Publications

which factors are important in adults' uptake of a (pre)pandemic influenza vaccine?	since 2008, (pre)pandemic vaccines against h5n1 influenza have been available and pandemic vaccines against new influenza h1n1 are currently produced. in the netherlands, the vaccination call for seasonal influenza among the recommended groups approximates 70%. these statistics raise the question if adults in western societies are willing to get a (pre)pandemic influenza vaccination, for example, against avian h5n1 or swine-like h1n1 virus. a questionnaire was performed to determine the predicto ...	2009	19800997
differential susceptibility of different cell lines to swine-origin influenza a h1n1, seasonal human influenza a h1n1, and avian influenza a h5n1 viruses.	the novel swine-origin influenza a h1n1 virus (s-oiv) causes the current pandemic. its tissue tropism and replication in different cell lines are not well understood.	2009	19801200
swine flu: what to expect?		2009	19802906
influenza a (h1n1) 2009: a pandemic alarm.	at this critical juncture when the world has not yet recovered from the threat of avian influenza, the virus has returned in the disguise of swine influenza, a lesser known illness common in pigs. it has reached pandemic proportions in a short time span with health personnel still devising ways to identify the novel h1n1 virus and develop vaccines against it. the h1n1 virus has caused a considerable number of deaths within the short duration since its emergence. presently, there are no effective ...	2009	19805908
antibacterial agents in patients with swine flu.		2009	19801181
an update on swine-origin influenza virus a/h1n1: a review.	influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics that have claimed the lives of millions. the emergence of new strains will continue to pose challenges to public health and the scientific communities. the recent flu pandemic caused by a swine-origin influenza virus a/h1n1 (s-oiv) presents an opportunity to examine virulence factors, the spread of the infection and to prepare for major influenza outbreaks in the future. the virus contains a novel constellation of gene segments, t ...	2009	19809872
the first swedish h1n2 swine influenza virus isolate represents an uncommon reassortant.	the european swine influenza viruses (sivs) show considerable diversity comprising different types of h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2 strains. the intensifying full genome sequencing efforts reveal further reassortants within these subtypes. here we report the identification of an uncommon reassortant variant of h1n2 subtype influenza virus isolated from a pig in a multisite herd where h1n2 swine influenza was diagnosed for the first time in sweden during the winter of 2008-2009. the majority of the europe ...	2009	19863790
the global swine flu pandemic 2: infection control measures and preparedness strategies.	this second in a two-part unit on swine flu looks at infection control measures for nurses. during late spring and early summer, increasing numbers of people became infected with novel swine origin influenza type a virus (influenza a(h1n1)v 2009) and a global pandemic started. part 1 of this unit explored the biology of influenza viruses and the origins and characteristics of flu pandemics. this part reviews viral transmission, infection prevention and control and pandemic preparedness.	2009	19791672
swine-origin influenza virus a(h1n1)v: lessons learnt from the early phase of the epidemic.		2009	19793838
avoiding guillan-barré syndrome following swine origin pandemic h1n1 2009 influenza vaccination.		2009	19857155
preventing the soldiers of health care from becoming victims on the pandemic battlefield: respirators or surgical masks as the armor of choice.	the respiratory protective equipment necessary to protect health care workers from the novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus is not known. the knowledge gap created by this unanswered question has caused substantial debate and controversy on a global scale, leading public health organizations to feel pressured into issuing decisive recommendations despite a lack of supportive data. changes in clinical practice caused by public health guidance during such high-profile events can be expected ...	2009	19794307
spain and swine flu.		2009	19858273
h1n1 vaccine for prevention of pandemic influenza.	the fda has licensed 4 new monovalent vaccines for prevention of respiratory illness caused by a new influenza a h1n1 virus that appears to be derived from a swine strain. the 5th vaccine should be licensed soon. all of these vaccines are expected to become available in october. an intranasal formulation is expected in the first week of october.	2009	19798010
