Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted descending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
the european bison (bison bonasus) as an indicatory species for the circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in natural foci in poland.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in europe transmitted by ixodidae vectors. while small mammals such as bank voles and ticks constitute the main reservoirs for virus transmission, large sylvatic species act as a food source for ticks. cervids such as roe deer and red deer are considered sentinel species for tbe in natural foci. in addition, an increase of the population size and density of large wild mammals in an area corresponds to an increase in the ti ...202134358779
long-term presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in experimentally infected bank voles (myodes glareolus).tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is a vector-borne pathogen that can cause serious neurological symptoms in humans. across large parts of eurasia tbev is found in three traditional subtypes: the european, the siberian and the far-eastern subtype. small mammalian animals play an important role in the transmission cycle as they enable the spread of tbev among the vector tick population. to assess the impact of tbev infection on its natural hosts, outbred bank voles (myodes glareolus) were inoc ...202133690089
hantavirus-leptospira coinfections in small mammals from central germany.european orthohantaviruses (puumala orthohantavirus (puuv); dobrava-belgrade orthohantavirus (dobv), genotype kurkino; tula orthohantavirus (tulv)), and leptospira spp. are small mammal-associated zoonotic pathogens that cause diseases with potentially similar symptoms in humans. we investigated the frequency of leptospira spp. and hantavirus single and double infections in small mammals from 22 sites in thuringia, central germany, during 2017. tulv infections were detected at 18 of 22 sites (me ...202133612134
rodent host population dynamics drive zoonotic lyme borreliosis and orthohantavirus infections in humans in northern europe.zoonotic diseases, caused by pathogens transmitted between other vertebrate animals and humans, pose a major risk to human health. rodents are important reservoir hosts for many zoonotic pathogens, and rodent population dynamics affect the infection dynamics of rodent-borne diseases, such as diseases caused by hantaviruses. however, the role of rodent population dynamics in determining the infection dynamics of rodent-associated tick-borne diseases, such as lyme borreliosis (lb), caused by borre ...202134373474
impact of landscape on host-parasite genetic diversity and distribution using the puumala orthohantavirus-bank vole system.in nature, host specificity has a strong impact on the parasite's distribution, prevalence, and genetic diversity. the host's population dynamics is expected to shape the distribution of host-specific parasites. in turn, the parasite's genetic structure is predicted to mirror that of the host. here, we study the tandem puumala orthohantavirus (puuv)-bank vole system. the genetic diversity of 310 bank voles and 33 puuv isolates from 10 characterized localities of northeast france was assessed. ou ...202134361952
climate change accelerates winter transmission of a zoonotic pathogen.many zoonotic diseases are weather sensitive, raising concern how their distribution and outbreaks will be affected by climate change. at northern high latitudes, the effect of global warming on especially winter conditions is strong. by using long term monitoring data (1980-1986 and 2003-2013) from northern europe on temperature, precipitation, an endemic zoonotic pathogen (puumala orthohantavirus, puuv) and its reservoir host (the bank vole, myodes glareolus), we show that early winters have b ...202134228253
genetic diversity of puumala orthohantavirus in rodents and human patients in austria, 2012-2019.puumala orthohantavirus (puuv) has a wide distribution throughout europe. distinctive temporal patterns of spillover into the human population are related to population dynamics of the reservoir host, the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus). as the rodent host is tied to specific habitats with small individual ranges, puuv genetic diversity is also highly correlated with geographic distance. using sequenced portions of viral s and m segments, we determined whether geographic clusters were suppor ...202133918083
isolation and genetic characterization of puumala orthohantavirus strains from france.puumala orthohantavirus (puuv) causes a mild form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) called nephropathia epidemica (ne), regularly diagnosed in europe. france represents the western frontier of the expansion of ne in europe with two distinct areas: an endemic area (north-eastern france) where puuv circulates in rodent populations, with the detection of many human ne cases, and a non-endemic area (south-western france) where the virus is not detected, with only a few human cases bei ...202133809526
evolutionary relationships of ljungan virus variants circulating in multi-host systems across europe.the picornavirus named 'ljungan virus' (lv, species parechovirus b) has been detected in a dozen small mammal species from across europe, but detailed information on its genetic diversity and host specificity is lacking. here, we analyze the evolutionary relationships of lv variants circulating in free-living mammal populations by comparing the phylogenetics of the vp1 region (encoding the capsid protein and associated with lv serotype) and the 3dpol region (encoding the rna polymerase) from 24 ...202134372523
neutralizing ljungan virus antibodies in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes.ljungan virus (lv), a parechovirus of the picornavirus family, first isolated from a bank vole at the ljungan river in sweden, has been implicated in the risk for autoimmune type 1 diabetes. an assay for neutralizing ljungan virus antibodies (nlva) was developed using the original 87-012 lv isolate. the goal was to determine nlva titres in incident 0-18 years old newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes patients (n=67) and school children controls (n=292) from jämtland county in sweden. nlva were found i ...202134020728
hamster polyomavirus research: past, present, and future.hamster polyomavirus (mesocricetus auratus polyomavirus 1, hapyv) was discovered as one of the first rodent polyomaviruses at the end of the 1960s in a colony of syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) affected by skin tumors. natural hapyv infections have been recorded in syrian hamster colonies due to the occurrence of skin tumors and lymphomas. hapyv infections of syrian hamsters represent an important and pioneering tumor model. experimental infections of syrian hamsters of different colonies ...202134068409
experimental sars-cov-2 infection of bank voles.after experimental inoculation, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection was confirmed in bank voles by seroconversion within 8 days and detection of viral rna in nasal tissue for up to 21 days. however, transmission to contact animals was not detected. thus, bank voles are unlikely to establish effective transmission cycles in nature.202133754987
geographical distribution and genetic diversity of bank vole hepaciviruses in europe.the development of new diagnostic methods resulted in the discovery of novel hepaciviruses in wild populations of the bank vole (myodes glareolus, syn. clethrionomys glareolus). the naturally infected voles demonstrate signs of hepatitis similar to those induced by hepatitis c virus (hcv) in humans. the aim of the present research was to investigate the geographical distribution of bank vole-associated hepaciviruses (bvhvs) and their genetic diversity in europe. real-time reverse transcription p ...202134203238
