Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted descending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
leaf spot disease adversely affects human health-promoting constituents and withanolide biosynthesis in withania somnifera (l.) dunal.the present work investigates the implication of leaf spot disease on the antioxidant potential and commercial value of pharmaceutically important constituents of withania somnifera, a high-valued medicinal plant.201727709727
withania somnifera chemotype nmitli 101r significantly increases the efficacy of antileishmanial drugs by generating strong ifn-γ and il-12 mediated immune responses in leishmania donovani infected hamsters.withania somnifera (l.) dunal (solanaceae), commonly known as ashwagandha, is one of the most important medicinal plant in the traditional indian medical systems. pharmacological studies have established that root extracts of w. somnifera contain several bioactive constituents called withanolides. the plant has long been used for its several beneficial properties and recently as an immunomodulator.201728160866
antibacterial activity of withania somnifera against gram-positive isolates from pus samples.withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant that has been used in ayurvedic and indigenous medicine since ancient times. in the view of its varied therapeutic potential, it has also been the subject of considerable modern scientific attention. attention has been drawn to antibacterial activity of the plant and its metabolites due to the challenge on growing antibacterial resistant pathogens.201725972723
a comparative study of ion diffusion from calcium hydroxide with various herbal pastes through dentin.the aim of this study was to evaluate the diffusion ability of ions through dentinal tubules of different nonalcoholic calcium hydroxide-containing herbal pastes and compare it with the calcium hydroxide paste prepared with saline.201728377654
natural product htp screening for attenuation of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemo attractants (cincs) and no2- in lps/ifnγ activated glioma cells.chronic and acute central nervous system (cns) inflammation are contributors toward neurological injury associated with head trauma, stroke, infection, parkinsons or alzheimers disease. cns inflammatory illnesses can also contribute toward risk of developing glioblastoma multiforme (gbm). with growing public interest in complementary and alternative medicines (cams), we conduct a high throughput (htp) screening of >1400 natural herbs, plants and over the counter (otc) products for anti-inflammat ...201727956075
management of parkinson's disease in ayurveda: medicinal plants and adjuvant measures.medicinal plants like mucuna pruriens l.(dc) and withania somnifera l.(dunal) have been used in traditional ayurvedic medicine to manage neurodegenerative diseases like parkinson's disease.201727544001
differential effects of phytotherapic preparations in the hsod1 drosophila melanogaster model of als.the present study was aimed at characterizing the effects of withania somnifera (wse) and mucuna pruriens (mpe) on a drosophila melanogaster model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als). in particular, the effects of wse and mpe were assessed following feeding the flies selectively overexpressing the wild human copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (hsod1-gain-of-function) in drosophila motoneurons. although als-hsod1 mutants showed no impairment in life span, with respect to gal4 controls, the res ...201728102336
functional and morphological correlates in the drosophila lrrk2 loss-of-function model of parkinson's disease: drug effects of withania somnifera (dunal) administration.the common fruit fly drosophila melanogaster (dm) is a simple animal species that contributed significantly to the development of neurobiology whose leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutants (lrrk2) loss-of-function in the wd40 domain represent a very interesting tool to look into physiopathology of parkinson's disease (pd). accordingly, lrrk2 dm have also the potential to contribute to reveal innovative therapeutic approaches to its treatment. withania somnifera dunal, a plant that grows spontaneous ...201626727265
withania somnifera leaf extract ameliorates benzo[a]pyrene-induced behavioral and neuromorphological alterations by improving brain antioxidant status in zebrafish (danio rerio).the aquatic environment provides a sink for the environmental pollutants that have potential to induce oxidative stress by altering neurobehavioral response of aquatic animals. benzo[a]pyrene (b[a]p), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is known to induce oxidative stress in the brain. withania somnifera has been used traditionally for its neuroprotective effect in experimental models of neurological disorders. the present study is aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of withania somnif ...201627023641
bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil to combat toxicity on withania somnifera through seed priming with biosurfactant producing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.soil contaminated by petroleum oil cannot be utilized for agricultural purposes due to hydrocarbon toxicity. oil contaminated soil induces toxicity affecting germination, growth and productivity. several technologies have been proposed for bioremediation of oil contaminated sites, but remediation through biosurfactant producing plant growth promontory rhizobacteria (pgpr) is considered to be most promising methods. in the present study the efficacy of seed priming on growth and pigment of withan ...201627016896
treating sarcopenia in clinical practice: where are we now?sarcopenia - or the loss of muscle mass, strength and function with ageing - represents an important health issue of the twenty-first century because of its devastating effects in addition to an increased prevalence of aged people. the devastating health effects of sarcopenia are multiple: an increased falls risk, a decreased physical ability and quality of life and an independent increase of all-cause mortality. although the ultimate remedy for sarcopenia yet has to be found, some interventions ...201627112427
an evidence-based approach to medicinal plants for the treatment of sperm abnormalities in traditional persian medicine.infertility is defined as inability of a sexually active couple to conceive after 1 year of regular intercourse without contraception. male factors account for 20%-50% of cases of infertility. the aim of this study was to review medicinal plants that proposed to improve sperm abnormalities in traditional persian medicine. for this purpose, pubmed, scopus, googlescholar and cochrane library were explored for medicinal plants used in traditional persian medicine for sperm abnormalities to obtain s ...201627681644
indian herbs for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine that is indigenous to india, is believed to be the world's oldest comprehensive health-care system and is now one of the most recognized and widely practiced disciplines of alternative medicine in the world. medicinal herbs have been in use for treating diseases since ancient times in india. ayurvedic therapies with medicinal herbs and herbomineral products generally provide relief without much adverse effects even after prolonged administration. neurodege ...201627651261
