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lack of molecular mimicry between nonhuman primates and infectious pathogens: the possible genetic bases.recently, it was found that proteomes from poliovirus, measles virus, dengue virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) have high molecular mimicry at the heptapeptide level with the human proteome, while heptapeptide commonality is minimal or absent with proteomes from nonhuman primates, that is, gorilla, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque. to acquire more data on the issue, analyses here have been expanded to ebola virus, francisella tularensis , human immunode ...202133748822
development of anti-human t cell immunoreceptor with ig and itim domains (tigit) monoclonal antibodies for flow cytometry.immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death-ligand 1 (pd-l1), programmed cell death-1 (pd-1), and cytotoxic t lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (ctla-4) recently made a significant survival rate improvement in cancer treatment. t cell immunoreceptor with ig and itim domains (tigit) is expressed in t and nk cells related to their activities. it has a single extracellular immunoglobulin domain, a type 1 transmembrane domain, and a single intracellular itim. tigit binds with poliovir ...202133900817
oral vaccination approaches for anti-shiv immunity.we modified a sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) vector to permit secretion of the antigens of interest with the goal of improving anti-hiv env humoral responses in a shiv mucosal immunization composed of dna and recombinant opvs. we evaluated stimulation of systemic and mucosal cell-mediated and humoral immunity in rhesus macaques by two regimens, both involving a prime with a shivbg505 dna construct producing non-infectious particles formulated in lipid nanoparticles, administered in the oral ...202134234789
comparative evaluation of prophylactic siv vaccination modalities administered to the oral cavity.attempts to develop a protective human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) vaccine have had limited success, especially in terms of inducing protective antibodies capable of neutralizing different viral strains. as hiv transmission occurs mainly via mucosal surfaces, hiv replicates significantly in the gastrointestinal tract, and the oral route of vaccination is a very convenient one to implement worldwide, we explored three siv vaccine modalities administered orally and composed of simian immunodefici ...202032962398
[experience of application of igy-technology for laboratory diagnostics of viral infections.]the well-known advantages of class y antibodies (igy) from egg yolks of immunized hens in comparison with class g antibodies (igg) of laboratory animals traditionally used in laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases determine the stable interest of researchers in using igy for these purposes (igy technology). over the past 20 years, the obvious benefits of igy technology have been demonstrated for a number of viral and bacterial infections. goals and objectives. construction of elisa systems ...202032496717
poliovirus-binding inhibition elisa based on specific chicken egg yolk antibodies as an alternative to the neutralization test.the first application results of enzyme immunoassay system (elisa) - binding inhibition elisa (bi elisa) for the detection of antibodies to polioviruses of three types based on the use of specific antibodies from chicken yolk (igy) are presented. this variant of elisa is a "surrogate" neutralization test (nt). when comparing the results of the detection of antibodies in 90 sera of children who were vaccinated with oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines, good correlation (r = 0.67, 0.61, 0.76 f ...201930660606
immune priming and long-term persistence of memory b cells after inactivated poliovirus vaccine in macaque models: support for at least 2 doses.as a risk-mitigation strategy to minimize paralytic polio following withdrawal of sabin type 2 from the oral poliovirus vaccine in april 2016, a single full dose or 2 fractional doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) are recommended. however, limited knowledge exists on long-term persistence of immune memory following 1- or 2-dose ipv schedules.201830376091
newcastle disease virus-based vectored vaccine against poliomyelitis.the poliovirus eradication initiative has spawned global immunization infrastructure and dramatically decreased the prevalence of the disease, yet the original virus eradication goal has not been met. the suboptimal properties of the existing vaccines are among the major reasons why the program has repeatedly missed eradication deadlines. oral live poliovirus vaccine (opv), while affordable and effective, occasionally causes the disease in the primary recipients, and the attenuated viruses rapid ...201829925653
enhancing viral vaccine production using engineered knockout vero cell lines - a second look.the global adoption of vaccines to combat disease is hampered by the high cost of vaccine manufacturing. the work described herein follows two previous publications (van der sanden et al., 2016; wu et al., 2017) that report a strategy to enhance poliovirus and rotavirus vaccine production through genetic modification of the vero cell lines used in large-scale vaccine manufacturing. crispr/cas9 gene editing tools were used to knockout vero target genes previously shown to play a role in polio- an ...201829555218
acute cerebellar ataxia associated with poliovirus infection. 201713882688
israel in the elimination phase of poliomyelitis--achievements and remaining problems.following the introduction of a combined eipv and opv schedule in 1990, no more cases of paralytic poliomyelitis were diagnosed and no wild poliovirus strain was isolated in the sewage. 100% seropositivity and high geometric mean titers (gmts) to the three types of poliovirus vaccine strains and to the type 1 poliovirus 1988 epidemic strain were observed at the completion of the immunization schedule and one year later. the study of the immune profile of various age groups vaccinated with either ...20178041893
poliomyelitis in selected african and asian countries.the most common cause for the persistence of poliomyelitis in developing countries has been the failure of routine immunization programs to provide > or = three doses of poliovirus vaccine to a high proportion of infants. however, a more worrisome pattern of disease can be attributed more to vaccine failure than failure to vaccinate, as illustrated by epidemics in selected african and asian countries during the 1980s. the efficacy of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) has been shown in these and othe ...20178041892
elimination of poliomyelitis in france: epidemiology and vaccine status.in france, both inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) and oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) were used until 1983. by that time a new enhanced-potency ipv (eipv) was licensed and recommended by the french ministry of health as the vaccine of choice. ninety-five per cent of infants have received four doses of eipv by 24 months of age. no cases of vaccine-associated paralysis among either recipients or those in contact with recipients have been reported since 1983. only four wild indigenous cases of par ...20178041889
