Publications

sulfate transport in penicillium chrysogenum: cloning and characterization of the suta and sutb genes.	in industrial fermentations, penicillium chrysogenum uses sulfate as the source of sulfur for the biosynthesis of penicillin. by a pcr-based approach, two genes, suta and sutb, whose encoded products belong to the sulp superfamily of sulfate permeases were isolated. transformation of a sulfate uptake-negative sb3 mutant of aspergillus nidulans with the sutb gene completely restored sulfate uptake activity. the suta gene did not complement the a. nidulans sb3 mutation, even when expressed under c ...	1999	10572125
sensitization to local dust-mite fauna in singapore.	recent studies showed the presence of a unique dust-mite fauna in the indoor environment of singapore. immediate hypersensitivity to these dust mites, along with other known indoor allergens, may play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic respiratory diseases. this study evaluated the sensitization rates of the local atopic population to these allergens.	1999	10604550
metabolic control analysis of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway: the influence of the lld-acv:bisacv ratio on the flux control.	an extended kinetic model for the first two steps of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway in penicillium chrysogenum is set up. it includes the formation and reduction of the dimer bis-delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (bisacv) from the first pathway intermediate lld-acv and their parallel inhibition of the enzyme acv synthetase (acvs). the kinetic model is based on michaelis-menten type kinetics, with non-competitive inhibition of the acvs by both lld-acv and bisacv, and competiti ...	1999	10422587
case report: cutaneous penicilliosis due to penicillium chrysogenum.	a case of cutaneous penicilliosis in a young man, without immunological compromise is reported. the lesions in the neck were characterized by two exudative reddish-purple pruriginous and painless spots. penicilliosis was diagnosed after serial laboratory studies based on the observation of hyphae by direct microscopic examination and histopathology. cultures of the tissue obtained from the lesions, developed mould colonies with typical conidia of penicillium chrysogenum, which was thermotolerant ...	1999	10424109
kinetics of alpha-amylase secretion in aspergillus oryzae.	pulse and pulse-chase experiments have been performed to study l-[(35)s] methionine incorporation and protein secretion kinetics in aspergillus oryzae. pulse experiments confirmed the mechanism of methionine uptake reported previously for penicillium chrysogenum (benko et al., 1967). pulse-chase experiments were carried out to investigate the alpha-amylase secretion kinetics in a. oryzae. no unglycosylated alpha-amylase was detected neither intracellularly nor extracellularly demonstrating that ...	1999	10440673
evaluation of different methods for the extraction of dna from fungal conidia by quantitative competitive pcr analysis.	five different dna extraction methods were evaluated for their effectiveness in recovering pcr templates from the conidia of a series of fungal species often encountered in indoor air. the test organisms were aspergillus versicolor, penicillium chrysogenum, stachybotrys chartarum, cladosporium herbarum and alternaria alternata. the extraction methods differed in their use of different cell lysis procedures. these included grinding in liquid nitrogen, grinding at ambient temperature, sonication, ...	1999	10445315
evaluation of ige-sensitization to fungi in hiv-positive patients with eczematous skin reactions.	human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with declining immune function and polyclonal b-cell activation leading to elevated ige-levels. in selected patient categories, increased total ige may be associated with allergic diseases. furthermore, a significant number of patients with low cd4+ cell numbers have various skin manifestations, eg, eczema and dermatophytosis. patients with chronic fungal infections and a tendency to produce increased levels of specific ige may become allergic ...	1999	10480590
fungal utilization of organophosphate pesticides and their degradation by aspergillus flavus and a. sydowii in soil.	fungal species were isolated which utilize organophosphate pesticides, viz. phosphorothioic (pirimiphos-methyl and pyrazophos), phosphorodithioic (dimethoate and malathion), phosphonic (lancer) and phosphoric (profenfos) acid derivatives. pesticide degradation was studied in vitro and in vivo (soil). aspergillus flavus, a. fumigatus, a. niger, a. sydowii, a. terreus, emericella nidulans, fusarium oxysporum and penicillium chrysogenum were isolated from pesticide-treated wheat straw. the number o ...	1999	10489696
the nadp-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene from penicillium chrysogenum and the construction of expression vectors for filamentous fungi.	the gdha gene encoding the nadp-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity from penicillium chrysogenum has been isolated and characterized for its use in gene expression. the nucleotide sequence of a 2816-bp genomic fragment was determined, showing an open reading frame of 1600 bp interrupted by two introns, of 160 bp and 57 bp respectively, with fungal consensus splice-site junctions. the predicted amino acid sequence revealed a high degree of identity to glutamate dehydrogenase enzymes, espec ...	1999	10499259
isolation and characterization of a novel antifungal peptide from aspergillus niger.	a novel antifungal peptide (termed as anafp) was isolated from the culture supernatant of the filamentous fungi, aspergillus niger. the whole amino acid sequence of anafp was determined and the peptide was found to be composed of a single polypeptide chain with 58 amino acids including six cysteine residues. the peptide shows some degree of sequence homology to a cysteine-rich antifungal peptides reported from the seeds of sinapis alba and arabidopsis thaliana or the extracellular media of asper ...	1999	10512732
organization of the gene cluster for biosynthesis of penicillin in penicillium nalgiovense and antibiotic production in cured dry sausages.	several fungal isolates obtained from two cured meat products from spain were identified as penicillium nalgiovense by their morphological features and by dna fingerprinting. all p. nalgiovense isolates showed antibiotic activity in agar diffusion assays, and their penicillin production in liquid complex medium ranged from 6 to 38 microgram. ml-1. we constructed a restriction map of the penicillin gene cluster of p. nalgiovense and found that the organization of the penicillin biosynthetic genes ...	1999	10049889
isolation, characterization and disruption of the area nitrogen regulatory gene of gibberella fujikuroi.	the gene area-gf, a homologue of the major nitrogen regulatory genes nit-2, area, nre and nut1 of neurospora crassa, aspergillus nidulans, penicillium chrysogenum and magnaporthe grisea, respectively, was cloned from the gibberellin (ga)-producing rice pathogen gibberella fujikuroi. area-gf encodes a protein of 972 amino acid residues which contains a single putative zinc finger dna-binding domain that is at least 98% identical to the zinc finger domains of the homologous fungal proteins. the ar ...	1999	10071216
