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kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen induction by hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors.hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors (hifs) play an important role in the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) life cycle. in particular, hypoxia can activate lytic replication of kshv and specific lytic genes, including the replication and transcription activator (rta), while kshv infection in turn can increase the levels and activity of hifs. in the present study, we show that hypoxia increases the levels of mrnas encoding kshv latency-associated nuclear antigen (lana) in primary ef ...201222090111
Bacterial artificial chromosome clones of viruses comprising the towne cytomegalovirus vaccine.Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones have proven invaluable for genetic manipulation of herpesvirus genomes. BAC cloning can also be useful for capturing representative genomes that comprise a viral stock or mixture. The Towne live attenuated cytomegalovirus vaccine was developed in the 1970s by serial passage in cultured fibroblasts. Although its safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy have been evaluated in nearly a thousand human subjects, the vaccine itself has been little studied. Inst ...201222187535
multicentric castleman disease in an hhv-8-infected child born to consanguineous parents.childhood multicentric castleman disease (mcd) is a rare and unexplained lymphoproliferative disorder. we report a human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8)-infected child, born to consanguineous comorian parents, who displayed isolated mcd in the absence of any known immunodeficiency. we also systematically review the clinical features of the 32 children previously reported with isolated and unexplained mcd. the characteristics of this patient and the geographic areas of origin of most previous cases suggest ...201222157133
Detection of herpes simplex virus (1 and 2), varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and enterovirus in immunocompetent tunisian patients with acute neuromeningeal disorder.Enteroviruses (EVs) and human herpesviruses (HHVs) are involved frequently in acute neurological disorders of viral etiology. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of herpes simplex virus types-1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human enteroviruses (EVs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of Tunisian immunocompetent patients with neuromeningeal disorders. The patients had been hospitalized at the Fattouma Bourgu ...201222170549
novel virus-encoded microrna molecules expressed by ovine herpesvirus 2-immortalized bovine t-cells.a number of herpesviruses have now been shown to encode micrornas (mirnas) that have roles in control of both viral and cellular gene expression. ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever, a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle. using massively parallel sequencing and northern hybridization we have identified eight putative mirnas encoded by ovhv-2 expressed in an ovhv-2-immortalized bovine lymphocyte cell line. these eight mirnas ar ...201221957125
molecular biology of oncogenic inflammatory processes. i. non-oncogenic and oncogenic pathogens, intrinsic inflammatory reactions without pathogens, and microrna/dna interactions (review).in some inflammasomes tumor cells are generated. the internal environment of the inflammasome is conducive to the induction of malignant transformation. epigenetic changes initiate this process. the subverted stromal connective tissue cells act to promote and sustain the process of malignant trans-formation. in its early stages, the premalignant cells depend on paracrine circuitries for the reception of growth factors. the ligands are d ...201222076306
Significant association of multiple human cytomegalovirus genomic Loci with glioblastoma multiforme samples.Viruses are appreciated as etiological agents of certain human tumors, but the number of different cancer types induced or exacerbated by viral infections is unknown. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)/astrocytoma grade IV is a malignant and lethal brain cancer of unknown origin. Over the past decade, several studies have searched for the presence of a prominent herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), in GBM samples. While some have detected HCMV DNA, RNA, and proteins in GBM tissues, others have ...201222090104
cooperation between viral interferon regulatory factor 4 and rta to activate a subset of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic promoters.the four kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv)-encoded interferon (ifn) regulatory factor homologues (virf1 to virf4) are used to counter innate immune defenses and suppress p53. the virf genes are arranged in tandem but differ in function and expression. in kshv-infected effusion lymphoma lines, k10.5/virf3 and k11/virf2 mrnas are readily detected during latency, whereas k9/virf1 and k10/virf4 mrnas are upregulated during reactivation. here we show that the k10/virf4 promoter responds ...201222090118
The lytic phase of epstein-barr virus requires a viral genome with 5-methylcytosine residues in CpG sites.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus which has been studied intensively for its role in certain human tumors. It also serves as a model of herpesviral latency because it establishes an immediate, latent infection in human B cells. When EBV infects quiescent, primary B cells it induces their continuous proliferation to yield growth-transformed B-cell lines in vitro. The lytic or productive phase of EBV's life cycle is induced by the expression of the viral BZLF1 gene in latently infect ...201222031942
Alpha and gamma herpesvirus detection in two herds of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand.Abstract201222175434
reconstitution of the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus nuclear egress complex and formation of nuclear membrane vesicles by coexpression of orf67 and orf69 gene products.the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus nuclear egress complex is composed of two proteins, orf67 and orf69. in this study, we have recapitulated the kshv complex by coexpression of these two proteins in insect cells using expression from recombinant baculoviruses. the proteins form a complex at the nuclear membrane as judged by live-cell analysis of protein fusions tagged with green fluorescent protein (gfp) and mcherry. ultrastructural analysis of infected cells showed that orf67 expressio ...201222013050