efficacy of natural compounds in neurodegenerative disorders.neurodegenerative disorders represent clusters of serious diseases that results in progressive deterioration of normal structure and physiology of central nervous system. pathophysiology of alzheimer's, parkinson's or other neurodegenerative disorders involves multifaceted permutation of genetic and environmental factors. combinations of lifestyle modification linked with environmental factor jointly or alone represent the largest share of cases of these disorders. etiology of such neuronal dege ...201627651251
quantitative determination of catechin as chemical marker in pediatric polyherbal syrup by hplc/dad.vivabon syrup is a balanced composition of dietary ingredients of phytopharmaceutical nature for maintaining the physique, vigor, vitality and balanced growth of children. the herbal ingredients of pediatric syrup are rich in bioflavonoid, proteins, vitamins, glycosides and trace elements. vivabon is formulated with herbal drugs such as phoenix sylvestris, emblica officinalis, withania somnifera, centella asiatica, amomum subulatum, zingiber officinalis, trigonella foenum-graecum, centaurea behe ...201627165575
natural cures for breast cancer treatment.for centuries, herbs and plants have been used for medicinal purposes and as food as well. this review concerns about different types of plants that retain the immune stimulating and anti-tumor properties. large variety of active phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, ligands, polyphenolics, terpenoids, sulfides, lignans and plant sterols has been identified in different types of herbs. these phytochemicals have different mechanisms of action. they either stimulate the protective enzyme ...201627275107
microbial secondary metabolites ameliorate growth, in planta contents and lignification in withania somnifera (l.) dunal.in the present investigation, metabolites of streptomyces sp. mtn14 and trichoderma harzianum thu significantly enhanced biomass yield (3.58 and 3.48 fold respectively) in comparison to the control plants. the secondary metabolites treatments also showed significant augmentation (0.75-2.25 fold) in withanolide a, a plant secondary metabolite. lignin deposition, total phenolic and flavonoid content in w. somnifera were maximally induced in treatment having t. harzianum metabolites. also, trichode ...201627436916
exploring the inhibitory activity of withaferin-a against pteridine reductase-1 of l. donovani.withaferin a is an abundant withanolide present in withania somnifera leaves and to some extent in roots. it has been known for its profound anti-cancer properties, but its role in counteracting the leishmania donovani infection has to be explored. pteridine reductase 1 (ptr1) is involved in pteridine salvage and an important enzyme for the parasite growth, which could be targeted for the development of an efficient antileishmanial drug. we employed molecular docking studies to identify the bind ...201626406482
wsa206, a paralog of duplicated mpf2-like mads-box family is recruited in fertility function in withania.best known for their implication in calyx inflation, mpf2-like genes pertinent to the stmads11 clade of the mads-box family exert their functions in leaf development, flowering time, inflorescence architecture and floral reversion to just name but a few. however, our knowledge about their involvement in fertility function remained obscure. therefore the major thrust of this study was to probe the recruitment of wsa206 (mpf2-like) protein in fertility function. the wsa206 functions were revealed ...201627968991
natural product htp screening for antibacterial (e.coli 0157:h7) and anti-inflammatory agents in (lps from e. coli o111:b4) activated macrophages and microglial cells; focus on sepsis.acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome arising from infection can lead to multiple organ failure and death, with greater susceptibility occurring in immunocompromised individuals. moreover, sub-acute chronic inflammation is a contributor to the pathology of diverse degenerative diseases (parkinson's disease, alzheimer's disease and arthritis). given the known limitations in western medicine to treat a broad range of inflammatory related illness as well as the emergence of antibiotic resis ...201627846826
silencing of sterol glycosyltransferases modulates the withanolide biosynthesis and leads to compromised basal immunity of withania somnifera.sterol glycosyltransferases (sgts) catalyse transfer of glycon moiety to sterols and their related compounds to produce diverse glyco-conjugates or steryl glycosides with different biological and pharmacological activities. functional studies of sgts from withania somnifera indicated their role in abiotic stresses but details about role under biotic stress are still unknown. here, we have elucidated the function of sgts by silencing sgtl1, sgtl2 and sgtl4 in withania somnifera. down-regulation o ...201627146059
in vitro antimicrobial activity of spices and medicinal herbs against selected microbes associated with juices.in the present investigation, comparison of antimicrobial activities of different spices, curcuma longa, zingiber officinale, and mentha arvensis, and medicinal herbs, such as withania somnifera, rauvolfia serpentina, emblica officinalis, terminalia arjuna, and centella asiatica, was evaluated. different extraction solvents (acetone, methanol, ethanol, and water) were used and extracts were examined against bacillus cereus, serratia sp., rhodotorula mucilaginosa, aspergillus flavus, and penicill ...201626880927
a glycoprotein α-amylase inhibitor from withania somnifera differentially inhibits various α-amylases and affects the growth and development of tribolium castaneum.identification and characterisation of plant defensive molecules enrich our resources to design crop protection strategies. in particular, plant-derived proteinaceous inhibitor(s) of insect digestive enzymes appear to be a safe, sustainable and attractive option.201627770482
elicitation approaches for withanolide production in hairy root culture of withania somnifera (l.) dunal.withania somnifera (l.) dunal is a versatile medicinal plant extensively utilized for production of phytochemical drug preparations. the roots and whole plants are traditionally used in ayurveda, unani, and siddha medicines, as well as in homeopathy. several studies provide evidence for an array of pharmaceutical properties due to the presence of steroidal lactones named "withanolides." a number of research groups have focused their attention on the effects of biotic and abiotic elicitors on wit ...201626843160
ectopic overexpression of wssgtl1, a sterol glucosyltransferase gene in withania somnifera, promotes growth, enhances glycowithanolide and provides tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses.overexpression of sterol glycosyltransferase (sgtl1) gene of withania somnifera showing its involvement in glycosylation of withanolide that leads to enhanced growth and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. withania somnifera is widely used in ayurvedic medicines for over 3000 years due to its therapeutic properties. it contains a variety of glycosylated steroids called withanosides that possess neuroregenerative, adaptogenic, anticonvulsant, immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. the ...201626518426
