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regulation of tight junctions by sex hormones in normal human endometrial epithelial cells and uterus cancer cell line sawano.the number of patients with uterine endometrial carcinoma, the cause of which involves sex hormones, has recently been growing rapidly because of increases in life expectancy and obesity. tight junction proteins claudin-3 and -4 are receptors of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and increase during endometrial carcinogenesis. in the present study of normal human endometrial epithelial (hee) cells and the uterus cancer cell line sawano, we investigate changes in the expression of tight ju ...201323820735
synthesis of 4-methylumbelliferyl α-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-mannopyranoside and development of a coupled fluorescent assay for gh125 exo-α-1,6-mannosidases.certain bacterial pathogens possess a repertoire of carbohydrate processing enzymes that process host n-linked glycans and many of these enzymes are required for full virulence of harmful human pathogens such as clostridium perfringens and streptococcus pneumoniae. one bacterial carbohydrate processing enzyme that has been studied is the pneumococcal virulence factor spgh125 from s. pneumoniae and its homologue, cpgh125, from c. perfringens. these exo-α-1,6-mannosidases from glycoside hydrolase ...201323816041
mode of binding of rna polymerase α subunit to the phased a-tracts upstream of the phospholipase c gene promoter of clostridium perfringens.three phased a5-6-tracts lie upstream of the promoter of plc encoding the α-toxin (phospholipase c) of clostridium perfringens. the α subunits of c. perfringens rna polymerase bind directly to the phased a-tracts via the c-terminal domain of the α subunit (αctd). to identify the amino acid residues involved in the binding of c. perfringens α subunits to the phased a-tracts, 27 amino acid residues in c. perfringens αctd were substituted with alanine. the affinities of the mutated α subunits for t ...201323810806
first isolation of clostridium perfringens type e from a goat with diarrhea.a 2-day-old goat died suddenly after the onset of severe diarrhea. no specific gross lesions were observed except for a remarkably thin intestinal wall and watery intestinal contents. histopathological analysis revealed large numbers of gram-positive bacilli layered upon the intestinal epithelia of the small intestine. heavy growth of only clostridium perfringens type e, and no detection of the other enteric pathogens in the small intestine, suggests that c. perfringens type e contributed to the ...201323810805
surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - united states, 1998-2008.foodborne diseases cause an estimated 48 million illnesses each year in the united states, including 9.4 million caused by known pathogens. foodborne disease outbreak surveillance provides valuable insights into the agents and foods that cause illness and the settings in which transmission occurs. cdc maintains a surveillance program for collection and periodic reporting of data on the occurrence and causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in the united states. this surveillance system is the prim ...201323804024
structural insights into clostridium perfringens delta toxin pore formation.clostridium perfringens delta toxin is one of the three hemolysin-like proteins produced by c. perfringens type c and possibly type b strains. one of the others, netb, has been shown to be the major cause of avian nectrotic enteritis, which following the reduction in use of antibiotics as growth promoters, has become an emerging disease of industrial poultry. delta toxin itself is cytotoxic to the wide range of human and animal macrophages and platelets that present gm2 ganglioside on their memb ...201323805259
predisposing factors and prevention of clostridium perfringens-associated enteritis.clostridium perfringens is one of the major causes of intestinal disease in humans and animals. its pathogenicity is contributed to by the production of a variety of toxins. in addition, predisposing environmental factors are important for the induction of c. perfringens-associated enteritis as shown by infection models. environmental contamination, gastric and intestinal ph, intestinal microflora, nutrition, concurrent infections, and medical interventions may influence the intestinal colonizat ...201323790636
effect of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on the fitness of three strains of clostridium perfringens.selection of bacterial strains for resistance to antimicrobial agents may affect fitness; and fluoroquinolone resistance has been shown to affect fitness of aerobic and facultative bacteria. the impact on bacterial fitness of resistance selection to three fluoroquinolones was examined in three wild-type strains of clostridium perfringens: atcc 13124, atcc 3626, and nctr. selection for resistance to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and gatifloxacin affected the fitness of nine mutant strains different ...201323789809
the synergistic necrohemorrhagic action of clostridium perfringens perfringolysin and alpha toxin in the bovine intestine and against bovine endothelial cells.bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis is a major cause of mortality in veal calves. clostridium perfringens is considered as the causative agent, but there has been controversy on the toxins responsible for the disease. recently, it has been demonstrated that a variety of c. perfringens type a strains can induce necrohemorrhagic lesions in a calf intestinal loop assay. these results put forward alpha toxin and perfringolysin as potential causative toxins, since both are produced by all c. perfringen ...201323782465
immunologic and chemical targeting of the tight-junction protein claudin-6 eliminates tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells.the tumorigenicity of human pluripotent stem cells is a major safety concern for their application in regenerative medicine. here we identify the tight-junction protein claudin-6 as a cell-surface-specific marker of human pluripotent stem cells that can be used to selectively remove claudin-6-positive cells from mixed cultures. we show that claudin-6 is absent in adult tissues but highly expressed in undifferentiated cells, where it is dispensable for human pluripotent stem cell survival and sel ...201323778593
characterization of clostridium perfringens isolates from healthy turkeys and from turkeys with necrotic enteritis.clostridium perfringens is an important bacterial pathogen, especially in poultry, where it can lead to both subclinical and clinical disease. the aim of this study was to present data on pathological findings at outbreaks of necrotic enteritis (ne) in turkey production in finland during the period from 1998 to 2012. furthermore, c. perfringens isolates from healthy and diseased turkeys were characterized and their genetic diversity was investigated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). ...201323776261