disappearance of tbev circulation among rodents in a natural focus in alsace, eastern france.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) depends mainly on a fragile mode of transmission, the co-feeding between infected nymphs and larvae on rodents, and thus persists under a limited set of biotic and abiotic conditions. if these conditions change, natural tbev foci might be unstable over time. we conducted a longitudinal study over seven years in a mountain forest in alsace, eastern france, located at the western border of known tbev distribution. the objectives were (i) to monitor the persiste ...202033182764
heterogeneous puumala orthohantavirus situation in endemic regions in germany in summer 2019.puumala orthohantavirus (puuv) causes most human hantavirus disease cases in europe. puuv disease outbreaks are usually synchronized germany-wide driven by beech mast-induced irruptions of its host (bank vole, myodes glareolus). recent data indicate high vole abundance, high puuv prevalence and high human incidence in summer 2019 for some regions, but elsewhere values were low to moderate. this significant lack of synchrony among regions in germany is in contrast to previous studies. health inst ...202031674714
one-decade-spanning transgenerational effects of historic radiation dose in wild populations of bank voles exposed to radioactive contamination following the chernobyl nuclear disaster.the concept of historic radiation doses associated with accidental radioactive releases and their role in leading to radiation-induced non-targeted effects on affected wild animals are currently being evaluated. previous research studying fukushima butterfly, chernobyl bird and fruit fly populations shows that the effects are transgenerational, underlined by the principles of genomic instability, and varied from one species to another. to further expand on the responses of and their sensitivity ...202031627157
generalist eimeria species in rodents: multilocus analyses indicate inadequate resolution of established markers.intracellular parasites of the genus eimeria are described as tissue/host-specific. phylogenetic classification of rodent eimeria suggested that some species have a broader host range than previously assumed. we explore whether eimeria spp. infecting house mice are misclassified by the most widely used molecular markers due to a lack of resolution, or whether, instead, these parasite species are indeed infecting multiple host species.with the commonly used markers (18s/coi), we recovered monophy ...202032076521
patchy occurrence of cowpox virus in voles from germany.cowpox virus (cpxv), genus orthopoxvirus, family poxviridae, is a zoonotic pathogen in eurasian wild rodents. high seroprevalences have been reported previously for vole and murine species in europe. in contrast, viral dna was only rarely detected, and very few reservoir-derived cpxv isolates exist. in this study, cpxv dna and cpxv-reactive antibodies were monitored in wild small mammals for 5 years in four german federal states. screening of liver tissues of 3966 animals by cpxv real-time pcr ( ...202032013767
relationship between heavy metal accumulation and histological alterations in voles from alpine and forest habitats of the west carpathians.the interaction between toxic heavy metals and bio-elements in internal organs and femoral bones and their potential impacts on bone structural properties and renal histopathological changes in bank voles and snow voles were investigated. our results reveal that heavy metals hg and pb accumulate more in femoral bones of alpine habitats than forests. in snow voles, the parameters of the primary osteons' vascular canals (length, average perimeter and area) simultaneously decreased with an increase ...202032562226
revealing mechanisms of mating plug function under sexual selection.mating plugs are produced by many sexually reproducing animals and are hypothesized to promote male fertilization success under promiscuous mating. however, tests of this hypothesis have been constrained by an inability to discriminate ejaculates of different males in direct competition. here, we use stable isotope labeling in vivo and proteomics to achieve this in a promiscuous rodent, myodes glareolus we show that, although the first male's plug is usually dislodged, it can be retained through ...202033077605
two hundred and fifty-four metagenome-assembled bacterial genomes from the bank vole gut microbiota.vertebrate gut microbiota provide many essential services to their host. to better understand the diversity of such services provided by gut microbiota in wild rodents, we assembled metagenome shotgun sequence data from a small mammal, the bank vole myodes glareolus (rodentia, cricetidae). we were able to identify 254 metagenome assembled genomes (mags) that were at least 50% (n = 133 mags), 80% (n = 77 mags) or 95% (n = 44 mags) complete. as typical for a rodent gut microbiota, these mags are d ...202032968071
implication of membrane androgen receptor (zip9) in cell senescence in regressed testes of the bank vole.here, we studied the impact of exposure to short daylight conditions on the expression of senescence marker (p16), membrane androgen receptor (zip9) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk 1/2), as well as cyclic amp (camp) and testosterone levels in the testes of mature bank voles. animals were assigned to groups based on an analysis of testis diameter, weight, seminiferous tubule diameter and the interstitial tissue area: group 1, not fully regressed (the highest parameters); group 2 (m ...202032961828
the utility of bank voles for studying prion disease.the transmission of prions between species is typically an inefficient process due to the species barrier, which represents incompatibility between prion seed and substrate molecules. bank voles (myodes glareolus) are an exception to this rule, as they are susceptible to a diverse range of prion strains from many different animal species. in particular, bank voles can be efficiently infected with most types of human prions and have played a critical role in validating variably protease-sensitive ...202032958232
intraspecific variation of body size in fleas: effects of host sex and flea phenology.we investigated the effects of host sex and flea phenology (estimated as periods of high versus low abundance) on individual body size in four fleas of small mammals. amalaraeus penicilliger and ctenophthalmus uncinatus are ectoparasites of the bank vole myodes glareolus, whereas doratopsylla dasycnema and palaeopsylla soricis are ectoparasites of the common shrew sorex araneus. we found significant effects of host sex and phenology on the body size of all flea species, although there was no gen ...202032888066
retraction: in vitro studies of interactions between frequent and unique mrnas and cytoplasmic factors from brain tissue of several species of wild timber voles of northern eurasia, clethrionomys glareolus, clethrionomys frater and clethrionomys gapperi: a new criticism to a modern molecular-genetic concept of biological evolution. 202031701785
peculiarities of hematopoiesis in small rodents from the chornobyl exclusion zone on the background of extreme environment.radiobiological investigations of natural populations of myodes glareolus (bank vole) from the chornobyl exclusion zone, namely within a highly radioactive site of the red forest were carried out. the complex of hematological and cytogenetic parameters of the bank voles inhabiting the contaminated site was studied before the site was flooded, in 2012, and after it drained, in 2015. a significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, alterations in bone marrow and peripheral bloo ...202030033147
