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effect of sugar concentration in jerusalem artichoke extract on kluyveromyces marxianus growth and ethanol production.the effect of inulin sugars concentration on the growth and ethanol production by kluyveromyces marxianus ucd (fst) 55-82 was studied. a maximum ethanol concentration of 102 g/liter was obtained from 250 g of sugars per liter initial concentration. the maximum specific growth rate varied from 0.44 h at 50 g of sugar per liter to 0.13 h at 300 g of sugar per liter, whereas the ethanol yield remained almost constant at 0.45 g of ethanol per g of sugars utilized.198316346222
adherence and penetration of vascular endothelium by candida yeasts.metastatic infection after hematogenous dissemination of candida species is presumably dependent on the fungus traversing the vascular endothelium. an in vitro model of the earliest events of metastatic candida infection was developed with whole vascular strips. freshly obtained porcine blood vessels were secured in a perforated lucite template that allowed the application of yeasts directly to the endothelial surface. multiple wells allowed experimental and control observations on the same vasc ...19836352500
amphotericin b tolerance: a characteristic of candida parapsilosis not shared by other candida species.thirty yeast isolates from clinical specimens were tested for their susceptibility to amphotericin b at 30 c, 37 c, and 39 c. of the six candida albicans, five candida tropicalis, one candida guilliermondii, one candida krusei, one candida pseudotropicalis, two torulopsis glabrata, and four cryptococcus neoformans isolates tested, all were inhibited at amphotericin b concentrations of less than or equal to 0.4 micrograms/ml and killed by concentrations of amphotericin b that were less than or eq ...19836822746
purification and properties of the beta-fructofuranosidase from kluyveromyces fragilis.the beta-fructofuranosidase from kluyveromyces fragilis was purified to one band on electrophoresis by 3 different methods. two of the preparations were found to be impure by isoelectric focusing. this demonstrates the need for more than one criteria of homogeneity when purifying this enzyme. the enzyme was found to be a glycoprotein, stable at 50 degrees c, with a ph optimum of 4.5. the cations hg2+, ag+, cu2+ and cd2+ exhibited a marked inhibition of the enzyme. competitive inhibition was obse ...19836884506
regulation of beta-d-galactosidase synthesis in candida pseudotropicalis.regulation of lactose (beta-d-galactosidase) synthesis in the lactose-utilizing yeast candida pseudotropicalis was studied. the enzyme was inducible by lactose and galactose. when grown on these sugars the enzyme level of the yeast was 20 times or higher than when grown on glycerol. the km and optimal ph were similar for the lactase induced either by lactose or galactose. the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside by the lactase was inhibited by galactose and several analogs and ga ...19826800304
alveolar macrophage dysfunction in human bone marrow transplant recipients.we studied the functional characteristics of alveolar macrophages obtained by segmental pulmonary lavage from allogeneic marrow transplant recipients without evidence of ongoing pulmonary infection. the macrophages were mostly of donor marrow origin as judged by y body fluorescence and were morphologically normal, except for the intracellular accumulation of various amounts of heterogeneous foreign materials. macrophage function of patients studied within four months after transplantation was im ...19826756138
direct fermentation of d-xylose to ethanol by kluyveromyces marxianus strains.eight strains of kluyveromyces marxianus were screened, and all of them were found to ferment the aldopentose d-xylose directly to ethanol under aerobic conditions. one of these strains, k. marxianus sub-80-s, was grown in a medium containing 20 g of d-xylose per liter, and the following results were obtained: maximum ethanol concentration, 5.6 g/liter; ethanol yield, 0.28 g of ethanol per g of d-xylose (55% of theoretical); maximum specific growth rate, 0.12 h; 100% d-xylose utilization was com ...198216346128
ethanol inhibition kinetics of kluyveromyces marxianus grown on jerusalem artichoke juice.the kinetics of ethanol inhibition on cell growth and ethanol production by kluyveromyces marxianus ucd (fst) 55-82 were studied during batch growth. the liquid medium contained 10% (wt/vol) inulin-type sugars derived from an extract of jerusalem artichoke (helianthus tuberosus) tubers, supplemented with small amounts of tween 80, oleic acid, and corn steep liquor. initial ethanol concentrations ranging from 0 to 80 g/liter in the liquid medium were used to study the inhibitory effect of ethanol ...198216346150