molecular cloning of a second phospholipase b gene, caplb2 from candida albicans.	accumulating evidence suggests that phospholipase b, secreted by pathogenic fungi such as candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans and aspergillus fumigatus, functions as one of the virulence factors. in the present study, we have attempted to clone phospholipase b gene from c. albicans. by rt-pcr analysis with degenerate primers based on conserved regions of phospholipase b from saccharomyces cerevisiae, penicillium notatum and torulaspora delbrueckii two similar but different cdna fragments w ...	1999	10200936
influence of microbial concentration on the rheology of non-newtonian fermentation broths.	the objective of this study was to quantify the effect of fungal biomass concentration on the rheology of non-newtonian fermentation systems. batch fermentations of penicillium chrysogenum were carried out with glucose as the sole carbon source. the flow behavior of the system was characterized at various fermentation times and was adequately described by the power-law model. the apparent viscosity of the fermentation broth was significantly affected by biomass concentrations in the fermenter. f ...	1999	10222579
disruption of phaca, an aspergillus nidulans gene encoding a novel cytochrome p450 monooxygenase catalyzing phenylacetate 2-hydroxylation, results in penicillin overproduction.	aspergillus nidulans utilizes phenylacetate as a carbon source via homogentisate, which is degraded to fumarate and acetoacetate. mutational evidence strongly suggested that phenylacetate is converted to homogentisate through two sequential hydroxylating reactions in positions 2 and 5 of the aromatic ring. using cdna substraction techniques, we have characterized a gene, denoted phaca, whose transcription is strongly induced by phenylacetate and which putatively encodes a cytochrome p450 protein ...	1999	10329644
microfungal contamination of damp buildings--examples of risk constructions and risk materials.	to elucidate problems with microfungal infestation in indoor environments, a multidisciplinary collaborative pilot study, supported by a grant from the danish ministry of housing and urban affairs, was performed on 72 mold-infected building materials from 23 buildings. water leakage through roofs, rising damp, and defective plumbing installations were the main reasons for water damage with subsequent infestation of molds. from a score system assessing the bioavailability of the building material ...	1999	10347000
biotransformation of the diperpenoid, isosteviol, by aspergillus niger, penicillium chrysogenum and rhizopus arrhizus.	the biotransformation of isosteviol (ent-16-ketobeyeran-19-oic acid) by three fungi is described. aspergillus niger produced the 7 beta-oh derivative, ent-7 alpha-hydroxy-16-ketobeyeran-19-oic, and the 1 alpha, 7 beta-dioh derivative, ent-1 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-16-ketobeyeran-19-oic acid. the 17-oh compound, ent-17-hydroxy-16-ketobeyeran-19-oic acid, was obtained with penicillium chrysogenum. rhizopus arrhizus produced the 7 beta-oh derivative, ent-7 alpha-hydroxy-16-ketobeyeran-19-oic acid. ...	1999	10389273
aerobiological analysis in a salami factory: a possible case of extrinsic allergic alveolitis by penicillium camembertii.	a 39-year-old man was hospitalized with a history of fatigue, dyspnoea and low grade fever which seemed to be related to his working environment. the patient was employed in a salami factory, working near the area where the salami are seasoned with fungal inocula. chest x-ray showed diffuse initial changes of reticulonodular pattern that disappeared after a brief course of steroids therapy. precipitating antibodies to penicillium notatum and aspergillus fumigatus were found both in plasma and br ...	1999	10421864
the beta-lactam antibiotics: past, present, and future.	the discovery and development of the beta-lactam antibiotics are among the most powerful and successful achievements of modern science and technology. since fleming's accidental discovery of the penicillin-producing mold, seventy years of steady progress has followed, and today the beta-lactam group of compounds are the most successful example of natural product application and chemotherapy. following on the heels of penicillin production by penicillium chrysogenum came the discoveries of cephal ...	1999	10422578
penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis: mechanism of carbon catabolite regulation of penicillin production.	penicillins and cephalosporins are synthesized by a series of enzymatic reactions that form the tripeptide delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine and convert this tripeptide into the final penicillin or cephalosporin molecules. one of the enzymes, isopenicillin n synthase has been crystallyzed and its active center identified. the three genes pcbab, pcbc and pende involved in penicillin biosynthesis are clustered in penicillium chrysogenum, aspergillus nidulans and penicillium nalgiove ...	1999	10422579
compartmentalization and transport in beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthesis by filamentous fungi.	a proper description of the biosynthesis of fungal beta-lactam antibiotics requires detailed knowledge of the cell biology of the producing organisms. this involves a delineation of the compartmentalization of the biosynthetic pathways, and of the consequential transport steps across the cell-boundary plasma membrane and across organellar membranes. of the enzymes of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway in penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus nidulans, delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d ...	1999	10422581
gene organization and plasticity of the beta-lactam genes in different filamentous fungi.	the genes pcbab, pcbc and pende encoding enzymes that catalyze the three steps of the penicillin biosynthesis have been cloned from penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus nidulans. they are located in a cluster in penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium notatum, aspergillus nidulans and penicillium nalgiovense. the three genes are clustered in chromosome i (10.4 mb) of p. chrysogenum, in chromosome ii of p. notatum (9.6 mb) and in chromosome vi (3.0 mb) of a. nidulans. the cluster of the penicilli ...	1999	10422582
transcriptional control of expression of fungal beta-lactam biosynthesis genes.	the most commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics for the therapy of infectious diseases are penicillin and cephalosporin. penicillin is produced as end product by some fungi most notably by aspergillus (emericella) nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum. cephalosporins are synthesised by several bacteria and fungi, e.g. by the fungus acremonium chrysogenum (syn. cephalosporium acremonium). the biosynthetic pathways leading to both secondary metabolites start from the same three amino acid precursors ...	1999	10422583
transcription of the pcbab, pcbc and pende genes of penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78 is repressed by glucose and the repression is not reversed by alkaline phs.	glucose repressed transcription of the penicillin biosynthesis genes pcbab, pcbc and pende when added at inoculation time to cultures of penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78 but it had little repressive effect when added at 12 h and no effect when added at 24 or 36 h. a slight increase in the expression of pcbc and pende (and to a smaller extent of pcbab) was observed in glucose-grown cultures at ph 6.8, 7.4 and 8.0 as compared with ph 6.2, but alkaline phs did not override the strong repression exer ...	1999	10075414