Immune evasion strategies of the human gamma-herpesviruses: Implications for viral tumorigenesis.Two human gamma-herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 display oncogenic potential, causing benign and malignant lymphoproliferative disorders in genetically susceptible or immunosuppressed individuals. As a family of viruses that establish persistent life-long infections, herpesviruses have evolved strategies to limit innate antiviral responses and evade host immune surveillance. Herpesviruses have developed mechanisms to disrupt antige ...201222170548
Structural modelling and mutagenesis of human cytomegalovirus alkaline nuclease UL98.Human cytomegalovirus encodes an alkaline nuclease, UL98, that is highly conserved among herpesviruses and has both endonuclease (endo) and exonuclease (exo) activities. This protein is thought to be important for viral replication and therefore represents a potential target for antiviral development; however, little is known about its structure or role in viral replication. Comparative structural modelling was used to build a model of UL98 based on the known structure of shutoff and exonuclease ...201221900421
The role of MAPK in CD4(+) T cells toll-like receptor 9-mediated signaling following HHV-6 infection.Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is an important immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory virus that primarily infects immune cells (mainly CD4(+) T cells) and strongly suppresses the proliferation of infected cells. Toll-like receptors are pattern-recognition receptors essential for the development of an appropriate innate immune defense against infection. To understand the role of CD4(+) T cells in the innate response to HHV-6 infection and the involvement of TLRs, we used an in vitro infection model ...201222055432
Biclustering of time series microarray data.Clustering is a popular data exploration technique widely used in microarray data analysis. In this chapter, we review ideas and algorithms of bicluster and its applications in time series microarray analysis. We introduce first the concept and importance of biclustering and its different variations. We then focus our discussion on the popular iterative signature algorithm (ISA) for searching biclusters in microarray dataset. Next, we discuss in detail the enrichment constraint time-dependent IS ...201222130875
Significance of human cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus in inducing cytokine expression in periapical lesions.Because herpesviruses might be etiologically involved in periapical pathosis of endodontic origin, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and the expression of mRNA transcripts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, ?-interferon (IFN), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-10 in periapical granulomatous lesions collected in conjunction with apicoectomy.201222152619
The pathology of 'scale drop syndrome' in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer Bloch, a first description.This is the first pathological description of 'scale drop syndrome' (SDS) in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer Bloch. Cumulative mortality was estimated at 40-50%. The vasculitis in all major organs including the skin and associated tissue necrosis was distinctive. The dermis overlying scale beds was often necrotic and associated with scale loss. Necrosis of splenic ellipsoids, renal glomeruli and choroid rete glands of eye were further hallmarks of a disease with systemic vascular involvement. Th ...201222103767
immune modulation during latent herpesvirus infection.nearly all human beings, by the time they reach adolescence, are infected with multiple herpesviruses. at any given time, this family of viruses accounts for 35-40 billion human infections worldwide, making herpesviruses among the most prevalent pathogens known to exist. compared to most other viruses, herpesviruses are also unique in that infection lasts the life of the host. remarkably, despite their prevalence and persistence, little is known about how these viruses interact with their hosts, ...201222168421
the rbp-jκ binding sites within the rta promoter regulate kshv latent infection and cell proliferation.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is tightly linked to at least two lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (pel) and multicentric castleman's disease (mcd). however, the development of kshv-mediated lymphoproliferative disease is not fully understood. here, we generated two recombinant kshv viruses deleted for the first rbp-jκ binding site (rta(1st)) and all three rbp-jκ binding sites (rta(all)) within the rta promoter. our results showed that rta(1st) and rta(all) ...201222253595
molecular and in vitro characterization of field isolates of bovine herpesvirus-1.bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1) is distributed worldwide and is a major pathogen in cattle, being the causal agent of a variety of clinical syndromes. the aim of this study was to isolate and to characterize (molecular and biological characterization) bohv-1 from 29 immunosuppressed animals. it was possible to obtain 18 isolates, each from a different animal, such as from the respiratory and reproductive tracts. in some cases the cytopathic effect was visible 12 hours post-inoculation, and became ...201222270804
latent equine herpesvirus-1 in trigeminal ganglia and equine idiopathic headshaking.trigeminal neuralgia or neuropathic pain has been regarded as a putative cause of idiopathic headshaking in horses. equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) infection and resultant postherpetic pain have been suggested as a possible cause of such neuropathic pain.201222211434
human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) sequentially shapes the nk cell repertoire during the course of asymptomatic infection and kaposi sarcoma.the contribution of innate immunity to immunosurveillance of the oncogenic human herpes virus 8 (hhv8) has not been studied in depth. we investigated nk cell phenotype and function in 70 hhv8-infected subjects, either asymptomatic carriers or having developed kaposi's sarcoma (ks). our results revealed substantial alterations of the nk cell receptor repertoire in healthy hhv8 carriers, with reduced expression of nkp30, nkp46 and cd161 receptors. in addition, down-modulation of the activating nkg ...201222253598
