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effects of conservation tillage on topsoil microbial metabolic characteristics and organic carbon within aggregates under a rice (oryza sativa l.)-wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cropping system in central china.investigating microbial metabolic characteristics and soil organic carbon (soc) within aggregates and their relationships under conservation tillage may be useful in revealing the mechanism of soc sequestration in conservation tillage systems. however, limited studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between soc and microbial metabolic characteristics within aggregate fractions under conservation tillage. we hypothesized that close relationships can exist between soc and micro ...201626731654
responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated co2 and temperature in face experiments.elevated co2 and temperature strongly affect crop production, but understanding of the crop response to combined co2 and temperature increases under field conditions is still limited while data are scarce. we grew wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and rice (oryza sativa l.) under two levels of co2 (ambient and enriched up to 500 μmol mol(-1) ) and two levels of canopy temperature (ambient and increased by 1.5-2.0 °c) in free-air co2 enrichment (face) systems and carried out a detailed growth and yiel ...201626279285
sensitivity of wheat and rice to low levels of atmospheric ethylene.ethylene (c2h4) gas is produced throughout the life cycle of plants and can accumulate in closed growth chambers to levels 100 times higher than in outside environments. elevated atmospheric c2h4 can cause a variety of abnormal responses, but the sensitivity to elevated c2h4 is not well characterized. we evaluated the c2h4 sensitivity of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and rice (oryza sativa l.) in five studies. the first three studies compared the effects of continuous c2h4 levels ranging from 0 t ...201614552359
contributions of long-term tillage systems on crop production and soil properties in the semi-arid loess plateau of china.this study determined the long-term effect of tillage systems on soil properties and crop yields in a semi-arid environment. field pea (pisum sativum l.) and spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were alternately grown in six tillage systems at dingxi (35° 28' n, 104° 44' e), north-west china starting in 2001.201626300314
taxa21-a1 on chromosome 5al is associated with resistance to multiple pests in wheat.the wheat ortholog of the rice gene osxa21 against bacterial leaf blight showed resistance to multiple pests in bread wheat but different interacting proteins.201626602233
finding the subcellular location of barley, wheat, rice and maize proteins: the compendium of crop proteins with annotated locations (croppal).barley, wheat, rice and maize provide the bulk of human nutrition and have extensive industrial use as agricultural products. the genomes of these crops each contains >40,000 genes encoding proteins; however, the major genome databases for these species lack annotation information of protein subcellular location for >80% of these gene products. we address this gap, by constructing the compendium of crop protein subcellular locations called crop proteins with annotated locations (croppal). subcel ...201626556651
between china and south asia: a middle asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the bronze age.the period from the late third millennium bc to the start of the first millennium ad witnesses the first steps towards food globalization in which a significant number of important crops and animals, independently domesticated within china, india, africa and west asia, traversed central asia greatly increasing eurasian agricultural diversity. this paper utilizes an archaeobotanical database (ascad), to explore evidence for these crop translocations along southern and northern routes of interacti ...201627942165
interference of allelopathic wheat with different weeds.interference of allelopathic wheat with weeds involves a broad spectrum of species either independently or synergistically with competitive factors. this study examined the interference of allelopathic wheat with 38 weeds in relation to the production of allelochemical 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa) in wheat with and without root-root interactions.201625641926
effect of suppression of arabinoxylan synthetic genes in wheat endosperm on chain length of arabinoxylan and extract viscosity.arabinoxylan (ax) is the dominant component within wheat (triticum aestivum l.) endosperm cell walls, accounting for 70% of the polysaccharide. the viscosity of aqueous extracts from wheat grain is a key trait influencing the processing for various end uses, and this is largely determined by the properties of endosperm ax. we have previously shown dramatic effects on endosperm ax in transgenic wheat by down-regulating either tagt43_2 or tagt47_2 genes (orthologues to irx9 and irx10 in arabidopsi ...201625819752
[signal function of cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine in the reaction of triticum aestivum l. mesophyll cells to hyperthermia].the signaling effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (bap) on leaf mesophyll cells of triticum aestivum l. under hyperthermic conditions was studied. it was found that bap regulated photosynthetic pigment, hydrogen peroxide content and activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase under high-temperature conditions. the additive effect of bap and high temperature on the activation of cell antioxidant systems was demonstrated. bap regulated reducing process ...201625816607
antioxidative and anticarcinogenic activities of methylpheophorbide a, isolated from wheat grass (triticum aestivum linn.).methylphophorbide a (mpa) has been isolated from the ethanol extract of the wheat grass plant. its antioxidative efficacy is evaluated by hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and reducing capacity which are significantly up regulated in comparison with aqueous extract of the plant. the compound shows iron-binding capacity where the fe(2+) binds with mpa by two types of binding patterns with dissociation constants 157.17 and 27.89. it has antioxidative and cytotoxic effects on hela and hep g2 c ...201625782530
suppression of glucan, water dikinase in the endosperm alters wheat grain properties, germination and coleoptile growth.starch phosphate ester content is known to alter the physicochemical properties of starch, including its susceptibility to degradation. previous work producing wheat (triticum aestivum) with down-regulated glucan, water dikinase, the primary gene responsible for addition of phosphate groups to starch, in a grain-specific manner found unexpected phenotypic alteration in grain and growth. here, we report on further characterization of these lines focussing on mature grain and early growth. we find ...201625989474
the tadreb3 transgene transferred by conventional crossings to different genetic backgrounds of bread wheat improves drought tolerance.drought tolerance of the wheat cultivar bobwhite was previously enhanced by transformation with a construct containing the wheat dreb3 gene driven by the stress-inducible maize rab17 promoter. progeny of a single t2 transgenic line were used as pollinators in crosses with four elite bread wheat cultivars from western australia: bonnie rock, igw-2971, magenta and wyalkatchem, with the aim of evaluating transgene performance in different genetic backgrounds. the selected pollinator line, bw8-9-10- ...201625940960