coxiella burnetii and francisella tularensis in wild small mammals from the czech republic.wild rodents are an important source of the tick-borne pathogens coxiella burnetii and francisella tularensis. the aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of antibodies and possible coexistence of these pathogens in wild small mammals from three localities in the czech republic. a total of 614 wild small mammals (324 apodemus flavicollis, 145 myodes glareolus, 50 sorex araneus, 48 a. sylvaticus, 40 a. agrarius, six microtus arvalis and one talpa europaea) were trapped between 2012 and 2015 ...202031848075
in vivo characterization of a bank vole-derived cowpox virus isolate in natural hosts and the rat model.cowpox virus (cpxv) belongs to the genus orthopoxvirus in the poxviridae family and is endemic in western eurasia. based on seroprevalence studies in different voles from continental europe and uk, voles are suspected to be the major reservoir host. recently, a cpxv was isolated from a bank vole (myodes glareolus) in germany that showed a high genetic similarity to another isolate originating from a cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus). here we characterize this first bank vole-derived cpxv iso ...202032093366
why hantavirus prevalence does not always increase with host density: modeling the role of host spatial behavior and maternal antibodies.for wildlife diseases, one often relies on host density to predict host infection prevalence and the subsequent force of infection to humans in the case of zoonoses. indeed, if transmission is mainly indirect, i.e., by way of the environment, the force of infection is expected to increase with host density, yet the laborious field data supporting this theoretical claim are often absent. hantaviruses are among those zoonoses that have been studied extensively over the past decades, as they pose a ...202033134187
how bank vole-puuv interactions influence the eco-evolutionary processes driving nephropathia epidemica epidemiology-an experimental and genomic approach.in europe, puumala virus (puuv) is responsible for nephropathia epidemica (ne), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs). despite the presence of its reservoir, the bank vole, on most of french territory, the geographic distribution of ne cases is heterogeneous and ne endemic and non-endemic areas have been reported. in this study we analyzed whether bank vole-puuv interactions could partly shape these epidemiological differences. we performed crossed-experimental infections u ...202032993044
extending the enterovirus lead: could a related picornavirus be responsible for diabetes in humans?we found an association between the abundance of rodents in the wild and onset of type 1 diabetes (t1d) in humans. a picornavirus named ljungan virus (lv) was subsequently isolated from wild bank voles. both picornavirus-like particles detected by electron microscopy and lv antigen visualized by immunohistochemistry was seen in islets of langerhans in diabetic wild bank voles. lv antigen has also been found in islets of langerhans in a patient with recent onset of t1d and in the commonly used bi ...202032927606
identification of a homology-independent linchpin domain controlling mouse and bank vole prion protein conversion.prions are unorthodox pathogens that cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and other mammals. prion propagation occurs through the self-templating of the pathogenic conformer prpsc, onto the cell-expressed conformer, prpc. here we study the conversion of prpc to prpsc using a recombinant mouse prpsc conformer (mouse protein-only recprpsc) as a unique tool that can convert bank vole but not mouse prpc substrates in vitro. thus, its templating ability is not dependent on sequence homolo ...202032898162
comparison of spleen transcriptomes of two wild rodent species reveals differences in the immune response against borrelia afzelii.different host species often differ considerably in susceptibility to a given pathogen, but the causes of such differences are rarely known. the natural hosts of the tick-transmitted bacterium borrelia afzelii, which is one of causative agents of lyme borreliosis in humans, include a variety of small mammals like voles and mice. previous studies have shown that b. afzelii-infected bank voles (myodes glareolus) have about ten times higher bacterial load than infected yellow-necked mice (apodemus ...202032724523
tick-borne encephalitis virus: seasonal and annual variation of epidemiological parameters related to nymph-to-larva transmission and exposure of small mammals.a greater knowledge of the ecology of the natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is essential to better assess the temporal variations of the risk of tick-borne encephalitis for humans. to describe the seasonal and inter-annual variations of the tbev-cycle and the epidemiological parameters related to tbev nymph-to-larva transmission, exposure of small mammals to tbev, and tick aggregation on small mammals, a longitudinal survey in ticks and small mammals was conducted over a 3-yea ...202032605114
distribution of ticks, tick-borne pathogens and the associated local environmental factors including small mammals and livestock, in two french agricultural sites: the oscar database.in europe, ticks are major vectors of both human and livestock pathogens (e.g. lyme disease, granulocytic anaplasmosis, bovine babesiosis). agricultural landscapes, where animal breeding is a major activity, constitute a mosaic of habitat types of various quality for tick survival and are used at different frequencies by wild and domestic hosts across seasons. this habitat heterogeneity, in time and space, conditions the dynamics of these host-vector-pathogen systems and thus drives acarological ...202032431559
selective predation by owls on infected bank voles (myodes glareolus) as a possible sentinel of tularemia outbreaks.tularemia is a widely spread zoonotic disease in the northern hemisphere, caused by the bacterium francisella tularensis. in humans, tularemia is an acute febrile illness with incidence peaks in late summer to early autumn of outbreak years, but there is no early warning system in place that can reduce the impact of disease by providing timely risk information. in this study, we revisit previously unpublished data on f. tularensis in water, sediment, soil, and small mammals from 1984 in northern ...202032349636
role of donor genotype in rt-quic seeding activity of chronic wasting disease prions using human and bank vole substrates.chronic wasting disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids. this fatal neurodegenerative disease is caused by misfolding of the cellular prion protein (prpc) to pathogenic conformers (prpsc), and the pathogenic forms accumulate in the brain and other tissues. real-time quaking induced conversion (rt-quic) can be used for the detection of prions and for prion strain discrimination in a variety of biological tissues from humans and animals. in this study, we evaluated how eith ...202031910440
temporal dynamics of two pathogenic hantaviruses among rodents in hungary.hantaviruses are worldwide pathogens, which often cause serious or even fatal diseases in humans. hosts are predominantly in the form of rodents and soricomorphs; however, bats are also described as an important reservoir. in hungary, representatives of two human pathogenic species of the genus orthohantavirus are present: the dobrava-belgrade orthohantavirus and puumala orthohantavirus. in hungarian forests, the dominant rodent species are apodemus flavicollis, apodemus agrarius, apodemus sylva ...202031821117