analysis of the oxidative stress response of penicillium chrysogenum to menadione.	the intracellular superoxide and glutathione disulphide concentrations increased in penicillium chrysogeum treated with 50, 250 or 500 microm menadione (mq). a significant increase in the intracellular peroxide concentration was also observed when mycelia were exposed to 250 or 500 microm mq. the specific activity of cu,zn and mn superoxide dismutases, glutathione reductase and glutathione s-transferase as well as the glutathione producing activity increased in the presence of mq while glutathio ...	1999	10193580
adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase: diagnosing the mechanism of substrate inhibition.	adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase is subject to strong substrate inhibition by aps. the inhibition has been variously reported to be uncompetitive with respect to mgatp (resulting from the formation of a dead-end e. aps. mgadp complex) or competitive with mgatp (resulting from the formation of a dead-end e. aps complex). it is shown that these two types of substrate inhibition can be differentiated for ordered kinetic mechanisms by simple inspection of the v versus [aps] plots at differen ...	1999	9882457
molecular mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangement in fungi.	both sexual and asexual fungi undergo chromosomal rearrangements, which are the main cause of karyotype variability among the populations. different recombination processes can produce chromosomal reorganizations, both during mitosis and meiosis, but other mechanisms operate to limit the extent of the rearrangements; some of these mechanisms, such as the rip (repeat-induced point mutations) of neurospora crassa, have been well established for sexual fungi. in laboratory strains, treatments such ...	1999	10342097
[different age of asthmatic patients affected by different aeroallergens].	a total of 1070 cases of bronchial asthma, aged from 3 to 70 years, were analyzed for their hypersensitivity to the four most common aeroallergens, dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, german cockroaches, penicillium notatum and candida albicans. the severity of hypersensitivity was classified as mild, moderate and severe based on the concentration of allergen specific ige in the sera. results showed that there were 77.9% patients allergic to d. pteronyssinus, 40.0% to g. cockroaches, 9.6% to p. nota ...	1999	10650494
characterization of allergens from penicillium oxalicum and p. notatum by immunoblotting and n-terminal amino acid sequence analysis.	penicillium species are important causative agents of extrinsic bronchial asthma. however, little is known about the allergens of these ubiquitous fungal species. objective the object was to analyse the composition, the allergenic cross-reactivity and the n-terminal sequences of allergens from two prevalent airborne penicillium species, p. oxalicum and p. notatum.	1999	10231324
sensitisation to aspergillus fumigatus and penicillium notatum in laboratory workers.	four workers in medical research laboratories, located in a basement level of a university facility equipped with a humidified air conditioning system, complained of cough and/or asthma and/or rhinitis during their normal working activities. since exposure to toxic compounds was very low (similar to that of the outdoor environment) only microbiological monitoring was performed. aspergillus fumigatus and penicillium notatum were found in some laboratories. eight laboratory workers (including the ...	1999	12793962
structural determination of pb binding sites in penicillium chrysogenum cell walls by exafs spectroscopy and solution chemistry.		1999	15263327
[residential colonization of orbital complex "mir" environment by penicillium chrysogenum and problem of ecological safety in long-term space flight].	results of many years of the survey of highly specific evolution of quantitative and species composition of microflora of the mir environment are reviewed. analysis of the data enabled listing of microorganisms-declinous fungi with the ability of residential colonization of structural materials of the interior and equipment of habitable modules of the space station. results of the studies of variability and level of similarity/affinity on the basis of dna, polymorphism of strains isolated in spa ...	1998	9883336
measurement of autolysis in submerged batch cultures of penicillium chrysogenum.	the process of cellular autolysis was studied in an industrial strain of penicillium chrysogenum by a range of methods, including assessment of biomass decline, nh+4 release, changes in culture apparent viscosity, and by means of a quantitative assessment of changes in micromorphology using a computerized image analysis system. the pattern of total intracellular proteolytic and beta-1, 3-glucanolytic activity in the culture was also examined. the overall aim was to identify a suitable method, or ...	1998	10099206
dependence of penicillium chrysogenum growth, morphology, vacuolation, and productivity in fed-batch fermentations on impeller type and agitation intensity	the influence of the agitation conditions on the growth, morphology, vacuolation, and productivity of penicillium chrysogenum has been examined in 6 l fed-batch fermentations. a standard rushton turbine, a four-bladed paddle, and a six-bladed pitched blade impeller were compared. power inputs per unit volume of liquid, p/vl, ranged from 0.35 to 7.4 kw/m3. the same fermentation protocol was used in each fermentation, including holding the dissolved oxygen concentration above 40% air saturation by ...	1998	10099397
uptake of phenylacetic acid by two strains of penicillium chrysogenum.	uptake of phenylacetic acid, the side-chain precursor of benzylpenicillin, was studied in penicillium chrysogenum wisconsin 54-1255 and in a strain yielding high levels of penicillin. in penicillin fermentations with the high-yielding strain, 100% recovery of phenylacetic acid in benzylpenicillin was found, whereas in the wisconsin strain only 17% of the supplied phenylacetic acid was incorporated into benzylpenicillin while the rest was metabolized. accumulation of total phenylacetic acid-deriv ...	1998	10099433
adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase from penicillium chrysogenum. site-directed mutagenesis at putative phosphoryl-accepting and atp p-loop residues.	the properties of penicillium chrysogenum adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase mutated at ser-107 were examined. ser-107 is analogous to a serine of the e. coli enzyme that has been shown to serve as an intermediate acceptor in the transfer of a phosphoryl group from atp to aps. replacement of ser-107 with alanine yielded an active enzyme with kinetic characteristics similar to those of wild-type aps kinase. another mutant form of the enzyme in which ser-107 was replaced by cysteine was also ...	1998	9786849