continuous ethanol production from jerusalem artichoke tubers. i. use of free cells of kluyveromyces marxianus.the continuous fermentation of jerusalem artichoke juice to ethanol by free cells of kluyveromyces marxianus ucd (fst) 55-82 has been studied in a continuous-stirred-tank bioreactor at 35 degrees c and ph 4.6. a maximum yield of 90% of the theoretical was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.05 h(-1). about 95% of the sugars were utilized at dilution rates lower than 0.15 h(-1). volumetric ethanol productivity and volumetric biomass productivity reached maximum values of 7 g etoh/l/h and 0.6 g dry w ...198218546449
continuous ethanol production from jerusalem artichoke tubers. ii. use of immobilized cells of kluyveromyces marxianus.kluyveromyces marxianus ucd (fst) 55-82 cells were immobilized in na alginate beads and used in a packed-bed bioreactor system for the continuous production of ethanol from the extract of jerusalem artichoke tubers. volumetric ethanol productivities of 104 and 80 g ethanol/ l/h were obtained at 80 and 92% sugar utilization, respectively. the maximum volumetric ethanol productivity of the immobilized cell bioreactor system was found to be 15 times higher than that of an ordinary-stirred-tank (cst ...198218546450
ethanol production from jerusalem artichoke tubers (helianthus tuberosus) using kluyveromyces marxianus and saccharomyces rosei.this article examines the potential of jerusalem artichoke as a source for ethanol and single-cell protein scp. in addition, experimental results are presented on batch fermentation kinetics employing two strains of kluyveromyces marxianus and one strain of saccharomyces rosei grown on the extract derived from the tubers of jerusalem artichoke. of the three cultures examined, kluyveromyces marxianus ucd (fst) 55-82 was found to be the best producer of ethanol grown in a simple medium at 35 degre ...198218546381
occurrence and growth of yeasts in yogurts.yogurts purchased from retail outlets were examined for the presence of yeasts by being plated onto oxytetracycline malt extract agar. of the 128 samples examined, 45% exhibited yeast counts above 10 cells per g. a total of 73 yeast strains were isolated and identified as belonging to the genera torulopsis, kluyveromyces, saccharomyces, candida, rhodotorula, pichia, debaryomyces, and sporobolomyces. torulopsis candida and kluyveromyces fragilis were the most frequently isolated species, followed ...198116345853
[phagocytosis and lysis of candida albicans and candida pseudotropicalis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils of hansen's disease patients].the phagocytosis and lysis of candida albicans and candida pseudotropicalis by human neutrophils were examined in 43 hanseniasis patients (19 quiescent virchowians, 12 reactional virchowians and 12 tuberculoid patients) and 15 healthy subjects. the purpose of this study was to determine whether neutrophils from hanseniasis patients were altered in their enzyme systems myeloperoxidase-dependent (tested by lysin of candida albicans) and myeloperoxidase-independent (tested by lysin of candida pseud ...19816759396
impaired monocyte function in liver cirrhosis.monocyte function in patients with cirrhosis of the liver was measured by phagocytosis and killing of candida pseudotropicalis and c albicans. both variables were significantly decreased in the patients compared with controls. control monocytes exposed for two hours to patients' serum showed a significant decrease in intracellular killing compared with control monocytes incubated in autologous serum. this suggests the presence of an inhibiting factor in the patients' serum. this inhibitory facto ...19816784806
production of beta-galactosidase from kluyveromyces fragilis grown on whey.optimum conditions for beta-galactosidase production by k. fragilis were studied. enzyme production has a maximum after 8-12 h of incubation. composition of whey (from different sources) did not affect enzyme production. different heart treatments also had no effect. whey reconstituted to 8-12% total solids and adjusted to ph 4.0 afforded maximum enzyme production. whereas inorganic nitrogen sources (specially ammonium salts) only slightly stimulated enzyme production, organic nitrogen sources ( ...19816797906