rodents as intermediate hosts of cestode parasites of mammalian carnivores and birds of prey in poland, with the first data on the life-cycle of mesocestoides melesi.rodents constitute an important part of the diet of many carnivore species. this predator-prey food chain is exploited by helminth parasites, such as cestodes, whose larval stages develop in rodents and then mature to the adult stage in predators. the main aim of our study was to use molecular techniques for identification of cestode species recovered from both intermediate and definitive hosts, with a particular focus on the genus mesocestoides.202032087754
lack of evidence on the susceptibility of ticks and wild rodent species to pcv3 infection.porcine circovirus 3 (pcv3) is an emerging virus, first detected in 2016 and widespread in the swine industry. although not considered a primary pathogen, pcv3 is potentially linked to several clinical conditions that threaten swine farming. wild boars are considered the main reservoir species for pcv3 infection in the wild, but recent detection in roe deer, chamois and associated ticks has complicated our understanding of its epidemiology. much emphasis has been placed on ticks, as competent ve ...202032825701
salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in wild rodents-true or false threat?transmission of pathogenic and resistant bacteria from wildlife to the bacterial gene pool in nature affects the ecosystem. hence, we studied intestine content of five wild rodent species: the yellow-necked wood mouse (apodemus flavicollis, n = 121), striped field mouse (apodemus agrarius, n = 75), common vole (microtus arvalis, n = 37), bank vole (myodes glareolus, n = 3), and house mouse (mus musculus, n = 1) to assess their potential role as an antimicrobial resistance (amr) and salmonella ve ...202032967245
associations between different laelapidae (mesostigmata: dermanyssoidea) mites and small rodents from lithuania.associations between species of laelapidae (mesostigmata: dermanyssoidea) mites and small rodents have been studied insufficiently. the aim of this study was to investigate infestation patterns of small rodent species by laelapid mites at six locations in lithuania. a total of 728 rodents were snap- and live-trapped in various locations during 2013-2016. eight rodent species were identified, namely apodemus flavicollis, apodemus agrarius, myodes glareolus, micromys minutus, mus musculus, microtu ...202032307619
molecular detection of bartonella spp. in rodents in chernobyl exclusion zone, ukraine.bacteria of the genus bartonella are obligate parasites of vertebrates. their distribution range covers almost the entire world, from the americas to europe and asia. many bartonella species use rodents as reservoirs, and while much is known about bartonella infection of rodents in central europe, its extent is poorly understood in eastern europe.202032948932
the hidden faces of a biological invasion: parasite dynamics of invaders and natives.one of the primary drivers of emerging infectious diseases (eids) is human intervention via host or parasite translocations. a unique opportunity to study host and parasite dispersal during a bio-invasion currently exists in ireland due to the introduction of the bank vole (myodes glareolus) in the 1920s. the continuing range expansion of m. glareolus within ireland presents a natural large-scale perturbation experiment. this study used the irish m. glareolus model to conduct a spatiotemporal st ...202031981672
ticks, fleas and rodent-hosts analyzed for the presence of borrelia miyamotoi in slovakia: the first record of borrelia miyamotoi in a haemaphysalis inermis tick.in slovakia, little knowledge is available on the occurrence, hosts and vectors of borrelia miyamotoi of the relapsing fever group. in the current study, 2160 questing and rodent-attached ticks of six species (ixodes ricinus, ixodes trianguliceps, dermacentor marginatus, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis concinna and haemaphysalis inermis), 279 fleas belonging to 9 species (ctenophthalmus agyrtes, ctenophthalmus solutus, ctenophthalmus assimilis, megabothris turbidus, amalareus penicilliger ...202032723657
small mammal responses to long-term large-scale woodland creation: the influence of local and landscape-level attributes.habitat loss and fragmentation greatly affect biological diversity. actions to counteract their negative effects include increasing the quality, amount and connectivity of seminatural habitats at the landscape scale. however, much of the scientific evidence underpinning landscape restoration comes from studies of habitat loss and fragmentation, and it is unclear whether the ecological principles derived from habitat removal investigations are applicable to habitat creation. in addition, the rela ...202031670888
spatial and temporal evolutionary patterns in puumala orthohantavirus (puuv) s segment.the s segment of bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus)-associated puumala orthohantavirus (puuv) contains two overlapping open reading frames coding for the nucleocapsid (n) and a non-structural (nss) protein. to identify the influence of bank vole population dynamics on puuv s segment sequence evolution and test for spillover infections in sympatric rodent species, during 2010-2014, 883 bank voles, 357 yellow-necked mice (apodemus flavicollis), 62 wood mice (a. sylvaticus), 149 common voles (micr ...202032650456
blood parasites (babesia, hepatozoon and trypanosoma) of rodents, lithuania: part i. molecular and traditional microscopy approach.wild rodents, as natural reservoir hosts carrying various species of pathogens, play an important role in the evolution and emergence of zoonotic diseases. in this study, protist parasites, namely babesia sp., trypanosoma sp. and hepatozoon sp. were studied in rodent populations in lithuania. two hundred forty rodent specimens of seven species were analysed by a combined approach using polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based techniques and traditional microscopic examination. the total prevalence ...202031897793
geographical distribution of ljungan virus in small mammals in europe.ljungan virus (lv), which belongs to the parechovirus genus in the picornaviridae family, was first isolated from bank voles (myodes glareolus) in sweden in 1998 and proposed as a zoonotic agent. to improve knowledge of the host association and geographical distribution of lv, tissues from 1685 animals belonging to multiple rodent and insectivore species from 12 european countries were screened for lv-rna using reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr. in addition, we investigated how the prevalence of lv ...202032487013
on the doorstep, rodents in homesteads and kitchen gardens.scarcely investigated in terms of small mammals, kitchen gardens and homesteads form a subset of environments. using results of snap trapping, we present the first data on small mammal species diversity, gender and age structure, relative abundance, body fitness, and reproduction parameters in these commensal habitats (kitchen gardens, homestead gardens, houses, and outbuildings). we expected that (i) house mice should be the dominant species in buildings, while striped field mice should be domi ...202032429138