a novel h1n1 virus causes the first pandemic of the 21st century.	a novel h1n1 virus of swine origin (h1n1v ) is currently spreading in humans, giving rise to the first pandemic in 40 years. the disease is of moderate severity but has notable differences from seasonal influenza. in contrast to seasonal influenza, those over 60 years are relatively spared, a likely consequence of the presence of h1n1v cross-neutralizing antibody in this age group. most patients appear to have mild influenza-like illness and many of the complications leading to hospitalization a ...	2009	19790188
government orders supplies of swine flu vaccine to cope with pandemic.		2009	19791658
birdflu2009: avian influenza and human health. 9-10 september 2009, oxford, uk.	the birdflu2009 meeting entitled avian influenza and human health, held in oxford, included topics covering new developments in the control of seasonal, avian and swine influenza virus infection, with a focus on the human-animal interface. this conference report highlights selected presentations on sialidase therapy for influenza infection, the use of ivigs to study antibody diversity and reactivity, detecting oseltamivir carboxylate in waste water, h5n1 infection in egyptian children, preparedn ...	2009	19844852
preparing for swine flu: 10 questions that all nurses need to ask themselves.	human swine flu is spreading rapidly and it is timely to reflect on how well we as individuals are prepared for a pandemic. being prepared includes nurses not only being confident they have a mask that fits but also being practised at putting on and removing personal protective equipment safely. it also involves being familiar with the latest guidance from the department of health, having an understanding of the processes in their workplace and an appreciation of some of the ethical challenges i ...	2009	19788108
[for a predictable pandemic, an unpredictable virus].		2009	19831308
sample submissions drop despite novel h1n1 concerns.		2009	19835014
ready for swine flu.		2009	19788122
swine influenza matrix 2 (m2) protein contributes to protection against infection with different h1 swine influenza virus (siv) isolates.	a swine influenza virus (siv) vaccine-challenge pig model was used to study the potential of a conserved matrix 2 (m2) protein vaccine alone or in combination with an inactivated h1n1-vaccine to protect against h1n1 and h1n2 viruses. the h1n1-vaccine and heterologous h1n2-challenge virus model has previously been shown to prolong fever and increase siv-associated pneumonic lesions. the m2 vaccine in combination with the h1n1-vaccine reduced the h1n2 induced fever but not virus shedding. the m2 v ...	2009	19837089
code of practice to help farmers keep their pigs free of influenza.		2009	19768855
evolutionary complexities of swine flu h1n1 gene sequences of 2009.	a recently emerged novel influenza a (h1n1) virus continues to spread globally. the pandemic caused by this new h1n1 swine influenza virus presents an opportunity to analyze the evolutionary significance of the origin of the new strain of swine flu. our study clearly suggests that strong purifying selection is responsible for the evolution of the novel influenza a (h1n1) virus among human. we observed that the 2009 viral sequences are evolutionarily widely different from the past few years' sequ ...	2009	19769939
swine flu. immunisation choices risk creating local variations. pcts decide on vaccine priority.		2009	19771642
public willingness to take a vaccine or drug under emergency use authorization during the 2009 h1n1 pandemic.	on april 26, 2009, the united states declared a public health emergency in response to a growing but uncertain threat from h1n1 influenza, or swine flu. in june, the world health organization declared a pandemic. in the u.s., hospitalizations due to swine flu numbered 6,506 on august 6, 2009, with 436 deaths; all 50 states have reported cases. the declaration of a public health emergency, followed by the approval of multiple emergency use authorizations (euas) by the food and drug administration ...	2009	19775200
h1n1 (swine) flu bears watching.		2009	19780510
[combating the new influenza a (h1n1) virus. i. overview of the relevant virological aspects].	in april 2009 a new influenza virus was discovered, which spread from mexico to the rest of the world. the new influenza a (h1n1) virus is genetically related to swine flu viruses, and differs substantially from circulating human influenza viruses. it is able to spread from person to person. because it is a completely new virus, there is probably little immunity in the population. the course of the infection is relatively mild, but the virus will mutate and it is not yet certain whether this wil ...	2009	19785811