methods for poliomyelitis eradication: is there a consensus?i have been a strong advocate, for many years, for the merits of ipv for the control of poliomyelitis, and the ultimate eradication of the disease and of poliovirus from the environment (beale aj. poliovaccines: time for a change in immunization policy? lancet 1990; 335:839-842). i have also recognized how fortunate we are in the public health field to have such an excellent vaccine as sabin's opv. dr. foege has argued aloquently and cogently for an approach that uses both vaccines: opv and ipv. ...20178041878
poliomyelitis eradication in europe: programme and activities.the who regional office for europe is committed to the eradication of poliomyelitis in europe, as a part of the who effort to achieve the world eradication of polio by the year 2000. the european advisory group on epi has adapted in 1993 the operational targets for the regional eradication of polio, which focus on surveillance, outbreak response, and immunization coverage. policies recommended by who have been translated into plans for action by 9 european countries among those which still repor ...20178041877
elimination of poliomyelitis in europe: remaining problems to solve.global eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis is feasible since the causative agents, three serotypes of poliovirus, have no other natural host species and since the vaccines developed against poliomyelitis are highly effective. the who program for 'global eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis by the year 2000' has made great progress during the last few years. yet, more than 100,000 new cases of the disease still occur annually in the world. in europe, paralytic poliomyelitis is a rare disease ...20178041876
the poliomyelitis story: a scientific hegira.there is evidence that paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in ancient times, but it was not recognized as a distinct disease until the eighteenth century and did not come into prominence until the late nineteenth century when epidemics began to appear. outbreaks of increasing size were reported first in the scandinavian countries, then in the united states and elsewhere, to the surprise and consternation of the medical profession. poliovirus was first isolated in 1908, but many years of intensive r ...20172994307
laboratory surveillance of polio and other enteroviruses in high-risk populations and environmental samples.in the context of poliomyelitis eradication, a reinforced supplementary laboratory surveillance of enteroviruses was implemented in greece. between 2008 and 2014, the hellenic polioviruses/enteroviruses reference laboratory performed detailed supplementary surveillance of circulating enteroviruses among healthy individuals in high-risk population groups, among immigrants from countries in which poliovirus is endemic, and in environmental samples. in total, 722 stool samples and 179 sewage water ...201728039136
viral rewiring of cellular lipid metabolism to create membranous replication compartments.positive-strand rna (+rna) viruses (e.g. poliovirus, hepatitis c virus, dengue virus, sars-coronavirus) remodel cellular membranes to form so-called viral replication compartments (vrcs), which are the sites where viral rna genome replication takes place. to induce vrc formation, these viruses extensively rewire lipid metabolism. disparate viruses have many commonalities as well as disparities in their interactions with the host lipidome and accumulate specific sets of lipids (sterols, glyceroph ...201728242560
discovery of host-targeted covalent inhibitors of dengue virus.we report here on an approach targeting the host reactive cysteinome to identify inhibitors of host factors required for the infectious cycle of flaviviruses and other viruses. we used two parallel cellular phenotypic screens to identify a series of covalent inhibitors, exemplified by ql-xii-47, that are active against dengue virus. we show that the compounds effectively block viral protein expression and that this inhibition is associated with repression of downstream processes of the infectiou ...201728034743
ebola virus vp35 blocks stress granule assembly.stress granules (sgs) are dynamic cytoplasmic aggregates of translationally silenced mrnas that assemble in response to environmental stress. sgs appear to play an important role in antiviral innate immunity and many viruses have evolved to block or subvert sgs components for their own benefit. here, we demonstrate that intracellular ebola virus (ebov) replication and transcription-competent virus like particles (trvlp) infection does not lead to sg assembly but leads to a blockade to arsenite-i ...201728013103
uncovering oxysterol-binding protein (osbp) as a target of the anti-enteroviral compound ttp-8307.the genus enterovirus (e.g. poliovirus, coxsackievirus, rhinovirus) of the picornaviridae family of positive-strand rna viruses includes many important pathogens linked to a range of acute and chronic diseases for which no approved antiviral therapy is available. targeting a step in the life cycle that is highly conserved provides an attractive strategy for developing broad-range inhibitors of enterovirus infection. a step that is currently explored as a target for the development of antivirals ...201728088354
mutations in encephalomyocarditis virus 3a protein uncouple the dependency of genome replication on host factors phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase iiiα and oxysterol-binding protein.positive-strand rna [(+)rna] viruses are true masters of reprogramming host lipid trafficking and synthesis to support virus genome replication. via their membrane-associated 3a protein, picornaviruses of the genus enterovirus (e.g., poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and rhinovirus) subvert golgi complex-localized phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase iiiβ (pi4kb) to generate "replication organelles" (ros) enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (pi4p). pi4p lipids serve to accumulate oxysterol-binding p ...201727303747
surveillance of poliomyelitis in northern italy: results of acute flaccid paralysis surveillance and environmental surveillance, 2012-2015.although in the last years poliovirus (pv) transmission has been reported at the lowest levels ever recorded, the spread of virus from endemic countries endures; the high levels of immigration flows across the mediterranean sea jeopardize italy for pv reintroduction. the world health organization (who) strategic plan for global poliomyelitis (polio) eradication indicates the nationwide surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) as the gold standard for detecting cases of polio. in addition, t ...201727929744