a major locus on chromosome 3p22 conferring predisposition to human herpesvirus 8 infection.infection with human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), the etiological agent of kaposi's sarcoma, has been shown to display strong familial aggregation, in countries in which hhv-8 infection is endemic. we investigated 40 large families (608 subjects aged one to 88 years) living in an isolated area of cameroon in which hhv-8 is highly endemic. we performed a two-step genetic analysis for hhv-8 infection status (hhv-8+/hhv-8- determined by immunofluorescence) consisting of an initial segregation analysis fo ...201222258534
seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 in kidney transplant recipients in a single-center study from tunisia.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) is a herpesvirus that is always associated with kaposi sarcoma. an enzyme-linked immunoenzymatic assay was used to detect antibodies to the latent nuclear antigen of hhv8 in kidney transplant patients and kidney transplant candidates from tunisia. a significantly high hhv8 seroprevalence was documented; 17% of kidney transplant patients and 23% in kidney transplant candidates were seropositive. this is a first report of hhv8 in tunisia.201222218113
human herpesvirus 8-associated lymphoma mimicking cutaneous anaplastic large t-cell lymphoma in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection.primary effusion lymphoma, a human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8)-associated lymphoma, is uncommon, and it is usually seen in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. it presents as a body cavity-based lymphomatous effusion, but several cases of the so-called solid primary effusion lymphoma presenting as solid tumors without associated lymphomatous effusion have been reported. they have similar clinical, histopathological and immunophenotypical features. most of them have a b-cell genotype. t ...201222211369
evaluation of fast pcr reagents for rapid and sensitive detection of human herpesvirus 8.the potential advantage of using fast pcr to detect human herpesvirus 8 (hhv 8) was tested by running a rapid cycling protocol (5s-steps) in one standard and two fast ramping thermal cyclers to evaluate the performance of 8 different fast reagents. under this extremely short time profile, assay sensitivity comparable to that of the original protocol was maintained using fast reagents from five suppliers. reproducibility was higher using fast ramping thermal cyclers, suggesting that fast chemistr ...201222266419
inhibition of the latent membrane protein-1 impairs the growth and tumorigenesis of an ebv-latency ii transformed t-cell.the epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a common human herpes virus. its infection is associated with several human malignancies where it expresses a set of latent proteins among which is the latent membrane protein lmp1. lmp1 is able to transform numerous cell types and is considered the main oncogenic protein of ebv. the mechanism of action is based on mimicry to activated members of the tnf receptor superfamily, through its ability to bind similar adapters and to activate signaling pathways. we previ ...201222258264
burkitt lymphoma and the discovery of epstein-barr virus.the chance germinal encounter with the first lecture outside africa on burkitt lymphoma is described together with the hypothesis of a viral cause. repeated virological investigations on lymphoma biopsies proved negative, leading to the idea that a latent virus might be activated if lymphoma cells could be cultured, although no human lymphoid cell had at that time ever been maintained in vitro. a chance event reminding of the need for suspension culture with mouse lymphomas led to success. the c ...201222233499
kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus promotes endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition through notch-dependent signaling.endothelial to mesenchymal transition (emt) is now widely considered a pivotal contributor to cancer progression. in this study, we show that the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(kshv) is a sufficient cause of emt, potentially helping to explain the aggressiveness of kaposi's sarcoma (ks) that occurs commonly in aids patients. upon kshv infection, primary dermal microvascular endothelial cells lost expression of endothelial markers and acquired expression of mesenchymal markers, displayin ...201222237624
cutaneous viral dermatoses in dogs and cats.cutaneous viral dermatoses are often underdiagnosed in dogs and cats because they are rare, and because it is difficult to identify an exact causative agent. even so, practitioners in primary care may encounter some characteristic clinical features. this article reviews commonly encountered dermatoses, particularly papillomavirus-associated dermatoses in dogs and cats. it also provides a brief overview of several other dermatoses associated with feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, felv, and ...201223677843
evaluation of c-kit expression in classic kaposi's sarcoma in a cohort of egyptian patients.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is an angioproliferative disorder associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection. classic ks is the most prevalent type of ks in countries of the mediterranean basin including egypt. several in vitro studies have detected c-kit expression in aids related-ks however, only a few studies addressed this issue in the classic type with no data on the ethnicity of studied cases. the prospect of installing targeted anti- c-kit treatment to ks patients presents a promising avenue in ...201223587226
[drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (dress)].dress (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) is a syndrome classically considered as a severe cutaneous drug adverse reaction. but visceral manifestations (renal, liver, lung, heart...) may be at the forefront. it presents clinically as an exanthema evolving to erythroderma with facial edema, associated with lymphadenopathy, high fever, visceral involvement (hepatitis, renal failure, pneumonitis, or hemophagocytic syndrome), eosinophilia preceded by lymphopenia and/or atypical l ...201223424909