abilities of the mcp agar method and crename alpha toxin-specific real-time pcr assay to detect clostridium perfringens spores in drinking water.we first determined the analytical specificity and ubiquity (i.e., the ability to detect all or most strains) of a clostridium perfringens-specific real-time pcr (rtpcr) assay based on the cpa gene (cpa rtpcr) by using a bacterial strain panel composed of c. perfringens and non-c. perfringens clostridium strains. all non-c. perfringens clostridium strains tested negative, whereas all c. perfringens strains tested positive with the cpa rtpcr, for an analytical specificity and ubiquity of 100%. th ...201324077714
cellular vacuolation and mitochondrial-associated factors induced by clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin detected using acoustic flow cytometry.epsilon toxin (etx) produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d is a potent toxin that is responsible for fatal enterotoxaemia. in vitro, etx, which is considered as a pore-forming toxin, forms a heptamer in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cell membranes, which is considered to be a pre-pore stage. after binding of the etx, vacuoles inside cell cytoplasm are produced. etx causes decreased levels of essential coenzymes required for host cell energy. here, we optimized and applied acoustic ...201324076036
emphysematous cholecystitis resulting in secondary biliary cirrhosis: a rare complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.a 48-year-old female developed acute emphysematous cholecystitis after an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ercp) for evaluation of sphincter of oddi dysfunction. cholecystectomy was performed 2 days later. cultures grew clostridium perfringens. the patient received broad-spectrum antibiotics but developed recurrent cholangitic abscesses and intra- and extra-hepatic biliary necrosis. she was managed by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drains. for next 3 years, patient had recurren ...201326157820
digestion of epithelial tight junction proteins by the commensal clostridium perfringens.the enteric microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, but the pathways involved and bacterial participants may vary in different hosts. we previously reported that some components of the human commensal microbiota, particularly clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens), have the proteolytic capacity for host matrix degradation and reduce transepithelial resistance. here, we examined the c. perfringens-derived proteolytic activity against epithelial tight junction p ...201324072681
hygienization of sludge through anaerobic digestion at 35, 55 and 60 °c.legislation in sweden and the european union concerning the use of sewage sludge in agriculture is under revision and future concentration limits for pathogens in treated sludge are likely to be expected. the aim of this study was to evaluate the hygienization of salmonella, escherichia coli, enterococcus and clostridium perfringens through continuous anaerobic digestion at 35, 55 or 60 °c, as well as to investigate process stability and methane production at 60 °c. the results indicated that di ...201324292473
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: a malevolent molecule for animals and man?clostridium perfringens is a prolific, toxin-producing anaerobe causing multiple diseases in humans and animals. one of these toxins is epsilon, a 33 kda protein produced by clostridium perfringens (types b and d) that induces fatal enteric disease of goats, sheep and cattle. epsilon toxin (etx) belongs to the aerolysin-like toxin family. it contains three distinct domains, is proteolytically-activated and forms oligomeric pores on cell surfaces via a lipid raft-associated protein(s). vaccinatio ...201324284826
relative disease susceptibility and clostridial toxin antibody responses in three commercial broiler lines coinfected with clostridium perfringens and eimeria maxima using an experimental model of necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis is an enteric disease of poultry resulting from infection by clostridium perfringens with coinfection by eimeria spp. constituting a major risk factor for disease pathogenesis. this study compared three commercial broiler chicken lines using an experimental model of necrotic enteritis. day-old male cobb, ross, and hubbard broilers were orally infected with viable c. perfringens and e. maxima and fed a high-protein diet to promote the development of experimental disease. body w ...201324283139
[the hot point and controversy of clinical measures in critical are medicine].with its powerful ability to monitoring and support of organs, the survival rate of critically ill patients has been improved significantly by critical care medicine. critical ill patients centralized in icu accepted the treatments given by multidisciplinary team as a mode have played a very important role, especially during the rescue of victims in public health emergencies and natural disasters. changings of the measures of monitoring and support are always along with the development of the cr ...201324059120
effect of 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid in a broiler clostridium perfringens infection model.in an effort to explore strategies to control clostridium perfringens, we investigated the synergistic effect of a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-gmp) with penicillin g in a broiler challenge model. all chicks were inoculated in the crop by gavage on d 14, 15, and 16 with a mixture of 4 c. perfringens strains. birds were treated with saline (control group) or 20 nmol of c-di-gmp by gavage or intramuscularly (im) on d 24, all in conjunction with penicilli ...201324046411
a waterborne outbreak and detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water of an older high-rise apartment complex in seoul.from may to june 2012, a waterborne outbreak of 124 cases of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the plumbing systems of an older high-rise apartment complex in seoul, republic of korea. the residents of this apartment complex had symptoms of watery diarrhea and vomiting. tap water samples in the apartment complex and its adjacent buildings were collected and tested for 57 parameters under the korean drinking water standards and for additional 11 microbiological parameters. the microbiological paramet ...201324039290
massive intravascular hemolysis with organ failure due to clostridium perfringens: evidence of intracytoplasmic c. perfringens. 201324032126
frequency of resistance in obligate anaerobic bacteria isolated from dogs, cats, and horses to antimicrobial agents.clinical specimens from dogs, cats, and horses were examined for the presence of obligate anaerobic bacteria. of 4,018 specimens cultured, 368 yielded 606 isolates of obligate anaerobic bacteria (248 from dogs, 50 from cats, and 308 from horses). there were 100 specimens from 94 animals from which only anaerobes were isolated (25 dogs, 8 cats, and 61 horses). the most common sites tested were abdominal fluid (dogs and cats) and intestinal contents (horses). the most common microorganism isolated ...201324025899
[development of clostridium perfringens selective chromogenic medium].to screen the clostridium perfringens selective composition to develop a clostridium perfringens selective chromogenic media.201324024383