analysis of triticum aestivum seedling response to the excess of zinc.the effects of 50 and 300 mg l(-1) zn(2+) (50 zn and 300 zn) were investigated in triticum aestivum (cv. żura) grown hydroponically for 7 days. although wheat treated with 50 zn took up relatively high amount of the metal (8,943 and 1,503 mg kg(-1) dw in roots and shoots, respectively), none of the morphological and cytological parameters were changed. after 300 zn, the metal concentration increased to 32,205 and 5,553 mg kg(-1) dw in roots and shoots, respectively. it was connected with the dep ...201625902894
high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit-deficient mutants induced by ion beam and the effects of glu-1 loci deletion on wheat quality properties.high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gss) play a critical role in determining the viscoelastic properties of wheat. mutations induced by ion beam radiation have been applied to improve the yield and quality of crop. in this study, hmw-gs-deficient mutant lines were selected and the effects of glu-1 loci deletion on wheat quality properties were illustrated according to the analysis of dry seeds of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) xiaoyan 81 treated with a nitrogen ion beam.201625886243
reactive oxygen species regulate programmed cell death progress of endosperm in winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) under waterlogging.previous studies have proved that waterlogging stress accelerates the programmed cell death (pcd) progress of wheat endosperm cells. a highly waterlogging-tolerant wheat cultivar hua 8 and a waterlogging susceptible wheat cultivar hua 9 were treated with different waterlogging durations, and then, dynamic changes of reactive oxygen species (ros), gene expressions, and activities of antioxidant enzymes in endosperm cells were detected. the accumulation of ros increased considerably after 7 days o ...201625854793
molecular cytogenetic characterization of novel wheat-thinopyrum bessarabicum recombinant lines carrying intercalary translocations.thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n = 2x = 14, jj or e(b)e(b)) is a valuable source of genes for bread wheat (2n = 6x = 42) improvement because of its salinity tolerance and disease resistance. development of wheat-th. bessarabicum translocation lines by backcrossing the amphiploid in the absence of the ph1 gene (allowing intergenomic recombination) can assist its utilization in wheat improvement. in this study, six novel wheat-th. bessarabicum translocation lines involving different chromosome segments ...201626238987
comparison of the effects of different heat treatment processes on rheological properties of cake and bread wheat flours.dry and hydrothermal heat treatments are efficient for modifying the technological-functional and shelf-life properties of wheat milling products. dry heat treatment process is commonly used to enhance the volume of cakes. hydrothermal heat treatment makes wheat flours suitable as thickener agents. in this study, cake and bread wheat flours that differed in baking properties were exposed to dry (100 °c, 12 min) and hydrothermal (95 °c, 5 min, 5-20 l/h water) heat treatments. rheological differen ...201626213066
vacuolar targeting of r-proteins in sugarcane leads to higher levels of purifiable commercially equivalent recombinant proteins in cane juice.sugarcane is an ideal candidate for biofarming applications because of its large biomass, rapid growth rate, efficient carbon fixation pathway and a well-developed storage tissue system. vacuoles occupy a large proportion of the storage parenchyma cells in the sugarcane stem, and the stored products can be harvested as juice by crushing the cane. hence, for the production of any high-value protein, it could be targeted to the lytic vacuoles so as to extract and purify the protein of interest fro ...201626183462
comprehensive molecular characterization of the α/β-gliadin multigene family in hexaploid wheat.to characterize the structure and expression of a large multigene family of α/β-gliadin genes, 90 individual α/β-gliadin genes harboring a promoter region were identified in the wheat cultivar chinese spring. these genes were classified into eleven groups by phylogenetic analysis, and the chromosomes they were derived from were determined. of these genes, 50 had the basic α/β-gliadin domains and six conserved cysteine residues and 16, 16 and 18 of them were, respectively, located on chromosome 6 ...201626159870
mirna-based drought regulation in wheat.micrornas (mirnas) are a class of small non-coding regulatory rnas that regulate gene expression by guiding target mrna cleavage or translational inhibition. drought is a common environmental stress influencing crop growth and development. to date, it has been reported that a number of plant mirna are involved in drought stress response. in this study, we comparatively investigated drought stress-responsive mirnas in the root and leaf of bread wheat (triticum aestivum cv. sivas 111/33) by mirna ...201626141043
comparison of redox and gene expression changes during vegetative/generative transition in the crowns and leaves of chromosome 5a substitution lines of wheat under low-temperature condition.the aim of our experiments was to investigate the effect of chromosome 5a on the thiol-dependent redox environment and on the transcription of cold- and vernalization-related genes during the vegetative/generative transition in crowns and leaves of wheat. chinese spring, a moderately freezing-tolerant variety, and its more and less tolerant substitution lines - [cs(ch5a)] and [cs(tsp5a)], respectively - with different combinations of vernalization alleles were compared. at low temperature, the a ...201626100264
a strong root-specific expression system for stable transgene expression in bread wheat.a strong, stable and root-specific expression system was developed from a rice root-specific glycine - rich protein 7 promoter for use as an enabling technology for genetic manipulation of wheat root traits. root systems play an important role in wheat productivity. genetic manipulation of wheat root traits often requires a root-specific or root-predominant expression system as an essential enabling technology. in this study, we investigated promoters from rice root-specific or root-predominant ...201626563345
ameliorating soil chemical properties of a hard setting subsoil layer in coastal plain usa with different designer biochars.biochar application is an emerging management option to increase soil fertility. biochars could improve chemical properties of soils with hard setting subsoil layer. however, biochar effect can be inconsistent because different biochars react differently in soils. we hypothesized that addition of designer biochars will have variable effects on improving the chemical properties of hard setting layers. the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biochars on soil properties in nor ...201626116317
efficacies of designer biochars in improving biomass and nutrient uptake of winter wheat grown in a hard setting subsoil layer.in the coastal plains region of the united states, the hard setting subsoil layer of norfolk soils results in low water holding capacity and nutrient retention, which often limits root development. in this region, the norfolk soils are under intensive crop production that further depletes nutrients and reduces organic carbon (c). incorporation of pyrolyzed organic residues or "biochars" can provide an alternative recalcitrant c source. however, biochar quality and effect can be inconsistent and ...201626112657