spe3, which encodes spermidine synthase, is required for full repression through nre(dit) in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	we previously identified a transcriptional regulatory element, which we call nre(dit), that is required for repression of the sporulation-specific genes, dit1 and dit2, during vegetative growth of saccharomyces cerevisiae. repression through this element is dependent on the ssn6-tup1 corepressor. in this study, we show that sin4 contributes to nre(dit)-mediated repression, suggesting that changes in chromatin structure are, at least in part, responsible for regulation of dit gene expression. in ...	1998	9725830
cloning and disruption of caplb1, a phospholipase b gene involved in the pathogenicity of candida albicans.	the candida albicans plb1 gene was cloned using a polymerase chain reaction-based approach relying on degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed according to the amino acid sequences of two peptide fragments obtained from a purified candidal enzyme displaying phospholipase activity (mirbod, f., banno, y., ghannoum, m. a., ibrahim, a. s., nakashima, s., yasuo, k., cole, g. t., and nozawa, y. (1995) biochim. biophys. acta 1257, 181-188). sequence analysis of a 6.7-kilobase pair ecori-clai genomic ...	1998	9748287
modelling of the protonophoric uncoupling by phenoxyacetic acid of the plasma membrane potential of penicillium chrysogenum.	physiological effects of phenoxyacetic acid, the penicillin v side-chain precursor, on steady-state continuous cultures of penicillium chrysogenum have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. theoretical calculations show that at an extracellular ph of 6.50, phenoxyacetic acid has negligible influence on the growth energetics due to protonophoric uncoupling of membrane potentials by passive diffusive uptake. on the other hand, when the extracellular ph is lowered to 5.00, a severe ma ...	1998	10099485
characterization of the lys2 gene of penicillium chrysogenum encoding alpha-aminoadipic acid reductase.	a dna fragment containing a gene homologous to lys2 gene of saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned from a genomic dna library of penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78. it encodes a protein of 1409 amino acids (mr 154859) with strong similarity to the s. cerevisiae (49.9% identity) schizosaccharomyces pombe (51.3% identity) and candida albicans (48.12% identity) alpha-aminoadipate reductases and a lesser degree of identity to the amino acid-activating domains of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, incl ...	1998	9790587
studies on toxigenic fungi in roasted foodstuff (salted seed) and halotolerant activity of emodin-producing aspergillus wentii.	commercial roasted salted peanuts (3% nacl), popcorn (1% nacl), summer-squash (9% nacl), sunflower (3% nacl) and wild-melon (3% nacl) seeds are polluted with fungi, mostly aspergillus flavus, a. niger, penicillium chrysogenum, p. corylophilum and rhizopus stolonifer. contamination of popcorn with the fungi is about 10 times higher than in the other foods. these fungi, common also on unsalted seeds, are significantly inhibited in seeds (30% moisture content) treated with 9-21% nacl. the halotoler ...	1998	9821293
evaluation of proteolytic activity of micro-organisms isolated from dry cured ham.	in order to determine the possible contribution of micro-organisms to the ripening of meat products, 48 cocci, 18 moulds and 20 yeasts isolated from dry-cured iberian ham were evaluated for proteolytic activity. two specific methods were used: the ability to hydrolyse myosin in broth and, for those strains showing high activities, hydrolysis on both myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins on pork slices. moulds and cocci showed the highest proteolytic activity for myosin in broth. both myofibrill ...	1998	9830127
the optimization of penicillin biosynthesis in fungi.	penicillin production by penicillium chrysogenum is not only commercially important but arguably the most intensively investigated secondary-metabolic pathway in fungi. isolation of the structural genes encoding the three main penicillin-biosynthetic enzymes has stimulated the use of molecular approaches to optimize yield and permitted genetic analysis of current production strains, which are themselves the products of 50 years of strain and process improvement. parallel studies on the penicilli ...	1998	9830157
repression of the expression of genes encoding xylanolytic enzymes in aspergillus oryzae by introduction of multiple copies of the xynf1 promoter.	a xylanase gene, xynf1, was cloned and characterized from a shoyu koji mould aspergillus oryzae kbn616. the xynf1 gene was found to be comprised of 1484 bp with ten introns. the deduced amino acid sequence encodes a protein consisting of 327 amino acids (35,402 da) which is very similar to the fungal family f xylanases such as aspergillus nidulans xlnc, aspergillus kawachii xyna and penicillium chrysogenum xylp. the intron/exon organization of xynf1 is very similar to that of the fungal family f ...	1998	9866173
the manganese superoxide dismutase from the penicillin producer penicillium chrysogenum.	the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase has been studied in order to define mechanisms for the influence of oxygen on penicillin production. manganese-containing sod activity was purified from penicillin-producing cultures of the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum and reverse genetics was used to identify full-length cdna and genomic clones. sequence analysis revealed a 630-bp orf containing three exons and two introns with fungal consensus splice-site junctions. the deduced amino-ac ...	1998	9644201
in situ detection of protein-dna interactions in filamentous fungi by in vivo footprinting.	the method described here allows the detection of protein-dna interactions in vivo in filamentous fungi. we outline culture conditions and conditions of in vivo methylation that permit uniform modification of all cells in an apically growing, non-uniform organism, and subsequent visualization of protected areas by ligation-mediated pcr.	1998	9685506
molecular regulation of beta-lactam biosynthesis in filamentous fungi.	the most commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics for the therapy of infectious diseases are penicillin and cephalosporin. penicillin is produced as an end product by some fungi, most notably by aspergillus (emericella) nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum. cephalosporins are synthesized by both bacteria and fungi, e.g., by the fungus acremonium chrysogenum (cephalosporium acremonium). the biosynthetic pathways leading to both secondary metabolites start from the same three amino acid precursors an ...	1998	9729600
ige-sensitization to cellular and culture filtrates of fungal extracts in patients with atopic dermatitis.	patients with atopic dermatitis may experience exacerbations of eczema triggered by various inflammatory stimuli. one mechanism may be ige-mediated reactions to dermatophytes since these patients are more likely to acquire skin infections with dermatophytes and may become sensitized.	1998	9759803
saprophytic and cycloheximide resistant fungi isolated from golden hamster.	healthy hair samples from golden hamsters were examined for the presence of dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes using baiting technique and direct inoculation. thirty-four species and 2 varieties attributed to 17 genera were recovered. paecilomyces variotii (isolated from 84.4% of the examined hair) and aspergillus niger (81.3%) were the more frequent isolates on sabouraud's dextrose agar (sda) without cycloheximide. our results have clearly demonstrated that the hair of hamster was free from tr ...	1998	9768288