using non-homogeneous models of nucleotide substitution to identify host shift events: application to the origin of the 1918 'spanish' influenza pandemic virus.	nonhomogeneous markov models of nucleotide substitution have received scant attention. here we explore the possibility of using nonhomogeneous models to identify host shift nodes along phylogenetic trees of pathogens evolving in different hosts. it has been noticed that influenza viruses show marked differences in nucleotide composition in human and avian hosts. we take advantage of this fact to identify the host shift event that led to the 1918 'spanish' influenza. this disease killed over 50 m ...	2009	19787384
[inquired of the president of the.robert koch institute. how dangerous is mexican influenza?].		2009	19827433
nurses must consider the benefits of having the swine flu vaccine.		2009	19788107
an early 'classical' swine h1n1 influenza virus shows similar pathogenicity to the 1918 pandemic virus in ferrets and mice.	the 1918 pandemic influenza virus has demonstrated significant pathogenicity in animal models and is the progenitor of 'classical' swine and modern seasonal human h1n1 lineages. here we characterize the pathogenicity of an early 'classical' swine h1n1 influenza a virus isolated in 1931 compared to the pathogenicity of the 1918 pandemic virus and a seasonal h1n1 virus in mice and ferrets. a/swine/iowa/31 (sw31) and the 1918 influenza viruses were uniformly lethal in mice at low doses and produced ...	2009	19733889
[black triangle down] tamiflu--the wrong message?	widespread use of oseltamivir (tamiflu) has been a key strategy in tackling the h1n1 'swine flu' pandemic in the uk. is the increasing disquiet about this policy justified?	2009	19734190
straight talk with...ian lipkin: interviewed by erica westly.	how do you sequence a virus that no one has identified before? with the right technology, it's not as difficult a task as it might seem, says ian lipkin, director of the center for infection and immunity at columbia university's mailman school of public health. lipkin has been working on the technology involved with viral discovery since the late 1980s, when he became the first researcher to identify a microbe using only molecular tools. he and the center's team of about 50 researchers have iden ...	2009	19734861
swine flu agitates the adjuvant debate.		2009	19734864
australia's pandemic 'protect' strategy: the tension between prevention and patient management.	recent experience during australia's initial public health response to the swine influenza pandemic provides valuable lessons for the future. an intense containment effort lasting 7 weeks was unable to prevent local community transmission in some areas of australia; however, despite the mobility of many people living in rural and remote parts of the country, much of the outback was unaffected. by the end of the containment phase, most parts of rural new south wales only recorded low rates of con ...	2009	19737047
switching gears for an influenza pandemic: validation of a duplex reverse transcriptase pcr assay for simultaneous detection and confirmatory identification of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus.	rapid methods for the detection and confirmatory identification of pandemic influenza a virus (also known as pandemic [h1n1] 2009) are of utmost importance. in this study, a conventional reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of influenza a virus and the hemagglutinin of swine lineage h1 (swh1) was designed, optimized, and validated. nucleic acids were extracted from 198 consecutive nasopharyngeal, nasal, or throat swab specimens collected early in the outbreak (127 negative ...	2009	19794033
mark mulligan leads emory swine flu vaccine trial. interview by brooke grindlinger.		2009	19739283
influenza a/h1n1 from a pig perspective.		2009	19794877
swine flu: the present pandemic infectious disease.	influenza virus infection is the well known respiratory tract infection. swine flu is the newest atypical influenza virus infection that has just been reported since early 2009. this new disease becomes pandemic at present. in this specific article, epidemiology, symptomatology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of swine flu disease are discussed and described in the light of current literature.	2009	19796000
no pig in a poke.		2009	19797454
update on 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus.	the pandemic of a novel strain of swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) is expected to make this a difficult flu season. fortunately, this strain is relatively mild, and the principles of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment remain the same. physicians will have a number of complex decisions to make about when to test, when to treat, and when to simply reassure.	2009	19797457
primary care. reality replaces swine flu plans.		2009	19739295
swine flu: trusts wait for signal to act. managers plan when to put targets on hold.		2009	19739308
[effect of swine influenza virus and its gene reassortment on the circulation of human influenza].		2009	19799132