antimicrobial activity of cream incorporated with silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from withania somnifera.we report on the antimicrobial activity of a cream formulation of silver nanoparticles (agnps), biosynthesized using withania somnifera extract. aqueous extracts of leaves promoted efficient green synthesis of agnps compared to fruits and root extracts of w. somnifera. biosynthesized agnps were characterized for their size and shape by physical-chemical techniques such as uv-visible spectroscopy, laser doppler anemometry, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic for ...201526445537
rnai-mediated gene silencing of wssgtl1 in w.somnifera affects growth and glycosylation pattern.sterol glycosyltransferases (sgts) belong to family 1 of glycosyltransferases (gts) and are enzymes responsible for synthesis of sterol-glucosides (sgs) in many organisms. wssgtl1 is a sgt of withania somnifera that has been found associated with plasma membranes. however its biological function in w.somnifera is largely unknown. in the present study, we have demonstrated through rnai silencing of wssgtl1 gene that it performs glycosylation of withanolides and sterols resulting in glycowithanoli ...201526357855
sonication, vacuum infiltration and thiol compounds enhance the agrobacterium-mediated transformation frequency of withania somnifera (l.) dunal.in the present study, we have established a stable transformation protocol via agrobacterium tumafacines for the pharmaceutically important withania somnifera. six day-old nodal explants were used for 3 day co-cultivation with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba4404 harbouring the vector pcamiba2301. among the different injury treatments, sonication, vacuum infiltration and their combination treatments tested, a vacuum infiltration for 10 min followed by sonication for 10 sec with a. tumefacien ...201525927703
improved agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root culture system of withania somnifera (l.) dunal using sonication and heat treatment.an improved agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation of withania somnifera (l.) dunal was developed using the bacterial strain r1000 with leaf segment explants of in vitro raised plantlets. out of the three strains used (r1000, mtcc 2364 and mtcc 532), the strain r1000 proved to be more efficient than others. among the different conditions tested, the highest (93.3 %) transformation rate was observed after 3 weeks when the explants were subjected to sonication (15 s) and heat tre ...201528324399
antiangiogenic-like properties of fermented extracts of ayurvedic medicinal plants.the three ayurvedic medicinal plants, withania somnifera, emblica officinalis, and bacopa monnieri, were extracted by high-pressure static extraction using the zippertex(®) technology. the extracts were mixed to reach quantifiable amounts of active compounds identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (hplc-ms) analysis. the mixture of extracts was incubated with resting cells of the fungus beauveria bassiana atcc 7159. the fermentation promoted the fluidization of the st ...201525608021
comparative interactions of withanolides and sterols with two members of sterol glycosyltransferases from withania somnifera.sterol glycosyltransferases (sgts) are ubiquitous but one of the most diverse group of enzymes of glycosyltransferases family. members of this family modulate physical and chemical properties of secondary plant products important for various physiological processes. the role of sgts has been demonstrated in the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically important molecules of medicinal plants like withania somnifera.201525888493
light and auxin responsive cytochrome p450s from withania somnifera dunal: cloning, expression and molecular modelling of two pairs of homologue genes with differential regulation.cytochrome p450s (cyps) catalyse a wide variety of oxygenation/hydroxylation reactions that facilitate diverse metabolic functions in plants. specific cyp families are essential for the biosynthesis of species-specialized metabolites. therefore, we investigated the role of different cyps related to secondary metabolism in withania somnifera, a medicinally important plant of the indian subcontinent. in this study, complete complementary dnas (cdnas) of four different cyp genes were isolated and c ...201525687294
in vitro antibacterial effect of withania somnifera root extract on escherichia coli.the aim was to investigate antibacterial activity of withania somnifera (ashwagandha), an indian traditional medicinal plant against escherichia coli o78, a pathogenic strain.201527046997
wsmago2, a duplicated mago nashi protein with fertility attributes interacts with mpf2-like mads-box proteins.wsmago2 a duplicated protein in withania through interactions with mpf2-like proteins affects male fertility by producing fewer flowers and aborted non-viable pollens/seeds regulated by anther-specific gaatttgtga motif. the mago nashis are highly conserved genes that encode proteins known to be involved in rna physiology and many other developmental processes including germ cell differentiation in animals. however, their structural and functional implications in plants as fertility function prot ...201525630441
a review of commercially important african medicinal plants.data on the relative importance and research status of commercially relevant african medicinal plants are needed for developing new research strategies in order to stimulate much-needed ethnopharmacological research and to promote the commercialization of african plants.201526498493
promising anti-influenza properties of active constituent of withania somnifera ayurvedic herb in targeting neuraminidase of h1n1 influenza: computational study.neuraminidase (na) is a membrane surface antigen which helps in the release of influenza viruses from the host cells after replication. anti-influenza drugs such as zanamivir bind with eight highly conserved functional residues (r118, d151, r152, r224, e276, r292, r371, and y406) in the active site of na, thus restricting the viral release the from host cells. binding of the drug in active site inhibits the ability of enzyme to cleave sialic acid residues on the cell membrane. reports on the eme ...201525627548
withaferin a inhibits helicobacter pylori-induced production of il-1β in dendritic cells by regulating nf-κb and nlrp3 inflammasome activation.helicobacter pylori infection is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. there is evidence that il-1β is associated with the development of gastric cancer. therefore, downregulation of h. pylori-mediated il-1β production may be a way to prevent gastric cancer. withaferin a (wa), a withanolide purified from withania somnifera, is known to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. in the present study, we explored the inhibitory activity of wa on h. pylori-induce ...201526770181
identification of anti-biofilm components in withania somnifera and their effect on virulence of streptococcus mutans biofilms.the aim of this study was to identify components of the withania somnifera that could show anti-virulence activity against streptococcus mutans biofilms.201525976122
an evidence-based approach to the evaluation of ethnoveterinary medicines against strongyle nematodes of equids.cyathostomins are the most important gastrointestinal nematode infecting equids. their effective control is currently under threat due to widespread resistance to the broad spectrum anthelmintics licenced for use in equids. in response to similar resistance issues in other helminths, there has been increasing interest in alternative control strategies, such as bioactive plant compounds derived from traditional ethnoveterinary treatments. this study used an evidence-based approach to evaluate the ...201525868847
