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fine mapping fhb4, a major qtl conditioning resistance to fusarium infection in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).qfhi.nau-4b is a major quantitative trait locus (qtl) against fusarium graminearum infection identified in the fusarium head blight-resistant germplasm wangshuibai. to fine map this qtl, a recombinant inbred line (ril) population of 530 lines derived from nanda2419 x wangshuibai and the bc(3)f(2) population derived from the cross of a qfhi.nau-4b near isogenic line (nil) with susceptible cultivar mianyang 99-323 as the recurrent parent were screened for recombinants occurred between microsatelli ...201020198469
comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in fusarium.fusarium species are among the most important phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi. to understand the molecular underpinnings of pathogenicity in the genus fusarium, we compared the genomes of three phenotypically diverse species: fusarium graminearum, fusarium verticillioides and fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. our analysis revealed lineage-specific (ls) genomic regions in f. oxysporum that include four entire chromosomes and account for more than one-quarter of the genome. ls regions are ...201020237561
development of impala-based transposon systems for gene tagging in filamentous fungi.genome sequences of many filamentous fungi are now available and additional genomes are currently being sequenced. one of the next strategic goals is to generate collections of tagged genes in order to establish a link between the several thousands of predicted genes and their function. transposable elements have been invaluable for the identification and isolation of genes of interest as insertion of a transposon both disrupts and tags a gene. in an effort to exploit active transposons identifi ...201020238260
measuring protein kinase and sugar kinase activity in plant pathogenic fusarium species.as ubiquitous metabolic and signaling intermediaries, kinases regulate innumerable aspects of fungal growth and development. at its simplest, the enzymatic function of a kinase is to transfer a phosphate from a donor molecule (such as adenosine triphosphate) to an acceptor molecule, such as a protein, carbohydrate, or lipid. kinase activity is intricately interwoven into signal transduction, and ultimately modulates gene expression, downstream phosphorylation events, and other mechanisms of post ...201020238271
systematic discovery of regulatory motifs in fusarium graminearum by comparing four fusarium genomes.fusarium graminearum (fg), a major fungal pathogen of cultivated cereals, is responsible for billions of dollars in agriculture losses. there is a growing interest in understanding the transcriptional regulation of this organism, especially the regulation of genes underlying its pathogenicity. the generation of whole genome sequence assemblies for fg and three closely related fusarium species provides a unique opportunity for such a study.201020346147
development of a conditional gene expression system using a zearalenone-inducible promoter for the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae.the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae is an important plant pathogen that causes fusarium head blight on small grains. molecular studies of this fungus have been performed extensively to uncover the biological mechanisms related to pathogenicity, toxin production, and sexual reproduction. molecular methods, such as targeted gene deletion, gene overexpression, and gene fusion to green fluorescent protein (gfp), are relatively easy to perform with this fungus; however, conditional expression syste ...201020348311
a role for topoisomerase i in fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum pathogenesis and sporulation.fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum are the causal agents of fusarium ear blight (feb) in wheat. a forward genetics approach was taken to discover novel pathogenicity genes in the genome of f. graminearum. a library of transformants created by random plasmid insertional mutagenesis was screened on wheat ears for virulence defects. plasmid rescue on one of the reduced-virulence mutants revealed a single-copy plasmid insertion in the gene coding for the dna interacting enzyme, topoisomerase i. ta ...201020367465
adaptation of fusarium graminearum to tebuconazole yielded descendants diverging for levels of fitness, fungicide resistance, virulence, and mycotoxin production.azole fungicides play a prominent role for reliable plant disease management. however, quantitative azole resistance has been shown to develop in fungal pathogens, including fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb). due to widespread application of azole fungicides, resistance may accumulate to higher degrees in fungal field populations over time. although azole fungicides are prominent components in fhb control, little effort has been made to investigate azole resist ...201020373965
2-d dige reveals changes in wheat xylanase inhibitor protein families due to fusarium graminearum deltatri5 infection and grain development.wheat contains three different classes of proteinaceous xylanase inhibitors (xis), i.e. triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitors (taxis) xylanase-inhibiting proteins (xips), and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitors (tlxis) which are believed to act as a defensive barrier against phytopathogenic attack. in the absence of relevant data in wheat kernels, we here examined the response of the different members of the xi protein population to infection with a deltatri5 mutant of fusarium graminearum, the w ...201020391529
hydrogen peroxide induced by the fungicide prothioconazole triggers deoxynivalenol (don) production by fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight is a very important disease of small grain cereals with f. graminearum as one of the most important causal agents. it not only causes reduction in yield and quality but from a human and animal healthcare point of view, it produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don) which can accumulate to toxic levels. little is known about external triggers influencing don production.201020398299
a major qtl for resistance to gibberella stalk rot in maize.fusarium graminearum schwabe, the conidial form of gibberella zeae, is the causal fungal pathogen responsible for gibberella stalk rot of maize. using a bc(1)f(1) backcross mapping population derived from a cross between '1145' (donor parent, completely resistant) and 'y331' (recurrent parent, highly susceptible), two quantitative trait loci (qtls), qrfg1 and qrfg2, conferring resistance to gibberella stalk rot have been detected. the major qtl qrfg1 was further confirmed in the double haploid, ...201020401458
rapd-pcr analysis of genetic variation among isolates of fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum from wheat in adana turkey.the aim of the current study was to estimate the genetic diversity of f. graminearum and f. culmorum isolated from wheat in adana province of turkey by investigating by rapd-pcr polymorphisms. fusarium sp. affecting wheat crops were surveyed for 2 years during growing seasons in adana, turkey. thirty two isolates of fusarium were isolated from seeds and basal stem nodes of wheat displaying disease symptoms. these isolates were identified as f. avenecaum, f. culmorum, f. graminearum and f. croock ...201020437703
effect of solute stress and temperature on growth rate and tri5 gene expression using real time rt-pcr in fusarium graminearum from spanish wheat.the objective of this work was to study the effect of ecophysiological factors on trichothecene gene expression and growth in fusarium graminearum. the effect of non-ionic solute water potentials and temperature was examined on in vitro mycelial growth rates and on expression of the tri5 gene, involved in trichothecene biosynthesis, quantified by real time rt-pcr. this study showed optimal values of 25 degrees c and -2.8mpa (0.982a(w)) for growth. marginal temperatures such as 15 degrees c and 3 ...201020439126