molecular characterization and sequence diversity of genes encoding the large subunit of the adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the large subunit of adp glucose pyrophosphorylase (agpase), the rate limiting enzyme in starch biosynthesis in triticum aestivum l., is encoded by the adp glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit (agp-l) gene. this was the first report on the development of three genome-specific primer sets for isolating the complete genomic sequence of all three homoeologous agp-l genes on group 1 chromosomes. all three agp-l genes consisted of 15 introns and 15 exons. the lengths of the structural genes from s ...201626109252
genetic characterization of cysteine-rich type-b avenin-like protein coding genes in common wheat.the wheat avenin-like proteins (alp) are considered atypical gluten constituents and have shown positive effects on dough properties revealed using a transgenic approach. however, to date the genetic architecture of alp genes is unclear, making it impossible to be utilized in wheat breeding. in the current study, three genes of type-b alps were identified and mapped to chromosomes 7as, 4al and 7ds. the coding gene sequence of both taalp-7a and taalp-7d was 855 bp long, encoding two identical hom ...201627503660
tacyp78a5 regulates seed size in wheat (triticum aestivum).seed size is an important agronomic trait and a major component of seed yield in wheat. however, little is known about the genes and mechanisms that determine the final seed size in wheat. here, we isolated tacyp78a5, the orthologous gene of arabidopsis cyp78a5/kluh in wheat, from wheat cv. shaan 512 and demonstrated that the expression of tacyp78a5 affects seed size. tacyp78a5 encodes the cytochrome p450 (cyp) 78a5 protein in wheat and rescued the phenotype of the arabidopsis deletion mutant cy ...201626712825
lib spectroscopic and biochemical analysis to characterize lead toxicity alleviative nature of silicon in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings.the responses of wheat seedling treated with silicon (si; 10 μm) and lead (pb; 100 μm) for 7 days have been investigated by analyzing growth, pb uptake, chlorophyll fluorescence, oxidative stress, antioxidants and nutrients regulation. results indicated that, pb significantly (p<0.05) declined growth of seedlings which was accompanied by uptake of pb. under pb stress, fluorescence parameters: fv/fm ratio and qp were significantly (p<0.05) decreased while npq was increased. si addition alleviated ...201626700425
identification of markers linked to genes for sprouting tolerance (independent of grain color) in hard white winter wheat (hwww).hard red wheats can donate genes to hard white wheats for tolerance to preharvest sprouting, the effects are quantitative in nature, and may be tracked with previously described dna markers.201626687145
20-hydroxyecdysone protects wheat seedlings (triticum aestivum l.) against lead stress.20-hydroxyecdysone (20e) is the most abundant phytoecdysteroid (pe) produced by plants, where it represents a protective molecule against insect attack. the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of 20e on the growth, metabolic enzymes and antioxidant systems of wheat seedlings under lead stress induced by pb(no3)2 (3 mm). pre-treatment concentrations (0, 1, 3 and 5 μm) of 20e were applied for two days, then wheat seedlings were transferred for 5 days to a treatment solution containi ...201626642434
exploring the efficacy of wastewater-grown microalgal biomass as a biofertilizer for wheat.microalgae possess the ability to grow and glean nutrients from wastewater; such wastewater-grown biomass can be used as a biofertilizer for crops. the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate two formulations (formulation with unicellular microalgae (mc1) and formulation with filamentous microalgae (mc2); t4 and t5, respectively), prepared using wastewater-grown microalgal biomass, as a biofertilizer (after mixing with vermiculite/compost as a carrier) in wheat crop (triticum aestivum l ...201626638970
genome wide identification of c1-2i zinc finger proteins and their response to abiotic stress in hexaploid wheat.the c1-2i wheat q-type c2h2 zinc finger protein (zfp) transcription factor subclass has been reported to play important roles in plant stress responses. this subclass of zfps has not been studied in hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum) and we aimed to identify all members of this subclass and evaluate their responses to different abiotic stresses causing oxidative stress. exploiting the recently published wheat draft genome sequence, we identified 53 members (including homoeologs from a, b and d ...201626638714
dynamic metabolome profiling reveals significant metabolic changes during grain development of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).metabolites in wheat grains greatly influence nutritional values. wheat provides proteins, minerals, b-group vitamins and dietary fiber to humans. these metabolites are important to human health. however, the metabolome of the grain during the development of bread wheat has not been studied so far. in this work the first dynamic metabolome of the developing grain of the elite chinese bread wheat cultivar zhongmai 175 was analyzed, using non-targeted gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc/ms) f ...201626676564
influence of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition at glu-b1 locus on secondary and micro structures of gluten in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).glutenin is one of the critical gluten proteins that affect the processing quality of wheat dough. high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gs) affect rheological behavior of wheat dough. this research demonstrated the effects of four variations of hmw-gs composition at the glu-b1 locus on secondary and micro structures of gluten and rheological properties of wheat dough, using the bread wheat xinong 1330 and its three near-isogenic lines (nils). results indicated that the amide i bands of t ...201626675856
decreasing methylation of pectin caused by nitric oxide leads to higher aluminium binding in cell walls and greater aluminium sensitivity of wheat roots.nitric oxide (no) is an important bioactive molecule involved in cell wall metabolism, which has been recognized as a major target of aluminium (al) toxicity. we have investigated the effects of al-induced no production on cell wall composition and the subsequent al-binding capacity in roots of an al-sensitive cultivar of wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. yang-5). we found that al exposure induced no accumulation in the root tips. eliminating no production with an no scavenger (cptio) significantl ...201626663393
qtl detection for wheat kernel size and quality and the responses of these traits to low nitrogen stress.qtls for kernel characteristics and tolerance to n stress were identified, and the functions of ten known genes with regard to these traits were specified. kernel size and quality characteristics in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) ultimately determine the end use of the grain and affect its commodity price, both of which are influenced by the application of nitrogen (n) fertilizer. this study characterized quantitative trait loci (qtls) for kernel size and quality and examined the responses of thes ...201626660466
salt stress increases content and size of glutenin macropolymers in wheat grain.addition of salt solution in making wheat dough improves viscoelasticity. however, the effect of native salt fortification on dough quality is unclear. here, wheat plants were subjected to post-anthesis salt stress to modify salt ion content in grains. the contents of na(+) and k(+), high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gs), glutenin macropolyers (gmp) and amino acids in mature grains were measured. as nacl concentration in soil increased, grain yield decreased while na(+) and k(+) conte ...201626616983