potential herbs and herbal nutraceuticals: food applications and their interactions with food components.since ancient times, herbs have been used as natural remedies for curing many physiological disorders. traditional medicinal literature appreciated their value as nature's gift to mankind for the healing of illnesses. some of the herbs have also been used for culinary purposes, and few of them have been used in cheese manufacture both as coagulating agents and flavor ingredients. scientific investigations regarding biological activity and toxicity of chemical moieties present in many herbs have ...201524915396
estimation of anticipated performance index and air pollution tolerance index and of vegetation around the marble industrial areas of potwar region: bioindicators of plant pollution response.mitigating industrial air pollution is a big challenge, in such scenario screening of plants as a bio monitor is extremely significant. it requires proper selection and screening of sensitive and tolerant plant species which are bio indicator and sink for air pollution. the present study was designed to evaluate the air pollution tolerance index (apti) and anticipated performance index (api) of the common flora. fifteen common plant species from among trees, herb and shrubs i.e. chenopodium albu ...201525503327
in vitro assessment of cyp1a2 and 2c9 inhibition potential of withania somnifera and centella asiatica in human liver microsomes.several herbal drugs and allopathic medicines when co-administered can lead to severe herb-drug interactions. hence, this study was undertaken in order to assess the in vitro inhibition potential of withania somnifera and centella asiatica with cytochrome p450 (cyp) 1a2 and 2c9 enzyme using human liver microsomes.201525938222
investigation of cyp3a4 and cyp2d6 interactions of withania somnifera and centella asiatica in human liver microsomes.withania somnifera is commonly used as a rejuvenator, whereas centella asiatica is well known for its anxiolytic and nootropic effects. the present study aims at investigating the effect of crude extracts and principal phytoconstituents of both the medicinal plants with cyp3a4 and cyp2d6 enzyme activity in human liver microsomes (hlm). phytoconstituents were quantified in the crude extracts of both the medicinal plants using reverse phase hplc. crude extracts and phytoconstituents of w. somnifer ...201525684704
quantitative nmr: an applicable method for quantitative analysis of medicinal plant extracts and herbal products.quantitative analysis and standardisation of plant extracts or herbal products is a tedious process requiring time-consuming sample preparation and analytical method development for the resolution of analyte peaks from the complex natural extract. quantitative analysis by hplc requires a pure authentic standard of the compound being quantified. we report here a quantitative nmr (qnmr) method for quantitative analysis of three medicinal plant extracts and their herbal products without the need of ...201522707000
antioxidant activity of the ancient herb, holy basil in ccl4-induced liver injury in rats.an herbal preparation called "holy basil plus herbal powder" (hbpp) containing ocimum santum, withania somnifera, pongamia pinnata, plumbago indica, emblica officinalis and curcuma longa was investigated as an antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent. the antioxidant activity of hbpp was investigated in rats with liver injury induced by oral administration of carbon tetrachloride:olive oil (1:1). hbpp was administered orally at 500 mg/kg daily for 7 days before. hbpp exhibited statistically signif ...201526925464
acute and chronic toxicity, cytochrome p450 enzyme inhibition, and herg channel blockade studies with a polyherbal, ayurvedic formulation for inflammation.ayurvedic plants are known for thousands of years to have anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effect. we have recently shown that bv-9238, a proprietary formulation of withania somnifera, boswellia serrata, zingiber officinale, and curcuma longa, inhibits lps-induced tnf-alpha and nitric oxide production from mouse macrophage and reduces inflammation in different animal models. to evaluate the safety parameters of bv-9238, we conducted a cytotoxicity study in raw 264.7 cells (0.005-1 mg/ml) by m ...201525893199
a phytochemical investigation of withania somnifera tissue cultures. 20154453183
effects of withania somnifera and tinospora cordifolia extracts on the side population phenotype of human epithelial cancer cells: toward targeting multidrug resistance in cancer.recent reports suggest the existence of a subpopulation of stem-like cancer cells, termed as cancer stem cells (cscs), which bear functional and phenotypic resemblance with the adult, tissue-resident stem cells. side population (sp) assay based on differential efflux of hoechst 33342 has been effectively used for the isolation of cscs. the drug resistance properties of sp cells are typically due to the increased expression of abc transporters leading to drug efflux. conventionally used chemother ...201525549922
standardized extract of withania somnifera (ashwagandha) markedly offsets rotenone-induced locomotor deficits, oxidative impairments and neurotoxicity in drosophila melanogaster.withania somnifera (ashwagandha, ws) or indian ginseng possesses multiple pharmacological properties which are mainly attributed to the active constituents, withanolides. despite its extensive usage as a memory enhancer and a nerve tonic, few attempts have been made to ascertain its usage in the management of parkinson's disease. in the present study, we investigated the neuroameliorative effects of ws in a rotenone (rot) model of drosophila melanogaster (oregon-k). initially, we ascertained the ...201525829577
withaferin a-caused production of intracellular reactive oxygen species modulates apoptosis via pi3k/akt and jnkinase in rabbit articular chondrocytes.withaferin a (wfa) is known as a constituent of ayurvedic medicinal plant, withania somnifera, and has been used for thousands of years. although wfa has been used for the treatment of osteoarthritis (oa) and has a wide range of biochemical and pharmacologic activities, there are no findings suggesting its properties on chondrocytes or cartilage. the aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of wfa on apoptosis with focus on generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ros). ...201425120312
acaricidal activity of cymbopogon winterianus, vitex negundo and withania somnifera against synthetic pyrethroid resistant rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.detection of resistance levels against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, the most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids (sps) against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from moga, punjab (india) was carried out using larval packet test. results indicated the presence of resistance of level i and iii against cypermethrin (resistance factors (rf) = 4.67) and deltamethrin (rf = 34.2), respectively. adult immersion test was used to assess the acaricidal activity of aqueous and ethanolic extrac ...201424178747