antiviral drug treatment for emerging swine flu.	of several infections, influenza virus infection is considered a serious problem. emerging of atypical influenza virus infection is a big challenge in antiviral drug treatment. the efficacy of antiviral drug in atypical influenza is still doubtful. in this specific article, the author will discuss and detail on antiviral drug treatment for the new emerging swine flu. the problems for antiviral drug treatment in case of swine flu are discussed. the current practice on usage of all available antiv ...	2009	19756328
the state's role and health--swine flu as a case study.		2009	19744591
systematic telephone triage of possible 'swine' influenza leads to potentially serious misdiagnosis of infectious diseases.		2009	19747941
swine origin influenza (swine flu).	swine origin influenza was first recognized in the border area of mexico and united states in april 2009 and during a short span of two months became the first pandemic. the currently circulating strain of swine origin influenza virus of the h1n1 strain has undergone triple reassortment and contains genes from the avian, swine and human viruses. it is transmitted by droplets or fomites. incubation period is 2 to 7 days. common clinical symptoms are indistinguishable by any viral respiratory illn ...	2009	19802552
the swine flu, advice giving and the reporting of adverse drug reactions.	the swine flu pandemic has gripped the headlines over the summer and its management in the uk is proving to be controversial. the government's advice to issue anti-virals to people of all ages with flu-like symptoms runs contrary to world health organisation advice. the benefits of anti-virals for children has been called into doubt because of the risk of severe side effects. concern over adverse drug reactions has prompted the medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency to urge health p ...	2009	19749660
china gears up for swine flu vaccination as virus spreads inland.		2009	19752075
initial psychological responses to influenza a, h1n1 ("swine flu").	the outbreak of the pandemic flu, influenza a h1n1 (swine flu) in early 2009, provided a major challenge to health services around the world. previous pandemics have led to stockpiling of goods, the victimisation of particular population groups, and the cancellation of travel and the boycotting of particular foods (e.g. pork). we examined initial behavioural and attitudinal responses towards influenza a, h1n1 ("swine flu") in the six days following the who pandemic alert level 5, and regional di ...	2009	19807908
european agency approves swine flu vaccines for licensing.		2009	19808835
reassortment patterns in swine influenza viruses.	three human influenza pandemics occurred in the twentieth century, in 1918, 1957, and 1968. influenza pandemic strains are the results of emerging viruses from non-human reservoirs to which humans have little or no immunity. at least two of these pandemic strains, in 1957 and in 1968, were the results of reassortments between human and avian viruses. also, many cases of swine influenza viruses have reportedly infected humans, in particular, the recent h1n1 influenza virus of swine origin, isolat ...	2009	19809504
'swine flu' hits scotland.		2009	19764693
swine flu: lessons from the first wave of a pandemic.		2009	19810263
swine flu and meningitis.		2009	19810275
chief medical officer warns that swine flu may be on the rise again.		2009	19767346
children are likely to need two doses of swine flu vaccine.		2009	19783577
identification of hemagglutinin structural domain and polymorphisms which may modulate swine h1n1 interactions with human receptor.	the novel a/h1n1 influenza virus, which recently emerged in north america is most closely related to north american h1n1/n2 swine viruses. until the beginning of 2009, north american swine h1n1/n2 viruses have only sporadically infected humans as dead-end hosts. in 2009 the a/h1n1 virus acquired the capacity to spread efficiently by human to human transmission. the novel a/h1n1 influenza virus has struck thousands of people in more than 70 countries and killed more than 140, representing a publi ...	2009	19785758
swine flu. keep calm and carry on: staff, like patients, need reassuring.		2009	19731422
swine flu. managers quietly confident as service battles pandemic.		2009	19731423
pandemic. organisations prepare for re-registration and checks. nhs calls on retired staff to help win swine flu fight.		2009	19731441
interspecies transmission and host restriction of avian h5n1 influenza virus.	long-term endemicity of avian h5n1 influenza virus in poultry and continuous sporadic human infections in several countries has raised the concern of another potential pandemic influenza. suspicion of the avian origin of the previous pandemics results in the close investigation of the mechanism of interspecies transmission. entry and fusion is the first step for the h5n1 influenza virus to get into the host cells affecting the host ranges. therefore receptor usage study has been a major focus fo ...	2009	19471865