the uncoupling of catalysis and translocation in the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase.the nucleotide addition cycle of nucleic acid polymerases includes two major events: the pre-chemistry active site closure leading to the addition of one nucleotide to the product chain; the post-chemistry translocation step moving the polymerase active site one position downstream on its template. in viral rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrps), structural and biochemical evidences suggest that these two events are not tightly coupled, unlike the situation observed in a-family polymerases such a ...201728277928
microrna screening identifies mir-134 as a regulator of poliovirus and enterovirus 71 infection.micrornas (mirnas) regulate virus replication through multiple mechanisms. poliovirus causes a highly debilitating disease and though global efforts to eradicate polio have sharply decreased polio incidence, unfortunately three countries (afghanistan, nigeria and pakistan) remain polio-endemic. we hypothesize that understanding the host factors involved in polio replication will identify novel prophylactic and therapeutic targets against polio and related viruses. in this data set, employing gen ...201728248924
acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in bosnia and herzegovina: recent isolation of two sabin like type 2 poliovirus.the who regional commission for the certification of poliomyelitis eradication has recently indicated bosnia and herzegovina (b&h) as a high risk country for transmission, following importation, of wild poliovirus (wpv) or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cvdpv). we analyzed data on acute flaccid paralysis (afp) surveillance between 2007 to 2016, and the trend of polio immunization coverage in b&h. the majority of afp cases was recorded in 2016 suggesting an enhancement of the afp surveil ...201728390186
vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis unmasking common variable immunodeficiency.oral polio vaccine can rarely lead to vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp).201728361789
pathogenic events in a nonhuman primate model of oral poliovirus infection leading to paralytic poliomyelitis.despite a great deal of prior research, the early pathogenic events in natural oral poliovirus infection remain poorly defined. to establish a model for study, we infected 39 macaques by feeding single high doses of the virulent mahoney strain of wild type 1 poliovirus. doses ranging from10(7)-10(9) tcid50 consistently infected all animals, and most monkeys receiving 10(8) or 10(9) tcid50 developed paralysis. there was no apparent difference in the susceptibility of the three macaque species (rh ...201728356537
estimation of polio infection prevalence from environmental surveillance data.a major obstacle to eradicating polio is that poliovirus from endemic countries can be reintroduced to polio-free countries. environmental surveillance (es) can detect poliovirus from sewage or wastewaters samples, even in the absence of patients with paralysis. es is underused, in part because its sensitivity is unknown. we used two unique data sets collected during a natural experiment provided by the 2013 polio outbreak in israel: es data from different locations and records of supplemental i ...201728356510
characterization of human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize multiple poliovirus serotypes.following the eradication of wild poliovirus (pv), achieving and maintaining a polio-free status will require eliminating potentially pathogenic pv strains derived from the oral attenuated vaccine. for this purpose, a combination of non-cross-resistant drugs, such as small molecules and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs), may be ideal. we previously isolated chimpanzee and human mabs capable of neutralizing multiple pv types (cross-neutralization). here, we describe three additional human ...201728343771
the evolutionary pathway to virulence of an rna virus.paralytic polio once afflicted almost half a million children each year. the attenuated oral polio vaccine (opv) has enabled world-wide vaccination efforts, which resulted in nearly complete control of the disease. however, poliovirus eradication is hampered globally by epidemics of vaccine-derived polio. here, we describe a combined theoretical and experimental strategy that describes the molecular events leading from opv to virulent strains. we discover that similar evolutionary events occur i ...201728340348
experimental evolution to study virus emergence.understanding how viruses adapt to new environments and acquire new phenotypes is critical for developing comprehensive responses to outbreaks. by studying the emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks, stern et al. describe how a combination of sequence analysis and experimental evolution can be used to reveal adaptive pathways.201728340335
immunogenicity and safety of primary and booster vaccination with 2 investigational formulations of diphtheria, tetanus and haemophilus influenzae type b antigens in a hexavalent dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib combination vaccine in comparison with the licensed infanrix hexa.safety and immunogenicity of 2 investigational formulations of diphtheria, tetanus and haemophilus influenzae type b antigens of the combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis b-inactivated poliomyelitis-hib vaccine (dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib) were evaluated in a primary (nct01248884) and a booster vaccination (nct01453998) study. in the primary study, 721 healthy infants (randomized 1:1:1) received 3 doses of dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib formulation a (datapa-hbv-ipv/hib), or b (dbtbpa-hbv-ipv/hib) o ...201728340322
global eradication of measles: are we poised?measles, a highly infectious viral disease is the next target for eradication following poliovirus. decades of experience with highly effective vaccination has invigorated us to take on this virus. the task is not only titanic but is laced with intricate issues. recently, an outbreak of fever with rash occurred on a tertiary care teaching hospital campus and was confirmed serologically as measles outbreak by igmelisa. therefore, we searched the literature related to outbreaks, transmission of th ...201728303812
hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes after administration of hexavalent dtp-based combination vaccine: a description of 12 cases.hypotonic-hyporesponsive (hhe) episodes are known and recognized phenomena, which typically occur within 48 hours of immunisation..our aim is to describe 12 cases of hhe brought to the center of pediatric sleep medicine, with attention to the clinical features of the episode and their follow-up. medical charts of infants visited between 2005-2015 were reviewed. twelve infants showed a hhe using hhe using brighton collaboration criteria. all infants received a hexavalent diphtheria -tetanus -pert ...201728301267