evaluation of some medicinal plants in controlling culex pipiens.the study evaluated the efficacy of methanolic extracts of ruta chalepensis (rutaceae), withania somnifera (solanaceae), cleome paradoxa (capparaceae) and heliotropium longiflorum (boraginaceae) aerial parts against culex pipiens larvae. different concentrations (100-500 ppm) of the methanolic extracts of the plants were tested towards larval mortality and development of c. pipiens separately. larval mortalities were counted at 2, 4 & 10 days after treatment. egg hatchability was determined at 4 ...201425643518
antiproliferative withanolides from several solanaceous species.to date, our work on solanaceous species (datura wrightii, jaborosa caulescens, physalis hispida, physalis longifolia, vassobia breviflora and withania somnifera) has resulted in the isolation of 65 withanolides, 31 of which were new, as well as the semi-synthesis of a further 30 withanolides. structure identification and mts assay-based antiproliferative evaluation of these 95 compounds revealed that a δ(2)-1-oxo functionality in ring a, in conjunction with either a 5β,6β-epoxy or 5α-chloro-6β- ...201424871278
molecular characterization of two a-type p450s, wscyp98a and wscyp76a from withania somnifera (l.) dunal: expression analysis and withanolide accumulation in response to exogenous elicitations.pharmacological investigations position withanolides as important bioactive molecules demanding their enhanced production. therefore, one of the pivotal aims has been to gain knowledge about complete biosynthesis of withanolides in terms of enzymatic and regulatory genes of the pathway. however, the pathway remains elusive at the molecular level. p450s monooxygenases play a crucial role in secondary metabolism and predominantly help in functionalizing molecule core structures including withanoli ...201425416924
inhibition of lps-induced tnf-α and no production in mouse macrophage and inflammatory response in rat animal models by a novel ayurvedic formulation, bv-9238.rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic crippling disease, where protein-based tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α) inhibitors show significant relief, but with potentially fatal side effects. a need for a safe, oral, cost-effective small molecule or phyto-pharmaceutical is warranted. bv-9238 is an ayurvedic poly-herbal formulation containing specialized standardized extracts of withania somnifera, boswellia serrata, zingiber officinale and curcuma longa. the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effect ...201424706581
hptlc analysis, antioxidant and antigout activity of indian plants.the hptlc analysis, antioxidant, and antigout activity of asparagus racemosus, withania somnifera, vitex negundo, plumbago zeylanica, butea monosperma and tephrosia purpurea extracts were investigated. the chemical fingerprinting were carried out by high performance thin layer chromatography (hptlc), antioxidant activity by abts, dpph, frap radical scavenging assays, and antiogout activity by cow milk xanthine oxidase. the hptlc fingerprint qualitatively revealed predominant amount of flavonoids ...201425237348
effects of five ayurvedic herbs on locomotor behaviour in a drosophila melanogaster parkinson's disease model.current conventional treatments for parkinson's disease (pd) are aimed at symptom management, as there is currently no known cure or treatment that can slow down its progression. ayurveda, the ancient medical system of india, uses a combination of herbs to combat the disease. herbs commonly used for this purpose are zandopa (containing mucuna pruriens), withania somnifera, centella asiatica, sida cordifolia and bacopa monnieri. in this study, these herbs were tested for their potential ability t ...201425091506
in silico study of binding motifs in squalene synthase enzyme of secondary metabolic pathway of solanaceae [corrected].solanaceae is an important family with several plants of medicinal importance. these medicinal plants have distinctive pathways for secondary metabolite biosynthesis. in most of the plants, two important compounds, dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, synthesize isoprenoid or terpenoids. squalene synthase (sqs) is a key enzyme of the biosynthesis of isoprenoid (farnesyl pyrophosphate (fpp) → squalene). withania somnifera (ashwagandha), an important medicinal plant of family sol ...201425106523
withania somnifera attenuates acid production, acid tolerance and extra-cellular polysaccharide formation of streptococcus mutans biofilms.withania somnifera (ashwagandha) is a plant of the solanaceae family. it has been widely used as a remedy for a variety of ailments in india and nepal. the plant has also been used as a controlling agent for dental diseases. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the activity of the methanol extract of w. somnifera against the physiological ability of cariogenic biofilms and to identify the components of the extract. to determine the activity of the extract, assays for sucrose-dependent ba ...201424467542
cloning and functional characterization of three branch point oxidosqualene cyclases from withania somnifera (l.) dunal.oxidosqualene cyclases (oscs) positioned at a key metabolic subdividing junction execute indispensable enzymatic cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene for varied triterpenoid biosynthesis. such branch points present favorable gene targets for redirecting metabolic flux toward specific secondary metabolites. however, detailed information regarding the candidate oscs covering different branches and their regulation is necessary for the desired genetic manipulation. the aim of the present study, therefo ...201424770414
protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis by immunostimulation with herbal drugs derived from withania somnifera and asparagus racemosus.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a vector-borne parasitic disease targeting tissue macrophages. it is among the most neglected infectious diseases. as available therapeutics for treatment of this disease have many side effects, there is a need for safer alternatives. one of the immunopathological consequences of active visceral leishmaniasis is suppression of protective t-helper (th)-1 cells and induction of disease-promoting th-2 cells, and thus the treatment of vl relies on immunomodulation. in ...201425082945
efficacy of withania somnifera chemotypes nmitli - 101r, 118r and withaferin a against experimental visceral leishmaniasis.the immunoprophylactic and therapeutic potentials of root extracts of withania somnifera chemotypes (nmitli-118, nmitli-101) and pure withanolide-withaferin a was investigated against leishmania donovani infection in hamsters. the naive animals, fed orally with immunostimulatory doses of chemotypes 101r, 118r (10 and 3 mg/kg) and withaferin a (9 and 3 mg/kg) for five consecutive days and challenged with leishmania parasites on day 6, were euthanized on days 30 and 45 p.c. for the assessment of p ...201424830833
[a c28-steroidlacton from the roots of withania somnifera (author's transl)]. 20144779643
[hair roots induction and culture of withania somnifera and its withanolide a synthesis].withanolide a is a biologically active secondary metabolite occuring in roots and leaves of withania somnifera. in the present study, adventitious roots from leaf explants of w. somnifera were induced for the production of withanolide-a by agrobacterium tumefaciens strain c58c1 to obtain hair roots. hair roots induction rate reached 30%. the withanolide a was determined by hplc in different hair roots lines and different parts of w. somnifera. the average content of withanolide a in all hair roo ...201425204166