homoeologous copy-specific expression patterns of mads-box genes for floral formation in allopolyploid wheat.the consensus model for floral organ formation in higher plants, the so-called abcde model, proposes that floral whorl-specific combinations of class a, b, c, d, and e genes specify floral organ identity. class a, b, c, d and e genes encode mads-box transcription factors; the single exception being the class a gene apetala2. bread wheat (triticum aestivum) is a hexaploid species with a genome constitution aabbdd; the hexaploid originated from a cross between tetraploid t. turgidum (aabb) and dip ...201626616759
greenhouse gas emissions and stocks of soil carbon and nitrogen from a 20-year fertilised wheat-maize intercropping system: a model approach.accurate modelling of agricultural management impacts on greenhouse gas emissions and the cycling of carbon and nitrogen is complicated due to interactions between various processes and the disturbance caused by field management. in this study, a process-based model, the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum system (spacsys), was used to simulate the effects of different fertilisation regimes on crop yields, the dynamics of soil organic carbon (soc) and total nitrogen (sn) stocks from 1990 to 2010, an ...201626615226
macronutrient composition of nickel-treated wheat under different sulfur concentrations in the nutrient solution.the effect of different sulfate(vi) sulfur (2, 6, and 9 mm s) levels and nickel(ii) chloride (0, 0.0004, 0.04 and 0.08 mm ni) in the nutrient solution on productivity and macronutrient (n, p, k, ca, mg, s) status and accumulation in spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) zebra cv. was studied. ni treatment reduced the biomass and disturbed the balance and accumulation of macronutrients in wheat. intensive s nutrition, especially with 6 mm s, at least partially increased the biomass, improved ionic ...201626593727
growth stage-based modulation in physiological and biochemical attributes of two genetically diverse wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars grown in salinized hydroponic culture.hydroponic experiment was conducted to appraise variation in the salt tolerance potential of two wheat cultivars (salt tolerant, s-24, and moderately salt sensitive, mh-97) at different growth stages. these two wheat cultivars are not genetically related as evident from randomized polymorphic dna analysis (random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd)) which revealed 28% genetic diversity. salinity stress caused a marked reduction in grain yield of both wheat cultivars. however, cv. s-24 was superior ...201626611626
ensembl genomes 2016: more genomes, more complexity.ensembl genomes (http://www.ensemblgenomes.org) is an integrating resource for genome-scale data from non-vertebrate species, complementing the resources for vertebrate genomics developed in the context of the ensembl project (http://www.ensembl.org). together, the two resources provide a consistent set of programmatic and interactive interfaces to a rich range of data including reference sequence, gene models, transcriptional data, genetic variation and comparative analysis. this paper provides ...201626578574
an efficient approach to bac based assembly of complex genomes.there has been an exponential growth in the number of genome sequencing projects since the introduction of next generation dna sequencing technologies. genome projects have increasingly involved assembly of whole genome data which produces inferior assemblies compared to traditional sanger sequencing of genomic fragments cloned into bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs). while whole genome shotgun sequencing using next generation sequencing (ngs) is relatively fast and inexpensive, this method ...201626793268
influence of water biscuit processing and kernel puffing on the phenolic acid content and the antioxidant activity of einkorn and bread wheat.the whole meal flour of wheat is rich in phenolic acids, which provide a relevant antioxidant activity to food products. aim of this research was to assess the influence of processing on phenolic acid content and antioxidant activity of whole meal flour water biscuits and puffed kernels of einkorn and bread wheat. to this end, the evolution of syringaldehyde, ferulic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, and caffeic acids was studied during manufacturing. overall, from flour to wate ...201626787973
a comparative gene analysis with rice identified orthologous group ii hkt genes and their association with na(+) concentration in bread wheat.although the hkt transporter genes ascertain some of the key determinants of crop salt tolerance mechanisms, the diversity and functional role of group ii hkt genes are not clearly understood in bread wheat. the advanced knowledge on rice hkt and whole genome sequence was, therefore, used in comparative gene analysis to identify orthologous wheat group ii hkt genes and their role in trait variation under different saline environments.201626786911
characterization of proteins involved in early stage of wheat grain development by itraq.wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is one of the most important crops in the world due to its value as a major food source. to explore the protein synthesis, accumulation and regulation during grain development are more complex because of its large genome. in this study, grains from wheat cultivar chinese spring were harvested at three development stages (daa4, daa8 and daa12) and were used to display variable expressed proteins during these stages. itraq-based quantitative proteomic and lc-ms/ms meth ...201626779988
dynamics of soil available phosphorus and its impact factors under simulated climate change in typical farmland of taihu lake region, china.global climate change affects the availability of soil nutrients, thereby influencing crop productivity. this research was conducted to investigate the effects of elevated co2, elevated temperature, and the interaction of the elevated co2 and temperature on the soil available phosphorus (p) of a paddy-wheat rotation in the taihu lake region, china. winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) was cultivated during the study period from 2011 to 2014 at two co2 levels (350 μl•l(-1) ambient and 500 μl•l(-1) ...201626769701
the tae-mir408-mediated control of tatoc1 genes transcription is required for the regulation of heading time in wheat.timing of flowering is not only an interesting topic in developmental biology, but it also plays a significant role in agriculture for its effects on the maturation time of seed. the hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crop species whose flowering time, i.e. heading time, greatly influences yield. however, it remains unclear whether and how micrornas regulate heading time in it. in our current study, we identified the tae-mir408 in wheat and its targets in vivo, incl ...201626768600
comprehensive identification and bread-making quality evaluation of common wheat somatic variation line as208 on glutenin composition.high molecular weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gss) are important seed storage proteins in wheat (triticum aestivum) that determine wheat dough elasticity and processing quality. clarification of the defined effectiveness of hmw-gss is very important to breeding efforts aimed at improving wheat quality. to date, there have no report on the expression silencing and quality effects of 1bx20 and 1by20 at the glu-b1 locus in wheat. a wheat somatic variation line, as208, in which both 1bx20 and 1by20 a ...201626765256
genetic control of mesophyll conductance in common wheat. 201626763680