plaques formed by mutagenized viral populations have elevated coinfection frequencies.the plaque assay is a common technique used to measure virus concentrations and is based upon the principle that each plaque represents a single infectious unit. as such, the number of plaques is expected to correlate linearly with the virus dilution plated, and each plaque should be formed by a single founder virus. here, we examined whether more than one virus can contribute to plaque formation. by using genetic and phenotypic assays with genetically marked polioviruses, we found that multiple ...201728292984
understanding 'perceptions' is critical for all vaccination efforts, not only polio eradication.because pakistan is the country with the most daunting challenges for ending transmission of endemic poliovirus, the work of habib et al in this issue is critical for achieving polio eradication globally. understanding why immunization programs are not reaching all children is important for success in reducing spread of all vaccine preventable diseases. the methods and insights are important for public health generalists, not only those employed in the pursuit of polio eradication.201728275258
the autophagic machinery in viral exocytosis.the discovery of the molecular machinery of autophagy, namely atg proteins, was awarded with the nobel prize in physiology and medicine to yoshinori ohsumi in 2016. while this machinery was originally identified by its ability to allow cells to survive starvation via lysosomal degradation to recycle cellular components, it has recently become apparent that it also is used by cells to secrete cytoplasmic constituents. furthermore, viruses have learned to use this atg supported exocytosis to exit ...201728270807
[study on the failure time of the vaccine vial monitor used for oral poliovirus vaccine at 25 ℃ and 37 ℃].objective: to evaluate the failure time of vaccine vial monitor (vvm) used for oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) at 25 ℃ and 37 ℃. methods: 160 copies of vvm were produced by a company, the model was qm5d37a, samples were taken from different batches by using the method of random number table . 100 bottles of vaccine were produced by a domestic company, and samples were taken from different batches by using the method of random number table. 160 copies of labels were placed in the incubator at 25 ℃ ...201728260340
antigenic fingerprinting of diphtheria toxoid adsorbed to aluminium phosphate.the antigenicity of alum-adsorbed diphtheria toxoid (dtd) was determined in combination vaccines, containing dtd, tetanus toxoid and inactivated poliovirus. a panel of monoclonal antibodies was used, covering five epitopes, distributed over the antigen. the resulting antigenic fingerprint of dtd demonstrates consistency of adsorption at antigen level in final product combination vaccines. the antigenic quality of dtd alone, adsorbed to aluminium phosphate, was also determined and compared with p ...201728259519
response to a large polio outbreak in a setting of conflict - middle east, 2013-2015.as the world advances toward the eradication of polio, outbreaks of wild poliovirus (wpv) in polio-free regions pose a substantial risk to the timeline for global eradication. countries and regions experiencing active conflict, chronic insecurity, and large-scale displacement of persons are particularly vulnerable to outbreaks because of the disruption of health care and immunization services (1). a polio outbreak occurred in the middle east, beginning in syria in 2013 with subsequent spread to ...201728253229
measles virus enters breast and colon cancer cell lines through a pvrl4-mediated macropinocytosis pathway.measles virus (mev) is a member of the family paramixoviridae that causes a highly contagious respiratory disease, but has emerged as a promising oncolytic platform. previous studies of mev entry have focused on the identification of cellular receptors. however, the endocytic and trafficking pathways utilized during mev entry remain poorly described. the contribution of each endocytic pathway has been examined in cells that express mev receptors, slam (signaling lymphocyte-activating molecule) a ...201728250131
continued endemic wild poliovirus transmission in security-compromised areas - nigeria, 2016.on august 10, 2016, 2 years after the most recent wild poliovirus (wpv) case was reported in nigeria (in july 2014) (1), two wpv cases were reported in the northeastern state of borno, which has been severely affected by insurgency-related insecurity since 2013. on september 9 and 26, 2016, two additional wpv cases were reported in borno in children whose families migrated from security-compromised, inaccessible areas of the state. all four cases were wpv serotype 1 (wpv1), with genetic differen ...201728233765
immunity against vaccine-preventable diseases in finnish pediatric healthcare workers in 2015.healthcare workers (hcws) pose a risk to themselves and their patients if not protected against vaccine-preventable diseases. alarmingly, lacking immunity has been reported in several studies. we assessed the immunity against vaccine-preventable diseases in 157 pediatric hcws in helsinki children's hospital. the hcws enrolled answered a questionnaire and gave a serum sample. antibodies were measured with eia against mmr-diseases, tetanus and diphtheria toxins, hepatitis b (hbv), hepatitis a (hav ...201728233625
continued endemic wild poliovirus transmission in security-compromised areas – nigeria, 2016. 201728233482
investigation of the role of protein kinase d in human rhinovirus replication.picornavirus replication is known to cause extensive remodelling of golgi and endoplasmic reticulum membranes and a number of the host proteins involved in the viral replication complex have been identified, including oxysterol binding protein (osbp) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase iii beta (pi4kb). since both osbp and pi4kb are substrates for protein kinase d (pkd) and pkd is known to be involved in the control of golgi vesicular and lipid transport, we hypothesised that pkd played a role in ...201728228588
evaluation of real-time rt-pcr assays for detection and quantification of norovirus genogroups i and ii.noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) is a promising molecular method for the detection of noroviruses. in this study, the performance of three taqman real-time rt-pcr assays was assessed, which were one commercially available real-time rt-pcr kit (assay a: norovirus real time rt-pcr kit) and two in-house real-time rt-pcr assays (assay b: lightcycler rna master hybprobe and assay c: realt ...201728224385
[genotype distribution of human enteroviruses isolated from swage in shanghai during year 2013-2014].objective: to explore the time and genotype distribution of human enterovirus (hev) isolated from sewage in shanghai in 2013-2014. methods: one sewage sample each was collected from two local sewage plants located in minhang district and jiading district on the same day at the day 24-28 of every month from 2013 to 2014. each sample weighed 1 l. the specimens were concentrated by anionic membrane absorption, eluted with beef extract solution, and then used to inoculate rd, hep-2, and l20b cell li ...201728219155