enhanced withanolide production by overexpression of squalene synthase in withania somnifera.withania somnifera commonly known as ashwagandha, is held in high repute in traditional indian medicine, largely due to the presence of steroidal lactone phytocompounds collectively known as withanolides, such as withanolide a, withaferin a and withanone. these withanolides have diverse pharmacological properties and are prospective high-value drug candidates. to meet the ever-increasing demands of these compounds, plant cell technology offers a viable alternative. in this study, a key enzyme in ...201323313565
identification of antifungal principle in the solvent extract of an endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum from withania somnifera.extracts of chaetomium globosum ef18, isolated as endophytic fungus from withania somnifera, were found effective against sclerotinia sclerotiorum. ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were more effective than hexane extract showing >80% growth inhibition. bioactive compound (antibiotic sch 210971, m/z 445 and λmax 290) having antifungal activity against s. sclerotiorum has been isolated in pure form from the ethyl acetate extract following bioassay guided fractionation. apart from this compound ...201323519550
studies on the protective and immunomodulatory efficacy of withania somnifera along with cisplatin against experimental visceral leishmaniasis.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) or kala-azar continues to persist as one of the major public health problems in many tropical countries. however, no effective treatment for cure of the disease is yet available. the present study was designed to investigate the nephroprotective and immunomodulatory effect of withania somnifera in cisplatin-treated leishmania donovani-infected balb/c mice. administration of cisplatin (5 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) daily for 5 days, i.p.) reduced the parasite load in l. ...201323519426
an in vitro study of apoptotic like death in leishmania donovani promastigotes by withanolides.the aim of this study was to isolate and evaluate the withanolides in inducing apoptotic like death in leishmania donovani in vitro. withanolides were fractionated and isolated from the leaves of withania somnifera and lc-ms/ms analysis of two fractions namely, f5 and f6 of ethanolic extracts, obtained through column chromatography with silica gel, was performed. the antileishmanial effect of withanolides on l. donovani promastigotes was assessed in vitro using pi dye exclusion test. the effect ...201323416156
antimicrobial activity and probable mechanisms of action of medicinal plants of kenya: withania somnifera, warbugia ugandensis, prunus africana and plectrunthus barbatus.withania somnifera, warbugia ugandensis, prunus africana and plectrunthus barbatus are used traditionally in kenya for treatment of microbial infections and cancer. information on their use is available, but scientific data on their bioactivity, safety and mechanisms of action is still scanty. a study was conducted on the effect of organic extracts of these plants on both bacterial and fungal strains, and their mechanisms of action. extracts were evaluated through the disc diffusion assay. bacte ...201323785437
chemical and pharmacological standardization of ashwagandhadi lehyam: an ayurvedic formulation.standardization is an important measurement for ensuring the quality control of herbal drugs. it has become essential to develop reliable, specific and sensitive quality control methods. one of the prime ingredients of ashwagandhadi lehyam is withania somnifera l. dunal (solanaceae) (ashwagandha). in the present study, ashwagandhadi lehyam was formulated and the quality assessment of the formulation was based on phytochemical screening and physico-chemical evaluation. ashwagandhadi lehyam was fo ...201324127547
tropine forming tropinone reductase gene from withania somnifera (ashwagandha): biochemical characteristics of the recombinant enzyme and novel physiological overtones of tissue-wide gene expression patterns.withania somnifera is one of the most reputed medicinal plants of indian systems of medicine synthesizing diverse types of secondary metabolites such as withanolides, alkaloids, withanamides etc. present study comprises cloning and e. coli over-expression of a tropinone reductase gene (wstr-i) from w. somnifera, and elucidation of biochemical characteristics and physiological role of tropinone reductase enzyme in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in aerial tissues of the plant. the recombinant enzym ...201324086372
effect of withania somnifera extracts on some selective biochemical, hematological, and immunological parameters in guinea pigs experimental infected with e. coli.fifty 1-2-month-old guinea pigs were divided into 5 equal groups, 10 each. control (gp1) did receive neither viable bacteria nor treatment. each animal from the other groups (gp2-5) was challenged with (1-2 × 10(8)) viable e. coli in 200  μ l normal saline (0.9%) through ip route. gp2 infected group was treated with 200  μ l saline ip and kept as positive control group. gp3-4 are infected and treated with withania somnifera (ethanol root extract) with doses 50 and 100 mg/kg. bw, respectively. gp ...201323738137
functional characterization of a flavonoid glycosyltransferase gene from withania somnifera (ashwagandha).glycosylation of flavonoids is mediated by family 1 uridine diphosphate (udp)-dependent glycosyltransferases (ugts). until date, there are few reports on functionally characterized flavonoid glycosyltransferases from withania somnifera. in this study, we cloned the glycosyltransferase gene from w. somnifera (ugt73a16) showing 85-92 % homology with ugts from other plants. ugt73a16 was expressed as a his(6)-tagged fusion protein in escherichia coli. several compounds, including flavonoids, were sc ...201323609908
characterization of sterol glucosyltransferase from salinispora tropica cnb-440: potential enzyme for the biosynthesis of sitosteryl glucoside.a sterol glucosyltransferase-encoded gene was isolated from salinispora tropica cnb-440, a marine, sediment-dwelling, gram positive bacterium that produces the potent anticancer compound, salinosporamide a. the full-length gene consists of 1284 nucleotides and encodes 427 amino acids with a calculated mass of 45.65kda. the gene was then cloned and heterologously expressed in escherichia coli bl21(de3). the amino acid sequence shares 39% similarity with the glycosyltransferase from withania somni ...201323540924
nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase: molecular cloning and functional characterization of two paralogs from withania somnifera (l.) dunal.withania somnifera (l.) dunal, a highly reputed medicinal plant, synthesizes a large array of steroidal lactone triterpenoids called withanolides. although its chemical profile and pharmacological activities have been studied extensively during the last two decades, limited attempts have been made to decipher the biosynthetic route and identification of key regulatory genes involved in withanolide biosynthesis. cytochrome p450 reductase is the most imperative redox partner of multiple p450s invo ...201323437311