enhanced penicillin production by oligosaccharides from batch cultures of penicillium chrysogenum in stirred-tank reactors.	alginate and galactomannan-derived oligosaccharides enhanced the production of penicillin g when added to stirred tank reactor cultures of penicillium chrysogenum. the addition of oligomannuronate and oligoguluronate blocks increased penicillin g yield by 47% and 49%, respectively. the effect of mannan oligosaccharides was found to be more pronounced with 69% higher yield than the control cultures. the maximum increase in the average specific productivity of the oligosaccharide augmented culture ...	1998	9776634
sick building syndrome: association of symptoms with serum ige specific to fungi.		1998	9561392
isolation and analysis of xlnr, encoding a transcriptional activator co-ordinating xylanolytic expression in aspergillus niger.	complementation by transformation of an aspergillus niger mutant lacking xylanolytic activity led to the isolation of the xlnr gene. the xlnr gene encodes a polypeptide of 875 amino acids capable of forming a zinc binuclear cluster domain with similarity to the zinc clusters of the gal4 superfamily of transcription factors. the xlnr-binding site 5'-ggctaaa-3' was deduced after electrophoretic mobility shift assays, dnase i footprinting and comparison of various xylanolytic promoters. the importa ...	1998	9466262
process models for production of beta-lactam antibiotics.	great progress has been made in the modelling of biotechnical processes using filamentous microorganisms. this paper deals with cultivations of penicillium chrysogenum for the production of penicillin and of acremonium chrysogenum for the production of cephalosporin c. the properties of the processes and the existing models are reviewed. models are presented for both processes that consider aspects which are important for industrial cultivation. the process model for penicillin production is bas ...	1998	9468802
elimination of microorganisms from dental operatory compressed air.	compressed air is used to power high-speed handpieces, as well as to dry and clean surfaces in the oral cavity during patient treatment, in all dental operatories. the compressed air used in the dental operatories located in large institutions such as universities or hospitals is generally obtained from a central source, and is produced by continually running compressors. in operatories located in private practice settings, compressed air is obtained from small on-site air compressors, which may ...	1998	9473876
cyclization of alpha-aminoadipic acid into the the delta-lactam 6-oxo-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid by penicillium chrysogenum.		1998	9544928
extracellular phospholipases as universal virulence factor in pathogenic fungi.	microbial pathogens use a number of genetic strategies to invade the host and cause infection. these common themes are found throughout microbial virulence factors. secretion of enzymes, such as phospholipase, has been proposed as one of these themes which is used by bacteria, parasite, and pathogenic fungi. the role of extracellular phospholipase as a potential virulence factor in pathogenic fungi, including candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans and aspergillus has gained credence recently. ...	1998	9580028
hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by penicillium notatum antigens in guinea pigs.	data concerning the experimental induction of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in guinea pigs using a glycoprotein derived from penicillium notatum are presented. this antigen was obtained from the mycelial and metabolic products of the cultures passed through a sephadex g-50 column. it was aerosolized for inhalation by adult guinea pigs for 12 weeks to detect specific serum igm, igg and ige antibodies as well as sensitized leukotriene cd4 cells. histopathological studies of the lungs showed interst ...	1998	9580523
phenoxyacetic acid induces glutathione-dependent detoxification and depletes the glutathione pool in penicillium chrysogenum.	enzymes of the glutathione-dependent detoxification pathway (glutathione s-transferase and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase) were induced, and the glutathione pool was completely depleted by phenoxyacetic acid in penicillium chrysogenum mycelia incubated for 15 h in a culture medium containing lactose as a carbon source and sodium glutamate as a nitrogen source. a significant increase in both the oxidised glutathione concentrations and the glutathione reductase activities were also observed. 1-chlo ...	1997	9265740
acv synthetase: expression of amino acid activating domains of the penicillium chrysogenum enzyme in aspergillus nidulans.	fragments of acv synthetase of penicillium chrysogenum carrying partial activities of amino acid activation were expressed under the alca promoter in an acva-deletion mutant of aspergillus nidulans. the 210 kda domain a-beta-galactosidase fusion protein was partially cleaved to fragments of 200 and 97 kda. the domain a fragment and the 312 kda domain bc construct were identified by peptide specific antibodies and shown to catalyze alpha-aminoadipate-, cysteine-, and valine-dependent atp/[32p]ppi ...	1997	9266851
analysis of a commercially improved penicillium chrysogenum strain series: involvement of recombinogenic regions in amplification and deletion of the penicillin biosynthesis gene cluster.	several commercially improved strains of penicillium chrysogenum have been shown to carry amplifications of the entire penicillin biosynthesis gene cluster. analysis previously carried out using the strain bw 1890 has here been extended to the characterisation of other members of the smithkline beecham strain improvement series. we have determined the length of the amplicon to be 57.4 kb and shown a general increase in copy number and penicillin titre through the series. sequence analyses of the ...	1997	9281849
mould-devouring mites differ in guanine excretion from dust-eating acari, a possible error source in mite allergen exposure studies.	measurement of guanine in dust proved a good assessment of mite allergen exposure.	1997	9291290
synthesis of some biologically active agents derived from thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.	the key compound 1-amino-8-iminocyclopenta[b]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine (5g) was prepared by reaction of 2-amino-3-cyano cyclopenta[b]thiophene (1) with triethyl orthoformate followed by cyclization with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol. refluxing of 1 with triethyl orthoformate in the presence of acetic anhydride gave an unexpected product 2. while reaction with aromatic amines gave the condensation products 4a-c. reaction of 5g with formic acid, other formate derivatives, ethoxymethylenemalononitrile ...	1997	9362089
necrotizing pneumonia caused by penicillium chrysogenum.	we report a case of necrotizing pneumonia due to penicillium chrysogenum in a 57-year-old woman operated on for lung cancer. the residual right lower pulmonary lobe was infiltrated by penicillium chrysogenum. the patient underwent a second pulmonary right lobectomy and was successfully treated with oral itraconazole. to our knowledge, this is the first case of pneumonia due to p. chrysogenum.	1997	9399551