comparison of culture, single and multiplex real-time pcr for detection of sabin poliovirus shedding in recently vaccinated indian children.although, culture is considered the gold standard for poliovirus detection from stool samples, real-time pcr has emerged as a faster and more sensitive alternative. detection of poliovirus from the stool of recently vaccinated children by culture, single and multiplex real-time pcr was compared. of the 80 samples tested, 55 (68.75%) were positive by culture compared to 61 (76.25%) and 60 (75%) samples by the single and one step multiplex real-time pcr assays respectively. real-time pcr (singlepl ...201728213965
errata: vol. 66, no. 1.in the report "guidance for assessment of poliovirus vaccination status and vaccination of children who have received poliovirus vaccine outside the united states," on page 24, under the section "children with documentation of poliovirus vaccination." the first paragraph should have read as follows.201728207687
next generation inactivated poliovirus vaccine: the future has arrived. 201728200099
comparison of ipv to topv week 39 boost of primary opv vaccination in indian infants: an open labelled randomized controlled trial.the final endgame strategy of global polio eradication initiative includes switching from trivalent oral poliovirus vaccines (topv) to bivalent oral polio vaccine (bopv), and introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv). this study compares ipv with topv week 39 boost in indian infants.201728194449
vial usage, device dead space, vaccine wastage, and dose accuracy of intradermal delivery devices for inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv).intradermal delivery of a fractional dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) offers potential benefits compared to intramuscular (im) delivery, including possible cost reductions and easing of ipv supply shortages. objectives of this study were to assess intradermal delivery devices for dead space, wastage generated by the filling process, dose accuracy, and total number of doses that can be delivered per vial.201728189403
glutathione is a highly efficient thermostabilizer of poliovirus sabin strains.glutathione (gsh) is the most abundant thiol peptide in animal cells and has a critical role in antioxidation. gsh was reported to be essential for stabilization of some enteroviruses, including poliovirus (pv), during viral morphogenesis. here, we explored the potential use of gsh as a thermostabilizer of oral poliomyelitis vaccine (opv) formulations. gsh significantly protected the three types of pv from heat-inactivation in a concentration-dependent manner. at a gsh concentration of 20mm, nea ...201728189401
hepatic stellate cell interferes with nk cell regulation of fibrogenesis via curcumin induced senescence of hepatic stellate cell.hepatic fibrosis, a common scarring response to various forms of chronic liver injury, is a precursor to cirrhosis and liver cancer. during liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cells (hscs) initially activate and proliferate, which are responsible for the secretion of extracellular matrix components. however, these cells eventually senesce and are cleared by natural killer (nk) cells. our previous researches have shown that the natural product curcumin could promote the senescence of activated hsc. ...201728188823
a novel enterovirus 96 circulating in china causes hand, foot, and mouth disease.enterovirus 96 (ev-96) is a recently described member of the species enterovirus c and is associated with paralysis and myelitis. in this study, using metagenomic sequencing, we identified a new enterovirus 96 strain (ev-96-sz/gd/chn/2014) as the sole pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). a genomic comparison showed that ev-96-sz/gd/chn/2014 is most similar to the ev-96-05517 strain (85% identity), which has also been detected in guangdong province. this is the first time that m ...201728176160
the need to optimize adolescent immunization.the adolescent period heralds the pediatric patient's transition into adulthood. it is a time of dynamic development during which effective preventive care measures can promote safe behaviors and the development of lifelong health habits. one of the foundations of preventive adolescent health care is timely vaccination, and every visit can be viewed as an opportunity to update and complete an adolescent's immunizations.in the past decade, the adolescent immunization schedule has expanded to incl ...201728167517
immunogenicity and safety evaluation of bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine by comparing different poliomyelitis vaccination schedules in china: a randomized controlled non-inferiority clinical trial.the type 2 component of the oral poliovirus vaccine is targeted for global withdrawal through a switch from the trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (topv) to a bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bopv). the switch is intended to prevent paralytic polio caused by circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2. we aimed to assess the immunogenicity and safety profile of 6 vaccination schedules with different sequential doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv), topv, or bopv.201728362135
exploring new packaging and delivery options for the immunization supply chain.a variety of vaccine packaging and delivery technologies may benefit the immunization supply chain. these include alternative primary packaging, such as blow-fill-seal polymer containers, and novel delivery technologies, such intradermal delivery devices, microarray patches, and sublingual formulations of vaccines, and others in development. the potential timeline to availability of these technologies varies and depends on their stage of development and the type of data necessary to achieve lice ...201728364941
enhancement of cytokine-driven nk cell ifn-γ production after vaccination of hcmv infected africans.human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection drives the phenotypic and functional differentiation of nk cells, thereby influencing the responses of these cells after vaccination. nk cell functional differentiation is particularly advanced in african populations with universal exposure to hcmv. to investigate the impact of advanced differentiation on vaccine-induced responses, we studied nk cell function before and after vaccination with trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) or diphtheria, tetanus, pertuss ...201728383105
surveillance systems to track progress toward polio eradication - worldwide, 2015-2016.global measures to eradicate polio began in 1988; as of 2014, four of six world health organization (who) regions have been certified polio-free. within the two endemic regions (african and eastern mediterranean), nigeria, afghanistan, and pakistan have never interrupted transmission of wild poliovirus (wpv) (1). the primary means of detecting poliovirus transmission is surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (afp) among children aged <15 years, combined with collection and testing of stool spe ...201728384129