exploitation of cellular cytoskeletons and signaling pathways for cell entry by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the closely related rhesus rhadinovirus.as obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses depend on the host cell machinery to complete their life cycle. kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is an oncogenic virus causally linked to the development of kaposi's sarcoma and several other lymphoproliferative malignancies. kshv entry into cells is tightly regulated by diverse viral and cellular factors. in particular, kshv actively engages cellular integrins and ubiquitination pathways for successful infection. emerging evidence sugge ...201223420076
aids related kaposi's sarcoma presenting with palatal and eyelid nodule.kaposi sarcoma is a low-grade vascular neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus-8 (hhv8) infection. although india has a large hiv infected population, kaposi's sarcoma is rare and only 12 cases of aids related kaposi's sarcoma from india have been reported in the published literature to our knowledge. the 50% of total cases in india has been reported from mumbai. the incidence of aids related kaposi's sarcoma is increasing as more than 50% of the cases are reported in 2008 to 2010.201223405543
efficacy of a recombinant hvt-h5 vaccine against challenge with two genetically divergent indonesian hpai h5n1 strains.the swift evolution rate of avian influenza (ai) h5n1 virus demands constant efforts to update inactivated vaccines to match antigenically with the emerging new field virus strains. recently, a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rhvt)-ai vaccine, rhvt-h5, expressing the ha gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 clade 2.2 a/swan/hungary/499/ 2006 strain inserted into fc-126 strain of hvt vector, has been developed to combat current threats in poultry industry. here, we present the r ...201223402113
efficacy of rhvt-ai vector vaccine in broilers with passive immunity against challenge with two antigenically divergent egyptian clade 2.2.1 hpai h5n1 strains.in countries where avian influenza has become endemic, early vaccination of layer pullets or broilers with classical inactivated vaccines at the hatchery is no longer an option because of interference with passive immunity indirectly induced by the necessary vaccination of the breeders. on the other hand, injection of thousands of chicks from 7 to 10 days old on farms has been determined to be unreliable and, therefore, poorly efficacious. for these reasons, interest has arisen regarding a newly ...201223402112
[the prevalance of herpesviruses in human apical periodontitis samples].apical periodontitis is primarily initiated by the endodonto-patogen bacteria spreading from the inflamed or necrotic pulp tissues to the periapical area. nevertheless, findings within the past years have established a pathogenic role of human herpesviruses such as epstein-barr virus (ebv) and human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) in periapical inflammations. the authors analysed the prevalence, activity and disease association of ebv, hcmv and human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) in 40 apical periodontitis sampl ...201223387127
tale of a tegument transactivator: the past, present and future of human cmv pp71.herpesviruses assemble large virions capable of delivering to a newly infected cell not only the viral genome, but also viral proteins packaged within the tegument layer between the dna-containing capsid and the lipid envelope. in this review, we describe the tegument transactivator of the β-herpesvirus human cmv, the pp71 protein. we present the known mechanistic features through which it activates viral gene expression during a lytic infection but fails to do so when the virus establishes late ...201223378857
professional antigen presenting cells in human herpesvirus 8 infection.professional antigen presenting cells (apc), i.e., dendritic cells (dc), monocytes/macrophages, and b lymphocytes, are critically important in the recognition of an invading pathogen and presentation of antigens to the t cell-mediated arm of immunity. human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) is one of the few human viruses that primarily targets these apc for infection, altering their cytokine profiles, manipulating their surface expression of mhc molecules, and altering their ability to activate hhv-8-speci ...201223346088
serotonin metabolism in the placenta in exacerbation of herpesvirus infection during pregnancy.serotonin metabolism in the blood and placental homogenate was studied in pregnancy aggravated by exacerbation of herpesvirus infection. blood serotonin content in pregnant patients increased with increasing herpesvirus antibody titers and reduction of monoamine oxidase activity. urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hiaa) decreased. the decrease of monoamine oxidase activity in placental homogenate led to an increase of serotonin level, which was paralleled by destruction of mitoch ...201223330138
morphology and functions of erythrocyte membranes in pregnant women after exacerbation of herpesvirus infection.herpesvirus infection is associated with an increase of lpo and of the membrane lipid and lipid-protein layers microviscosity in erythrocyte membranes of pregnant patients. this results in modification of the erythrocyte stromal protein composition. erythrocyte deformability increases sharply under these conditions, this leading to disorders in tissue metabolism in the organs of pregnant patients.201223330104
visceral kaposi's sarcoma related to human herpesvirus-8 in liver transplant recipient: case report and literature review.background. kaposi's sarcoma (ks) in transplant recipients is about 400 to 500 times rate in the general population. it is strongly associated to human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) infection which has been found in 95% of ks lesions. the optimal approach to managing posttransplantation ks is to reduce or discontinue immunosuppressive therapy but this strategy carries a risk of the acute rejection of the graft. recently, the use of an mtor inhibitor has added new opportunities for ks treatment and preve ...201223320218