molecular characterization and promoter analysis of squalene epoxidase gene from withania somnifera (l.) dunal.withania somnifera is a rich reservoir of pharmaceutically active steroidal lactones known as withanolides. the plant is well characterized in terms of its chemistry and pharmacology, but very little is known about the pathway involved in the biosynthesis of withanolides. the present investigation describes the cloning, characterization and expression of squalene epoxidase (se) gene from w. somnifera. se (sqe; ec. 1.14.99.7) is one of the rate limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid ...201323065254
cloning and functional characterization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase gene from withania somnifera: an important medicinal plant.withania somnifera (l.) dunal is one of the most valuable medicinal plants synthesizing a large number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites known as withanolides, the c28-steroidal lactones derived from triterpenoids. though the plant has been well characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, not much is known about the biosynthetic pathway and genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. in this study, we have characterized the ge ...201322936023
effects of withania somnifera on the growth and virulence properties of streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus at sub-mic levels.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the methanol extract of withania somnifera (mew) on the growth and virulence properties of streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) levels and to identify the main components of mew. first, antibacterial activity of mew against oral bacteria was determined using a micro-dilution method. then, the effect of mew on the growth of s. mutans and s. sobrinus was investigated at sub-mic levels. to t ...201323142795
overexpression of wssgtl1 gene of withania somnifera enhances salt tolerance, heat tolerance and cold acclimation ability in transgenic arabidopsis plants.sterol glycosyltrnasferases (sgt) are enzymes that glycosylate sterols which play important role in plant adaptation to stress and are medicinally important in plants like withania somnifera. the present study aims to find the role of wssgtl1 which is a sterol glycosyltransferase from w. somnifera, in plant's adaptation to abiotic stress.201323646175
upregulation of phase ii enzymes through phytochemical activation of nrf2 protects cardiomyocytes against oxidant stress.increased production of reactive oxygen species has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (cvd), and enhanced endogenous antioxidants have been proposed as a mechanism for regulating redox balance. nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (nrf2) is a transcriptional regulator of phase ii antioxidant enzymes, and activation of nrf2 has been suggested to be an important step in attenuating oxidative stress associated with cvd. a well-defined combination of five widely st ...201323201694
effect of plant secondary compounds on in vitro methane, ammonia production and ruminal protozoa population.the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of secondary plant metabolites from 38 sources to serve as antimethanogenic additives in ruminant diets. the effect of leaf tannins from these different plant sources on rumen fermentation, protozoal populations and methanogenesis was also studied.201323621853
new insights into dietary supplements used in sport: active substances, pharmacological and side effects.as a society we are increasingly concerned about our physical appearance. for example, as much as 24% of people in developed countries admittedly exercise to improve their performance. professional sportsmen and amateurs alike are in a constant search for new means that will enable them better sport results in shorter time. among those means, a prominent place belongs to dietary supplements. however, the producers often advertise products whose use in sports is neither scientifically founded nor ...201323574283
plants and phytochemicals for huntington's disease.huntington's disease (hd) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor dysfunction, including chorea and dystonia, emotional disturbances, memory, and weight loss. the medium spiny neurons of striatum and cortex are mainly effected in hd. various hypotheses, including molecular genetics, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, metabolic dysfunction, and mitochondrial impairment have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of neuronal dysfunction and cell death. despite no treat ...201324347915
production of reactive oxygen species by withaferin a causes loss of type collagen expression and cox-2 expression through the pi3k/akt, p38, and jnk pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes.withaferin a (wfa) is a major chemical constituent of withania somnifera, also known as indian ginseng. many recent reports have provided evidence of its anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, and immune modulatory activities. although the compound appears to have a large number of effects, its defined mechanisms of action have not yet been determined. we investigated the effects of wfa on loss of type collagen expression and inflammation in rabbit articular chondrocytes. wfa increased the ...201324016823
investigation of heavy metals in frequently utilized medicinal plants collected from environmentally diverse locations of north western india.the increasing prevalence of environmental pollution, especially soil contamination with heavy metals has led to their uptake in the human food chains through plant parts. accumulation and magnification of heavy metals in human tissues through consumption of herbal remedies can cause hazardous impacts on health. therefore, chemical profiling of nine heavy metals (mn, cr, pb, fe, cd, co, zn, ni and hg) was undertaken in stem and leaf samples of ten medicinal plants (acacia nilotica, bacopa monnie ...201324386622
protection of penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome virus by inactivated vaccine with herbal immunostimulants.to improve the immune response in tiger shrimp penaeus monodon against wssv infection, juveniles (350 ± 10 mg) were vaccinated with formalin-inactivated wssv and fed with herbal immunostimulants. the methanolic extracts of herbal immunostimulants such as acalypha indica, cynodon dactylon, picrorrhiza kurrooa, withania somnifera and zingiber officinalis were incorporated in formulated diets at different concentrations; 250 (ed(1)), 500 (ed(2)), 1000 (ed(3)) and 2000 (ed(4)) mg kg(-1) of feed and ...201222421013
withaferin a inhibits the proteasome activity in mesothelioma in vitro and in vivo.the medicinal plant withania somnifera has been used for over centuries in indian ayurvedic medicine to treat a wide spectrum of disorders. withaferin a (wa), a bioactive compound that is isolated from this plant, has anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-cancer properties. here we investigated malignant pleural mesothelioma (mpm) suppressive effects of wa and the molecular mechanisms involved. wa inhibited growth of the murine as well as patient-derived mpm cells in pa ...201222912669
allelopathic effect of ashwagandha against the germination and radicle growth of cicer arietinum and triticum aestivum.ashwagandha (withania somnifera) is an important medicinal plant in indian traditional system of medicine and traditionally has been used for several medicinal purposes in the indian subcontinent.201222923955