regulation of sialidase production in clostridium perfringens by the orphan sensor histidine kinase rees.clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous in nature and is often found as a commensal of the human and animal gastrointestinal tract. it is the primary etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis, or gas gangrene, a serious infection that results in extensive tissue necrosis due to the action of one or more potent extracellular toxins. α-toxin and perfringolysin o are the major extracellular toxins involved in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene, but histotoxic strains of c. perfringens, such as strai ...201324023881
structure and biosynthesis of two exopolysaccharides produced by lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785.exopolysaccharides were isolated and purified from lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785, which has previously been shown to act as a competitive exclusion agent to control clostridium perfringens in poultry. structural analysis by nmr spectroscopy revealed that l. johnsonii fi9785 can produce two types of exopolysaccharide: eps-1 is a branched dextran with the unusual feature that every backbone residue is substituted with a 2-linked glucose unit, and eps-2 was shown to have a repeating unit with the ...201324019531
use of a multiplex pcr for the detection of toxin-encoding genes netb and tpel in strains of clostridium perfringens.some studies have shown that the netb toxin may be an important virulence factor of clostridium perfringens associated necrotic enteritis in poultry. additionally, research has shown that strains of c. perfringens positive for both the netb gene and a second toxin-encoding gene, tpel, appear to be more virulent than strains with only netb. in the past, detection of these genes has been performed relatively inefficiently using two single locus pcrs. this report describes a novel multiplex pcr dev ...201324396606
[two cases of liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization].case 1 involved a 74-year-old man. after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization( tace) for hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), abdominal computed tomography (ct) revealed a gas-containing lesion in the liver. the patient was diagnosed as having a gas-containing liver abscess, necessitating emergency drainage under laparotomy. blood culture revealed clostridium perfringens. he was discharged on day 63 after surgery. case 2 involved a 70-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital for obstructive ...201324393925
[the diagnostic of anaerobic infection induced by clostridium perfringens in patient with post-traumatic phlegmon: a clinical case].the article presents uncommon clinical case of anaerobic gas-producing infection induced by clostridium perfringens. the disease resulted in lethal outcome at fourth day after admission of patient into hospital. the successful treatment requires timely diagnostic of clostridium infection based on complex of microbiologic, clinical and laboratory data. the early diagnostic is possible in case of bacteriologic analysis of native material.201324340950
[harmonization of microbiologicaland parasitological indices of epidemic safety of drinking water with the international requirements].for the purpose of harmonization of microbiological and parasitological indices and benchmarks there was performed the comparative analysis of the requirements for the quality of drinking water in respect of the epidemic safety on the basic regulations of russia, the directive council of the european union eu, who, the united states, canada, australia, finland, sweden, brazil, france, japan and china. as a result, there were revealed the priority bacteriological, virological and parasitological ...201324340910
in silico, in vitro and in vivo analysis of binding affinity between n and c-domains of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin.clostridium perfringens alpha toxin/phospholipase c (cp-plc) is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known to cause soft tissue infections like gas gangrene in humans and animals. it is the first bacterial toxin demonstrated to be an enzyme with phospholipase, sphingomyelinase and lecithinase activities. the toxin is comprised of an enzymatic n-domain and a binding c-domain interconnected by a flexible linker. the n-domain alone is non-toxic to mammalian cells, but incubation with c-domain re ...201324349173
vaccines against clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is thought to be an important agent in gas gangrene, which is a lifethreatening infection with fever, pain, edema, myonecrosis, and gas production. the toxin (370 residues) is composed of an n-terminal domain (1-250 residues, n-domain) in which the catalytic site is found and a c-terminal domain (251-370 residues, c-domain) responsible for binding to membranes. during the past decade, recombinant dna technology has been employed to develop second-generation va ...201324372250
performic acid for advanced wastewater disinfection.the disinfection efficiency of performic acid (pfa) against various microbial contaminants has been studied in municipal secondary effluent. the study demonstrated that pfa provides rapid, efficient and safe disinfection, degrading both bacteria and viruses even at low doses. the resistance order starting from the most resistant microorganism is as follows: ms2-coliphages > dna-coliphages > enterococci and escherichia coli. pfa is also efficient in the elimination of salmonella spp., clostridium ...201324225113
maternal immunization with vaccines containing recombinant netb toxin partially protects progeny chickens from necrotic enteritis.avian necrotic enteritis is a major economic and welfare issue throughout the global poultry industry and is caused by isolates of clostridium perfringens that produce netb toxin. previously we have shown that birds directly vaccinated with inactivated c. perfringens type a culture supernatant (toxoid) combined with recombinant netb (rnetb) protein were significantly protected from homologous and heterologous challenge. in the present study the protective effect of maternal immunization was exam ...201324219318
anion inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase from clostridium perfringens.a β-carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) was recently cloned, purified and characterized kinetically in the pathogen clostridium perfringens. we report here the first inhibition study of this enzyme (cpeca). cpeca was poorly inhibited by iodide and bromide, and was inhibited with kis in the range of 1-10mm by a range of anions such as (thio)cyanate, azide, bicarbonate, nitrate, nitrite, hydrogensulfite, hydrogensulfide, stannate, tellurate, pyrophosphate, divanadate, tetraborate, peroxydisulfat ...201324210500
microbial spoilage of portuguese chouriço along shelf life period.microbial flora of portuguese chouriço (alentejano (a) and ribatejano (r)) with abnormal sensorial characteristics along shelf life was studied. mesophilic anaerobic bacteria, enterococci, mesophilic sporeformers, coliforms, coagulase-positive staphylococci, sulphite reducing clostridia, clostridium perfringens, moulds and yeasts were the most representative in both types of chouriço.201324159290