the effect of elevated ozone concentrations with varying shading on dry matter loss in a winter wheat-producing region in china.surface-level ozone pollution causes crop production loss by directly reducing healthy green leaf area available for carbon fixation. ozone and its precursors also affect crop photosynthesis indirectly by decreasing solar irradiance. pollutants are reported to have become even more severe in eastern china over the last ten years. in this study, we investigated the effect of a combination of elevated ozone concentrations and reduced solar irradiance on a popular winter wheat yangmai13 (triticum a ...201626760509
triticumoside induces apoptosis via caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway and inhibits migration through downregulation of mmp2/9 in human lung cancer cells.non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc) is the major cancer-related death worldwide with only 14% five-year survival rate. triticumoside, a phenolic compound present in triticum aestivum sprout extract, has been recognized to have antiobesity and anti-inflammatory effects. however, the effect of triticumoside on cancer cell proliferation and migration has not been studied. in order to elucidate whether triticumoside exhibits an anticancer effect, cells were incubated with different doses of triticumo ...201626758192
development of lipophilic antioxidants and chloroplasts during the sprouting of diverse triticum spp.the influence of sprouting times and illumination conditions on lipophilic antioxidants (carotenoids, tocochromanols, alkylresorcinols, and steryl ferulates), chlorophylls, and α-amylase activity was investigated using four varieties each of bread wheat (triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum), spelt (t. aestivum ssp. spelta), durum (t. durum), emmer (t. dicoccum), and einkorn (t. monococcum). carotenoid levels significantly increased during sprouting, particularly, under light exposure. in contrast, c ...201626752117
exogenous methyl jasmonate regulates cytokinin content by modulating cytokinin oxidase activity in wheat seedlings under salinity.the treatment of 4-days-old wheat seedlings with methyl jasmonate (meja) in concentration optimal for their growth (0.1 μm) resulted in a rapid transient almost two-fold increase in the level of cytokinins (cks). meja-induced accumulation of cks was due to inhibition of both cytokinin oxidase (ckx) (cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase, ec 1.5.99.12) gene expression and activity of this enzyme. pretreatment of wheat seedlings with meja decreased the growth-retarding effect of sodium chloride salinity ...201626748373
introgression of genes from bread wheat enhances the aluminium tolerance of durum wheat.the aluminium tolerance of durum wheat was markedly enhanced by introgression of taalmt1 and tamate1b from bread wheat. in contrast to bread wheat, tamate1b conferred greater aluminium tolerance than taalmt1. durum wheat (tetraploid aabb, triticum turgidum) is a species that grows poorly on acid soils due to its sensitivity of al(3+). by contrast, bread wheat (hexaploid aabbdd, t. aestivum) shows a large variation in al(3+) tolerance which can be attributed to a major gene (taalmt1) located on c ...201626747046
fine genetic mapping of spot blotch resistance gene sb3 in wheat (triticum aestivum).spot blotch disease resistance gene sb3 was mapped to a 0.15 centimorgan (cm) genetic interval spanning a 602 kb physical genomic region on chromosome 3bs. wheat spot blotch disease, caused by b. sorokiniana, is a devastating disease that can cause severe yield losses. although inoculum levels can be reduced by planting disease-free seed, treatment of plants with fungicides and crop rotation, genetic resistance is likely to be a robust, economical and environmentally friendly tool in the control ...201626747045
variation of the phytotoxicity of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash on wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seed germination with leaching conditions.municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (mswiba) has long been regarded as an alternative building material in the construction industry. however, the pollutants contained in the bottom ash could potentially leach out and contaminate the local environment, which presents an obstacle to the reuse of the materials. to evaluate the environmental feasibility of using mswiba as a recycled material in construction, the leaching derived ecotoxicity was assessed. the leaching behavior of mswiba und ...201626745383
production and identification of wheat-agropyron cristatum 2p translocation lines.agropyron cristatum (l.) gaertn. (2n = 28, pppp), a wild relative of common wheat, possesses many potentially valuable traits that can be transferred to common wheat through breeding programs. the wheat-a. cristatum disomic addition and translocation lines can be used as bridge materials to introduce alien chromosomal segments to wheat. wheat-a. cristatum 2p disomic addition line ii-9-3 was highly resistant to powdery mildew and leaf rust, which was reported in our previous study. however, some ...201626731742
genetic characterization of moroccan and the exotic bread wheat cultivars using functional and random dna markers linked to the agronomic traits for genomics-assisted improvement.genetic characterization, diversity analysis and estimate of the genetic relationship among varieties using functional and random dna markers linked to agronomic traits can provide relevant guidelines in selecting parents and designing new breeding strategies for marker-assisted wheat cultivar improvement. here, we characterize 20 moroccan and 19 exotic bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars using 47 functional and 7 linked random dna markers associated with 21 loci of the most important t ...201628330167
analysis of seasonal expression levels of wheat fructan exohydrolase (feh) genes regulating fructan metabolism involved in wintering ability.in northern regions, winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) accumulates fructan during cold-acclimation in autumn and freeze-acclimation in early winter. the content of fructan in wheat crown tissues is associated with both freezing tolerance and snow mold resistance, and expression levels of fructan synthesis genes in leaf and crown tissue are correlated with both changes and varietal differences in fructan accumulation levels of wheat during cold- and freeze-acclimation. fructan hydrolysis activi ...201626717012
novel nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction in wheat (triticum aestivum) induces vigorous plants.interspecific hybridization can be considered an accelerator of evolution, otherwise a slow process, solely dependent on mutation and recombination. upon interspecific hybridization, several novel interactions between nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes emerge which provide additional sources of diversity. the magnitude and essence of intergenomic interactions between nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes remain unknown due to the direction of many crosses. this study was conducted to address the role of ...201626860316
salt acclimation processes in wheat.young wheat plants (triticum aestivum l. cv. mv béres) were exposed to 0 or 25 mm nacl for 11 days (salt acclimation). thereafter the plants were irrigated with 500 mm nacl for 5 days (salt stress). irrigating the plants with a low concentration of nacl successfully led to a reduction in chlorotic symptoms and in the impairment of the photosynthetic processes when the plants were exposed to subsequent high-dose salt treatment. after exposure to a high concentration of nacl there was no differenc ...201626854409