clinical evaluation of rasayana compound as an adjuvant in the management of tuberculosis with anti-koch's treatment.tuberculosis (tb) continues to intimidate the human race since time immemorial not only due to its effects as a medical malady, but also by its impact as a social and economic tragedy. at the dawn of the new millennium, we are still mute witnesses to the silent yet efficient march of this sagacious disease, its myriad manifestations and above all its unequalled, vicious power. through the millennia, tb never ever disappeared from the developing world. in 1991, the world health assembly (wha) res ...201223049182
sterol glycosyltransferases-identification of members of gene family and their role in stress in withania somnifera.sterol glycosyltransferases (sgts) catalyze the transfer of sugar molecules to diverse sterol molecules, leading to a change in their participation in cellular metabolism. withania somnifera is a medicinal plant rich in sterols, sterol glycosides and steroidal lactones. sterols and their modified counterparts are medicinally important and play a role in adaptation of the plant to stress conditions. we have identified 3 members of sgt gene family through race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) in ...201222744427
functional characterization and differential expression studies of squalene synthase from withania somnifera.squalene synthase (sqs: ec 2.5.1.21) is a potential branch point regulatory enzyme and represents the first committed step to diverge the carbon flux from the main isoprenoid pathway towards sterol biosynthesis. in the present study, cloning and characterization of withania somnifera squalene synthase (wssqs) cdna was investigated subsequently followed by its heterologous expression and preliminary enzyme activity. two different types of wssqs cdna clones (wssqs1and wssqs2) were identified that ...201222718506
molecular cloning, bacterial expression and promoter analysis of squalene synthase from withania somnifera (l.) dunal.withania somnifera (ashwagandha) is a rich repository of large number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites known as withanolides. though the plant has been well characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, but there is sparse information about the genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. in this study, we have cloned and characterized a gene encoding squalene synthase (ec 2.5.1.21) from a withaferin a rich variety of w. somnife ...201222425978
withania somnifera chemotypes nmitli 101r, nmitli 118r, nmitli 128r and withaferin a protect mastomys coucha from brugia malayi infection.withania somnifera is an ayurvedic indian medicinal plant whose immunomodulatory activities have been widely used as a home remedy for several ailments. we recently observed immunostimulatory properties in the root extracts of chemotypes nmitli-101, nmitli-118, nmitli-128 and pure withanolide, withaferin a. in the present study, we evaluated the potential immunoprophylactic efficacies of these extracts against an infective pathogen. our results show that administration of aqueous ethanol extract ...201222394222
protective effect of withania somnifera roots extract on hematoserological profiles against lead nitrate-induced toxicity in mice.the in vivo protective role of hydro-methanolic root extract of withania somnifera (ws) was evaluated in alleviating lead nitrate (ln)-induced toxicity in male swiss albino mice by measuring hematoserological profiles. the lead-treated (20 mg/kg body wt, p.o.) albino mice (25-30 g) concurrently received the root extract (200 and 500 mg/kg body wt, p.o.) once daily for the duration of six weeks. animals exposed to ln showed significant (p < 0.001) decline in haemoglobin content, red blood cell co ...201223350281
carbohydrate and elicitor enhanced withanolide (withaferin a and withanolide a) accumulation in hairy root cultures of withania somnifera (l.).leaves of withania somnifera contained more withaferin a and withanolide a than roots indicating that these compounds mainly accumulate in leaves. with an increase in age of the plant, withaferin a was enhanced with a corresponding decrease in withanolide a. hairy root cultures were induced from leaf explants using agrobacterium rhizogenes and the transgenic nature of hairy roots was confirmed by partial isolation and sequencing of rolb gene, which could not be amplified in untransformed plant p ...201222822528
methanolic extracts of withania somnifera leaves, fruits and roots possess antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities.withania somnifera, also known as ashwagandha, is an important herb in ayurvedic and indigenous medical systems. the present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of an 80% aqueous methanolic extract of w. somnifera roots (wsret), fruits (wsfet) and leaves (wslet).201223039061
Computational evidence to inhibition of human acetyl cholinesterase by withanolide a for Alzheimer treatment.Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia. So far only five drugs have been approved by US FDA that temporarily slow worsening of symptoms for about six to twelve months. The limited number of therapeutic options for AD drives the exploration of new drugs. Enhancement of the central cholinergic function by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is a prominent clinically effective approach for the treatment of AD. Recently withanolide A, a second ...201222208270
immunomodulatory effect of withania somnifera supplementation diet in the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii (de man) against aeromonas hydrophila.the effect of withania somnifera extract supplementation diets on innate immune response in giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii (de man) against aeromonas hydrophila was investigated. the bacterial clearance efficiency significantly increased in prawn fed with 0.1% and 1.0% doses of w. somnifera supplementation diet against pathogen from weeks 1-4 as compared to the control. the innate immune parameters such as, phenoloxidase activity, superoxide anion level, superoxide dismutase ac ...201222118967
Chemotypical variations in Withania somnifera lead to differentially modulated immune response in BALB/c mice.Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a plant with known ethnomedicinal properties and its use in Ayurvedic medicine in India is well documented. The present investigation reports on immunomodulatory efficacy of aqueous-ethanol extracts of roots of three selected Withania somnifera chemotypes designated as NMITLI 101R, NMITLI 118R and NMITLI 128R. Each chemotype was administered 10-100mg/kg orally to BALB/c mice once daily for 14 days. The immunomodulatory consequences were recorded by determining ...201122182427
high catechin concentrations detected in withania somnifera (ashwagandha) by high performance liquid chromatography analysis.withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant traditionally used in the treatment of many diseases. the present study was carried out to characterize the phenolic acids, flavonoids and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (dpph) scavenging activities in methanolic extracts of w. somnifera fruits, roots and leaves (wsfet, wsret and wslet).201121854608
Refresh
firstprev
1234
nextlast
Displaying items 1 - 100 of 361