bio-preservation of ground beef meat by enterococcus faecalis cect7121.meat and particularly ground beef is frequently associated with food poisoning episodes and breeches in food safety. the main goal of this research was to evaluate the bactericide effect of the probiotic enterococcus faecalis cect7121, against different pathogens as: escherichia coli o157:h7, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens and listeria monocytogenes, inoculated in ground beef meat. three studies were performed to evaluate the inhibition of e. faecalis cect7121 on ground beef meat ...201324159282
proportional mortality: a study of 152 goats submitted for necropsy from 13 goat herds in quebec, with a special focus on caseous lymphadenitis.the objectives of this study were to determine the main causes of mortality, with a special focus on caseous lymphadenits as a cause of death or wasting in caprine herds from quebec. goats (n = 152) from 13 herds were submitted for necropsy; the cause of mortality, and the presence, location, and cause of abscesses (if present) were recorded. proportional mortalities were distributed as: clostridium perfringens type d enterotoxemia (17.1%), pneumonia (13.8%), paratuberculosis (10.5%), listeriosi ...201324155449
how do swine practitioners and veterinary pathologists arrive at a diagnosis of clostridium perfringens type a enteritis in neonatal piglets?a questionnaire was administered to 22 veterinary practitioners and 17 veterinary pathologists to investigate the methods used for diagnosis of clostridium perfringens type a enteritis in neonatal pigs. practitioners generally diagnosed c. perfringens type a associated enteritis by age of onset of diarrhea (between 1 to 7 days of age). most practitioners (95%) were moderately to very confident in their diagnosis. pathologists generally diagnosed c. perfringens type a associated enteritis by comb ...201324155437
acute hemolysis in the emergency department: think about clostridium perfringens!clostridium perfringens (cp) gives several clinical settings, from an asymptomatic to a massive intravascular hemolysis. we report a case of fatal intravascular hemolysis due to cp septicemia having a hepatic supposed starting point in the emergency department. like in many cases, the diagnosis was made when patient had already gone into shock and died. the cp septicemia often complicated the course of the digestive or genital pathologies. the alpha toxin can damage the structural integrity of t ...201324151563
isolation of clostridium perfringens type b in an individual at first clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis provides clues for environmental triggers of the disease.we have isolated clostridium perfringens type b, an epsilon toxin-secreting bacillus, from a young woman at clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis (ms) with actively enhancing lesions on brain mri. this finding represents the first time that c. perfringens type b has been detected in a human. epsilon toxin's tropism for the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and binding to oligodendrocytes/myelin makes it a provocative candidate for nascent lesion formation in ms. we examined a well-characterized po ...201324146858
effects of a probiotic, enterococcus faecium, on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88.the effects of feeding dehydrated enterococcus faecium on growth performance, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88 were investigated. two hundred eighty-eight 1-d-old birds were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: negative control birds (n-con) fed a basal diet and not challenged with e. coli k88; positive control birds (p-con) fed a basal diet and challenged with e. coli k88; birds fed a basal diet including dehydrated e. faecium (ef) at ...201324135599
the tight-junction protein claudin-6 induces epithelial differentiation from mouse f9 and embryonic stem cells.during epithelialization, cell adhesions and polarity must be established to maintain tissue assemblies and separate the biological compartments in the body. however, the molecular basis of epithelial morphogenesis, in particular, a role of cell adhesion molecules in epithelial differentiation from stem cells, remains unclear. here, we show that the stable and conditional expression of a tight-junction protein, claudin-6 (cldn6), triggers epithelial morphogenesis in mouse f9 stem cells. we also ...201324116027
clostridium perfringens gas gangrene at a wrist intravenous line insertion.a patient admitted to the intensive care unit for management of hypotension following a multiple medications overdose subsequently deteriorated rapidly with sepsis. a cannula site was noted to be bruised, swollen and erythematous and the x-ray demonstrated gas sitting within the tissues surrounding the metacarpal bones. the patient was referred to the orthopaedic surgeons and quickly taken for debridement of the affected area and fasciotomies of the forearm. microbiological investigation confirm ...201324108766
cody is a global regulator of virulence-associated properties for clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718.cody is known to regulate various virulence properties in several gram-positive bacteria but has not yet been studied in the important histotoxic and intestinal pathogen clostridium perfringens. the present study prepared an isogenic cody-null mutant in c. perfringens type d strain cn3718 by insertional mutagenesis using the targetron system. western blot analysis indicated that, relative to wild-type cn3718 or a complementing strain, this isogenic cody mutant produces reduced levels of epsilon ...201324105766
in vivo antimicrobial potentials of garlic against clostridium perfringens and its promotant effects on performance of broiler chickens.this study was conducted to investigate in vivo antimicrobial potential of garlic against clostridium perferinges and resultant promotant effects on performance of the broiler chickens. garlic powder was used as an alternative to gpas (growth promotant antibiotics) to prevent subclinical necrotic enteritis (ne) due to c. perferinges. 120 day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to six treatment groups of 20 chicks each (2 replicates(-10) chicks). six isonutrient diets supplemented with g ...201324517015
antibiotic resistance of clostridium perfringens isolates from broiler chickens in egypt.the use of antibiotic feed additives in broiler chickens results in a high prevalence of resistance among their enteric bacteria, with a consequent emergence of antibiotic resistance in zoonotic enteropathogens. despite growing concerns about the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, which show varying prevalences in different geographic regions, little work has been done to investigate this issue in the middle east. this study provides insight into one of the world's most common and financ ...201324761735
clostridium perfringens infection following carpal tunnel release. 201324426895
analysis of alteration of gut microbial population under the exposure of graded hyperbaric pressures: application of metagenomic approach.gastroenterological disorders are very common at hyperbaric conditions. the present study was conducted to find out the impact of gut flora on the gastrointestinal disorders created at such environmental circumstances. for this, male albino rat were exposed to graded hyperbaric pressures (915 and 1277 mmhg) and large intestinal content was examined for microbial composition using culture based and pcr-dgge tools. after 30 day exposure, total aerobes (38.54 and 375.57 folds, 1.35 and 1.58 gdi) an ...201324416931