rate of arabinitol production by pathogenic yeast species.d-arabinitol is a five-carbon polyol that is produced by many fungi. detection of the metabolite has been reported in serum from patients with invasive candidiasis. we studied the production and assimilation of arabinitol by 46 clinical isolates of yeast species. cultures of isolates of candida albicans (9 strains), candida tropicalis (12 strains), candida parapsilosis (13 strains), candida krusei (4 strains), candida pseudotropicalis (3 strains), torulopsis glabrata (3 strains), and cryptococcu ...19817024306
selection of yeast strains for ethanol production from inulin.of the many yeast species capable of fermenting inulin, some can produce sufficient amounts of ethanol from the substrate, in particular kluyveromyces fragilis and torulopsis colliculosa. the results indicate the feasibility of producing ethanol from inulin-rich plants, such as jerusalem artichoke.19817262714
catabolite repression-inactivation of malate dehydrogenase in candida kefyr. 19817309169
sensitive bioassay for ketoconazole in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.ketoconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent which appears promising for treatment of a variety of systemic mycoses. pharmacokinetic studies are limited due to a lack of readily available methods for quantitation of ketoconazole in serum or cerebrospinal fluid. we developed a rapid, simple bioassay for measurement of ketoconazole alone or in the presence of therapeutic levels of amphotericin b, using an agar diffusion assay incorporating candida pseudotropicalis. pairs of 8-mm wells cut in ...19816269483
the use of mitochondrial mutants in hybridization of industrial yeasts : iii. restoration of mitochondrial funktion in petites of industrial yeast strains by fusion with respiratory-competent protoplasts of other yeast species.protoplasts of petites of strains 625-c(i) of saccharomyces diastaticus and ncyc 1085 of saccharomyces cerevisiae, originally obtained from the national collection of yeast cultures, england, were fused with protoplasts of candida pseudotropicalis, saccharomyces rosei, yaccharbmycesmontanus, pichiamembranefaciens, hansenula anomala, hansenula capsulata, and schizosac-charomyces pombe. the respiratory-competent products of the fusions were selected on the basis of using at least one of the carbon ...198124185989
[production, extraction and partial characterization of beta-d-galactosidase of kluyveromyces fragilis grown in milk whey]. 19806894052
effect of ph on the growth of kluyveromyces fragilis on deproteinized whey. 19806894053
kluyveromyces fragilis as an opportunistic fungal pathogen in man.an immunosuppressed cardiac transplant patient with pulmonary infection due to the yeast kluyveromyces fragilis is described. isolation of this fungus from human sources is rarely reported, and previous reports of human infection are unavailable in the modern literature. the organism is poorly pathogenic even in immunocompromised hosts. in vitro susceptibility studies with several strains presented here indicate inhibition by 5-fluorocytosine and miconazole, and borderline susceptibility to amph ...19806988992
the prevalence of yeasts in clinical specimens from cancer patients.yeasts recovered from cancer patients during a 15-month period were speciated, and the prevalence of these isolates in various types of clinical specimens was determined. five species, including candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis, candida krusei, and torulopsis glabrata, accounted for 97.1% of the isolates. eighteen different species were recovered. respiratory and urine specimens yielded 75% of the organisms. c. albicans, c. tropicalis, and c. parapsilosis were recovered ...19807369176
ribosomal rna genes in kluyveromyces marxianus.dna from the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus was studied for its heterogeneity and the multiplicity of rrna cistrons. these cistrons banded at a slightly different density from the bulk dna in preparative cscl or hg2+-cs2so4 equilibrium density gradients. the reassociation kinetics of the bulk dna showed that the repetitive fraction represented a small amount of the total cellular dna (10%) and that the single copy fraction had a complexity of 6.3 x 10(9) daltons. approximately 2.2% of the dna hyb ...19807420052
preparation and kinetic behavior of immobilized whole cell biocatalysts.actinoplanes missouriensis (for glucose isomerase), kluyveromyces fragilis (for beta-galactosidase), and saccharomyces cerevisiae (for invertase) cells were successfully entrapped within cellulose and cellulose di- and triacetate beads employing several carried solvent systems. cellulose beads prepared using a melt of dimethylsulfoxide (dmso) and n-ethylpyridinium chloride (nepc), or cellulose diacetate using a mixture of acetone and dmso as solvent, were found to be promising as carriers for th ...198017941448