expression of the cefg gene is limiting for cephalosporin biosynthesis in acremonium chrysogenum.	the conversion of deacetylcephalosporin c to cephalosporin c is inefficient in most acremonium chrysogenum strains. the cefg gene, which encodes deacetylcephalosporin c acetyltransferase, is expressed very poorly in a. chrysogenum as compared to other genes of the cephalosporin pathway. introduction of additional copies of the cefg gene with its native promoter (in two different constructions with upstream regions of 1056 bp and 538 bp respectively) did not produce a significant increase of the ...	1997	9421924
specificity of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting aspergillus galactomannan.	the specificity of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detecting aspergillus galactomannan was tested with exoantigens of 29 fungi cultured from clinical specimens. cross-reactivity was observed with penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium digitatum, and paecilomyces variotii. furthermore, 40 serum samples obtained from bacteremic patients with hematologic malignancies were retrospectively tested by sandwich elisa. false-positive reactions with the serum were reproducible but d ...	1997	8968919
molecular regulation of penicillin biosynthesis in aspergillus (emericella) nidulans.	the beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin is produced as end product by only some filamentous fungi, most notably by aspergillus nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum. the biosynthesis of this secondary metabolite is catalyzed by three enzymes which are encoded by the following three genes: acva (pcbab), ipna (pcbc) and aat (pende). the genes are organized into a gene cluster. in a. nidulans, several studies have indicated that the genes are controlled by a complex regulatory network. the wide-domain ...	1997	9066103
effect of water activity, modified atmosphere packaging and storage temperature on spore germination of moulds isolated from prunes.	the combined effect of medium water activity (aw) modified atmosphere packaging (map) on the conidial germination of aspergillus niger, eurotium amstelodami, penicillium chrysogenum and fusarium oxysporum was studied by applying response surface methodology (rsm) for 45 days incubation at 20, 30 and 40 degrees c. oxytetracycline glucose yeast extract (ogye) agar media were prepared over a wide range of aw (0.80-0.95), controlled by glucose. the headspace atmosphere composition varied from 0-20% ...	1997	9081224
are fungi-specific ige found in staff suffering from nonallergic sick building syndrome?		1997	9098775
extracellular ph affects regulation of the pcbab gene in penicillium chrysogenum.	the effect of extracellular ph and dissolved oxygen on regulation of the pcbab gene in p. chrysogenum was examined, using northern analysis and a reporter gene fusion. it was found that ambient ph markedly affected levels of pcbab mrna whereas maintenance of dissolved oxygen concentration above 10% had no detectable effect. the presence of a dna-binding protein, which binds upstream of the pcbab translational start codon, was also related to ambient ph. in all fermentations, pcbab mrna was most ...	1997	9114516
genetic analysis of regulatory mutants affecting synthesis of extracellular proteinases in the yeast yarrowia lipolytica: identification of a rim101/pacc homolog.	depending on the ph of the growth medium, the yeast yarrowia lipolytica secretes both an acidic proteinase and an alkaline proteinase, the synthesis of which is also controlled by carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur availability, as well as by the presence of extracellular proteins. recessive mutations at four unlinked loci, named pal1 to pal4, were isolated which prevent alkaline proteinase derepression under conditions of carbon and nitrogen limitation at ph 6.8. these mutations markedly affect matin ...	1997	9199331
fungal allergens from important allergenic fungi imperfecti.	occurrence of several fungal species in the environment seems to be related to hypersensitivity disorders in humans. fungal allergen studies reported in the literature are reviewed regarding to aspergillus, alternaria, penicillium and cladosporium genera. in this paper, we study by means of in vivo (skin prick test) and in vitro (rast and immunoblotting) the classical question of the best source of allergenic material using a population of asthmatic patients sensitized to different mould genera. ...	1997	9208052
molecular analysis of a penicillium chrysogenum gata factor encoding gene (srep) exhibiting significant homology to the ustilago maydis urbs1 gene.	employing a pcr-aided strategy, a penicillium chrysogenum gene (srep) encoding a putative gata-transcription factor has been cloned and characterized. comparison of the genomic and cdna sequences revealed the presence of an open reading frame (orf) encoding a protein of 532 amino acids (aa) which is interrupted by two introns. the deduced aa sequence of srep reveals 50% identity to a regulator of siderophore biosynthesis (urbs1) from ustilago maydis over a stretch of 200 aa containing two gata-t ...	1997	9016950
monoclonal antibodies as probes for fungal wall structure during morphogenesis.	three monoclonal antibodies (mabs), s4d1, s3b3 and s1e5, were produced from hybridoma cell lines raised from mice immunized with hyphal walls of neurospora crassa and one (pax-1) from mice immunized with hyphal walls of paxillus involutus. in immunofluorescence studies, the three n. crassa mabs recognized epitopes with different patterns of distribution at the hyphal surface of n. crassa. s4d1 recognized an epitope which was present on the surface of both conidia and hyphae; s3b3 recognized an e ...	1997	9245814
evolving enzyme technology for pharmaceutical applications: case studies.	the case studies focus on two types of enzyme applications for pharmaceutical development. demethylmacrocin o-methyltransferase, macrocin o-methyltransferase (both putatively rate-limiting) and tylosin reductase were purified from streptomyces fradiae, characterized and the genes manipulated for increasing tylosin biosynthesis in s. fradiae. the rate-limiting enzyme, deacetoxycephalosporin c (daoc) synthase/hydroxylase (expandase/ hydroxylase), was purified from cephalosporium acremonium, its ge ...	1997	9451830
overexpression of nreb, a new gata factor-encoding gene of penicillium chrysogenum, leads to repression of the nitrate assimilatory gene cluster.	to investigate the mechanism of nitrogen metabolite repression in the biotechnologically important fungus penicillium chrysogenum a polymerase chain reaction approach was employed to identify transcription factors involved in this regulatory circuit, leading to the isolation of a new gene (nreb) encoding a 298 amino acid protein. despite a low overall amino acid sequence identity of approximately 30%, it shares several features with dal80p/uga43p and gzf3p/nil2p, both repressors in nitrogen meta ...	1997	9278412
multianalyte biosensors on optical imaging bundles.	we present an optical biosensor design that expands the utility of enzyme biosensors. these biosensors are fabricated by site-selective photodeposition of analyte-sensitive polymer matrices on optical imaging fibres. these dual-analyte arrays allow for the simultaneous, independent measurement of the analyte of interest and the transducing analyte. the first integrated optical-biosensors using this design have been prepared that allow both the dependent and independent analytes to be measured si ...	1997	9253155