mapping of ppd-b1, a major candidate gene for late heading on wild emmer chromosome arm 2bs and assessment of its interactions with early heading qtls on 3al.wheat heading date is an important agronomic trait determining maturation time and yield. a set of common wheat (triticum aestivum var. chinese spring; cs)-wild emmer (t. turgidum l. subsp. dicoccoides (tdic)) chromosome arm substitution lines (casls) was used to identify and allocate qtls conferring late or early spike emergence by examining heading date. genetic loci accelerating heading were found on tdic chromosome arms 3al and 7bs, while loci delaying heading were located on 4al and 2bs. to ...201626848576
comparative transcriptome analysis of wheat embryo and endosperm responses to aba and h2o2 stresses during seed germination.wheat embryo and endosperm play important roles in seed germination, seedling survival, and subsequent vegetative growth. aba can positively regulate dormancy induction and negatively regulates seed germination at low concentrations, while low h2o2 concentrations promote seed germination of cereal plants. in this report, we performed the first integrative transcriptome analysis of wheat embryo and endosperm responses to aba and h2o2 stresses.201626846093
canopy apparent photosynthetic characteristics and yield of two spike-type wheat cultivars in response to row spacing under high plant density.in northern china, large-spike wheat (triticum aestivum l) is considered to have significant potential for increasing yields due to its greater single-plant productivity despite its lower percentage of effective tillers, and increasing the plant density is an effective means of achieving a higher grain yield. however, with increases in plant density, the amount of solar radiation intercepted by lower strata leaves is decreased and the rate of leaf senescence is accelerated. row spacing can be ma ...201626845330
shifts of microbial communities of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivation in a closed artificial ecosystem.the microbial communities of plant ecosystems are in relation to plant growing environment, but the alteration in biodiversity of rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial communities in closed and controlled environments is unknown. the purpose of this study is to analyze the change regularity of microbial communities with wheat plants dependent-cultivated in a closed artificial ecosystem. the microbial community structures in closed-environment treatment plants were investigated by a culture-depe ...201626841890
production of a novel robertsonian translocation from thinopyrum bessarabicum into bread wheat.development of wheat-alien translocation lines will facilitate its practical utilization in wheat improvement. the objective of the present study was to produce compensating wheat--thinopyrum bessarabicum whole arm robertsonian translocations (robts) involving chromosomes 2b of wheat and 2e(b) of th. bessarabicum through the mechanism of centric breakage-fusion. f2 population from crosses between ds2e(b)(2b) substitution line and bread wheat 'roushan' (2n = 6x = 42, aabbdd) as female parent were ...201626841492
[polymorphism of alfa-amylase and conjugation in common wheat enzyme types with quantitative traits of plants].using polymorphism of alpha-amylase in the winter common wheat studied inheritance isoenzymes and its conjugation enzyme types with germinating grain on the "vine", grain productivity, plant height and time of ear formation. it is shown that the polymorphism isoenzyme of alpha-amylase wheat is limited by the presence of different loci whose products are similar in electrophoretic parameters. in this regard, one component of the enzyme can be controlling at one or two or three genes. identificati ...201626841490
molecular diversity and distribution of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal communities colonizing roots of two different winter cover crops in response to their root proliferation.a clear understanding of how crop root proliferation affects the distribution of the spore abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) and the composition of amf communities in agricultural fields is imperative to identify the potential roles of amf in winter cover crop rotational systems. toward this goal, we conducted a field trial using wheat (triticum aestivum l.) or red clover (trifolium pratense l.) grown during the winter season. we conducted a molecular analysis to compare the divers ...201626832664
comparison of snp and caps markers application in genetic research in wheat and barley.barley and bread wheat show large differences in frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) as determined from genome-wide studies. these frequencies have been estimated as 2.4-3 times higher in the entire barley genome than within each diploid genomes of wheat (a, b or d). however, barley snps within individual genes occur significantly more frequently than quoted. differences between wheat and barley are based on the origin and evolutionary history of the species. bread wheat contains ...201626821936
identification of new heading date determinants in wheat 5b chromosome.variability of heading date may assist in wheat adaptation to local environments. thereafter, discovery of new heading date determinants is important for cereal improvement. in this study we used common wheat cultivar chinese spring (cs) and the substitution line of cs with 5b chromosome from t. dicoccoides (cs-5bdic), different in their heading date by two weeks, to detect determinants of heading date on 5b chromosome.201626821813
hexaconazole-cu complex improves the salt tolerance of triticum aestivum seedlings.hexaconazole is one of the triazole complexes that are broadly used as systemic fungicides with non-traditional plant growth regulator properties. hexaconazole-cu complex (hex-cu) is a new triazole derivative, and the biological effect of hex-cu has been rarely studied. in this work, we investigated the functions of hex-cu in regulating growth and the response to salt stress in the seedlings of triticum aestivum. pretreated with 60μmoll(-1) hex-cu, the seedling plants got increased root/shoot ra ...201626821663
lignin biosynthesis in wheat (triticum aestivum l.): its response to waterlogging and association with hormonal levels.lignin is an important structural component of plant cell wall that confers mechanical strength and tolerance against biotic and abiotic stressors; however it affects the use of biomass such as wheat straw for some industrial applications such as biofuel production. genetic alteration of lignin quantity and quality has been considered as a viable option to overcome this problem. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying lignin formation in wheat biomass has not been studied. combining molecul ...201626811086
using the hexaploid nature of wheat to create variability in starch characteristics.in hexaploid crops, such as bread wheat, it should be possible to fine-tune phenotypic traits by identifying wild-type and null genes from each of the three genomes and combining them in a calculated manner. here, we demonstrate this with gene combinations for two starch synthesis genes, ssiia and gbssi. lines with inactive copies of both enzymes show a very dramatic change in phenotype, so to create intermediate phenotypes, we used marker-assisted selection to develop near-isogenic lines (nils) ...201626808423
identification and validation of novel low-tiller number qtl in common wheat.snp-based qtl mapping provided useful information for novel loci that can be used in breeding programs to control tillering and improve yield in wheat via marker-assisted selection. tillering is one of the most important agronomic traits affecting biomass and grain yield potential in wheat. wheat lines with very limited tillering capacity are more productive than free-tillering lines under severe drought conditions. in this study, three recombinant inbred line (ril) populations were generated an ...201626804619