production of lactase by candida pseudotropicalis grown in whey.lactase (beta-d-galactosidase) was produced by candida pseudotropicalis grown in deproteinized whey. maximum enzyme production in 2% whey was obtained by supplementation with 0.15% yeast extract, 0.1% (nh(4))(2)so(4), and 0.05% kh(2)po(4) (wt/vol). highest enzyme values (4.35 u/mg of cells and 68 u/ml) were obtained with 10 to 12% whey, while enzyme yield was maximal in 2% whey (0.87 u/mg of whey). optimal initial ph for cultivation was 3.5. the best conditions for extraction included 2% (wt/vol ...197916345400
characterisation and metabolic studies of saccharomyces cerevisiae and kluyveromyces fragilis by flow microcalorimetry.the use of microcalorimetry in the routine identification of microorganisms is critically discussed and assessed. by use of flow microcalorimetric studies on saccharomyces cerevisiae and kluyveromyces fragilis the role of physical parameters and that of oxygen tension are discussed. the conclusion reached is that identification of microorganisms by microcalorimetry and subsequent discussion of metabolic events revealed by the thermogram, except under restrictive conditions, is inappropriate. how ...197945217
defective blood mononuclear phagocyte function in patients with leprosy.patients with lepromatous leprosy possess a defective lymphocyte function in vivo and in vitro that is less evident in the tuberculoid form. data concerning their macrophage ability to digest mycobacterium leprae are controversial. the purpose of this study was to determine whether monocytes from patients with either tuberculoid or lepromatous leprosy were altered in their enzyme systems, that is myeloperoxidase-dependent and myeloperoxidase-independent systems. the ability of adherent blood mon ...1979122627
evaluation of industrial yeasts for pathogenicity.eleven yeasts representative of species of industrial interest were compared with candida albicans for their potential pathogenicity for untreated and cortisone-treated mice. only c. tropicalis produced a progressive infection similar to that produced by c. albicans. candida lipolytica, torulopsis spp., and hansenula polymorpha were not recovered from mice 6 days after inoculation. kluyveromyces fragilis, c. pseudotropicalis, c. utilis, c. guilliermondii and c. maltosa were recovered from mice b ...1979441902
studies on the growth of kluyveromyces fragilis in whey for the production of yeast protein. 1978583484
flow microcalorimetric investigation of yeast growth in a complex medium.the growth of kluyveromyces fragilis in a complex medium under anaerobic and aerobic growth conditions has been conducted using a flow microcalorimeter. growth under defined conditions is characterized by an initial exponential rise in heat output rate to a maximum, followed by a decline to a baseline deflection. inadequate oxygenation can result in a more structured thermogram. the results are used to illustrate the deficiencies of some calorimetric incubations, and observations reported by oth ...1978753949
[the effect of dissolved oxygen tension on the energy metabolism of yeasts].the specific atp generation rate in yeasts was examined on the glycolytic pathway and on the respiratory chain as a function of the dissolved oxygen tension of the culture medium. two different strains were used: saccharomyces cerevisiae sensitive to the glucose effect and kluyveromyces fragilis insensitive to the catabolite respression when growing on lactose. the oxidative atp generation rate followed by these two strains a michaelis menten kinetics against the dissolved oxygen concentration. ...1977146544
two-step separation of human peripheral blood monocytes on discontinuous density gradients of colloidal silica-polyvinylpyrrolidinone.normal human peripheral blood monocytes were purified by a two-step separation. the first step, the standard ficoll--hypaque (f--h) buoyant density centrifugation, yielded mainly mononuclear cells, of which 24 +/- 9% were monocytes. isopycnic centrifugation on discontinuous gradients of colloidal silica polyvinylpyrrolidinone (cs-pvp) further separated these mononuclear cells. the density interface between 1.070 and 1.060 g/ml yielded 82 +/- 7% monocytes, 5 +/- 4% granulocytes and 13 +/- 8% lymp ...1977201698
the immobilization of microbial cells, subcellular organelles, and enzymes in calcium alginate gels.saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, kluyveromyces marxianus cells, inulase, glucose oxidase, chloroplasts, and mitochondria were immobilized in calcium alginate gels. ethanol production from glucose solutions by an immobilized preparation of s. cerevisiae was deomonstrated over a total of twenty-three days, and the half-life of such a preparation was shown to be about ten days. immobilized k. marxianus, inulase, and glucose oxidase preparations were used to demonstrate the porosity and retraining pr ...1977321046