identification of novel 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one derivatives as antiviral agents.discovery of novel antiviral agents is essential because viral infection continues to threaten human life globally. various heterocyclic small molecules have been developed as antiviral agents. the 5,6-dimethoxy indan-1-one nucleus is of considerable interest as this ring is the key constituent in a range of bioactive compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, and often of considerable complexity.201728359234
single amino acid fingerprinting of the human antibody repertoire with high density peptide arrays.the antibody species that patrol in a patient's blood are an invaluable part of the immune system. while most of them shield us from life-threatening infections, some of them do harm in autoimmune diseases. if we knew exactly all the antigens that elicited all the antibody species within a group of patients, we could learn which ones correlate with immune protection, are irrelevant, or do harm. here, we demonstrate an approach to this question: first, we use a plethora of phage-displayed peptide ...201728167275
picornavirus rna is protected from cleavage by ribonuclease during virion uncoating and transfer across cellular and model membranes.picornaviruses are non-enveloped rna viruses that enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. because they lack an envelope, picornaviruses face the challenge of delivering their rna genomes across the membrane of the endocytic vesicle into the cytoplasm to initiate infection. currently, the mechanism of genome release and translocation across membranes remains poorly understood. within the enterovirus genus, poliovirus, rhinovirus 2, and rhinovirus 16 have been proposed to release their geno ...201728166307
a novel mechanism underlying the innate immune response induction upon viral-dependent replication of host cell mrna: a mistake of +srna viruses' replicases.viruses are lifeless particles designed for setting virus-host interactome assuring a new generation of virions for dissemination. this interactome generates a pressure on host organisms evolving mechanisms to neutralize viral infection, which places the pressure back onto virus, a process known as virus-host cell co-evolution. positive-single stranded rna (+srna) viruses are an important group of viral agents illustrating this interesting phenomenon. during replication, their genomic +srna is e ...201728164038
introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine leading into the polio eradication endgame strategic plan; hangzhou, china, 2010-2014.china's expanded program on immunization (epi) has provided 4 doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) since the 1970s. inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) became available in 2010 in hangzhou as a private-sector, parent-chosen alternative to opv. in 2015, who recommended that countries with all-opv vaccination schedules introduce at least one dose of ipv, to mitigate risk associated with the withdrawal of type 2 opv. we analyzed polio vaccine coverage and utilization in hangzhou to determine pat ...201728161421
concomitant administration of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccine derived from sabin strains (dtap-sipv) with pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in japanese infants.rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. most children are infected with rotavirus, and the health and economic burdens of rotavirus gastroenteritis on healthcare systems and families are considerable. in 2012 pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (rv5) and diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccine derived from sabin strains (dtap-sipv) were licensed in japan. we examined the immunogenicity and safety of dtap-sipv whe ...201728140752
understanding 'perceptions' is critical for all vaccination efforts, not only polio eradication.because pakistan is the country with the most daunting challenges for ending transmission of endemic poliovirus, the work of habib et al in this issue is critical for achieving polio eradication globally. understanding why immunization programs are not reaching all children is important for success in reducing spread of all vaccine preventable diseases. the methods and insights are important for public health generalists, not only those employed in the pursuit of polio eradication.201728115733
long-term evaluation of mucosal and systemic immunity and protection conferred by different polio booster vaccines.oral polio vaccine (opv) and inactivated polio vaccine (ipv) have distinct advantages and limitations. ipv does not provide mucosal immunity and introduction of ipv to mitigate consequences of circulating vaccine-derived polio virus from opv has very limited effect on transmission and opv campaigns are essential for interrupting wild polio virus transmission, even in developed countries with a high coverage of ipv and protected sewer systems. the problem is magnified in many countries with limit ...201728111147
genetically thermo-stabilised, immunogenic poliovirus empty capsids; a strategy for non-replicating vaccines.while wild type polio has been nearly eradicated there will be a need to continue immunisation programmes for some time because of the possibility of re-emergence and the existence of long term excreters of poliovirus. all vaccines in current use depend on growth of virus and most of the non-replicating (inactivated) vaccines involve wild type viruses known to cause poliomyelitis. the attenuated vaccine strains involved in the eradication programme have been used to develop new inactivated vacci ...201728103317
triphosphate reorientation of the incoming nucleotide as a fidelity checkpoint in viral rna-dependent rna polymerases.the nucleotide incorporation fidelity of the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is important for maintaining functional genetic information but, at the same time, is also important for generating sufficient genetic diversity to escape the bottlenecks of the host's antiviral response. we have previously shown that the structural dynamics of the motif d loop are closely related to nucleotide discrimination. previous studies have also suggested that there is a reorientation of the triphospha ...201728100782
the polio endgame: rationale behind the change in immunisation.the decades long effort to eradicate polio is nearing the final stages and oral polio vaccine (opv) is much to thank for this success. as cases of wild poliovirus continue to dwindle, cases of paralysis associated with opv itself have become a concern. as type-2 poliovirus (one of three) has been certified eradicated and a large proportion of opv-related paralysis is caused by the type-2 component of opv, the world health assembly endorsed the phased withdrawal of opv and the introduction of ina ...201728096107
guidance for assessment of poliovirus vaccination status and vaccination of children who have received poliovirus vaccine outside the united states.in 1988, the world health assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis (polio). since then, wild poliovirus (wpv) cases have declined by >99.9%, from an estimated 350,000 cases of polio each year to 74 cases in two countries in 2015 (1). this decrease was achieved primarily through the use of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (topv), which contains types 1, 2, and 3 live, attenuated polioviruses. since 2000, the united states has exclusively used inactivated polio vaccine (ipv), which contains a ...201728081056