circulation of rickettsia species and rickettsial endosymbionts among small mammals and their ectoparasites in eastern slovakia.bacteria belonging to the genus rickettsia are known as causative agents of vector-borne zoonotic diseases, such as spotted fevers, epidemic typhus and endemic typhus. different species of ticks, mites and fleas could act as reservoirs and arthropod vectors of different pathogenic rickettsia species. the aim of this work was to establish active surveillance of rickettsia spp. in mites, ticks and fleas collected from small mammals (rodents and shrews) in eastern slovakia. a total of 964 animal ea ...202032382991
detection of rickettsia spp. in fleas collected from small mammals in slovakia, central europe.this survey is aimed at investigation of species composition of fleas removed from small terrestrial mammals captured in rural, suburban, and urban types of habitat and molecular screening of the presence and diversity of rickettsia species in collected ectoparasites. in total, 279 fleas (siphonaptera) belonging to 9 species of 2 families, ceratophyllidae and hystrichopsyllidae, were collected from 115 (46%) out of 250 trapped small mammals of eight species (apodemus agrarius, apodemus flavicoll ...202032366189
molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of orthohantaviruses in small mammals in western poland.orthohantaviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded rna viruses harbored by multiple small mammals. dobrava-belgrade virus (dobv) and puumala virus (puuv) cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in europe. in poland, serological surveys have demonstrated antibodies against dobv and puuv in patients with hfrs. molecular evidence of dobv and puuv has been found in apodemus flavicollis and myodes glareolus, respectively, in southeastern poland, and seewis virus (swsv) has been reported ...202032314690
my niche: individual spatial niche specialization affects within- and between-species interactions.intraspecific trait variation is an important determinant of fundamental ecological interactions. many of these interactions are mediated by behaviour. therefore, interindividual differences in behaviour should contribute to individual niche specialization. comparable with variation in morphological traits, behavioural differentiation between individuals should limit similarity among competitors and thus act as a mechanism maintaining within-species variation in ecological niches and facilitatin ...202031937229
cocirculation of two orthohantavirus species in small mammals of the northwestern ukraine.rodent-borne hantaviruses have been reported in many of the countries surrounding ukraine; however, to date we have no knowledge of the viral strains circulating in ukraine within reservoirs such as the striped field mouse (apodemus agrarius), the yellow-necked field mouse (apodemus flavicollis), and the bank vole (myodes glareolus). to determine the prevalence of hantaviruses in ukraine, we captured 1,261 mammals, of which 1,109 were rodents, in 58 field sites within the province of volyn in we ...202031917639
do bank voles (myodes glareolus) trapped in live and lethal traps show differences in tick burden?in studies assessing tick abundance, the use of live traps to capture and euthanize rodent hosts is a commonly used method to determine their burden. however, captive animals can experience debilitating or fatal capture stress as a result prior to collection. an alternative method is the use of lethal traps, but this can potentially lead to tick drop-off between the time of capture and collection. in this study, in order to determine whether subjecting animals to capture stress is inevitable, we ...202032941509
applying the anna karenina principle for wild animal gut microbiota: temporal stability of the bank vole gut microbiota in a disturbed environment.gut microbiota play an important role in host health. yet, the drivers and patterns of microbiota imbalance (dysbiosis) in wild animals remain largely unexplored. one hypothesised outcome of stress on animal microbiomes is a destabilised microbial community that is characterised by an increase in inter-individual differences compared with microbiomes of healthy animals, which are expected to be (a) temporally stable and (b) relatively similar among individuals. this set of predictions for respon ...202032939769
detection and genetic characterization of puumala orthohantavirus s-segment in areas of france non-endemic for nephropathia epidemica.puumala virus (puuv) in europe causes nephropathia epidemica (ne), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs). the incidence of ne is highly heterogeneous spatially, whereas the geographic distribution of the wild reservoir of puuv, the bank vole, is essentially homogeneous. our understanding of the processes driving this heterogeneity remains incomplete due to gaps in knowledge. little is known about the current distribution and genetic variation of puuv in the areas outside th ...202032882953
effectiveness of antivirals in a type 1 diabetes model and the move toward human trials.a picornavirus (ljungan virus [lv]) originally found in bank voles has been associated with type 1 diabetes (t1d) in its wild rodent reservoir, but also associated with t1d in a laboratory rat model for the disease, the diabetes prone (dp) bio breeding (bb) rat. successful treatment of diabetes in this rat model, using experimental antiviral compounds directed against picornavirus, has been reported. in the present study we show significant clinical response in dp-bb rats using antiviral compoun ...202032758075
the effect of chronic low-dose environmental radiation on organ mass of bank voles in the chernobyl exclusion zone.animals are exposed to environmental ionizing radiation (ir) externally through proximity to contaminated soil and internally through ingestion and inhalation of radionuclides. internal organs can respond to radioactive contamination through physiological stress. chronic stress can compromise the size of physiologically active organs, but studies on wild mammal populations are scarce. the effects of environmental ir contamination on organ masses were studied by using a wild rodent inhabiting the ...202032658635
prevalence of the puumala orthohantavirus strains in the pre-kama area of the republic of tatarstan, russia.puumala orthohantavirus (puuv) causes nephropathia epidemica (ne), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) commonly diagnosed in europe. the majority of hfrs cases in the european part of russia are diagnosed in the volga federal district, which includes the republic of tatarstan (rt). the current study aims to analyze the genetic variability of puuv in pre-kama region of the rt bounded by the volga, kama, and vyatka rivers. in 2017, bank voles were caught in seven isolated f ...202032640614
the metabolic performance predicts home range size of bank voles: a support for the behavioral-bioenergetics theory.the pace-of-life syndrome describes covariation between life-history, behavioral and physiological traits; while, the emerging behavioral-bioenergetics theory proposes mechanistic links between those traits in a spatial-ecological context. however, little is known about the association between the limits to metabolic rate and spatial performance (i.e., mobility, home range size) in free-living individuals. here we show, for the first time at the intra-specific level, that mobility traits increas ...202032638120
does selection for behavioral and physiological performance traits alter glucocorticoid responsiveness in bank voles?one of the key elements of an animal's darwinian fitness is its ability to adequately respond to and cope with challenging situations. glucocorticoid hormones, such as corticosterone, affect an organism's ability to overcome such challenges. we hypothesized that changes in the glucocorticoid response curve contribute to the evolution of increased performance during challenging conditions, and tested it on bank voles (myodes glareolus) from a multidirectional artificial selection experiment, whic ...202032561625
