a pediatric emergency department, (2) assess the rates of stis in symptomatic males, and (3) determine the utility of urinalysis alone in predicting stis in adolescent males.201122068065
NF-?B and CREB are involved in IL-8 production of human neutrophils induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products.Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated lumen-dwelling extracellular protozoan parasite that causes human trichomoniasis via sexual intercourse. Human neutrophils play a crucial role in acute tissue inflammatory responses in T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated the signaling mechanism of neutrophil responses when stimulated with T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP), which were collected from 1×10(7) live trichomonads. Incubation of human neutrophils isolated from perip ...201122072831
the n-glycans of trichomonas vaginalis contain variable core and antennal modifications.trichomonad species are widespread unicellular flagellated parasites of vertebrates which interact with their hosts through carbohydrate-lectin interactions. in the past, some data have been accumulated regarding their lipo(phospho)glycans, a major glycoconjugate on their cell surfaces; on the other hand, other than biosynthetic aspects, few details about their n-linked oligosaccharides are known. in this study, we present both mass spectrometric and high-performance liquid chromatography data a ...201121983210
The prevalence and clinical significance of urethritis and cervicitis in asymptomatic people by use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction.Our purpose was to conduct a screening test for urethritis or cervicitis as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Trichomonas vaginalis in asymptomatic people.201122087366
[advances in research of dihydroartemisinin against parasitic diseases].dihydroartemisinin, the main metabolite of artemisinin and two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate, is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug. the present paper systematically reviews the advances in research of dihydroartemisinin against plasmodium, schistosoma, pneumocystis, toxoplasma, trichomonas vaginalis, leishmania, giardia lamblia.201122164870
the core components of organelle biogenesis and membrane transport in the hydrogenosomes of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protist of the excavata group. it contains an anaerobic form of mitochondria called hydrogenosomes, which produce hydrogen and atp; the majority of mitochondrial pathways and the organellar genome were lost during the mitochondrion-to-hydrogenosome transition. consequently, all hydrogenosomal proteins are encoded in the nucleus and imported into the organelles. however, little is known about the membrane machineries required for biogenesis of the organelle an ...201121935410
utility of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in trichomonas vaginalis-infected women with clinical treatment failure.antimicrobial resistance is one of the causes of treatment failure in women after standard nitroimidazole therapy for trichomonas vaginalis infections. the centers for disease control and prevention provides drug susceptibility testing and guidance for treatment failures but the efficacy of the alternate recommendations has not been assessed.201121934577
Redox-active antiparasitic drugs.Significance: Parasitic diseases affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide and represent major health problems. Treatment is becoming extremely difficult due to the emergence of drug-resistance, the absence of effective vaccines and the spread of insecticide-resistant vectors. Thus, identification of affordable and readily available drugs against resistant parasites is of global demand. Recent Advances: Susceptibility of many parasites to oxidative stress is a well-known phenomenon. There ...201122122517
interaction of trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus with keratin: an important role in parasite infection.trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus are human and bovine parasites, respectively, that provoke the sexually transmitted disease trichomoniasis. these extracellular parasites adhere to the host epithelial cell surface. although mucinases and proteases have been described as important proteins for parasite adhesion to epithelial cells, no studies have examined the role of the keratin molecules that cornify the vaginal epithelium. here, we investigated the interaction of t. vaginalis an ...201122012224
a prospective study of vaginal trichomoniasis and hiv-1 shedding in women on antiretroviral therapy.trichomonas vaginalis has been associated with increased vaginal hiv-1 rna shedding in antiretroviral therapy (art)-naïve women. the effect of trichomoniasis on vaginal hiv-1 shedding in art-treated women has not been characterized. we tested the hypothesis that t. vaginalis infection would increase vaginal hiv-1 rna shedding in women on art, and that successful treatment would reduce vaginal hiv-1 rna levels.201122047086
detection of trichomonas vaginalis by different methods in women from dohok province, iraq.this study compared 4 different diagnostic methods for the detection of trichomonas vaginatis in vaginal swab specimens from women attending a hospital in dohuk in iraq. a total of 425 vaginal swabs were obtained from women complaining of vaginal discharge associated with vaginitis, cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. the results showed that 10 (2.4%) swabs were positive for t. vaginalis by wet smear preparation, 15 (3.5%) by haematoxylin-eosin stained smear, 17 (4.0%) by papanicolaou st ...201122259923
Trichomonas vaginalis genital infections: progress and challenges.Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection is the most prevalent curable sexually transmitted infection in the United States and worldwide. Most TV infections are asymptomatic, and the accurate diagnosis of this infection has been limited by lack of sufficiently sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, particularly for men. To provide updates for the 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, a PubMed search was conducted of all TV literature ...201122080269
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