detection of fusarium graminearum dna using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay.loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) of dna is a simple, cost effective, and rapid method for the specific detection of genomic dna using a set of six oligonucleotide primers with eight binding sites hybridizing specifically to different regions of a target gene, and a thermophilic dna polymerase from geobacillus stearothermophilus for dna amplification. the method has been applied in various assays for the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections of humans and animals, sexing of bov ...201020442002
the type 2c protein phosphatase fgptc1p of the plant fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is involved in lithium toxicity and virulence.type 2c protein phosphatases (pp2cs) are monomeric protein serine/threonine phosphatases that play various roles in eukaryotic organisms. in this study, we characterized the pp2c encoded by fgptc1 in fusarium graminearum, the major causal agent of fusarium head blight on wheat and barley. we found that deletion of fgptc1 delays the mycelium growth of f. graminearum in response to lithium. consistently, fgptc1 complemented the function of scptc1 in lithium toxicity in saccharomyces cerevisiae. fu ...201020447276
an in vitro method for the analysis of infection-related morphogenesis in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is a significant pathogen of many cereal crops. with its genetic tractability, ease of culture, genome sequence availability and economic significance, f. graminearum has become the subject of intensive molecular research. although molecular tools have been developed to enhance research into virulence determinants of f. graminearum, simple assays for infection-related development are lacking. as such, the objective of this study was to develop an in vitro protocol for the an ...201020447284
limiting mycotoxins in stored wheat.the quality of harvested wheat grain can deteriorate markedly during the post-harvest management stages. biotic factors, such as grain type and ripeness, coupled with the prevailing abiotic factors, such as water content and temperature, and also preservative concentration will influence the safe storage life and the level of contamination with mycotoxins. these mycotoxins include deoxynivalenol (don) produced pre-harvest and zearalenone (zea) produced post-harvest by fusarium graminearum and fu ...201020455159
airborne and soilborne microfungi in the vicinity hamitabat thermic power plant in kirklareli city (turkey), their seasonal distributions and relations with climatological factors.soil and air samples of seven different localities around hamitabat thermic power plant, 10 km far away from luleburgaz/kirklareli (turkey), were taken between the years 2003 and 2004 with seasonal intervals. the samples were brought to the laboratory and their microfungal identifications were done. from the air samples, 737 microfungi colonies were isolated comprising 26 species belonging to eight genera. from soil samples, 170.6 x 10(4) colony-forming unit (cfu)/g was isolated from 33 species ...201019347592
screening the fusarium graminearum inhibitory mutant strain from bacillus subtilis by atmospheric-pressure plasma jet.the aim of this study was to improve the antagonistic activity of bacillus subtilis ja towards fusarium graminearum by screening high-yielding mutant using the atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (appj).201019558467
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel glyoxalase i gene tagly i in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).methylglyoxal is a kind of poisonous metabolite that can react with rna, dna and protein, which generally results in a number of side advert effects to cell. glyoxalase i is a member of glyoxalase system that can detoxify methylglyoxal. an est encoding a glyoxalase i was isolated from a ssh (suppression subtractive hybridization)-cdna library of wheat spike inoculated by fusarium graminearum. the corresponding full length gene, named tagly i, was cloned, sequenced and characterized. its genomic ...201019513813
study of the antifungal activity of bacillus vallismortis zz185 in vitro and identification of its antifungal components.an endophytic bacillus vallismortis zz185 was isolated from healthy stems of the plant broadleaf holly (ilex latifolia thunb) collected in nanjing, china. both the culture filtrate and the n-butanol extract of strain zz185 showed strong growth inhibition activity in vitro against the phytopathogens fusarium graminearum, alternaria alternata, rhizoctonia solani, cryphonectria parasitica and phytophthora capsici. the results showed that the filtrate and extract reduced the symptoms of wheat seedli ...201019717300
action and reaction of host and pathogen during fusarium head blight disease.the fusarium species fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum, which are responsible for fusarium head blight (fhb) disease, reduce world-wide cereal crop yield and, as a consequence of their mycotoxin production in cereal grain, impact on both human and animal health. their study is greatly promoted by the availability of the genomic sequence of f. graminearum and transcriptomic resources for both f. graminearum and its cereal hosts. functional genomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies, in c ...201019807873
de novo biosynthesis of defense root exudates in response to fusarium attack in barley.summary *despite recent advances in elucidation of natural products in root exudates, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the ecological significance of products in the rhizosphere. *here, we investigated the potential of barley (hordeum vulgare) to secrete defense root exudates when challenged by the soilborne pathogen fusarium graminearum. *liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (lc-dad) was used to profile induced small-molecular-weight exudates. thus, t-cinnamic ...201019878462
clm1 of fusarium graminearum encodes a longiborneol synthase required for culmorin production.fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen of cereal crops (e.g., wheat, barley, maize) and produces a number of mycotoxins, including 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, butenolide, zearalenone, and culmorin. to identify a biosynthetic gene for the culmorin pathway, an expressed-sequence-tag database was examined for terpene cyclase genes. a gene designated clm1 was expressed under trichothecene-inducing conditions. expression of clm1 in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) resulted in the production of a sesq ...201019880637
genetic diversity and trichothecene chemotypes of the fusarium graminearum clade isolated from maize in nepal and identification of a putative new lineage.on smallholder farms in the foothills of the himalayan mountains in nepal, fungi of the fusarium graminearum clade cause gibberella ear rot of maize and contamination with the 8-ketotrichothecenes nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. previous dna marker analyses of the f. graminearum clade from maize in nepal found a high level of genetic diversity but were limited in detail or scope. the present study incorporated a collection of 251 field strains from a wide geographic distribution in nepal and utili ...201021215953