biological responses of wheat (triticum aestivum) plants to the herbicide simetryne in soils.the rotation of rice and wheat is widely used and highly endorsed, and simetryne (s-triazine herbicide) is one of the principal herbicides widely used in this rotation for weed and grass control. however, little is known regarding the mechanism of the ecological and physiological effects of simetryne on wheat crops. in this study, we performed a comprehensive investigation of crop response to simetryne to elucidate the accumulation and phytotoxicity of the herbicide in wheat crops. wheat plants ...201626803524
molecular interactions of the γ-clade homeodomain-leucine zipper class i transcription factors during the wheat response to water deficit.the γ-clade of class i homeodomain-leucine zipper (hd-zip i) transcription factors (tfs) constitute members which play a role in adapting plant growth to conditions of water deficit. given the importance of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) as a global food crop and the impact of water deficit upon grain yield, we focused on functional aspects of wheat drought responsive hd-zip i tfs. while the wheat γ-clade hd-zip i tfs share significant sequence similarities with homologous genes from other plants, ...201626803501
a highly recombined, high-density, eight-founder wheat magic map reveals extensive segregation distortion and genomic locations of introgression segments.multiparent advanced generation intercross (magic) mapping populations offer unique opportunities and challenges for marker and qtl mapping in crop species. we have constructed the first eight-parent magic genetic map for wheat, comprising 18 601 snp markers. we validated the accuracy of our map against the wheat genome sequence and found an improvement in accuracy compared to published genetic maps. our map shows a notable increase in precision resulting from the three generations of intercross ...201626801965
bionano genome mapping of individual chromosomes supports physical mapping and sequence assembly in complex plant genomes.the assembly of a reference genome sequence of bread wheat is challenging due to its specific features such as the genome size of 17 gbp, polyploid nature and prevalence of repetitive sequences. bac-by-bac sequencing based on chromosomal physical maps, adopted by the international wheat genome sequencing consortium as the key strategy, reduces problems caused by the genome complexity and polyploidy, but the repeat content still hampers the sequence assembly. availability of a high-resolution gen ...201626801360
rubisco catalytic properties of wild and domesticated relatives provide scope for improving wheat photosynthesis.rubisco is a major target for improving crop photosynthesis and yield, yet natural diversity in catalytic properties of this enzyme is poorly understood. rubisco from 25 genotypes of the triticeae tribe, including wild relatives of bread wheat (triticum aestivum), were surveyed to identify superior enzymes for improving photosynthesis in this crop. in vitro rubisco carboxylation velocity (v c), michaelis-menten constants for co2 (k c) and o2 (k o) and specificity factor (s c/o) were measured at ...201626798025
metabolism of the14c-labeled herbicide clodinafop-propargyl in plant cell cultures of wheat and tobacco.the metabolism of 14c-clodinafop-propargyl (cfp) was examined in cell cultures of wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. 'heines koga ii') and tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.). besides the non-transgenic tobacco culture, cultures transformed separately with cdna of human cytochrome p450-monooxygenases (p450s) cyp1a1, cyp1a2, cyp3a4, cyp2b6 and cyp2c19 were examined. experiments with wheat were executed in the presence and absence of safener cloquintocet-mexyl (cqm). after 48 h of incubation, only about 1 ...201626578063
mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance in wheat--a review of root and shoot physiology.we review the detrimental effects of waterlogging on physiology, growth and yield of wheat. we highlight traits contributing to waterlogging tolerance and genetic diversity in wheat. death of seminal roots and restriction of adventitious root length due to o2 deficiency result in low root:shoot ratio. genotypes differ in seminal root anoxia tolerance, but mechanisms remain to be established; ethanol production rates do not explain anoxia tolerance. root tip survival is short-term, and thereafter ...201626565998
interaction of mg with heavy metals (cu, cd) in t. aestivum with special reference to oxidative and proline metabolism.little effort has been made to understand the influence of mg on cellular processes of plant cell during cu and cd toxicities. the present work demonstrates the influence of magnesium (mg) on copper (cu) and cadmium (cd) toxicity on triticum aestivum (wheat). we measured a range of parameters related to oxidative stress in wheat exposed to cu or cd toxicity in media with different concentrations of mg. decreasing mg concentration significantly exacerbated cu and cd toxicity and optimum supply of ...201626547559
wheatgenome.info: a resource for wheat genomics resource.an integrated database with a variety of web-based systems named wheatgenome.info hosting wheat genome and genomic data has been developed to support wheat research and crop improvement. the resource includes multiple web-based applications, which are implemented as a variety of web-based systems. these include a gbrowse2-based wheat genome viewer with blast search portal, tagdb for searching wheat second generation genome sequence data, wheat autosnpdb, links to wheat genetic maps using cmap an ...201626519407
molecular characterization and evolutionary origins of farinin genes in brachypodium distachyon l.farinins are one of the oldest members of the gluten family in wheat and aegilops species, and they influence dough properties. here, we performed the first detailed molecular genetic study on farinin genes in brachypodium distachyon l., the model species for triticum aestivum. a total of 51 b-type farinin genes were cloned and characterized, including 27 functional and 24 non-functional pseudogenes from 14 different b. distachyon accessions. all genes were highly similar to those previously rep ...201626519166
mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in triticum aestivum roots in response to rotenone and antimycin a.mitochondria are dynamic organelles, capable of fusion and fission as a part of cellular responses to various signals, such as the shifts in the redox status of a cell. the mitochondrial electron transport chain (etc.) is involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros), with complexes i and iii contributing the most to this process. disruptions of etc. can lead to increased ros generation. here, we demonstrate the appearance of giant mitochondria in wheat roots in response to simulta ...201626411562
effectiveness of genes for hessian fly (diptera: cecidomyiidae) resistance in the southeastern united states.the hessian fly, mayetiola destructor (say) (diptera: cecidomyiidae), is the most important insect pest of wheat (triticum aestivum l. subsp. aestivum) in the southeastern united states, and the deployment of genetically resistant wheat is the most effective control. however, the use of resistant wheat results in the selection of pest genotypes that can overcome formerly resistant wheat. we have evaluated the effectiveness of 16 resistance genes for protection of wheat from hessian fly infestati ...201626468515