balancing selection in pattern recognition receptor signalling pathways is associated with gene function and pleiotropy in a wild rodent.pathogen-mediated balancing selection is commonly considered to play an important role in the maintenance of genetic diversity, in particular in immune genes. however, the factors that may influence which immune genes are the targets of such selection are largely unknown. to address this, here we focus on pattern recognition receptor (prr) signalling pathways, which play a key role in innate immunity. we used whole-genome resequencing data from a population of bank voles (myodes glareolus) to te ...202032374503
isolation and characterization of new puumala orthohantavirus strains from germany.orthohantaviruses are re-emerging rodent-borne pathogens distributed all over the world. here, we report the isolation of a puumala orthohantavirus (puuv) strain from bank voles caught in a highly endemic region around the city osnabrück, north-west germany. coding and non-coding sequences of all three segments (s, m, and l) were determined from original lung tissue, after isolation and after additional passaging in veroe6 cells and a bank vole-derived kidney cell line. different single amino ac ...202032328924
orthohantavirus isolated in reservoir host cells displays minimal genetic changes and retains wild-type infection properties.: orthohantaviruses are globally emerging zoonotic pathogens. while the reservoir host role of several rodent species is well-established, detailed research on the mechanisms of host-othohantavirus interactions has been constrained by the lack of an experimental system that is able to effectively replicate natural infections in controlled settings. here we report the isolation, and genetic and phenotypic characterization of a novel puumala orthohantavirus (puuv) in cells derived from its reservo ...202032316667
isolation of infectious, non-fibrillar and oligomeric prions from a genetic prion disease.prions are transmissible agents causing lethal neurodegenerative diseases that are composed of aggregates of misfolded cellular prion protein (prpsc). despite non-fibrillar oligomers having been proposed as the most infectious prion particles, prions purified from diseased brains usually consist of large and fibrillar prpsc aggregates, whose protease-resistant core (prpres) encompasses the whole c-terminus of prp. in contrast, prpsc from gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker disease associated with ala ...202032303068
cofactor and glycosylation preferences for in vitro prion conversion are predominantly determined by strain conformation.prion diseases are caused by the misfolding of a host-encoded glycoprotein, prpc, into a pathogenic conformer, prpsc. infectious prions can exist as different strains, composed of unique conformations of prpsc that generate strain-specific biological traits, including distinctive patterns of prpsc accumulation throughout the brain. prion strains from different animal species display different cofactor and prpc glycoform preferences to propagate efficiently in vitro, but it is unknown whether the ...202032294141
high genomic diversity in the bank vole at the northern apex of a range expansion: the role of multiple colonizations and end-glacial refugia.the history of repeated northern glacial cycling and southern climatic stability has long dominated explanations for how genetic diversity is distributed within temperate species in eurasia and north america. however, growing evidence indicates the importance of cryptic refugia for northern colonization dynamics. an important geographic region to assess this is fennoscandia, where recolonization at the end of the last glaciation was restricted to specific routes and temporal windows. we used gen ...202032248595
combining genome-wide association study and fst -based approaches to identify targets of borrelia-mediated selection in natural rodent hosts.recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies provide opportunities to gain novel insights into the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation. yet to date, progress in our understanding of genotype-phenotype associations in nonmodel organisms in general and natural vertebrate populations in particular has been hampered by small sample sizes typically available for wildlife populations and a resulting lack of statistical power, as well as a limited ability to control for false-posi ...202032163646
ticks on the channel islands and implications for public health.the channel islands are british crown dependencies located in the english channel to the west of the normandy coast in northern france. whilst there have been studies investigating tick occurrence and distribution in different habitats on the mainland of the uk and in france, the channel islands have been relatively understudied. as such, little is known about whether the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus, is present, and whether there is a potential risk of lyme borreliosis on the channel islands. to ...202032046929
spatio-temporal variation of metals and organic contaminants in bank voles (myodes glareolus).environmental contamination with metals and organic compounds is of increasing concern for ecosystem and human health. still, our knowledge about spatial distribution, temporal changes and ecotoxicological fate of metals and organic contaminants in wildlife is limited. we studied concentrations of 69 elements and 50 organic compounds in 300 bank voles (myodes glareolus), europe's most common mammal, sampled in spring and autumn 2017-2018 in five monitoring areas, representing three biogeographic ...202031955071
deciphering copper coordination in the mammalian prion protein amyloidogenic domain.prions are pathological isoforms of the cellular prion protein that is responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse). cellular prion protein interacts with copper, cu(ii), through octarepeat and nonoctarepeat (non-or) binding sites. the molecular details of cu(ii) coordination within the non-or region are not well characterized yet. by the means of small angle x-ray scattering and x-ray absorption spectroscopic methods, we have investigated the effect of cu(ii) on prion protein ...202031952810
infection load and prevalence of novel viruses identified from the bank vole do not associate with exposure to environmental radioactivity.bank voles (myodes glareolus) are host to many zoonotic viruses. as bank voles inhabiting areas contaminated by radionuclides show signs of immunosuppression, resistance to apoptosis, and elevated dna repair activity, we predicted an association between virome composition and exposure to radionuclides. to test this hypothesis, we studied the bank vole virome in samples of plasma derived from animals inhabiting areas of ukraine (contaminated areas surrounding the former nuclear power plant at che ...201931905955
quaking-induced conversion of prion protein on a thermal mixer accelerates detection in brains infected with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents.detection of misfolded prion protein, prptse, in biological samples is important to develop antemortem tests for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). the real-time quaking-induced conversion (rt-quic) assay detects prptse but requires dedicated equipment and relatively long incubation times when applied to samples containing extremely low levels of prptse. it was shown that a microplate shaker with heated top (thermomixer-c) accelerated amplification of prptse in brain suspensions o ...201931830760