a comparative summary of expression systems for the recombinant production of galactose oxidase.the microbes escherichia coli and pichia pastoris are convenient prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts, respectively, for the recombinant production of proteins at laboratory scales. a comparative study was performed to evaluate a range of constructs and process parameters for the heterologous intra- and extracellular expression of genes encoding the industrially relevant enzyme galactose 6-oxidase (ec 1.1.3.9) from the fungus fusarium graminearum. in particular, the wild-type galox gene from f. gram ...201020836876
identification and functional characterization of genes involved in the sexual reproduction of the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae.we previously reported that g protein alpha subunit 1 (gpa1) is essential for sexual reproduction in the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae. in this study we performed microarray analyses on a gpa1 deletion mutant of g. zeae (δgpa1) to identify genes involved in the sexual reproduction of this fungus. in the δgpa1 strain, 645 genes were down-regulated and 550 genes were up-regulated during sexual reproduction when compared to the wild-type strain. one hundred of the down-regulated gen ...201020836989
the 3adon population of fusarium graminearum found in north dakota is more aggressive and produces a higher level of don than the prevalent 15adon population in spring wheat.fusarium head blight (fhb) is primarily caused by fusarium graminearum in north america. isolates of f. graminearum can be identified as one of three chemotypes: 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3adon), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15adon), and nivalenol (niv). in this study, we characterized f. graminearum isolates collected in 1980 to 2000 (old collection) and in 2008 (new collection) from north dakota and found a 15-fold increase of 3adon isolates in the new collection. evaluation of randomly selected 3 ...201020839936
an assessment of mixed-modeling approaches for characterizing profiles of time-varying response and predictor variables.a general statistical modeling approach was tested for characterizing the relationship between pathogen inoculum density (or other biological response variables) and environmental variables when the data are collected as temporal profiles of observations within multiple locations or years. the approach, based on the use of linear mixed models, simultaneously accounts for serial correlations of the observations within each time profile, the random effects of location-year (or other grouping facto ...201020839937
wheat crown rot pathogens fusarium graminearum and f. pseudograminearum lack specialization.this article reports a lack of pathogenic specialization among australian fusarium graminearum and f. pseudograminearum causing crown rot (cr) of wheat using analysis of variance (anova), principal component and biplot analysis, kendall's coefficient of concordance (w), and κ statistics. overall, f. pseudograminearum was more aggressive than f. graminearum, supporting earlier delineation of the crown-infecting group as a new species. although significant wheat line-pathogen isolate interaction i ...201020839941
fgsub: fusarium graminearum protein subcellular localizations predicted from primary structures.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum (telomorph gibberella zeae) is the causal agent of several destructive crop diseases, where a set of genes usually work in concert to cause diseases to crops. to function appropriately, the f. graminearum proteins inside one cell should be assigned to different compartments, i.e. subcellular localizations. therefore, the subcellular localizations of f. graminearum proteins can provide insights into protein functions and pathogenic mechanisms of this destr ...201020840726
quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to fusarium head blight in barley respond differentially to fusarium graminearum infection.fusarium head blight (fhb), primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, reduces grain yield and quality in barley. resistance to fhb is partial and quantitatively inherited. previously, major fhb resistant qtl were detected on barley chromosome 2h bin 8 and 2h bin 10, and another qtl for reduced deoxynivalenol (don) accumulation was identified on chromosome 3h bin 6. to develop an understanding of the molecular responses controlled by these loci, we examined don and fungal biomass levels and the t ...201020865292
a novel gene, roa, is required for normal morphogenesis and discharge of ascospores in gibberella zeae.head blight, caused by gibberella zeae, is a significant disease among cereal crops, including wheat, barley, and rice, due to contamination of grain with mycotoxins. g. zeae is spread by ascospores forcibly discharged from sexual fruiting bodies forming on crop residues. in this study, we characterized a novel gene, roa, which is required for normal sexual development. deletion of roa (δroa) resulted in an abnormal size and shape of asci and ascospores but did not affect vegetative growth. the ...201020802018
the cid1 cyclin c-like gene is important for plant infection in fusarium graminearum.head blight or scab caused by fusarium graminearum is a destructive disease of wheat and barley. the pathogen can cause severe yield losses and contaminates infested kernels with harmful mycotoxins. in this study, we characterized the cid1 gene in f. graminearum that is an ortholog of the fusarium verticilloidesfcc1 and yeast ume3 genes. the protein encoded by cid1 has typical structural features of c-type cyclins. deletion of cid1 resulted in a reduction in conidiation and vegetative growth but ...201019909822
mass spectrometric analysis reveals remnants of host-pathogen molecular interactions at the starch granule surface in wheat endosperm.the starch granules of wheat seed are solar energy-driven deposits of fixed carbon and, as such, present themselves as targets of pathogen attack. the seed's array of antimicrobial proteins, peptides, and small molecules comprises a molecular defense against penetrating pathogens. in turn, pathogens exhibit an arsenal of enzymes to facilitate the degradation of the host's endosperm. in this context, the starch granule surface is a relatively unexplored domain in which unique molecular barriers m ...201020701481
variation and transgression of aggressiveness among two gibberella zeae crosses developed from highly aggressive parental isolates.gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) is the most common cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. aggressiveness is the most important fungal trait affecting disease severity and stability of host resistance. objectives were to analyze in two field experiments (i) segregation for aggressiveness among 120 progenies from each of two crosses of highly aggressive parents and (ii) stability of fhb resistance of seven moderately to highly resistant winter ...201020701488
a combined ¹h nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis to understand the basal metabolism of plant-pathogenic fusarium spp.many ascomycete fusarium spp. are plant pathogens that cause disease on both cereal and noncereal hosts. infection of wheat ears by fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum typically results in bleaching and a subsequent reduction in grain yield. also, a large proportion of the harvested grain can be spoiled when the colonizing fusarium mycelia produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (don). in this study, we have explored the intracellular polar metabolome of fusarium spp. in both t ...201020718668
synthesis and antifungal activities of some 2,6-bis-(un)substituted phenoxymethylpyridines.several 2,6-bis-(un)substituted phenoxymethylpyridines were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against fusarium graminearum, helminthosporium sorokinianum, alternaria brassicae, alternaria alternata, and fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. among all derivatives, compound 3a exhibited a broad-spectrum antifungal activity against the five phytopathogenic fungi.201020737909