exploitation of fermented shrimp-shells hydrolysate as functional food: assessment of antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and prebiotic activities.in the present study the bioactivities of chitooligosaccharides of fermented shrimp-shell hydrolysate (ssh) in respect to hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant and prebiotic activity were tested in male albino rat. rats were treated with four different diets, viz., (i) cholesterol-rich (5%) basal diet (chb), (ii) chb+10% chitin, (iii) chb+10% ssh and (iv) control group (without cholesterol). after 4 weeks of treatment, body mass index, liver weight, serum total cholesterol and ldl-cholesterol in grou ...201324416927
endothelial binding of beta toxin to small intestinal mucosal endothelial cells in early stages of experimentally induced clostridium perfringens type c enteritis in pigs.beta toxin (cpb) is known to be an essential virulence factor in the development of lesions of clostridium perfringens type c enteritis in different animal species. its target cells and exact mechanism of toxicity have not yet been clearly defined. here, we evaluate the suitability of a neonatal piglet jejunal loop model to investigate early lesions of c. perfringens type c enteritis. immunohistochemically, cpb was detected at microvascular endothelial cells in intestinal villi during early and ...201323012387
microbiological quality and potential public health risks of export meat from springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) in namibia.to assess the microbiological quality and safety of export game meat; i) a total of 80 pooled meat samples for aerobic plate count (apc) and enterobacteriaceae ii) water used in harvesting and processing for microbiological quality and iii) meat and rectal contents for salmonella spp. and shiga toxin escherichia coli (stec) were evaluated in 2009 and 2010. no differences (p>0.05) in the apcs were observed between the years, but the mean enterobacteriaceae count for 2009 was 1.33 ± 0.69 log(10)cf ...201322944735
several enteropathogens are circulating in suckling and newly weaned piglets suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara, cuba.intestinal contents of suckling (n = 45) and newly weaned (n = 45) piglets, suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara in cuba, were tested for viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteropathogens from may to june 2008. at least one enteropathogen was identified in 53.3 % of piglets and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec; 25.6 %) was the major pathogen; mostly sta(+)/stb(+) or f4(+)/sta(+)/stb(+) etec were isolated. the overall occurrence of the rest of pathogens was 10 % for transmis ...201322843242
spontaneous bacterial empyema in a cirrhotic patient due to clostridium perfringens: case report and review of the literature.we report a case of a cirrhotic patient who developed a spontaneous bacterial empyema due to clostridium perfringens. to our knowledge, only two cases of spontaneous bacterial empyema due to c. perfringens in cirrhotic patients were previously reported in literature. it should be suspected in a child c cirrhotic patient, with a previous history of pleural effusion, fever and dyspnea. it has a fatal outcome as far as it has been described.201322749506
spontaneous clostridium perfringens myonecrosis: case report, radiologic findings, and literature review.the utility of computed tomography (ct) has not been studied in the initial evaluation of a patient with suspected spontaneous clostridial myonecrosis. here, we present a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) and neutropenia who developed spontaneous clostridium perfringens myonecrosis after induction chemotherapy. although suspected, the patient's symptoms and physical exam findings were not specific for clostridial myonecrosis. ct confirmed the diagnosis and helped direct surgical in ...201327330636
nonclinical development of bcg replacement vaccine candidates.the failure of current mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccines, given to neonates to protect against adult tuberculosis and the risk of using these live vaccines in hiv-infected infants, has emphasized the need for generating new, more efficacious and safer replacement vaccines. with the availability of genetic techniques for constructing recombinant bcg (rbcg) strains containing well-defined gene deletions or insertions, new vaccine candidates are under evaluation at both the ...201326343962
application of a real-time pcr method for salmonella spp., escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens detection in water samples.the diagnostic assessment of water sanitary state is based mainly on the cultivation of bacteria retained on membrane filters. however classical microbiology methods have a lot of disadvantages. more and more frequently, rapid detection and identification of pathogens present in water is based on molecular biology techniques. the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and usefulness of a real-time pcr method, when compared to the recommended bacteria culture method, in diagnostics ...201324730140
short- and medium-chain fatty acids as a feed supplement for weaning and nursery pigs.the effect of supplementing piglet diets with acidifiers containing the short-chain fatty acids - scfa (propionic c3 and formic) together with medium-chain fatty acids -- mcfa (caprylic c8 and capric c10) on performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, intestinal microflora and small intestine structure was investigated. the study was performed on 326 piglets allocated to 5 experimental groups. they were fed a standard diet (group i - control) or a standard diet supplemented with 0.5% propionic ...201324597298
the sensing of membrane microdomains based on pore-forming toxins.membrane rafts are transient and unstable membrane microdomains that are enriched in sphingolipids, cholesterol, and specific proteins. they are involved in intracellular trafficking, signal transduction, pathogen entry, and attachment of various ligands. increasing experimental evidence on the crucial biological roles of membrane rafts under normal and pathological conditions require new techniques for their structural and functional characterization. in particular, fluorescence-labeled cytolyt ...201323244522
molecular architecture and functional analysis of netb, a pore-forming toxin from clostridium perfringens.netb is a pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been reported to play a major role in the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis, a disease that has emerged due to the removal of antibiotics in animal feedstuffs. here we present the crystal structure of the pore form of netb solved to 3.9 å. the heptameric assembly shares structural homology to the staphylococcal α-hemolysin. however, the rim domain, a region that is thought to interact with the target cell membrane, s ...201323239883