aktivation of pi3k/akt/mtor signaling pathway by kshv.as an obligate intracellular parasite, kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) relies on the host cell machinery to meet its needs for survival, viral replication, production, and dissemination of progeny virions. kshv is a gammaherpesvirus that is associated with three different malignancies: kaposi sarcoma (ks), and two b cell lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (pel) and multicentric castleman's disease. kshv viral proteins modulate the cellular phosphatidylinositol- ...201223316192
an epstein-barr virus encoded inhibitor of colony stimulating factor-1 signaling is an important determinant for acute and persistent ebv infection.acute epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis. nearly all adult humans harbor life-long, persistent ebv infection which can lead to development of cancers including hodgkin lymphoma, burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, and lymphomas in immunosuppressed patients. barf1 is an ebv replication-associated, secreted protein that blocks colony stimulating factor 1 (csf-1) signaling, an innate immunity pathway not targeted by any ...201223300447
[frequency of opportunistic infections in children with immune neutropenia and their mothers].determine the frequency of opportunistic infections among children with immune neutropenia and their mothers.201223297642
loneliness predicts pain, depression, and fatigue: understanding the role of immune dysregulation.the pain, depression, and fatigue symptom cluster is an important health concern. loneliness is a common risk factor for these symptoms. little is known about the physiological mechanisms linking loneliness to the symptom cluster; immune dysregulation is a promising candidate. latent herpesvirus reactivation, which is reflected by elevated herpesvirus antibody titers, provides a window into immune dysregulation. cytomegalovirus (cmv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) are two common herpesviruses.201223273678
multiple papillomas in a diamond python, morelia spilota spilota.a 4-yr-old male diamond python (morelia spilota spilota) was evaluated for multiple black papillated exophytic skin proliferations and signs of pneumonia. the histopathologic structure of the skin biopsy specimens led to the diagnosis of a benign papilloma-like neoplasia. in this case, papillomavirus dna could be amplified from a biopsy sample with a broad range polymerase chain reaction. nested pan-herpes polymerase chain reaction was negative, and herpesvirus inclusion bodies were not found. b ...201223272369
the nuclear chaperone nucleophosmin escorts an epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen to establish transcriptional cascades for latent infection in human b cells.epstein-barr virus (ebv) is an oncogenic γ-herpesvirus that capably establishes both latent and lytic modes of infection in host cells and causes malignant diseases in humans. nuclear antigen 2 (ebna2)-mediated transcription of both cellular and viral genes is essential for the establishment and maintenance of the ebv latency program in b lymphocytes. here, we employed a protein affinity pull-down and lc-ms/ms analysis to identify nucleophosmin (npm1) as one of the cellular proteins bound to ebn ...201223271972
monitoring plasmid replication in live mammalian cells over multiple generations by fluorescence microscopy.few naturally-occurring plasmids are maintained in mammalian cells. among these are genomes of gamma-herpesviruses, including epstein-barr virus (ebv) and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), which cause multiple human malignancies (1-3). these two genomes are replicated in a licensed manner, each using a single viral protein and cellular replication machinery, and are passed to daughter cells during cell division despite their lacking traditional centromeres (4-8). much work has been ...201223271393
herpesvirus tegument protein pul37 interacts with dystonin/bpag1 to promote capsid transport on microtubules during egress.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is a neurotropic virus that travels long distances through cells using the microtubule network. its 125-nm-diameter capsid is a large cargo which efficiently recruits molecular motors for movement. upon entry, capsids reach the centrosome by minus-end-directed transport. from there, they are believed to reach the nucleus by plus-end-directed transport. plus-end-directed transport is also important during egress, when capsids leave the nucleus to reach the site of e ...201223269794
orf9p phosphorylation by orf47p is crucial for the formation and egress of varicella-zoster virus viral particles.the role of the tegument during the herpesvirus lytic cycle is still not clearly established, particularly at the late phase of infection, when the newly produced viral particles need to be fully assembled before being released from the infected cell. the varicella-zoster virus (vzv) protein coded by open reading frame (orf) 9 (orf9p) is an essential tegument protein, and, even though its mrna is the most expressed during the productive infection, little is known about its functions. using a gal ...201223269791
the unsulfated extracellular n-terminus of vgpcr reduces the tumorigenicity of hgro-α in nude mice.the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv)-encoded g-protein coupled receptor (vgpcr) is an oncoprotein that is implicated in kshv-associated malignancies. we previously revealed vgpcr incorporates sulfate groups within its extracellular n-terminal tyrosine residues (y26 and y28) and that this tyrosine sulfation is crucial for its tumorigenicity in nude mice. hgro-α binds vgpcr in a sulfotyrosine-dependent manner and promotes its tumorigenicity through autocrine signaling. interestingly, ...201223269549
cytomegalovirus dna in semen and blood is associated with higher levels of proviral hiv dna.over three-fourths of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected men who have sex with men (msm) have at least one herpesvirus detected in their semen, and cytomegalovirus (cmv) is the most prevalent. the presence of cmv is associated with higher t-cell immune activation and with hiv disease progression in treated and untreated individuals. in this study of 113 antiretroviral (art)-naive hiv-infected msm, we found that cmv replication in blood and semen was associated with higher levels of hiv ...201223275608