purification and some properties of a novel dsrna degrading nuclease bound to rye germ ribosomes.	a two-step procedure including affinity chromatography for purification of rye germ ribosomal nuclease that degrades double-stranded rna from a virus of penicillium chrysogenum and the poly(i).poly(c) complex was developed. the specific activity towards poly(i).poly(c) of the obtained nuclease preparations was 30 times as high as that of ribosomes. the recovery of activity was 3.4% when the octyl-sepharose column was used, and 2.0% in the case of the phenyl-sepharose column. on polyacrylamide/sd ...	1997	9241355
purification and characterization of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase from penicillium chrysogenum.	delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase (acvs) from penicillium chrysogenum was purified to homogeneity by a combination of (nh4)2so4 precipitation, protamine sulphate treatment, ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. the molecular mass of acvs was estimated with native gradient gel electrophoresis and sds/page. the native enzyme consisted of a single polymer chain with an estimated molecular mass of 470 kda. the denatured enzy ...	1997	9355751
glutathione metabolism and protection against oxidative stress caused by peroxides in penicillium chrysogenum.	the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum showed remarkable resistance to the oxidative stress caused by high concentrations of either hydrogen peroxide (0.35-0.70 m) or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tert-booh, 0.5-2.0 mm), which could be explained well with high levels of glutathione (gsh) peroxidase and catalase activities. the majority of exogenous h2o2 was likely removed by catalase from the cells while tert-booh was likely eliminated mainly by the gsh-dependent pathways. the gsh pool decre ...	1997	9296459
regulated system for heterologous gene expression in penicillium chrysogenum.	a system for regulated heterologous gene expression in the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum was established. this is the first heterologous expression system to be developed for this organism. expression of a recombinant fungal xylanase gene (xylp) and the cdna for the human tear lipocalin (lcni) was achieved by placing the encoding sequences under the control of the repressible acid phosphatase gene (phoa) promoter of p. chrysogenum. secreted recombinant proteins were detected in the ...	1997	9023952
alginate oligosaccharides as enhancers of penicillin production in cultures of penicillium chrysogenum.	oligosaccharide fragments were prepared by partial acid hydrolysis of sodium alginate and consisted of oligomannuronate (om) and oligoguluronate (og) blocks. effects of the om and og blocks on penicillin g production by p. chrysogenum were investigated. the oligosaccharides were found to cause significant increases in penicillin g yields. om blocks at concentrations 10 to 100 microg/ml were used to further evaluate the effects of the oligosaccharides, and were found to enhance the production of ...	1997	18629954
recombinant microorganisms for industrial production of antibiotics.	the enhancement of industrial antibiotic yield has been achieved through technological innovations and traditional strain improvement programs based on random mutation and screening. the development of recombinant dna techniques and their application to antibiotic producing microorganisms has allowed yield increments and the design of biosynthetic pathways giving rise to new antibiotics. genetic manipulations of the cephalosporin producing fungus cephalosporium acremonium have included yield imp ...	1997	18636459
dependence of mycelial morphology on impeller type and agitation intensity.	the influence of the agitation conditions on the morphology of penicillium chrysogenum (freely dispersed and aggregated forms) was examined using radial (rushton turbines and paddles), axial (pitched blades, propeller, and prochem maxflow t), and counterflow impellers (intermig). culture broth was taken from a continuous fermentation at steady state and was agitated for 30 min in an ungassed vessel of 1.4-l working volume. the power inputs per unit volume of liquid in the tank, p/v(l), ranged fr ...	1996	18629946
pathway kinetics and metabolic control analysis of a high-yielding strain of penicillium chrysogenum during fed batch cultivations.		1996	18629937
pathway kinetics and metabolic control analysis of a high-yielding strain of penicillium chrysogenum during fed batch cultivations.	a kinetic model representing the pathway for the biosynthesis of penicillin by p. chrysogenum has been developed. the model is capable of describing the flux through the biosynthetic pathway, and model simulations correspond well with measurements of intermediates and end products. one feature of the present model structure is that it assumes the kinetics of the enzyme isopenicillin n synthetase (ipns) to be first order with respect to the dissolved oxygen concentration in the range of 0.070 to ...	1996	18624326
a structured model for hyphal differentiation and penicillin production using penicillium chrysogenum.	a structured kinetic model describing growth, differentiation, and penicillin production in submerged penicillium chrysogenum fermentations is reported. the filamentous hyphae are divided into four distinct regions on the basis of the activities and structure of hyphal compartments, viz., actively growing (mainly apical) regions, nongrowing or penicillin producing regions, vacuoles, and degenerated or metabolically inactive regions. a mechanistic approach is taken to give quantitative descriptio ...	1996	18629820
molecular genetics as a tool to remove bottlenecks in the biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics.	several strains of penicillium chrysogenum with different productions of penicillin were characterized at the molecular level in order to establish the basis of the increased penicillin production rates. the cluster of penicillin biosynthetic genes was located in an amplified genomic region of 57.9 kb in a high-producing strain (e1) and 106.5 kb in two strains (as-p-78 and p2) producing moderately high levels of penicillin. this region was shown to be present in multiple tandemly repeated copies ...	1996	24415383
factors affecting dna-binding proteins and pcbc transcript levels in penicillium chrysogenum.	proteins extracted from penicillium chrysogenum grown in either complex or defined medium were used in electromobility shift assays. with a probe dna covering the region -10 to -132 relative to the pcbc translation start codon, four protein/dna complexes (designated a-d) were reproducibly observed. two of the four dna/protein complexes routinely detected in extracts from liquid cultures (a and b) were also detectable with protein extracts from p. chrysogenum spores. generally, with proteins from ...	1996	8929398