prevalence and characterization of clostridium perfringens from the faecal microbiota of elderly irish subjects.the aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota of elderly subjects using a combination of culture-dependent techniques and 16s rrna gene amplicon sequencing. the study was performed as part of the eldermet project, in which 368 faecal samples were assessed for viable numbers of bifidobacterium spp., lactobacillus spp. and enterobacteriaceae on selective agar. however, the bifidobacterium selective medium used also supported the growth of clost ...201323222860
fate of pathogen indicators in a domestic blend of food waste and wastewater through a two-stage anaerobic digestion system.anaerobic digestion is a viable on-site treatment technology for rich organic waste streams such as food waste and blackwater. in contrast to large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants which are typically located away from the community, the effluent from any type of on-site system is a potential pathogenic hazard because of the intimacy of the system to the community. the native concentrations of the pathogen indicators escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens and somatic coliphage were ...201323168637
host response to intravenous injection of epsilon toxin in mouse model: a proteomic view.epsilon toxin (etx) is an extremely potent pore-forming toxin and a category b biological agent. etx is a major virulence determinant of clostridium perfringens toxinotypes b and d, and is implicated in pathogenesis of rapidly fatal economically important pulpy kidney disease in lambs caused by toxinotype d. despite being a toxin, etx can be utilized as a tool to target glutamatergic neurons and for drug delivery into the cns. 2de-ms approach was employed to elucidate the host response to etx fo ...201323165782
macedovicin, the second food-grade lantibiotic produced by streptococcus macedonicus aca-dc 198.streptococcus macedonicus aca-dc 198 was found to produce a second lantibiotic named macedovicin in addition to macedocin. macedovicin was purified to homogeneity and mass spectrometric analysis identified a peptide of approximately 3.4 kda. partial n-terminal sequence analysis and tandem mass spectrometry revealed that macedovicin was identical to bovicin hj50 and thermophilin 1277 produced by streptococcus bovis and streptococcus thermophilus, respectively. macedovicin inhibits a broad spectru ...201323122510
protein-ligand interaction study of cpoga in complex with glcnacstatin.the glcnacstatin is a potent inhibitor of o-glycoprotein 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosidase, which has been related with type ii diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. herein, hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics simulations, and potential of mean force were employed to study the interactions established between glcnacstatin and a bacterial o-glcnacase enzyme from clostridium perfringens. the results reveal that the imidazole nitrogen atom of glcnacstatin ha ...201323066949
targeting agr- and agr-like quorum sensing systems for development of common therapeutics to treat multiple gram-positive bacterial infections.invasive infection by the gram-positive pathogen staphylococcus aureus is controlled by a four gene operon, agr that encodes a quorum sensing system for the regulation of virulence. while agr has been well studied in s. aureus, the contribution of agr homologues and analogues in other gram-positive pathogens is just beginning to be understood. intriguingly, other significant human pathogens, including clostridium perfringens, listeria monocytogenes, and enterococcus faecalis contain agr or analo ...201323598501
detection and typing of clostridium perfringens from retail chicken meat parts.the objectives of the present work were to investigate the presence of clostridium perfringens in chicken meat parts (breast, wing, drumstick and leg quarter) by culture methods and to detect the cpa, cpb, etx, ia, cpe and cpb2 toxin genes by multiplex pcr. a total of 200 samples, the raw chicken breasts (n: 50), wings (n: 50), drumsticks (n: 50) and leg quarters (n: 50), were collected from various retail stores. our results demonstrated that 47 of 50 wing samples (94%), 40 of 50 leg quarter sa ...201323594116
antitoxin treatment for liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens. 201323593617
an unusual etiology of post-traumatic meningitis.clostridium perfringens and related species are well-known culprits of post-traumatic soft tissue and bone infection. however, central nervous system involvement with these organisms spontaneously or subsequent to trauma is unusual. the authors reported a case of post-traumatic meningitis in which both c perfringens and enterococcus faecium were isolated.201323588266
structural requirement in clostridium perfringens collagenase mrna 5' leader sequence for translational induction through small rna-mrna base pairing.the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens is pathogenic to humans and animals, and the production of its toxins is strictly regulated during the exponential phase. we recently found that the 5' leader sequence of the cola transcript encoding collagenase, which is a major toxin of this organism, is processed and stabilized in the presence of the small rna vr-rna. the primary cola 5'-untranslated region (5'utr) forms a long stem-loop structure containing an internal bulge and m ...201323585542
unique regulatory mechanism of sporulation and enterotoxin production in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene and gastrointestinal (gi) diseases in humans. the most common cause of c. perfringens-associated food poisoning is the consumption of c. perfringens vegetative cells followed by sporulation and production of enterotoxin in the gut. despite the importance of spore formation in c. perfringens pathogenesis, the details of the regulation of sporulation have not yet been defined fully. in this study, microarray and bioinformatic analyses identified a candid ...201323585540
presence of clostridium perfringens in retail chicken livers.chicken livers sold at grocery stores in tucson, az, usa were examined for the presence of clostridium perfringens. results showed that 69.6% of sampled retail chicken livers were culture positive for c. perfringens. genotyping of the isolates showed that all the isolates were type a, but were negative for the enterotoxin gene (cpe).201323583538
day-of-hatch vaccination is not protective against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis, caused by netb toxin-producing clostridium perfringens type a, is an important disease in broiler chickens worldwide. earlier attempts to prevent necrotic enteritis by vaccination have not sufficiently taken into account the practical limitations of broiler vaccination. in most published studies on vaccination against necrotic enteritis, multiple doses at different ages are administered, which is not practical for broilers. the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of ...201323581446
the role of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccine on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccination on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis (ne) in broiler chickens. two hundred and forty 1-day-old cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups according to the following experimental design: control group n; group pn, where birds were vaccinated with anticoccidial vaccine; group m, where birds were challenged with ...201323581444