cannabidiol inhibits growth and induces programmed cell death in kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected endothelium.kaposi sarcoma is the most common neoplasm caused by kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv). it is prevalent among the elderly in the mediterranean, inhabitants of sub-saharan africa, and immunocompromised individuals such as organ transplant recipients and aids patients. current treatments for kaposi sarcoma can inhibit tumor growth but are not able to eliminate kshv from the host. when the host's immune system weakens, kshv begins to replicate again, and active tumor growth ensues. new t ...201223264851
mitigation of pyrexia by a th-1-biased igg subclass response after infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 in horses pre-immunized with inactivated vaccine.the immunoglobulin g (igg) subclass response was investigated in horses with or without pyrexia after natural infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in the field. all horses were kept at the training centers of the japan racing association and were immunized with an inactivated ehv-1 vaccine before ehv-1 infection. an igg subclass response dominated by igga and iggb was induced in horses without pyrexia after ehv-1 infection. in contrast, horses that developed pyrexia showed increased ...201222230983
association of age and gender with alphaherpesvirus infections of the central nervous system in the immunocompetent host.background: the alphaherpesviruses varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and human herpes simplex virus types 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2) can cause severe infections of the central nervous system (cns). objectives: to analyze whether age and gender of immunocompetent individuals are associated with the incidence of herpesvirus cns diseases. study design: a total of 241 patients with virologically confirmed hsv-1, hsv-2 or vzv-infection of the cns (excluding neonatal infection and varicella), diagnosed at the ...201222265826
angiogenin functionally interacts with p53 and regulates p53-mediated apoptosis and cell survival.angiogenin, a 14-kda multifunctional pro-angiogenic growth factor, is upregulated in several types of cancers. anti-angiogenin monoclonal antibodies used as antagonists inhibited the establishment, progression and metastasis of human cancer cells in athymic mice (olson et al., 1994). silencing angiogenin and inhibition of angiogenin's nuclear translocation blocked cell survival and induced cell death in b-lymphoma and endothelial cells latently infected with kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ...201222266868
global phylogeography and evolution of the chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus.a global phylogeny for the chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus, the most likely etiological agent of fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles, was inferred, using dated sequences, through bayesian markov chain monte carlo analysis, and used to 1) estimate the virus evolutionary rate independently of host's evolution, and 2) resolve the phylogenetic positions of new haplotypes from puerto rico and gulf of guinea. we identified four phylogeographic groups: the eastern pacific, the western atl ...201222258862
mustelid herpesvirus-2, a novel herpes infection in northern sea otters (enhydra lutris kenyoni).oral ulcerations and plaques with epithelial eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions were observed in northern sea otters (enhydra lutris kenyoni) that died or were admitted for rehabilitation after the 1989 exxon valdez oil spill (evos) in alaska, usa. transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of herpesviral virions. additionally, a serologic study from 2004 to 2005 found a high prevalence of exposure to a herpesvirus in live-captured otters. tissues from 29 otters after the evos ...201222247388
true versus false parasite interactions: a robust method to take risk factors into account and its application to feline viruses.multiple infections are common in natural host populations and interspecific parasite interactions are therefore likely within a host individual. as they may seriously impact the circulation of certain parasites and the emergence and management of infectious diseases, their study is essential. in the field, detecting parasite interactions is rendered difficult by the fact that a large number of co-infected individuals may also be observed when two parasites share common risk factors. to correct ...201222235312
[acute liver failure due to human herpesvirus 6 in an infant].we report a case of a 4-months infant with fever in the absence of other specific symptoms that has rapidly and unexpectedly developed acute liver failure (alf) with coagulopathy and complicated with bone marrow failure without encephalopathy. the main viral infection agents (hepatitis virus a, b, c, citomegalovirus, ebstain barr virus, parvovirus b19, adenovirus), drug-induced hepatotoxicity and metabolic disorders associated to alf were excluded. quantitative determination of human herpesvirus ...201223342747
two outbreaks of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 with breed-dependent clinical signs.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is a worldwide spread pathogen of horses. it can cause abortion, respiratory and neurological disease and consequentially significant economic losses in equine industries. during 2009, two outbreaks of ehv-1 were confirmed in two stud farms in eastern croatia. the first outbreak occurred in february following the import of 12 horses from usa, serologically negative to ehv-1 before transport. four mares aborted in the late stage of pregnancy and one perinatal dea ...201222262701
marek's disease virus late protein expression in feather follicle epithelial cells as early as 8 days postinfection.marek's disease virus (mdv) or gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) is a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus and causes marek's disease. former studies have demonstrated that mdv is spread from chicken to chicken about 2 wk postexposure as infectious dander shed from infected chickens. more recent reports, using highly sensitive quantitative pcr analyses of dander from infected chickens, suggested that mdv replicates and is shed from the chicken much earlier (5-7 days). however, detection of viral dna in chi ...201223397845