[influenza a (h1n1): proposed guideline for hospital management of confirmed or suspected cases].	the document outlines an operational approach aimed at providing health professionals working in a hospital an indication on the key measures of hygiene prophylaxis, general and influenza-specific, and the first approach to be taken in order to diagnosis and treatment of a flu syndrome (at potential pandemic spread) caused by a new virus strain, in the context of an objectively high level of pandemic alert (phase 5 in the who scale of 1 to 6). the proposed guidelines have attempted to take into ...	2009	19529045
geographic dependence, surveillance, and origins of the 2009 influenza a (h1n1) virus.		2009	19474418
swine flu - an assessment of the australian response.	swine flu, 2009's influenza pandemic, has been in the spotlight since it began in mexico early in 2009. the global response to swine flu has been forceful in an attempt to prevent a repeat of previous devastating influenza pandemics. outside mexico swine flu has remained for the most part a mild disease, and it may turn out to be no more dangerous than seasonal influenza. however it is crucial that a rapid, effective worldwide response be mounted while the severity of this virus remains unknown.	2009	19534568
pigs might fly.		2009	19483041
analytical sensitivity of rapid influenza antigen detection tests for swine-origin influenza virus (h1n1).	a novel swine origin influenza virus (s-oiv) (h1n1) is spreading worldwide and threatens to become pandemic.	2009	19539521
pandemic or no pandemic: emergence of swine influenza a (h1n1) in 2009.		2009	19539828
preparing the outbreak assistance laboratory network in the netherlands for the detection of the influenza virus a(h1n1) variant.	late april 2009, human infection with variant influenza virus a(h1n1)v emerged in the northern americas posing a threat that this virus may become the next pandemic influenza virus.	2009	19540155
the 2009 h1n1 influenza outbreak in its historical context.	of the 16 known serotypes of influenza a haemagglutinin, 6 have been isolated from humans at the molecular level (h1, h2, h3, h5, h7, h9). 3 of these have been involved in past pandemics (h1, h2, h3). traditional pandemic surveillance has focussed on monitoring antigenic shift, meaning the re-assortment of novel haemagglutinins into seasonal human influenza a viruses during rare events of double infection with seasonal and zoonotic strains. h5, from avian h5n1 influenza, has been the major cause ...	2009	19540156
development of a real-time rt-pcr for the detection of swine-lineage influenza a (h1n1) virus infections.	a novel influenza a virus, subtype h1n1 of swine-lineage (h1n1 swl) has transmitted rapidly to many regions of the world with evidence of sustained transmission within some countries. rapid detection and differentiation from seasonal influenza is essential to instigate appropriate patient and public health management and for disease surveillance.	2009	19540799
emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza a virus (s-oiv) h1n1 virus in humans.	a recently emerged novel influenza a h1n1 virus continues to spread globally. the virus contains a novel constellation of gene segments, the nearest known precursors being viruses found in swine and it likely arose through reassortment of two or more viruses of swine origin. h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 subtype swine influenza viruses have occasionally infected humans before but such zoonotic transmission events did not lead to sustained human-to-human transmission in the manner this swine-origin influen ...	2009	19540800
diagnosis of swine-lineage influenza a (h1n1) virus infection.		2009	19541026
diagnosis of swine-lineage influenza a (h1n1) virus infection.		2009	19541028
defining priorities: swine-origin h1n1 and the mdr-tb epidemic.		2009	19541029
swine-origin influenza virus in young age groups.		2009	19541030
swine flu. after delays, who agrees: the 2009 pandemic has begun.		2009	19541958
potential for a global dynamic of influenza a (h1n1).	geographical and temporal diffusion patterns of a human pandemic due to swine origin influenza virus (s-oiv) remain uncertain. the extent to which national and international pandemic preparedness plans and control strategies can slow or stop the process is not known. however, despite preparedness efforts, it appears that, particularly in the usa, mexico, canada and the uk, local chains of virus transmission can sustain autonomous dynamics which may lead to the next pandemic. forecasts of influen ...	2009	19674455