genome distribution of differential homoeologue contributions to leaf gene expression in bread wheat.using a combination of de novo transcriptome assembly, a newly developed 9495-marker transcriptome snp genetic linkage map and comparative genomics approaches, we developed an ordered set of nonredundant transcripts for each of the subgenomes of hexaploid wheat: a (47 160 unigenes), b (59 663 unigenes) and d (40 588 unigenes). we used these as reference sequences against which to map illumina mrna-seq reads derived from young leaf tissue. transcript abundance was quantified for each unigene. usi ...201626442792
wheat leaf lipids during heat stress: i. high day and night temperatures result in major lipid alterations.understanding how wheat (triticum aestivum l.) plants under high temperature (ht) regulate lipid composition is critical to developing climate-resilient varieties. we measured 165 glycerolipids and sterol derivatives under optimum and high day and night temperatures in wheat leaves using electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. levels of polar lipid fatty acyl chain unsaturation were lower in both heat-tolerant genotype ventnor and susceptible genotype karl 92 under ht, compared with op ...201626436679
wheat leaf lipids during heat stress: ii. lipids experiencing coordinated metabolism are detected by analysis of lipid co-occurrence.identifying lipids that experience coordinated metabolism during heat stress would provide information regarding lipid dynamics under stress conditions and assist in developing heat-tolerant wheat varieties. we hypothesized that co-occurring lipids, which are up-regulated or down-regulated together through time during heat stress, represent groups that can be explained by coordinated metabolism. wheat plants (triticum aestivum l.) were subjected to 12 days of high day and/or night temperature st ...201626436445
supplemental exogenous npk application alters biochemical processes to improve yield and drought tolerance in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the recent food security issues, combined with the threats from climate change, demand future farming systems to be more precise and accurate to fulfill the ever increasing global food requirements. the role of nutrients such as nitrogen (n), phosphorous (p), and potassium (k) in stimulating plant growth and development is well established; however, little is known about their function, if applied in combination, in improving crop yields under environmental stresses like drought. the aim of this ...201626432272
optimizing tiller production and survival for grain yield improvement in a bread wheat × spelt mapping population.tiller production and survival determine final spike number, and play key roles in grain yield formation in wheat (triticum aestivum). this study aimed to understand the genetic and physiological basis of the tillering process, and its trade-offs with other yield components, by introducing genetic variation in tillering patterns via a mapping population of wheat × spelt (triticum spelta).201626424785
regions of the bread wheat d genome associated with variation in key photosynthesis traits and shoot biomass under both well watered and water deficient conditions.a quantitative trait locus (qtl) approach was taken to reveal the genetic basis in wheat of traits associated with photosynthesis during a period of exposure to water deficit stress. the performance, with respect to shoot biomass, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf pigment content and the activity of various ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes and catalase, of a set of 80 wheat lines, each containing a single chromosomal segment introgressed from the bread wheat d genome progenitor ...201626374127
transcriptome analysis of the chinese bread wheat cultivar yunong 201 and its ethyl methanesulfonate mutant line.roche 454 next-generation sequencing was applied to obtain extensive information about the transcriptomes of the bread wheat cultivar yunong 201 and its ems mutant line yunong 3114. totals of 1.43 million and 1.44 million raw reads were generated, 14,432, 17,845 and 27,867 isotigs were constructed using the reads in yunong 201, yunong 3114 and their combination, respectively. moreover, 29,042, 34,722, and 48,486 unigenes were generated in yunong 201, yunong 3114, and combined cultivars, respecti ...201626342963
targeting of prolamins by rnai in bread wheat: effectiveness of seven silencing-fragment combinations for obtaining lines devoid of coeliac disease epitopes from highly immunogenic gliadins.gluten proteins are responsible for the viscoelastic properties of wheat flour but also for triggering pathologies in susceptible individuals, of which coeliac disease (cd) and noncoeliac gluten sensitivity may affect up to 8% of the population. the only effective treatment for affected persons is a strict gluten-free diet. here, we report the effectiveness of seven plasmid combinations, encompassing rnai fragments from α-, γ-, ω-gliadins, and lmw glutenin subunits, for silencing the expression ...201626300126
signal mediators at induction of heat resistance of wheat plantlets by short-term heating.the effects of functional interplay of calcium ions, reactive oxygen species (ros) and nitric oxide (no) in the cells of wheat plantlets roots (triticum aestivum l.) at the induction of their heat resistance by a short-term influence of hyperthermia (heating at the temperature of 42 degrees c during 1 minute) have been investigated. the transitional increase of no and h2o2 content, invoked by heating, was suppressed by the treatment of plantlets with the antagonists of calcium egta (chelator of ...201627025064
high temperature specifically affects the photoprotective responses of chlorophyll b-deficient wheat mutant lines.the effects of high temperature on co2 assimilation rate, processes associated with photosynthetic electron and proton transport, as well as photoprotective responses, were studied in chlorophyll b-deficient mutant lines (ank-32a and ank-32b) and wild type (wt) of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). despite the low chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a-to-b ratio, the non-stressed mutant plants had the similar level of co2 assimilation and photosynthetic responses as wt. however, in ank mutant plants ...201627023107
interruption of magnesium supply at heading influenced proteome of peripheral layers and reduced grain dry weight of two wheat (triticum aestivum l.) genotypes.magnesium (mg), an indispensable mineral for plant growth, is concentrated in the peripheral layers (pls) of the mature grain of wheat. the supply of mg was interrupted from plant heading to maturity and a proteomic approach was used to investigate the pls at three stages of development. two genotypes with contrasting concentrations of mg in the grain were studied: apache (low mg) and mghl (high mg). the concentration of mg was significantly reduced in the roots (10-21%), straw (18-50%) and grai ...201627020883
compositional analysis of biomass reference materials: results from an interlaboratory study.biomass compositional methods are used to compare different lignocellulosic feedstocks, to measure component balances around unit operations and to determine process yields and therefore the economic viability of biomass-to-biofuel processes. four biomass reference materials (rms nist 8491-8494) were prepared and characterized, via an interlaboratory comparison exercise in the early 1990s to evaluate biomass summative compositional methods, analysts, and laboratories. having common, uniform, and ...201627019676
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