use of different rt-quic substrates for detecting cwd prions in the brain of norwegian cervids.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a highly contagious prion disease affecting captive and free-ranging cervid populations. cwd has been detected in united states, canada, south korea and, most recently, in europe (norway, finland and sweden). animals with cwd release infectious prions in the environment through saliva, urine and feces sustaining disease spreading between cervids but also potentially to other non-cervids ruminants (e.g. sheep, goats and cattle). in the light of these consideration ...201931819115
wildfire-induced short-term changes in a small mammal community increase prevalence of a zoonotic pathogen?natural disturbances like droughts and fires are important determinants of wildlife community structure and are suggested to have important implications for prevalence of wildlife-borne pathogens. after a major wildfire affecting >1,600 ha of boreal forest in sweden in 2006, we took the rare opportunity to study the short-term response (2007-2010 and 2015) of small mammal community structure, population dynamics, and prevalence of the puumala orthohantavirus (puuv) hosted by bank voles (myodes g ...201931788190
concentration of mercury in the livers of small terrestrial rodents from rural areas in poland.small terrestrial mammals could be used as accumulative biomonitors of different environmental contaminants, but the knowledge of the level of hg in their bodies is scant. the aim of our research was to verify the factors influencing hg bioaccumulation and to analyze the concentration of total mercury (hg) in the livers of four species of wild terrestrial rodents from different rural areas of poland: the yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), striped field mouse (apodemus agrarius), common ...201931739423
the prevalence of pathogenic forms of leptospira in natural populations of small wild mammals in serbia.the greatest epidemiological significance of leptospirosis in europe comes from the fact that it is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. however, epizootiological data, especially information on maintenance hosts such as small wild mammals, are largely missing. to fill this gap in data in serbia, we used rt-pcr for the detection of pathogenic leptospira species and analysed 107 animals belonging to six species of small wild mammals (apodemus agrarius, apodemus flavicollis, microtus arvalis ...201931549550
serologic survey of the crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection among wild rodents in hungary.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a tick-borne pathogen, which causes an increasing number of severe infections in many parts of africa, asia and in europe. the virus is primarily transmitted by ticks, however, the spectrum of natural hosts regarding cchfv includes a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. although the presence of cchfv was hypothesized in hungary, data in support of cchfv prevalence has thus far, proven insufficient. in the present study, rodents belonging to ...201931302067
light pollution affects space use and interaction of two small mammal species irrespective of personality.artificial light at night (alan) is one form of human-induced rapid environmental changes (hirec) and is strongly interfering with natural dark-light cycles. some personality types within a species might be better suited to cope with environmental change and therefore might be selected upon under ongoing urbanization.201931215409
analysis of the integrin β3 receptor for pathogenic orthohantaviruses in rodent host species.host reservoir specificity of pathogens is complex and may depend on receptor variability. for pathogenic orthohantaviruses, integrin β3 had been previously identified as entry receptor and the presence of aspartic acid residue at position 39 (d39) in human integrin β3 was described to be a prerequisite for infection of primate cells with hantaan virus (htnv). however, the role of integrin β3 in orthohantavirus infection of host animals is not completely understood. therefore, we analyzed the nu ...201931054291
the competition between immatures of ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus (ixodida: ixodidae) ticks for rodent hosts.the numbers of ixodes ricinus (l.) and dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius) larvae and nymphs attached to small mammals are influenced by interspecific competition. the present study analyses data collected over several years in two study areas: kosewo górne (mazurian district, n poland; between july 1997 and july 2009) and białowieża primeval forest (e poland; in july 2007). in total, 975 ticks were collected from striped field mice (apodemus agrarius), yellow-necked mice (a. flavicollis), bank ...201930346558
shared common ancestry of rodent alphacoronaviruses sampled globally.the recent discovery of novel alphacoronaviruses (alpha-covs) in european and asian rodents revealed that rodent coronaviruses (covs) sampled worldwide formed a discrete phylogenetic group within this genus. to determine the evolutionary history of rodent covs in more detail, particularly the relative frequencies of virus-host co-divergence and cross-species transmission, we recovered longer fragments of cov genomes from previously discovered european rodent alpha-covs using a combination of pcr ...201930704076
exposure of non-target small mammals to anticoagulant rodenticide during chemical rodent control operations.the extensive use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ars) results in widespread unintentional exposure of non-target rodents and secondary poisoning of predators despite regulatory measures to manage and reduce exposure risk. to elucidate on the potential vectoring of ars into surrounding habitats by non-target small mammals, we determined bromadiolone prevalence and concentrations in rodents and shrews near bait boxes during an experimental application of the poison for 2 weeks. overall, bromadiolo ...201930617892
parasite load and site-specific parasite pressure as determinants of immune indices in two sympatric rodent species.wildlife is exposed to parasites from the environment. this parasite pressure, which differs among areas, likely shapes the immunological strategies of animals. individuals differ in the number of parasites they encounter and host, and this parasite load also influences the immune system. the relative impact of parasite pressure vs. parasite load on different host species, particularly those implicated as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, is poorly understood. we captured bank voles (m ...201931766647
genomic and spatial variability of a european common vole hepevirus.rodents host different orthohepeviruses, namely orthohepevirus c genotype hev-c1 (rat hepatitis e virus, hev) and the additional putative genotypes hev-c3 and hev-c4. here, we screened 2,961 rodents from central europe by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and identified hev rna in 13 common voles (microtus arvalis) and one bank vole (myodes glareolus) with detection rates of 2% (95% confidence interval [ci]: 1-3.4) and 0.08% (95% ci: 0.002-0.46), respectively. sequencing o ...201931399875
molecular survey of babesia microti (aconoidasida: piroplasmida) in wild rodents in turkey.babesia microti (aconoidasida: piroplasmida) (franca, 1910) is an important tick-borne zoonotic parasite with rodents serving as reservoir hosts. in the present study, 536 rodents were captured from burdur, bartin, giresun, and yozgat provinces of turkey between the years 2010 and 2012, and blood samples were examined for the presence of babesia spp. using conventional pcr which targeted the 18s rrna gene. the sequence analysis of pcr amplicons was tested for b. microti as well as for hepatozoon ...201931143936