clinical significance and outcomes of clostridium perfringens bacteremia--a 10-year experience at a tertiary care hospital.the mortality rate of patients with clostridium perfringens bacteremia is 27-44%. typically, the clinical characteristics of this infection are non-specific, which leads to considerable difficulty with the diagnosis and early initiation of appropriate therapy.201323578849
complete genome sequence of φcp51, a temperate bacteriophage of clostridium perfringens.during sequencing of the genome of clostridium perfringens strain 5147-97, a putative prophage was identified, located within a gene for a proposed flavodoxin oxidoreductase. mitomycin c induction of this strain released a bacteriophage whose morphological features examined by electron microscopy indicated it belonged to the family siphoviridae. this phage was hence designated as vb_cpes-cp51. the 39,108-bp genome includes 50 predicted open reading frames (orfs), including two that may affect sp ...201323575881
development and application of a multiplex pcr assay for rapid detection of 4 major bacterial pathogens in ducks.infections with pasteurella multocida, salmonella enterica, riemerella anatipestifer, and escherichia coli result in high morbidity and mortality, which cause significant economic loss in the poultry industry. it can be difficult to distinguish these pathogens based on clinical signs because these pathogens can cause similar clinical signs and coinfections can occur. thus, rapid and sensitive detection of these 4 major bacterial pathogens are important in ducks. the aim of this study was to deve ...201323571324
clostridium perfringens meningitis, plesiomonas shigelloides sepsis: a lethal combination.anaerobic bacterial meningitis is rare. it is extremely unusual without a portal of entry as most cases reported have been associated with trauma or neurosurgery.201323569567
dietary supplementation of young broiler chickens with capsicum and turmeric oleoresins increases resistance to necrotic enteritis.the clostridium-related poultry disease, necrotic enteritis (ne), causes substantial economic losses on a global scale. in the present study, a mixture of two plant-derived phytonutrients, capsicum oleoresin and turmeric oleoresin (xt), was evaluated for its effects on local and systemic immune responses using a co-infection model of experimental ne in commercial broilers. chickens were fed from hatch with a diet supplemented with xt, or with a non-supplemented control diet, and either uninfecte ...201323566550
immunotoxin-mediated targeting of claudin-4 inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells.immunotoxins are engineered chimeric proteins that consist of a fragment of a toxin fused to a modified antibody or growth factor capable of targeting specific cells. furthermore, these proteins can be targeted to receptors that are commonly overexpressed on cancer cells. the majority of immunotoxins function by binding to cells, translocating into the cytosol and inhibiting protein synthesis. in this study, the expression of claudin‑4 (cldn4) in various cancer cells was analysed as a potential ...201323563899
inactivation strategy for clostridium perfringens spores adhered to food contact surfaces.the contamination of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens spores on food contact surfaces posses a serious concern to food industry due to their high resistance to various preservation methods typically applied to control foodborne pathogens. in this study, we aimed to develop an strategy to inactivate c. perfringens spores on stainless steel (ss) surfaces by inducing spore germination and killing of germinated spores with commonly used disinfectants. the mixture of l-asparagine and kcl (ak) ...201323541199
dynamics of predominant microbiota in the human gastrointestinal tract and change in luminal enzymes and immunoglobulin profile during high-altitude adaptation.high-altitude (ha) visitors like pilgrims, trackers, scientists and military personnel face a group of nonspecific gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms during acclimatization to hypobaric hypoxia. in order to investigate the alteration of indigenous gastrointestinal microbiota in the development of such gi symptoms, an experiment was conducted for the enumeration of dominant cultivable faecal microbiota of 15 soldiers at base level (delhi) and during their 15-day acclimatization at 3,505 m ha (leh). a ...201323536261
a simple and sensitive quality control method of the anaerobic atmosphere for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria.the maintenance of a strict anaerobic atmosphere is essential for the culture of strict anaerobic bacteria. we describe a simple and sensitive quality control method of the anaerobic atmosphere, based on the measurement of the zone diameter around a 5-μg metronidazole disk when testing an aerotolerant clostridium perfringens strain. a zone diameter above 27 mm was indicative of acceptable anaerobic conditions.201323535206
blocking the butyrate-formation pathway impairs hydrogen production in clostridium perfringens.inactivating competitive pathways will improve fermentative hydrogen production by obligate anaerobes, such as those of genus clostridium. in our previous study, the hydrogen yield of clostridium perfringens w13 in which l-lactate dehydrogenase was inactivated increased by 44% when compared with its original strain w12. in this study, we explored whether blocking butyrate formation pathway would increase hydrogen yield. the acetyl-coa acetyltransferase gene (atob) encodes the first enzyme in thi ...201323532061
embryonated chicken eggs as an alternative model for mixed clostridium perfringens and eimeria tenella infection in chickens.the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of chicken embryo eggs is a suitable model for viral and bacterial infections. in the present study, a new approach for testing the pathogenesis and virulence of clostridium perfringens and eimeria tenella dual infections as a model using the cam of embryonated chicken eggs was developed. for this purpose, 24 specific pathogen-free (spf) embryonated chicken eggs were divided into four groups (n = 6) and designated group e, group cp, group cpe, and nc. sporozoit ...201323515571
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin h149a mutant as a platform for receptor binding studies.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx) is a pore-forming toxin responsible for a severe and rapidly fatal enterotoxemia of ruminants. the toxin is classified as a category b bioterrorism agent by the u.s. government centres for disease control and prevention (cdc), making work with recombinant toxin difficult. to reduce the hazard posed by work with recombinant etx, we have used a variant of etx that contains a h149a mutation (etx-h149a), previously reported to have reduced, but not abolish ...201323504825
clostridial abdominal gas gangrene masquerading as a bowel perforation in an advanced-stage ovarian cancer patient.the coexistence of clostridial gas gangrene and a gynecologic malignancy is extremely rare, with very few cases involving ovarian cancer. a patient originally presented to our gynecologic oncology service with stage iv ovarian cancer; she underwent a diagnostic laparoscopy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. on postoperative day 6, the patient developed severe abdominal pain, nausea, and emesis, suggestive of a bowel perforation. further evaluation confirmed that her symptoms were attributed to clostr ...201323494868