boosting immune responses following fractional-dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine: a randomized, controlled trial.fractional-dose administration of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (fipv) could increase ipv affordability and stretch limited supplies. we assessed immune responses following fipv administered intradermally, compared with full-dose ipv administered intramuscularly, among adults with a history of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) receipt.201728073858
immunogenicity and safety of a booster injection of dtap-ipv//hib (pentaxim®) administered concomitantly with tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy toddlers aged 15 to 18 months in mexico: a randomized trial.the live, attenuated, tetravalent dengue vaccine (cyd-tdv) is licensed in a number of dengue endemic countries for individuals ≥9 years old. before integration of any vaccine into childhood vaccination schedules, a lack of immune interference and acceptable safety when co-administered with other recommended vaccines should be demonstrated.201728067718
poliovirus receptor-related 2: a cholesterol-responsive gene affecting atherosclerosis development by modulating leukocyte migration.recently, poliovirus receptor-related 2 (pvrl2) emerged as a top gene in a global gene expression study aiming to detect plasma cholesterol-responsive genes causally related to atherosclerosis regression in hypercholesterolemic mice. pvrl2 is an adherens junction protein implied to play a role in transendothelial migration of leukocytes, a key feature in atherosclerosis development. in this study, we investigated the effect of pvrl2 deficiency on atherosclerosis development and transendothelial ...201728062492
seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies in the kansas city metropolitan area, 2012-2013.no indigenous cases of poliomyelitis have occurred in the us since 1979; however the risk of importation persists until global eradication is achieved. the seropositivity rate for different age cohorts with exposures to different poliovirus vaccine types and wild virus in the us are not presently known. a convenience sample was conducted in the kansas city metropolitan area during 2012-2103 with approximately 100 participants enrolled for each of 5 age cohorts categorized based on vaccine policy ...201728059613
detection of sabin-like type 2 poliovirus after global cessation of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine in hyderabad and ahmedabad, india, august–september 2016. 201728058826
notes from the field: detection of sabin-like type 2 poliovirus from sewage after global cessation of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine - hyderabad and ahmedabad, india, august-september 2016. 201728056001
transformation and tumorigenicity testing of simian cell lines and evaluation of poliovirus replication.the key role of cell cultures in different scientific fields is worldwide recognized, both as in vitro research models alternative to laboratory animals and substrates for biological production. however, many safety concerns rise from the use of animal/human cell lines that may be tumorigenic, leading to potential adverse contaminations in cell-derived biologicals. in order to evaluate the suitability of 13 different cell lines for poliovirus vaccine production, safety and quality, in vitro/in v ...201728046048
cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of electrochemical - synthesized silver nanoparticles against poliovirus.silver nanoparticles (agnps) have been proven to have noticeable cytotoxicity in vitro and antiviral activity against some types of enveloped viruses. this paper presents the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of pure agnps synthesized by the electrochemical method, towards cell culture and poliovirus (a non-enveloped virus). prepared agnps were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. before incubation with po ...201728040515
dtap5-hb-ipv-hib vaccine (vaxelis(®)): a review of its use in primary and booster vaccination.vaxelis(®) is a fully liquid, ready-to-use, hexavalent vaccine approved in the eu for primary and booster vaccination in infants and toddlers from the age of 6 weeks against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis b, poliomyelitis, and invasive diseases caused by haemophilus influenzae type b (hib). it contains diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, five acellular pertussis antigens, recombinant hepatitis b virus surface antigen produced in the yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae, inactivated poliovirus, ...201728035545
first-in-human safety and immunogenicity investigations of three adjuvanted reduced dose inactivated poliovirus vaccines (ipv-al ssi) compared to full dose ipv vaccine ssi when given as a booster vaccination to adolescents with a history of ipv vaccination at 3, 5, 12months and 5years of age.there is a demand of affordable ipv in the world. statens serum institut (ssi) has developed three reduced dose ipv formulations adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide; 1/3 ipv-al, 1/5 ipv-al and 1/10 ipv-al ssi, and now report the results of the first investigations in humans.201728027810
elimination of representative contaminant candidate list viruses, coxsackievirus, echovirus, hepatitis a virus, and norovirus, from water by coagulation processes.we examined the removal of representative contaminant candidate list (ccl) viruses (coxsackievirus [cv] b5, echovirus type [ev] 11, and hepatitis a virus [hav] ib), recombinant norovirus virus-like particles (rnv-vlps), and murine norovirus (mnv) type 1 by coagulation. water samples were subjected to coagulation with polyaluminum chloride (pacl, basicity 1.5) followed by either settling or settling and filtration. together with our previously published results, the removal ratio order, as evalua ...201728011355
a novel multiplex poliovirus binding inhibition assay applicable for large serosurveillance and vaccine studies, without the use of live poliovirus.large-scale serosurveillance or vaccine studies for poliovirus using the "gold standard" who neutralisation test (nt) are very laborious and time consuming. with the polio eradication at hand and with the removal of live attenuated sabin strains from the oral poliovirus vaccine (opv), starting with type 2 (as of april 2016), laboratories will need to conform to much more stringent laboratory biosafety regulations when handling live poliovirus strains. in this study, a poliovirus binding inhibiti ...201727988324