environmentally-induced changes in the neutral lipids and intracellular vesicles of saccharomyces cerevisiae and kluyveromyces fragilis.saccharomyces cerevisiae, grown aerobically or anaerobically under conditions which induce a requirement for a sterol and an unsaturated fatty acid, synthesized approximately the same amounts of neutral lipid and intracellular low-density vesicles, although the neutral lipids in aerobically-grown cells contained more esterified sterol and less triacylglycerol than those in anaerobically-grown cells. kluyveromyces fragilis synthesized much less neutral lipid and a smaller quantity of low-density ...1977334099
microorganisms and characteristics of laban.laban had a titratable acidity of about 1.0%, a ph of 4.25, an ethanol content of 1.25%, and contained 4.2 mug acetaldehyde and 34 mug acetoin/ml. there was no diacetyl. five microorganisms, classified as streptococcus thermophilus, lactobacillus acidophilus, leuconostoc lactis, kluyveromyces fragilis, and saccharomyces cerevisiae, were responsible for the fermentation. streptococcus thermophilus and l. acidophilus were responsible for acid production with s. thermophilus producing acid more rap ...19762630
histone-like protein fractions of kluyveromyces fragilis and their relation to the cell cycle.protein fractions were obtained from kluyveromyces fragilis by ph titration, a technique used for histone extraction, following the inclusion of a distilled water extraction stage, and the fractions partially characterized. the inclusion of a distilled water step resulted in a tenfold purification of the fraction obtained at ph 2.20 as compared with ph titration alone. in synchronous cultures induced with 2'-deoxyadenosine or prepared by selection this fraction displayed a stepwise accumulation, ...19769743
defective lung macrophages in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.lung macrophages obtained by segmental lavage from three patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis were studied in vitro. the macrophages exhibited morphologic abnormalities including excessive lipid accumulation and giant secondary lysosome formation. these cells survived poorly in tissue culture, showed impaired chemotactic activity, and had decreased adhesiveness to glass. they phagocytized normally but had substantially decreased capacity to kill ingested candida pseudotropicalis. evidenc ...1976183578
ultrastructural changes, caused by the new antibiotic mucidin in candida pseudotropicalis. 1976947119
a study on transformation in a mutant of candida pseudotropicalis.this paper reports on the possible influence of various factors on the frequency of transformation in candida pseudtropicalis. the concentration of dna used varied between 25 mug and 100 mug/ml. the maximum percentage transformation 0-16% occured at 75 mug/ml.1976959946
accumulation of ergosterol during the cell cycle of the budding yeast kluyveromyces fragilis. 1976983132
[alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) in yeast cells. i. cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and nuclear adh in saccharomyces carlsbergensis and kluyveromyces fragilis].when grown in a medium containing lactat, saccharomyces carlsbergensis produces 5 times more ground-plasmatic adh than kluyveromyces fragilis. upon gelectrophoresis, k. fragilis exhibits 7 bands while s. carlsbergensis shows only one. in a polyacrylamid gradient, the adh's of both strains yield one band, the position of which corresponds to a molecular weight of about 160 000 d. in cell homogenates and mitochondrial fractions of s. carlsbergensis treated with ultrasound, an adh is detected which ...1976983135
synergistic action of amphotericin b and rifampin against candida species.amphotericin b and rifampin act synergistically against certain yeasts in vitro. whether this synergism is a general phenomenon or whether the effect has strict species and strain requirements was studied. included in a survey of the genus candida were eight human isolates of candida albicans and one strain each of candida krusei, candida tropicalis, candida pseudotropicalis, candida parapsilosis, candida guilliermodnii, and candida stellatoidea. cultures in both control and drug-containing liqu ...19761245767