kinetics of bohv-1 dissemination in an in vitro culture of bovine upper respiratory tract mucosa explants.bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) is a well-known disease-causing agent in cattle. there is little known detailed information on viral behavior with emphasis on host invasion at primary replication sites such as the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. therefore, an in vitro system of bovine upper respiratory tract (burt) mucosa explants was set up to study bohv-1 molecular/cellular host-pathogen interactions. we performed a thorough morphometrical analysis (epithelial integrity, basement membrane ...201223382270
canine herpesvirus during pregnancy and non-pregnant luteal phase.canine herpesvirus (chv) is a widespread infection among dogs that typically get latently infected after exposure and can reactivate the infection after stress. the aim of the present study was to study the effects of latent chv infection during pregnancy on pregnancy outcome, and to study if there are signs of genital viral reactivation during pregnancy or during non-pregnant luteal phase. twelve mated bitches and eight control bitches were followed and sampled regularly during pregnancy or non ...201223279539
massive mortality of prussian carp carassius gibelio in the upper elbe basin associated with herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (cyhv-2).from 22 may to 10 june 2011 massive mortality of prussian carp carassius gibelio was observed in alluvial lake řehacˇka close to the elbe river in the czech republic. more than 1400 kg of dead fish were collected and no other fish species were affected. further molecular and cytogenetic investigation of fish (n = 232) revealed that the rˇehacˇka population of prussian carp consisted exclusively of gynogenetic triploid females. the causative agent was identified by means of molecular and electron ...201223269383
development of an in vivo system to measure antibody-blocking of ovine herpesvirus 2 entry.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), has never been propagated in vitro. thus, an alternative to in vitro virus neutralization is needed to assess neutralizing antibody activity to ovhv-2 in sa-mcf vaccine development. an in vivo system in sheep and rabbits was evaluated to determine whether it could be used to assess the ability of antibodies to block ovhv-2 at the entry site by mixing virus and anti-ovhv-2 serum before challe ...201223274755
comparative genomics of carp herpesviruses.three alloherpesviruses are known to cause disease in cyprinid fish: cyprinid herpesviruses 1 and 3 (cyhv1 and cyhv3) in common carp and koi and cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) in goldfish. we have determined the genome sequences of cyhv1 and cyhv2 and compared them with the published cyhv3 sequence. the cyhv1 and cyhv2 genomes are 291,144 and 290,304 bp, respectively, in size, and thus the cyhv3 genome, at 295,146 bp, remains the largest recorded among the herpesviruses. each of the three genome ...201223269803
evaluation of safety and efficacy of dna vaccines against bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1) in calves.four dna vaccines against bohv-1 were evaluated for their efficacy in calves. twelve animals were divided into four groups which were injected with four different dna vaccines: pvax-tgd (vaccine a); pvax-tgd co-immunised with pvax-48cpg (vaccine b); pvax-ubilaci-tgd-l (vaccine c); pvax-ubilaci-tgd-l co-immunised with pvax-48cpg (vaccine d). three additional calves were given the plasmid vector and served as controls. ninety days after the first vaccination all calves were challenge infected with ...201119906427
isolation of cervid herpesvirus 1 from the genital tract of a farmed red deer in northern france.in autumn 2008, several captive red deer in the north of france were found to be serologically positive for a ruminant alphaherpesvirus. a viral isolate obtained from the genital mucosa of a female red deer was characterised by sequencing and restriction endonuclease analyses as a cervid herpesvirus 1 closely related to scottish banffshire 82 strain.201120031457
observational prospective study of viral infections in children undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a 3-year getmon experience.we studied surveillance, incidence and outcome of viral infections in children undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct) in the main pediatric transplant units in spain. we prospectively collected data from first year post-hct in every consecutive allogeneic hct performed during 3 years (n = 215): first hct = 188 and second hct = 27; median age = 6.6 years (0.1-20.7). most patients had acute leukemia (n = 137) and 135 recipients (63%) were cmv seropositive. a total of 46 pat ...201120228849
nodular spindle cell proliferation in the wall of a varicose vein mimicking kaposi's sarcoma.exuberant reparative reactions resembling sarcoma have been reported in the genitourinary tract, thyroid, breast, lymph node, oral cavity and skin, but not in a varicose vein. presented herein is the case of a 55-year-old man who showed an incidental nodular lesion in the wall of a varicose vein on the left leg. the nodule consisted of fascicles of spindled cells with ovoid or elongated nuclei and delicate chromatin that showed diffuse reactivity for cd31, alpha-smooth muscle actin and d2-40. th ...201120412343
herpesvirus-encoded gpcrs rewire cellular signaling.viral g-protein-coupled receptors (vgpcrs) are chemokine receptor homologues encoded by the herpes- and capripoxviridae. they are thought to have been hijacked from the host genome during the course of evolution. these vgpcrs play different roles in the viral lifecycle and associated pathologies. three members of the herpesviridae, kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), epstein-barr virus (ebv) and human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) are capable of setting up persistent latent infections in huma ...201120398729