localization of nucleolin binding sites on human and mouse pre-ribosomal rna.	nucleolin, a major rna binding protein of the nucleolus is found associated mainly to the pre-ribosomal particles and is absent from the cytoplasmic mature ribosomes. the role of this protein in ribosome biogenesis remains largely unknown, and is likely to be reflected by its rna binding properties. nucleolin contains in its central domain four rna recognition motifs (rrm, also called rbd for rna binding domain) which are conserved among different species. rna binding studies have revealed that ...	1996	8915542
the inhibitory mechanisms of glucose and carbon dioxide on the biosyntheses of penicillins and cephalosporins.	the inhibitory mechanism of glucose and co2 on the biosyntheses of penicillins and cephalosporins is discussed in the present paper. 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa) is considered to be an intermediate product, and the reaction between 6-apa and glucose may play an important role in the yield and rate of biosyntheses of beta-lactam antibiotics. according to this hypothesis the experimental phenomena taking place in biosynthesis of penicillin and cephalosporin, such as the inhibition by glucose a ...	1996	8987882
bms-182123, a fungal metabolite that inhibits the production of tnf-alpha by macrophages and monocytes.	a fungal metabolite, bms-182123, which inhibited bacterial endotoxin-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (tnf-alpha) in murine macrophages and human peripheral blood monocytes (in vitro), was isolated from the culture broth of penicillium chrysogenum strain v39673. the effective bms-182123 concentration (ic50) resulting in 50% inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced tnf-alpha production in murine macrophages and human monocytes was 600 ng/ml and 4.0 microgram/ml, respectively. bms-18212 ...	1996	8626236
growth energetics and metabolic fluxes in continuous cultures of penicillium chrysogenum.	continuous cultures of the penicillin producing fungus penicillium chrysogenum have been analyzed with respect to the macromolecular composition of the mycelium. all cultivations were carried out using a chemically defined medium with glucose as the growth limiting component. biomass was harvested at steady state and analyzed for proteins, lipids, rna, dna, and carbohydrates. carbohydrates present in the cell wall, i.e., glucans and chitin, and carbohydrates serving as storage materials, i.e., g ...	1996	9147448
molecular cloning and expression in different microbes of the dna encoding pseudomonas putida u phenylacetyl-coa ligase. use of this gene to improve the rate of benzylpenicillin biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum.	the gene encoding phenylacetyl-coa ligase (pcl), the first enzyme of the pathway involved in the aerobic catabolism of phenylacetic acid in pseudomonas putida u, has been cloned, sequenced, and expressed in two different microbes. in both, the primary structure of the protein was studied, and after genetic manipulation, different recombinant proteins were analyzed. the pcl gene, which was isolated from p. putida u by mutagenesis with the transposon tn5, encodes a 48-kda protein corresponding to ...	1996	8969218
mutants blocked in penicillin biosynthesis show a deletion of the entire penicillin gene cluster at a specific site within a conserved hexanucleotide sequence.	the organization of the genes of the penicillin cluster has been studied in three different mutants of p. chrysogenum impaired in penicillin biosynthesis. the three blocked mutants (derived from the parental strain p. chrysogenum bb-1) lacked the genes pcbab, pcbc and pende of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway and were unable to form isopenicillin n synthase and isopenicillin n acyltransferase. all strains were identified as p. chrysogenum derivatives by fingerprinting analysis with (gtg)n as ...	1996	8703430
basic amino acid transport in plasma membrane vesicles of penicillium chrysogenum.	the characteristics of the basic amino acid permease (system vi) of the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum were studied in plasma membranes fused with liposomes containing the beef heart mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. in the presence of reduced cytochrome c, the hybrid membranes accumulated the basic amino acids arginine and lysine. inhibition studies with analogs revealed a narrow substrate specificity. within the external ph range of 5.5 to 7.5, the transmembrane electrical potent ...	1996	8763922
effect of medium components and metabolic inhibitors on beta-galactosidase production and secretion by penicillium notatum 1.	factors affecting the beta-galactosidase production by penicillium notatum 1 were studied using fermentation media of different chemical composition. the medium containing lactose, salts, peptone and yeast extract with initial ph 2.5 was selected as the best for enzyme production. monobasic ammonium phosphate (0.9%) was found to be the best inorganic nitrogen source for lactase production. various extraction media and metabolic inhibitors were examined for effective releasing of beta-galactosida ...	1996	8819842
nadp-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of penicillium chrysogenum has a homohexamer structure.	the nadp-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of a high beta-lactam producing industrial strain of penicillium chrysogenum was purified to homogeneity. the enzyme (m(r) = 339,000 +/- 34,000) was demonstrated to have a homohexamer quaternary structure with a subunit molecular mass of m(r) = 56,000 +/- 2000. the n-terminal sequence of the enzyme was also determined and was found to be highly homologous to other fungal nadp-specific glutamate dehydrogenase sequences.	1996	8914269
purification and characterization of an extracellular alkaline phosphatase from penicillium chrysogenum.	an extracellular alkaline phosphatase from penicillium chrysogenum was purified to homogeneity using deae ion-exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. sds-page of the purified enzyme indicated a molecular weight of 58,000. the mobility of the native enzyme on a superose 12 column suggests that the active form of the enzyme is a monomer. the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate from a variety of substrates including p-nitrophenyl phosphate, alpha-naphthyl phosphate and t ...	1996	8958566
fungi associated with post-harvest rot of black plum (vitex doniana) in nigeria.	the fungi associated with rot of vitex doniana fruits (blackplum) were isolated and identified. aspergillus niger, botryodiplodia theobromae, candida spp. penicillium chrysogenum, rhizopus stolonifer, fusarium pallidoroseum f. oxysporum and mucor mucedo were the primary rot causing fungi in contrast to cladosporium herbarum and mucor circinelloides which were just present as secondary colonizers. the rot fungi penetrated mainly through wounds and bruises on the surface of fruits. mature green fr ...	1996	9208478
cloning and characterization of chitin synthase gene fragments from penicillium chrysogenum.	dna fragments homologous to chitin synthase were amplified from the genomic dna of penicillium chrysogenum by pcr. cloning and sequencing of the pcr-amplified fragments led to the identification of four different genes, designated pcchs1, pcchs2, pcchs3, and pcchs4. by comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences, pcchs1 was identified as a gene for class i chitin synthase, pcchs2 and pcchs3 were for class ii, and pcchs4 was for class iii. among these only pcchs4 includes an intervening sequen ...	1996	8931329