efficacy of low-dose tylvalosin for the control of clostridiosis in broilers and its effect on productive parameters.the study was carried out under field conditions in a commercial farm, and 1,440 as-hatched ross-308 broilers were included. broilers were randomly distributed into 24 experimental 4-m(2) pens (60 broilers/pen). pens were randomized to the 3 treatment groups: a) tylvalosin 10 mg/kg of live bw during 2 d, b) positive control (tylosin during 2 d), and c) negative control (no treatment). the drugs were provided in the water supply. mortality, individual bw, and feed intake were assessed. clostridiu ...201323472021
a clostridium perfringens outbreak traced to temperature-abused beef stew, norway, 2012. 201323470019
comparison of live eimeria vaccination with in-feed salinomycin on growth and immune status in broiler chickens.coccidiosis vaccines and anticoccidial drugs are commonly used to control eimeria infection during commercial poultry production. the present study was conducted to compare the relative effectiveness of these two disease control strategies in broiler chickens in an experimental research facility. birds were orally vaccinated with a live, attenuated vaccine (inovocox), or were provided with in-feed salinomycin (bio-cox), and body weights, serum levels of nitric oxide (no) and antibodies against e ...201323465765
comparative transcription analysis and toxin production of two fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants of clostridium perfringens.fluoroquinolone use has been listed as a risk factor for the emergence of virulent clinical strains of some bacteria. the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of fluoroquinolone (gatifloxacin) resistance selection on differential gene expression, including the toxin genes involved in virulence, in two fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of clostridium perfringens by comparison with their wild-type isogenic strains.201323452396
percolation analysis in electrical conductivity of madin-darby canine kidney and caco-2 cells by permeation-enhancing agents.the control of permeability through the paracellular route has been paid great attention to for enhanced bioavailability of macromolecular and hydrophilic drugs. the paracellular permeability is controlled by tight junctions (tj), and claudins are the major constituents of tj. despite numerous studies on tj modulation, the dynamics is not well understood, although it could be crucial for clinical applications. here, we studied the time (t) course of electrical conductivity (σ) in a monolayer of ...201323449326
a nitrophenyl-based prodrug type for colorectal targeting of prednisolone, budesonide and celecoxib.celecoxib is a cox-2 inhibitor drug that can be used to reduce the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma. glucocorticoids are used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. a limitation to the use of both drug types is that they undergo absorption from the intestinal tract with serious side effects. the prodrug systems introduced here involve forming a nitro-substituted acylsulfonamide group in the case of celecoxib and a nitro-substituted 21-ester for the glucocorticoids. drug release is trig ...201323416011
impact of dietary protein on microbiota composition and activity in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets in relation to gut health: a review.in pigs, the microbial ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract (git) is influenced by various factors; however, variations in diet composition have been identified as one of the most important determinants. marked changes in fermentation activities and microbial ecology may occur when altering the diet, for example, from milk to solid feed during weaning. in that way, access of pathogens to the disturbed ecosystem is alleviated, leading to infectious diseases and diarrhea. thus, there is increas ...201323410993
ischaemic intestinal perforation complicated by clostridium perfringens sepsis in a diabetic patient. 201323389817
structural and functional analysis of the pore-forming toxin netb from clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium that causes numerous important human and animal diseases, primarily as a result of its ability to produce many different protein toxins. in chickens, c. perfringens causes necrotic enteritis, a disease of economic importance to the worldwide poultry industry. the secreted pore-forming toxin netb is a key virulence factor in the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis and is similar to alpha-hemolysin, a β-barrel pore-forming toxin from staphyloc ...201323386432
bacteriocin production by bifidobacterium spp. a review.bacteriocins are ribosomally-synthesized antibacterial peptides. these compounds are produced by a broad variety of different bacteria belonging mainly to the genus bifidobacterium, to which health promoting properties have frequently been attributed. however, despite the fact that the identification of bifidobacterium-associated bacteriocins was first reported in 1980 and that they exhibit antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms such as listeria monocytogenes, clostridium perfr ...201323384878
emphysematous cholecystitis with massive gas in the abdominal cavity.emphysematous cholecystitis is a rare variant of acute cholecystitis with a high mortality rate. the combination of emphysematous cholecystitis and pneumoperitoneum is also rare. we herein describe a case of emphysematous cholecystitis with massive gas in the abdominal cavity. a 77-year-old male presented with epigastric pain and lassitude lasting for one week. a computed tomography scan demonstrated massive gas in the abdominal cavity. gas was also detectable inside the gallbladder. massive asc ...201323382645
arginine adp-ribosylation mechanism based on structural snapshots of iota-toxin and actin complex.clostridium perfringens iota-toxin (ia) mono-adp ribosylates arg177 of actin, leading to cytoskeletal disorganization and cell death. to fully understand the reaction mechanism of arginine-specific mono-adp ribosyl transferase, the structure of the toxin-substrate protein complex must be characterized. recently, we solved the crystal structure of ia in complex with actin and the nonhydrolyzable nad(+) analog βtad (thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide); however, the structures of the nad(+ ...201323382240
brain lesions associated with clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in a holstein heifer calf.a 6-month-old dairy heifer calf with no premonitory signs was acutely down after the morning feeding and could not rise. on presentation, the heifer was in right lateral recumbency and moribund with opisthotonus and left hind limb paddling. following euthanasia, gross examination of the brain revealed multifocal loss of gray-white matter distinction and extensive petechiae throughout the brainstem. on histopathological examination, there was striking white matter edema and marked perivascular pr ...201323381925
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