antifungal activities of some indole derivatives.nine indole derivatives were evaluated in vitro against fusarium graminearum, alternaria alternata, helminthosporium sorokinianum, pyricularia oryzae, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumarinum, and alternaria brassicae. most of the compounds were found to possess antifungal activities. especially compounds 2, 5, 8, and 9 exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activities against the above-mentioned seven phytopathogenic fungi, and showed more potent activities than ...201020737910
structural similarity between the prion domain of het-s and a homologue can explain amyloid cross-seeding in spite of limited sequence identity.we describe a distant homologue of the fungal het-s prion, which is found in the fungus fusarium graminearum. the domain fghet-s(218-289), which corresponds to the prion domain in het-s from podospora anserina, forms amyloid fibrils in vitro and is able to efficiently cross-seed het-s(218-289) prion formation. we structurally characterize fghet-s(218-289), which displays 38% sequence identity with het-s(218-289). solid-state nmr and hydrogen/deuterium exchange detected by nmr show that the fold ...201020600104
a partial chromosomal deletion caused by random plasmid integration resulted in a reduced virulence phenotype in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: gibberella zeae) is an ascomycete fungal plant pathogen which infects a range of agriculturally important crops, including wheat, barley, and maize. a random plasmid insertion mutagenesis approach was used to analyze the pathogenicity of the ph-1 strain, for which full genomic information is available. fungal transformants were initially screened for their ability to infect wheat ears. from a total of 1,170 transformants screened, eight were confirmed to be high ...201020615118
fgtep1p is linked to the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signalling pathway and plays a role in the virulence of fusarium graminearum on wheat.both mammalian tensin-like phosphatase 1 [tep1; also known as phosphatase deleted on chromosome 10 (pten) or mutated in multiple advanced cancer 1 (mmac1)] and saccharomyces cerevisiae sctep1p are involved in the phosphatidylinositol pathway. in this study, we identified the fusarium graminearum locus fgsg_04982.3 (named fgtep1) as the functional homologue of sctep1 in the sensitivity of s. cerevisiae cells to wortmannin, the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor. deletion of fgtep1 causes f. ...201020618707
gene expression profile of the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum under the antagonistic effect of pantoea agglomerans.the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum is an ongoing threat to agriculture, causing losses in grain yield and quality in diverse crops. substantial progress has been made in the identification of genes involved in the suppression of phytopathogens by antagonistic microorganisms; however, limited information regarding responses of plant pathogens to these biocontrol agents is available. gene expression analysis was used to identify differentially expressed transcripts of the fungal plant path ...201020623455
a survey of pre-harvest ear rot diseases of maize and associated mycotoxins in south and central zambia.maize ear rots reduce grain yield and quality with implication on food security and health. some of the pathogenic fungi produce mycotoxins in maize grain posing a health risk to humans and livestock. unfortunately, the levels of ear rot and mycotoxin infection in grain produced by subsistence farmers in sub-saharan countries are not known. a survey was thus conducted to determine the prevalence of the ear rot problem and levels of mycotoxins in maize grain. a total of 114 farmsteads were random ...201020626099
deoxynivalenol and nivalenol accumulation in wheat infected with fusarium graminearum during grain development.the manner in which deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv) accumulation progresses in wheat grain infected with fusarium graminearum and the influence of the time of infection on the accumulation of toxins were investigated. four cultivars were tested in a greenhouse environment, where the plants were spray inoculated at three different stages with a mixture of don and niv chemotypes of f. graminearum. the results indicate that high levels of don and niv can be produced beyond 20 days after an ...201020626280
a nitrogen response pathway regulates virulence functions in fusarium oxysporum via the protein kinase tor and the bzip protein meab.during infection, fungal pathogens activate virulence mechanisms, such as host adhesion, penetration and invasive growth. in the vascular wilt fungus fusarium oxysporum, the mitogen-activated protein kinase fmk1 is required for plant infection and controls processes such as cellophane penetration, vegetative hyphal fusion, or root adhesion. here, we show that these virulence-related functions are repressed by the preferred nitrogen source ammonium and restored by treatment with l-methionine sulf ...201020639450
involvement of salicylate and jasmonate signaling pathways in arabidopsis interaction with fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is the principal causative agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), a devastating disease of wheat and barley. this fungus can also colonize arabidopsis thaliana. disease resistance was enhanced in transgenic wheat and arabidopsis plants that constitutively overexpress the nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (npr1) gene, which regulates salicylic acid (sa) signaling and modulates the activation of jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent defenses. here, we provide several lines of ...201020521949
transcriptome analysis of the barley-deoxynivalenol interaction: evidence for a role of glutathione in deoxynivalenol detoxification.trichothecenes are a major group of toxins produced by phytopathogenic fungi, including fusarium graminearum. trichothecenes inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and are toxicologically relevant mycotoxins for humans and animals. because they promote plant disease, the role of host responses to trichothecene accumulation is considered to be an important aspect of plant defense and resistance to fungal infection. our overall objective was to examine the barley response to application of ...201020521958
plump kernels with high deoxynivalenol linked to late gibberella zeae infection and marginal disease conditions in winter wheat.deoxynivalenol (don) concentrations in mature wheat grain are usually correlated with symptoms produced by gibberella zeae infection. however, there have been numerous observations of unacceptably high don in asymptomatic crops, which can lead to lower-than-expected milling reductions in don. we conducted a field experiment with winter wheat to examine the effect of infection timing and postanthesis moisture on grain quality and don accumulation. seven to eight soft red winter wheat cultivars we ...201020528190
determination of deoxynivalenol in infant cereal by immunoaffinity column cleanup and high-pressure liquid chromatography-uv detection.the presence of deoxynivalenol (don) in cereal-based baby food, a primary source of the first solid food for infants, was studied in order to develop a method to detect its presence at low concentrations. don, produced primarily by fusarium graminearum, is commonly isolated from grains and feed around the world and affects both animal and human health, producing diarrhea, vomiting, gastrointestinal inflammation, and immunomodulation. an aqueous extract of infant cereal was cleaned by means of an ...201020537262