testing the potential of 50 khz rat calls as a species-specific rat attractant.the control of mammalian pests relies heavily on the use of pesticides that are often avoided and are not species-specific. these problems are particularly acute for pesticides used to control rats (rattus spp.). the efficacy and targeting of control could be improved by attracting animals to control measures using species-specific cues. one cue that has the potential to attract rats is the 50 khz calls they emit in positive social situations. here we test the potential of these rat calls as a s ...201930958822
host identification in unfed ticks from stable isotope compositions (δ13 c and δ15 n).determination of the ratios of natural stable isotopes (13 c/12 c and 15 n/14 n) in unfed ixodes ricinus nymphs and adults, which, in their previous stage, fed on captive wild rodents (apodemus sylvaticus and myodes glareolus), wild birds (parus major and cyanistes caeruleus) or domestic ruminants (ovis aries and bos taurus), demonstrated that it is possible to identify each host category with confidence. first, the tick-blood spacing, which is the difference between values obtained from ticks a ...201930883848
impact of vertebrate communities on ixodes ricinus-borne disease risk in forest areas.the density of questing ticks infected with tick-borne pathogens is an important parameter that determines tick-borne disease risk. an important factor determining this density is the availability of different wildlife species as hosts for ticks and their pathogens. here, we investigated how wildlife communities contribute to tick-borne disease risk. the density of ixodes ricinus nymphs infected with borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), borrelia miyamotoi, neoehrlichia mikurensis and anaplasma pha ...201931492171
concentrations of cadmium and lead, but not zinc, are higher in red fox tissues than in rodents-pollution gradient study in the małopolska province (poland).the main purpose of our research was to assess the chronic exposure of red foxes to cd, pb and zn. we have determined concentrations of these metals in the kidney, liver and muscle of 36 red foxes hunted between december 2002 and march 2003 in differently polluted areas in southern poland. tissue concentrations of pb and cd in the red foxes significantly co-varied with concentrations of these elements in the soil, and differed between the tissues. we compared concentrations of pb, cd, and zn in ...201930593652
hepatitis e virus in common voles (microtus arvalis) from an urban environment, hungary: discovery of a cricetidae-specific genotype of orthohepevirus c.hepatitis e virus is a major causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide. despite its zoonotic potential, there is limited information about the natural chain of hepevirus infection in wildlife, and the potential reservoir species. in this study, we performed a hev survey by heminested rt-pcr on rodent samples from an urban environment (in the city of pécs, hungary) and investigated the prevalence of the virus among these native rodent species (apodemus agrarius, apodemus flavicollis, apodemus ...201930499180
common vole (microtus arvalis) and bank vole (myodes glareolus) derived permanent cell lines differ in their susceptibility and replication kinetics of animal and zoonotic viruses.pathogenesis and reservoir host adaptation of animal and zoonotic viruses are poorly understood due to missing adequate cell culture and animal models. the bank vole (myodes glareolus) and common vole (microtus arvalis) serve as hosts for a variety of zoonotic pathogens. for a better understanding of virus association to a putative animal host, we generated two novel cell lines from bank voles of different evolutionary lineages and two common vole cell lines and assayed their susceptibility, rep ...201931513859
in vivo characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus in bank voles (myodes glareolus).tick-borne encephalitis is the most important tick-transmitted zoonotic virus infection in eurasia, causing severe neurological symptoms in humans. the causative agent, the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), circulates between ticks and a variety of mammalian hosts. to study the interaction between tbev and one of its suspected reservoir hosts, bank voles of the western evolutionary lineage were inoculated subcutaneously with either one of eight tbev strains or the related attenuated langat v ...201931731773
first detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodes ricinus ticks and their rodent hosts in moscow, russia.here, we report the first confirmed autochthonous tick-borne encephalitis case diagnosed in moscow in 2016 and describe the detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in ticks and small mammals in a moscow park. the paper includes data from two patients who were bitten by tbev-infected ticks in moscow city; one of these cases led to the development of the meningeal form of tbe. both tbev-infected ticks attacked patients in the same area. we collected ticks and trapped small mammals in thi ...201931447316
exploring the reservoir hosts of tick-borne encephalitis virus.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is an important arbovirus, which is found across large parts of eurasia and is considered to be a major health risk for humans. like any other arbovirus, tbev relies on complex interactions between vectors, reservoir hosts, and the environment for successful virus circulation. hard ticks are the vectors for tbev, transmitting the virus to a variety of animals. the importance of these animals in the lifecycle of tbev is still up for debate. large woodland anim ...201931336624
long-term trends of tick-borne pathogens in regard to small mammal and tick populations from saxony, germany.rodents are important in the life-cycle of ticks as hosts for immature developmental stages. both rodents and ticks are of public health interest as they are reservoirs and vectors for different tick-borne pathogens (tbp). the aim of this study was to reassess the prevalence of tbp in previously studied areas of the city of leipzig (saxony, germany).201930909955
detection of francisella tularensis in three vole species in central europe.francisella tularensis is a zoonotic, gram-negative bacterium that causes tularemia in humans. depending on its subspecies and the route of transmission, mild to lethal courses have been reported. f. tularensis subsp. holarctica is the only subspecies found in europe and affects a plenitude of vertebrates including lagomorphs and rodents. population outbreaks of certain rodent species are likely to be involved in the transmission of this pathogen. this molecular survey aims to evaluate the prese ...201930447176
bringing together what belongs together: optimizing murine infection models by using mouse-adapted staphylococcus aureus strains.staphylococcus (s.) aureus is a leading cause of bacterial infection world-wide, and currently no vaccine is available for humans. vaccine development relies heavily on clinically relevant infection models. however, the suitability of mice for s. aureus infection models has often been questioned, because experimental infection of mice with human-adapted s. aureus requires very high infection doses. moreover, mice were not considered to be natural hosts of s. aureus. the latter has been disproven ...201930391222
Refresh
firstprev
12345678910...
nextlast
Displaying items 1 - 100 of 1419