structural, mutational and biophysical studies reveal a canonical mode of molecular recognition between immune receptor tigit and nectin-2.in addition to antigen-specific stimulation of t cell receptor (tcr) by a peptide-mhc complex, the functional outcome of tcr engagement is regulated by antigen-independent costimulatory signals. costimulatory signals are provided by an array of interactions involving activating and inhibitory receptors expressed on t cells and their cognate ligands on antigen presenting cells. t cell immunoglobulin and itim domain (tigit), a recently identified immune receptor expressed on t and nk cells, upon i ...201727978489
antiviral activity of pocapavir in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled human oral poliovirus vaccine challenge model.immunodeficient individuals who excrete vaccine-derived polioviruses threaten polio eradication. antivirals address this threat.201727932608
increasing type 1 poliovirus capsid stability by thermal selection.poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by poliovirus (pv). it can result in paralysis and may be fatal. integrated global immunization programs using live-attenuated oral (opv) and/or inactivated (ipv) pv vaccines have systematically reduced its spread and paved the way for eradication. immunization will continue posteradication to ensure against reintroduction of the disease, but there are biosafety concerns for both opv and ipv. they could be addressed by the production and use of ...201727928008
high-throughput next-generation sequencing of polioviruses.the poliovirus (pv) is currently targeted for worldwide eradication and containment. sanger-based sequencing of the viral protein 1 (vp1) capsid region is currently the standard method for pv surveillance. however, the whole-genome sequence is sometimes needed for higher resolution global surveillance. in this study, we optimized whole-genome sequencing protocols for poliovirus isolates and fta cards using next-generation sequencing (ngs), aiming for high sequence coverage, efficiency, and throu ...201727927929
acute flaccid paralysis laboratorial surveillance in a polio-free country: brazil, 2005-2014.the last case of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus in brazil occurred in 1989. the interruption of the indigenous poliovirus transmission was obtained through mass immunization campaigns to eligible children and an active epidemiological and laboratorial surveillance of all cases of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) among children under 15 y of age. this paper describes and evaluates the performance of the afp surveillance system in different geographic areas of brazil between 2005 a ...201727901633
immunogenicity and safety of a liquid hexavalent vaccine in indian infants.to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a fully liquid, hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-hepatitis b-haemophilus influenzae type b (dtap-ipv- hb-prp~t) vaccine in indian infants.201727889711
safety and immunogenicity of dtap5-ipv compared with dtap5 plus ipv as the fifth dose in children 4-6 years of age.immunogenicity and safety of stand-alone diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, 5-component acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus (ipv) combination vaccine (dtap5-ipv) was compared with separate dtap5 plus ipv vaccines as fifth dose in children 4-6 years of age.201727879555
cryo-electron microscopy structures of expanded poliovirus with vhhs sample the conformational repertoire of the expanded state.by using cryo-electron microscopy, expanded 80s-like poliovirus virions (poliovirions) were visualized in complexes with four 80s-specific camelid vhhs (nanobodies). in all four complexes, the vhhs bind to a site on the top surface of the capsid protein vp3, which is hidden in the native virus. interestingly, although the four vhhs bind to the same site, the structures of the expanded virus differ in detail in each complex, suggesting that each of the nanobodies has sampled a range of low-energy ...201727852863
lot-to-lot consistency, safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of an investigational hexavalent vaccine in us infants.this multicenter phase iii study (nct01340937) evaluated the consistency of immune responses to 3 separate lots of diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis 5, inactivated poliovirus vaccine, haemophilus influenzae type b, and hepatitis b (dtap5-ipv-hib-hepb), an investigational hexavalent vaccine (hv).201727846058
a phase iii randomized, double-blind, clinical trial of an investigational hexavalent vaccine given at two, three, four and twelve months.combination vaccines simplify vaccination visits and improve coverage and timeliness. diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis 5, hepatitis b, inactivated poliovirus vaccine and haemophilus influenzae type b (dtap5-hb-ipv-hib) is a new investigational, fully liquid, combination vaccine containing a 5-antigen pertussis component and is designed to protect against 6 infectious diseases.201727846055
poliovirus studies during the endgame of the polio eradication program.since the beginning of global polio eradication initiative in 1988, poliomyelitis cases caused by wild poliovirus (pv) have been drastically reduced, with only 74 cases reported in 2 endemic countries in 2015. the current limited pv transmission suggests that we are in the endgame of the polio eradication program. however, specific challenges have emerged in the endgame, including tight budget, switching of the vaccines, and changes in biorisk management of pv. to overcome these challenges, seve ...201727795480
corrigendum to "investigation of enteric adenovirus and poliovirus removal by coagulation processes and suitability of bacteriophages ms2 and φx174 as surrogates for those viruses" [sci. total environ. 563-564(2016) 29-39]. 201727794229
safety, immunogenicity and persistence of immune response to the combined diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, poliovirus and haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (dtpa-ipv/hib) administered in chinese infants.we conducted 3 phase iii, randomized, open-label, clinical trials assessing the safety, reactogenicity (all studies), immunogenicity (primary vaccination study) and persistence of immune responses (booster study) to the combined diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (dtpa-ipv/hib) in chinese infants and toddlers. in the pilot study (nct00964028), 50 infants (randomized 1:1) received 3 doses of dtpa-ipv/hib at 2-3-4 (group a) or 3-4-5 months of a ...201727768515
comprehensive screening for immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus: an essential oral poliovirus vaccine cessation risk management strategy.if the world can successfully control all outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus that may occur soon after global oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) cessation, then immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived polioviruses (ivdpvs) from rare and mostly asymptomatic long-term excretors (defined as ⩾6 months of excretion) will become the main source of potential poliovirus outbreaks for as long as ivdpv excretion continues. using existing models of global ivdpv prevalence and global long-te ...201727760579
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