plant-feeding insects harbor double-stranded rna viruses encoding a novel proline-alanine rich protein and a polymerase distantly related to that of fungal viruses.novel double-stranded rnas (approximately 8 kbp) were isolated from threecornered alfalfa hopper (spissistilus festinus) and beet leafhopper (circulifer tenellus), two plant-feeding hemipteran insect pests. the two new viruses, designated spissistilus festinus virus 1 (spfv1) and circulifer tenellus virus 1 (citv1), do not appear to be encapsidated in conventional virions and shared a genome organization similar to that of several unclassified fungal viruses. spfv1 and citvl encode a proline-ala ...201020541786
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity is involved in the plasma membrane redox system required for pigment biosynthesis in filamentous fungi.methylenetetrahydrofolate reductases (mthfrs) play a key role in biosynthesis of methionine and s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam) via the recharging methionine biosynthetic pathway. analysis of 32 complete fungal genomes showed that fungi were unique among eukaryotes by having two mthfrs, met12 and met13. the met12 type contained an additional conserved sequence motif compared to the sequences of met13 and mthfrs from other eukaryotes and bacteria. targeted gene replacement of either of the two mthf ...201020543064
[isolation and properties of lectins from cell walls of wheat seedlings infected by fusarium graminearum and treated by salicylic acid].lectins from cell walls of wheat seedlings in normal conditions and infected by fusarium sp. and treated by salicylic acid were isolated by the methods of gel-filtration, affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing, their biochemical properties were studied. it is shown that isolated preparations of lectins suppressed the development of colonies of fungus fusarium graminearum. a conclusion was made on the possibility of employment of isolated lectins in the molecular-breeding programs on ra ...201021674969
autophagy-related lipase fgatg15 of fusarium graminearum is important for lipid turnover and plant infection.autophagy is a non-selective degradation pathway in eukaryotic cells that is conserved from yeasts to humans. autophagy is involved in the virulence of several pathogenic fungi such as magnaporthe grisea or colletotrichum orbiculare. in the current study, we identified and disrupted an autophagy-like lipase fgatg15 in fusarium graminearum. we showed that fgatg15 exhibits lipase activity when heterologously expressed in p. pastoris. we used a gene deletion approach to characterize the function of ...201021094265
the ph regulatory factor pac1 regulates tri gene expression and trichothecene production in fusarium graminearum.fungi manage the adaptation to extra-cellular ph through the pacc transcription factor, a key component of the ph regulatory system. pacc regulates the production of various secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi. in the important cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum, the production of trichothecene is induced only under acidic ph conditions. here, we examined the role of the pacc homologue from f. graminearum, fgpac1, on the regulation of trichothecene production. an fgδpac1 deletion mutant ...201021126599
early activation of wheat polyamine biosynthesis during fusarium head blight implicates putrescine as an inducer of trichothecene mycotoxin production.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb) disease on wheat which can lead to trichothecene mycotoxin (e.g. deoxynivalenol, don) contamination of grain, harmful to mammalian health. don is produced at low levels under standard culture conditions when compared to plant infection but specific polyamines (e.g. putrescine and agmatine) and amino acids (e.g. arginine and ornithine) are potent inducers of don by f. graminearum in axenic culture. currently, host factors ...201021192794
crystal structure of a secreted lipase from gibberella zeae reveals a novel "double-lock" mechanism.fusarium graminearum (sexual stage: gibberella zeae) is the causative agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), which is one of the most destructive plant disease of cereals, accounting for high grain yield losses, especially for wheat and maize. like other fungal pathogens, several extracellular enzymes secreted by g. zeae are known to be involved in host infection. among these secreted lipases, g. zeae lipase (gzel), which is encoded by the fgl1 gene, was demonstrated to be crucial to g. zeae patho ...201021203917
a nitrogen response pathway regulates virulence in plant pathogenic fungi: role of tor and the bzip protein meab.virulence in plant pathogenic fungi is controlled through a variety of cellular pathways in response to the host environment. nitrogen limitation has been proposed to act as a key signal to trigger the in planta expression of virulence genes. moreover, a conserved pathogenicity mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade is strictly required for plant infection in a wide range of pathogens. we investigated the relationship between nitrogen signaling and the pathogenicity mapk cascade in cont ...201021139428
antibacterial to antifungal conversion of neamine aminoglycosides through alkyl modification. strategy for reviving old drugs into agrofungicides.many actinomycetes aminoglycosides are widely used antibiotics. although mainly antibacterials, a few known aminoglycosides also inhibit yeasts, protozoans and important crop pathogenic fungal oomycetes. here we show that attachment of a c8 alkyl chain to ring iii of a neamine-based aminoglycoside specifically at the 4″-o position yields a broad-spectrum fungicide (fg08) without the antibacterial properties typical for aminoglycosides. leaf infection assays and greenhouse studies show that fg08 ...201020924381
analysis of early events in the interaction between fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar scarlett.a proteomic analysis was conducted to map the events during the initial stages of the interaction between the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley cultivar scarlett. quantification of fungal dna demonstrated a sharp increase in fungal biomass in barley spikelets at 3 days after inoculation. this coincided with the appearance of discrete f. graminearum-induced proteolytic fragments of β-amylase. based on these results, analysis of grain proteome changes prior to extensi ...201020925056
genome-wide prediction of g protein-coupled receptors in verticillium spp.g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) are critical factors in regulating morphogenesis, mating, infection and virulence in fungi. in this study, various computational strategies were applied to identify gpcr-like proteins from the genomes of both verticillium dahliae and verticillium albo-atrum. the putative gpcrs were distributed over 13 classes, and significantly, three of those represented novel classes of gpcr-like proteins in fungi. the three novel gpcrs had high levels of identity to their c ...201020943146
the infection biology of fusarium graminearum: defining the pathways of spikelet to spikelet colonisation in wheat ears.fusarium graminearum is one of the main causal agents of fusarium ear blight on wheat. how the pathogen colonises the entire ear is not known. there is controversy over whether this mycotoxin producing pathogenic fungus invades wheat floral tissue using a necrotrophic or another mode of nutrition. a detailed microscopic investigation has revealed how wild-type fungal hyphae, of the sequenced strain ph-1, colonised susceptible wheat ears and spread from spikelet to spikelet. at the advancing infe ...201020943167