2'-deoxyadenosine and a23187 as agents for inducing synchrony in the budding yeast, kluyveromyces fragilis.the effects of induction synchrony by 2'-deoxyadenosine and the ionophore a23187 were compared with selection synchrony methods in kluyveromyces fragilis. 2'-deoxyadenosine synchronizes nuclear division and this is followed by synchronous cell division, but dna synthesis is not synchronized. the ionophore a23187 also induces synchronous nuclear division and synchronous cell division, but likewise does not synchronize dna synthesis.19751100777
the effects of various growth temperatures on nuclear division, dna and rna in the budding yeast, kluyveromyces fragilis. 19751176961
selection of strain, growth conditions, and extraction procedures for optimum production of lactase from kluyveromyces fragilis.forty-one strains of kluyveromyces fragilis (jörgensen) van der walt 1909 varied 60-fold in ability to produce lactase (beta-galactosidase). the four best strains were ucd no. 55-31 (northern regional research center nrrl y-1196), ucd no. c21(-), ucd no. 72-297(-), and ucd no. 55-61 (nrrl y-1109). biosynthesis of lactase during the growth of k. fragilis strain ucd no. 55-61 was followed on both lactose and sweet whey media. maximum enzyme yield was obtained at the beginning of the stationary pha ...19751194465
ergosterol is the only sterol in kluyveromyces fragilis. 19744549469
absence of photoreactivating enzyme in candida albicans. candida stellatoidea, and candida tropicalis.in vitro assays demonstrate photoreactivating enzyme activity in extracts of candida pseudotropicalis but not in extracts of candida albicans, candida stellatoidea, or candida tropicalis.19744604052
[respiratory metabolism of kluyveromyces fragilis van der walt]. 19734584300
isolation of candida pseudotropicalis from cases of abortion among mares: a note.material from 13 cases of abortion in 1 epidemic outbreak of abortion among mares was pooled into 3 lots and injected intraperitoneally into 3 separate sets of mice. the mice died within 5-7 days. tissues from each set of inoculated mice showed the presence of yeast-like bodies, and pooled material from each of the 3 lots also yielded the yeast in culture. histopathological examinations of the mare placenta and fetal organs also revealed the presence of the yeast. the organisms appeared roun ...197212333107
cystitis due to candida pseudotropicalis. a persistent case secondary to bladder calculus. 19695349204
biosynthesis of vitamin b6 by a yeast mutant.the gradient-plate technique was employed to isolate mutants of saccharomyces marxianus (nrrl-y-1550) which, when grown in a synthetic culture medium, excreted about 2 mug/ml of vitamin b(6) as ascertained by microbiological assay. the major component that possessed vitamin b(6) activity was isolated by ion-exchange column chromatography and identified as pyridoxol by ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as by paper chromatography and various chemical tests. pyridoxal was also iden ...19685732502
[candida pseudotropicalis as microorganism of enzootic mastitis]. 19675626241
kluyveromyces wikenii and kluyveromyces cicerisporus spp.n. 19665297389
[formation of chlamydospores of one variant of candida pseudotropicalis]. 19665956709
role of pectinolytic yeasts in the degradation of mucilage layer of coffea robusta cherries.pectinolytic yeasts, saccharomyces marxianus, s. bayanus, s. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus, and schizosaccharomyces sp., predominated in the natural fermentation of coffee cherries of coffea robusta variety grown in chikmagalur district of mysore state, india. these yeast species were found on the cherry surfaces, and evidence was adduced to show that the natural fermentation of coffee was the result of activity of microflora from the cherry surface itself rather than that of flora of air or wate ...19665959859
[structure of the hapten from candida pseudotropicalis]. 19655873327
spectral and biological changes induced in nicotinic acid and related compounds by ultraviolet light.1. irradiation of nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicotinamide n-oxide, n'-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and pyridine with ultraviolet light at 253.7mmu leads to striking spectral changes. 2. nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are broken down to photosensitive intermediates which in turn undergo photodecomposition. 3. a major photoproduct of [7-(14)c]nicotinic acid is radioactive and absorbs ultraviolet light, but is inactive as a growth factor for candida ...19654285897
nicotinic acid requirements of candida pseudotropicalis. 196113893828
[meningoencephalitis caused by candida pseudotropicalis]. 195613383550
[acute, generalized mycosis; sepsis caused by candida pseudotropicalis]. 195514356139
[acute lung disease caused by candida pseudotropicalis]. 195514392284
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