four at-risk groups will be first to be vaccinated against swine flu, says chief medical officer.		2009	19687089
que sera, sera: evolution of the swine h1n1 influenza a virus.		2009	19735217
nurses reluctant have swine flu jabs.		2009	19736735
government tries to end confusion over swine flu advice to pregnant women.		2009	19625364
pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza ("swine flu") in australian and new zealand intensive care.		2009	19737115
when pigs fly: the avian origin of a 'swine flu'.		2009	19737300
panorama phylogenetic diversity and distribution of type a influenza viruses based on their six internal gene sequences.	type a influenza viruses are important pathogens of humans, birds, pigs, horses and some marine mammals. the viruses have evolved into multiple complicated subtypes, lineages and sublineages. recently, the phylogenetic diversity of type a influenza viruses from a whole view has been described based on the viral external ha and na gene sequences, but remains unclear in terms of their six internal genes (pb2, pb1, pa, np, mp and ns).	2009	19737421
australia's swine flu vaccination plans come under fire.		2009	19737836
performance of influenza rapid point-of-care tests in the detection of swine lineage a(h1n1) influenza viruses.	in april 2009, an a(h1n1) influenza virus of swine lineage was detected in humans in the usa, and in just over a month has infected over 10,000 people in more than 40 countries.	2009	19627374
swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic: developing countries' perspective.	since the first case of the current pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus reported to who on 24 april 2009 on the american continent, the virus has spread in 160 countries and territories. by mid-2009, there were 135,000 cases and 816 deaths recorded. pandemic preparedness is not advanced in most developing countries. effective and essential measures include heightened surveillance, early detection and appropriate medical care. the use of local resources and capacity building with the assistance of develop ...	2009	19681650
swine flu website inundated as cases in england double in a week.		2009	19633034
the community's attitude towards swine flu and pandemic influenza.	to ascertain the beliefs, perceived risks and initial attitudes of the australian community towards the influenza pandemic declared by the world health organization in response to the emergence of an a(h1n1) influenza subtype.	2009	19740048
australia's influenza containment plan and the swine flu epidemic in victoria.		2009	19740056
diagnostic assay recommended by the world health organization for swine origin influenza a (h1n1) virus cross-reacts with h5n1 influenza virus.		2009	19741084
eu prepares new guidelines for monitoring swine flu.		2009	19633041
cross-reactive antibody responses to the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus.	a new pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus has emerged, causing illness globally, primarily in younger age groups. to assess the level of preexisting immunity in humans and to evaluate seasonal vaccine strategies, we measured the antibody response to the pandemic virus resulting from previous influenza infection or vaccination in different age groups.	2009	19745214
fatal co-infection with swine origin influenza virus a/h1n1 and community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.	community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (ca-mrsa) co-infection has been described previously in association with respiratory tract infection caused by seasonal influenza a viruses, but not with swine origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv). we report the clinical and pathological findings of the first death with fulminant co-infection by ca-mrsa. since early empirical treatment with beta-lactam plus fluoroquinolone or macrolides is often initiated before specimen collectio ...	2009	19747506
molecular evolution of novel swine-origin a/h1n1 influenza viruses among and before human.	we find that the novel a/h1n1 influenza viruses exhibit very low genetic divergence and suffer strong purifying selection among human population and confirm that they originated from the reassortment of previous triple-reassortant swine influenza viruses including genomic segments from both avian and human lineages with north american and eurasian swine lineages. the longer phylogenetic branch length to their nearest genetic neighbors indicates that the origin of the novel a/h1n1 is unlikely to ...	2009	19693661
method for rapid detection of swine influenza virus.		2009	19749213
bird flu, swine flu, and resistant influenza: the scary development of antiviral-resistant strains-part 1: update for the clinical nurse specialist.		2009	19710568
swine cafos & novel h1n1 flu: separating facts from fears.		2009	19750087