fusarium culmorum is a single phylogenetic species based on multilocus sequence analysis.fusarium culmorum is a major pathogen of wheat and barley causing head blight and crown rot in cooler temperate climates of australia, europe, west asia and north africa. to better understand its evolutionary history we partially sequenced single copy nuclear genes encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (tef), reductase (red) and phosphate permease (pho) in 100 f. culmorum isolates with 11 isolates of fusarium crookwellense, fusarium graminearum and fusarium pseudograminearum. phylogenetic a ...201020943185
scanning electron microscopy observations of the interaction between trichoderma harzianum and perithecia of gibberella zeae.chronological events associated with the interaction between a strain of trichoderma harzianum, t472, with known biological control activity against perithecial production of g. zeae, were studied with scanning electron microscopy to investigate the mechanisms of control. large clusters of perithecia consisting of 5-15 perithecia formed on the autoclaved, mulched wheat straw inoculated with g. zeae alone (control) with an average of 157 perithecia per plate. small clusters consisting of 3-6 and ...201020943563
paralogous cyp51 genes in fusarium graminearum mediate differential sensitivity to sterol demethylation inhibitors.analysis of the genome sequence of fusarium graminearum revealed three paralogous cyp51 genes (designated cyp51a, -b, and -c) encoding 14-α demethylases in this fungus. targeted gene disruption showed that the cyp51a, -b or -c disruption mutants were morphologically indistinguishable from the parent isolate on potato dextrose agar medium, which indicates that none of these genes is essential for mycelial growth. the sensitivity of cyp51a deletion mutants to seven sterol demethylation inhibitor ( ...201020955812
a network approach to predict pathogenic genes for fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is the pathogenic agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), which is a destructive disease on wheat and barley, thereby causing huge economic loss and health problems to human by contaminating foods. identifying pathogenic genes can shed light on pathogenesis underlying the interaction between f. graminearum and its plant host. however, it is difficult to detect pathogenic genes for this destructive pathogen by time-consuming and expensive molecular biological experiments in lab. ...201020957229
a molecular based strategy for rapid diagnosis of toxigenic fusarium species associated to cereal grains from argentina.fusarium species are worldwide causal agents of ear rot in cereals. their toxigenic potential is a health risk for both humans and animals. in argentina, most identification of these fungi has been based on morphological and cross-fertility criteria which are time consuming and require considerable expertise in fusarium taxonomy and physiology. dna based approaches have been reported as rapid, sensitive and specific alternatives to identify the main fumonisin and trichothecene-producing fusarium ...201020965064
identification of an aliphatic epoxide and the corresponding dihydrodiol as novel congeners of zearalenone in cultures of fusarium graminearum.the mycotoxin zearalenone (zen) is produced by various fusarium fungi and frequently found as a contaminant in food and feed. there are reports in the literature that several closely related analogues of zen are also formed in cultures of fusarium species. we have therefore analyzed the organic extract from a 40 day culture of fusarium graminearum by lc-dad-ms and detected 15 compounds, which could be congeners of zen because of their ultraviolet, mass spectroscopy, and tandem mass spectroscopy ...201020977187
mass spectrometry-based metabolomics application to identify quantitative resistance-related metabolites in barley against fusarium head blight.quantitative resistance is generally controlled by several genes. more than 100 resistance quantitative trait loci (qtls) have been identified in wheat and barley against fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum), implying the possible occurrence of several resistance mechanisms. the objective of this study was to apply metabolomics to identify the metabolites in barley that are related to resistance against fhb. barley genotypes, chevron and stander, ...201021029322
indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase from the phytopathogenic fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum: purification, characterization, and substrate specificity.the purification and characterization of indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase produced by the plant fungal pathogen sclerotinia sclerotiorum is described. the substrate specificity indicates that it is an indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase (iad, ec 4.99.1.6), which catalyzes transformation of indolyl-3-acetaldoxime to indolyl-3-acetonitrile. the enzyme showed michaelis-menten kinetics and had an apparent molecular mass of 44 kda. the amino acid sequence of iad, determined using lc-esi-ms/ms, ident ...201021036375
histidine kinase two-component response regulator proteins regulate reproductive development, virulence, and stress responses of the fungal cereal pathogens cochliobolus heterostrophus and gibberella zeae.histidine kinase (hk) phosphorelay signaling is a major mechanism by which fungi sense their environment. the maize pathogen cochliobolus heterostrophus has 21 hk genes, 4 candidate response regulator (rr) genes (ssk1, skn7, rim15, rec1), and 1 gene (hpt1) encoding a histidine phosphotransfer domain protein. because most hks are expected to signal through rrs, these were chosen for deletion. except for pigment and slight growth alterations for rim15 mutants, no measurable altered phenotypes were ...201021037181
fgdb: revisiting the genome annotation of the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum.the mips fusarium graminearum genome database (fgdb) was established as a comprehensive genome database on one of the most devastating fungal plant pathogens of wheat, barley and maize. the current version of fgdb v3.1 provides information on the full manually revised gene set based on the broad institute assembly fg3 genome sequence. the results of gene prediction tools were integrated with the help of comparative data on related species to result in a set of 13.718 annotated protein coding gen ...201021051345
identification of new galactose oxidase genes in fusarium spp.galactose oxidase (go) converts galactose to an aldehyde and has several biotechnological applications, including cancer diagnosis. it is mainly produced by fusarium austroamericanum but is also produced by fusarium acuminatum and by isolates of the fusarium graminearum and gibberella fujikuroi complexes. the f. austroamericanum go gaoa gene has been cloned, but the go genes from other secreting species have not been characterized. problems associated with the f. austroamericanum go such as high ...201021077113
genome-wide analysis of microsatellite sequence in seven filamentous fungi.abundance of microsatellites with repeated unit lengths of 1-6 base pairs in seven fungi: aspergillus nidulans, coprinus cinereus, cryptococcus neoformans (serotype a), fusarium graminearum, magnaporthe grisea, neurospora crassa and ustilago maydis were investigated on genomic scale. the results showed that each species has its specific profile for different types and different motifs of ssr loci. ascomycetes fungi m. grisea, n. crassa and basidiomycete fungus u. maydis adopt much more microsate ...200920640828
a novel asian clade within the fusarium graminearum species complex includes a newly discovered cereal head blight pathogen from the russian far east.we investigated fusarium graminearum complex (fg complex) species diversity and toxin potential in european and asian regions of the russian federation and adjoining regions northwest to finland and south near harbin, heilongjiang province, china, to expand our knowledge of the host range and geographic distribution of these economically devastating cereal head blight pathogens. results of a recently described multilocus genotyping (mlgt) assay revealed that f. graminearum was the sole fg comple ...200919927749
[chemical constituents and bioactivity of teucrium pilosum].to study the chemical constituents and bioactivity of teurium pilosum.200919943482
triacylglyceride metabolism by fusarium graminearum during colonization and sexual development on wheat.fusarium graminearum, a devastating pathogen of small grains, overwinters on crop residues and produces ephemeral perithecia. accumulation of lipids in overwintering hyphae would provide reserves for overwinter survival and perithecium development. fatty acid composition of cultures during perithecium development indicated a drop in neutral lipid levels during development but little change in fatty acid composition across stages. microscopic examination of cultures early in sexual development re ...200919888815
novel genes of fusarium graminearum that negatively regulate deoxynivalenol production and virulence.fusarium head blight of wheat, caused by fusarium graminearum, is a serious disease resulting in both reduced yields and contamination of grain with trichothecene toxins, with severe consequences for mammalian health. recently, we have identified several related amine compounds such as agmatine and putrescine that promote the production of high levels of trichothecene toxins, such as deoxynivalenol (don), in culture by f. graminearum and f. sporotrichioides. here, a global analysis of fungal gen ...200919888824
transcriptome analysis of a wheat near-isogenic line pair carrying fusarium head blight-resistant and -susceptible alleles.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused primarily by fusarium graminearum, decreases grain yield and quality in wheat and barley. disease severity, deoxynivalenol (don), fungal biomass, and transcript accumulation were examined in a wheat near-isogenic line pair carrying either the resistant or susceptible allele for the chromosome 3bs fhb-resistance quantitative trait locus (fhb1). fhb1 restricts spread of disease symptoms but does not provide resistance to initial infection or initial don accumulat ...200919810806
molds and mycotoxin content of cereals in southeastern romania.fungal species and toxin contamination were determined in 110 cereal samples (54 maize, 35 wheat, and 21 barley) collected in the southeastern part of romania from 2002 to 2004. the most frequent fungal contaminants belonged to aspergillus and fusarium, and maize was the most contaminated cereal. the main toxigenic species identified were aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, fusarium graminearum, and fusarium culmorum in all cereals and fusarium verticillioides in maize. the presence of af ...200919343960
insect peptide metchnikowin confers on barley a selective capacity for resistance to fungal ascomycetes pathogens.the potential of metchnikowin, a 26-amino acid residue proline-rich antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the fat body of drosophila melanogaster was explored to engineer disease resistance in barley against devastating fungal plant pathogens. the synthetic peptide caused strong in vitro growth inhibition (ic(50) value approximately 1 mum) of the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. transgenic barley expressing the metchnikowin gene in its 52-amino acid pre-pro-peptide form under the control o ...200919734262
a reference-gene-based quantitative pcr method as a tool to determine fusarium resistance in wheat.in recent years, plant breeders made great progress in breeding fusarium-tolerant wheat lines. however, total resistance to this genus of plant pathogenic fungi has not yet been achieved as the resistance genes are located on several distinct genetic regions. visual scoring of disease symptoms in combination with the analysis of mycotoxins is commonly applied to assess the tolerance of new lines. both approaches are indirect methods and do not mandatorily determine the accumulated fungal biomass ...200919756538
fgend1 is a putative component of the endocytic machinery and mediates ferrichrome uptake in f. graminearum.the function of endocytic pathway in filamentous fungi has remained elusive. recently, we have identified that fgend1, which has a 27% amino acid homology and shares specific eh3 domain with scend3 of saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a putative member of the endocytic machinery in fusarium graminearum. the failure of the scend3 mutant to uptake lucifer yellow (ly) was recovered by introducing fgend1 into s. cerevisiae. the deletion of fgend1 in f. graminearum resulted in a 2-fold decrease in the rat ...200919756628
complete nucleotide sequence of double-stranded rna viruses from fusarium graminearum strain dk3.the complete genomes two different dsrna mycoviruses, fusarium graminearum virus 3 (fgv3) and fusarium graminearum virus 4 (fgv4), was sequenced and analyzed. the viral genome of fgv3 is 9,098 base pairs (bp) long and contains two open reading frames (orf) encoding a putative rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) and a protein of unknown function. the fgv4 genome is composed of two dsrna genome segments of 2,383 bp and 1,739 bp. fgv4 dsrna-1 contains a single orf, which has a conserved rdrp motif, ...200919777156
new caloporoside derivatives and their inhibition of fungal spore germination.in our ongoing screening culture fluid extracts of gloeoporus (caloporus) dichrous strain 83065 inhibited the germination of magnaporthe grisea and fusarium graminearum spores. while isolating the active metabolites two new caloporosides, caloporoside g and caloporoside h, in addition to the known caloporoside derivatives f-16438g, caloporoside a, and 2-hydroxy-6-(16-hydroxyheptadecyl)benzoic acid were obtained.200919791504
synthesis, antifungal activities, and potential detoxification of n-(2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)thiocarbamates.a series of n-(2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)thiocarbamates were synthesized by the reaction of glucosyl isothiocyanates with monohydric and dihydric alcohols, and acetone oxime, using methods of both normal reaction and microwave-assisted synthesis. antifungal activities of the title compounds were determined with three kinds of plant pathogenic fungi, fusarium graminearum, rhizoctoria cerealis, and colletotrichum orbiculare. the synthesized glucosyl thiocarbamates easily reacted ...200919524218
roles of the glyoxylate and methylcitrate cycles in sexual development and virulence in the cereal pathogen gibberella zeae.the glyoxylate and methylcitrate cycles are involved in the metabolism of two- or three-carbon compounds in fungi. to elucidate the role(s) of these pathways in gibberella zeae, which causes head blight in cereal crops, we focused on the functions of g. zeae orthologs (gzicl1 and gzmcl1) of the genes that encode isocitrate lyase (icl) and methylisocitrate lyase (mcl), respectively, key enzymes in each cycle. the deletion of gzicl1 (deltagzicl1) caused defects in growth on acetate and in perithec ...200919525419
optimization of the production medium for biosynthesis of antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 by phosphate-deregulated mutant of streptomyces hygroscopicus.experimental mathematical designs were applied for optimization of a nutrient medium for biosynthesis of the antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 by phosphate-deregulated mutant of streptomyces hygroscopicus 111-81. antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 possesses well-expressed activity against fusarium graminearum and other phytopathogenic fungi. the level of the production of the antibiotic ak-111-81 on this medium is more than three times higher than on the initial medium. the optimized quantitative com ...200919529894
functional analysis and subcellular localization of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases from penicillium paxilli.the filamentous fungus penicillium paxilli contains two distinct geranylgeranyl diphosphate (ggpp) synthases, ggsa and ggsb (paxg). paxg and its homologues in neotyphodium lolii and fusarium fujikuroi are associated with diterpene secondary metabolite gene clusters. the genomes of other filamentous fungi including aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus nidulans, aspergillus niger, aspergillus oryzae and fusarium graminearum also contain two or more copies of ggpp synthase genes, although the diterpe ...200919529962
gibberella zeae chitin synthase genes, gzchs5 and gzchs7, are required for hyphal growth, perithecia formation, and pathogenicity.gibberella zeae causes fusarium head blight of cereal crops, and sexual spores of the fungus play an important role as primary inocula. we isolated a restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) transformant, zh431, of g. zeae with defects in perithecia formation and virulence. integration of the remi vector resulted in disruption of gzchs7 gene, which encodes a putative class vii chitin synthase with high similarity to fusarium oxysporum chsvb. a second chitin synthase, gzchs5, is adjacently ...200919547974
[studies on quantitative trait loci related to activity of lactate dehydrogenase in common carp (cyprinus carpio)].the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids between common wheat and roegneria kamoji were successfully obtained by means of embryo culture. morphology, chromosome pairing behavior at meiosis, fertility, and resistance to scab of the hybrid f1 and bc1 were studied. the results showed that the morphology of the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids f1 between r. kamoji and t. aestivum cv. chinese spring were intermediate type between the two parental species. the chromosome configuration at metaphase i (mi) of ...200919586894
developing kernel and rachis node induce the trichothecene pathway of fusarium graminearum during wheat head infection.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the most common agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) in small grain cereals and cob rot of maize. the threat posed by this fungus is due to a decrease in yield and, additionally, mycotoxin contamination of the harvested cereals. among the mycotoxins, trichothecenes influence virulence of f. graminearum in a highly complex manner that is strongly host- as well as chemotype-specific. the factors inducing mycotoxin production during plant infection are sti ...200919589066
applying parallel factor analysis models to hplc diode array detector datasets reveals strain dependent regulation of polyketide biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum, fusarium culmorum and fusarium pseudograminearum.fungal secondary metabolites confer an indiscriminate resource of bioactive compounds with both pharmaceutical and industrial relevance. synthesis of these compounds is tightly controlled through regulatory networks. these networks act in response to the environmental conditions in which the fungus grows. one class of fungal secondary metabolites that have drawn increased attention, is the polyketides produced by a high number of fungi and bacteria. the increasing number of publicly available ge ...200919591712
plant cell wall degradation with a powerful fusarium graminearum enzymatic arsenal.the complex enzyme pool secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum in response to glucose or hop cell wall material as sole carbon sources was analyzed. the biochemical characterization of the enzymes present in the supernatant of fungal cultures in the glucose medium revealed only 5 different glycosyl hydrolase activities; by contrast, when analyzing cultures in the cell wall medium, 17 different activities were detected. this dramatic increase reflects the adaptation of the fu ...200919597315
effect of carbendazim resistance on trichothecene production and aggressiveness of fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum (teleomorph, gibberella zeae) causes head blight of cereals and contaminates grains with trichothecene mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and domesticated animals. control of fusarium head blight relies on carbendazim (mbc) in china, but resistance to mbc in f. graminearum is now widespread. sixty-seven strains were evaluated for trichothecene production in shake culture or in the field. the strains included 60 wild-type strains (30 mbc-resistant and 30 mbc-sensitive), th ...200919656048
fppi: fusarium graminearum protein-protein interaction database.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum (telomorph gibberella zeae) is the causal agent of several destructive crop diseases. identifying interactions among f. graminearum proteins and understanding their functions can provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms underlying f. graminearum-host interactions. f. graminearum protein-protein interaction (fppi) database provides comprehensive information of protein-protein interactions (ppis) of f. graminearum predicted based on both interologs from ...200919673500
deoxynivalenol suppresses circulating and splenic leukocyte subpopulations in balb/c mice: dose response, time course and sex differences.it was hypothesized that suppression of peripheral blood leukocyte subsets were markers of exposure to dietary deoxynivalenol (don), a fusarium graminearum mycotoxin in grain, at 1.0 mg kg(-1) but not at lesser doses in balb/c mice. groups of 10 female and 10 male balb/c mice were fed 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg kg(-1) don for 14 and 28 days. using flow cytometry with staining for leukocyte surface markers, the percentage of cd19(+) leukocytes (b cells) in peripheral blood was decreased in bot ...200919680982
design, synthesis, and fungicidal activity of novel analogues of pyrrolnitrin.a series of novel analogues of pyrrolnitrin containing a thiophene moiety were designed and synthesized by a facile method, and their structures were characterized by (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) and high-resolution mass spectrometry. the isomers iv-h and v-h were isolated, and their structures were identified by 2d nmr, including heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (hmbc), and nuclear overhauser effect spectrometry (noesy) spectra. t ...200919681615
expressed sequence tags from the flower pathogen claviceps purpurea.summary the ascomycete claviceps purpurea (ergot) is a biotrophic flower pathogen of rye and other grasses. the deleterious toxic effects of infected rye seeds on humans and grazing animals have been known since the middle ages. to gain further insight into the molecular basis of this disease, we generated about 10 000 expressed sequence tags (ests)-about 25% originating from axenic fungal culture and about 75% from tissues collected 6-20 days after infection of rye spikes. the pattern of axenic ...200919694956
the genome of nectria haematococca: contribution of supernumerary chromosomes to gene expansion.the ascomycetous fungus nectria haematococca, (asexual name fusarium solani), is a member of a group of >50 species known as the "fusarium solani species complex". members of this complex have diverse biological properties including the ability to cause disease on >100 genera of plants and opportunistic infections in humans. the current research analyzed the most extensively studied member of this complex, n. haematococca mating population vi (mpvi). several genes controlling the ability of indi ...200919714214
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