effect of dietary boron on physiological responses in growing steers inoculated with bovine herpesvirus type-1.thirty-six angus and angus×simmental steers were fed one of three dietary treatments; (1) control (no supplemental b), (2) 5 mg supplemental b/kg, and (3) 15 mg supplemental b/kg for 47 days to determine the effects of dietary boron (b) on disease resistance following an inoculation with bovine herpesvirus type-1 (bhv-1). on day 34 of the study steers were inoculated intranasally with bhv-1. rectal temperatures began to elevate at day 2, and plasma tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations increase ...201120493506
cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) may not become infected with equine herpesvirus 9.it was suggested that equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) could be transmitted to higher non-human primates.201120561149
prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 and hepatitis c virus in a rural community with a high risk for blood-borne infections in central china.illegal blood donation in the past decade has caused human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) outbreaks in some rural areas in china. other hiv-associated virus infections, such as those caused by human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8), in such areas are still not well defined. in order to explore hhv8 and hepatitis c virus (hcv) seroprevalence and potential risk factors in such areas, a cross-sectional study with 305 hiv-positive and 315 hiv-negative subjects recruited from a rural county in shanxi province was ...201120545961
detection of neuropathogenic strains of equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) associated with abortions in germany.a single nucleotide polymorphism within ehv-1 gene orf 30, which encodes for the viral dna polymerase, allows the differentiation of the neuropathogenic (g2254) from non-neuropathogenic genotype (a2254). the aim of our study was to investigate the distribution of the neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic genotype of ehv-1 isolates associated with abortions in germany. to determine the nucleotide sequence at the polymorphic site the amplification product of orf 30 gene specific nested pcr was d ...201120619972
cholesterol dependence of pseudorabies herpesvirus entry.lipid rafts are special microdomains in the plasma membrane. they are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol, playing critical roles in many biological processes. the purpose of this study is to analyze the requirement of cholesterol, a crucial component of lipid rafts for cell infection by pseudorabies virus (prv). cholesterol of plasma membrane or viral envelope was depleted with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (mβcd), and the infectivity of three strains of prv was determined with plaque assays. ...201120625735
genetic heterogeneity and variation in viral load during equid herpesvirus-2 infection of foals.equine herpesvirus-2 (ehv-2) infection has been implicated as a cause of a variety of clinical disorders in young horses, including upper respiratory tract disease, generalized malaise, fever, pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, and lymphadenopathy. considerable sequence heterogeneity has been demonstrated previously among ehv-2 strains, and individual horses can be concurrently infected with more than one virus strain. in this study, the temporal variation of the viral load and genomic diversity o ...201120655670
detection of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 dna in lake plankton.the disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) severely impacts the natural freshwater ecosystem and damages carp and koi farming, however, the pathway of cyhv-3 transmission remains unclear. it is possible that the virus adheres to plankton, which then facilitate viral movement and transmission, and therefore, it is hypothesised that plankton are involved in the disease dynamics. in this study, plankton were collected at eight sites in the iba-naiko lagoon; we detected and quantified cyh ...201120692005
light (tnfsf14) inhibits adipose differentiation without affecting adipocyte metabolism.the member of the tumor necrosis factor family light (lymphotoxin-like inducible protein that competes with glycoprotein d for herpesvirus entry on t cells; tnfsf14 (tumor necrosis factor super family protein 14) is primarily expressed in lymphocytes, in which it induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alterations of lipid homeostasis. recently, the protein was shown to be upregulated in obesity and to induce cytokine secretion from adipocytes.201120548299
human herpesvirus 7 in allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in the central clinical hospital in warsaw: a three-year survey.human herpesvirus 7 (hhv-7) is spread worldwide and has been described as a potential pathogen in immunosuppressed patients. different clinical manifestations have been described including fever and skin rash; hhv-7 may also be a possible cofactor for cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients.201120689313
study on the infectivity of equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) by different routes of inoculation in hamsters.the infectivity and pathology of equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9), a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus isolated from gazelles, was studied in hamsters experimentally infected via nasal, ocular, oral, intravenous (iv), or peritoneal routes. clinically, all animals inoculated by the nasal route and ~25% inoculated by the oral and peritoneal routes showed neurological signs on days 3, 6, and 9 postinoculation (pi), respectively. neurological signs were not observed in animals administered ehv-9 by the ...201120574073
transmission of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) from goldfish to naïve common carp by cohabitation.cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) has spread worldwide and has had a major impact on koi and common carp production. previous studies on the host range of the cyhv-3 found that fish species other than koi and common carp are fully resistant to natural virus exposure. recently, cyhv-3 was detected in goldfish (carassius auratus auratus) that were in contact with cyhv-3 infected koi. in the present study, a specific rt-pcr product was amplified from the viral thymidine kinase gene in gills, intestin ...201120723951
detection and evaluation of novel herpesviruses in routine and pathological samples from asian and african elephants: identification of two new probosciviruses (eehv5 and eehv6) and two new gammaherpesviruses (eghv3b and eghv5).systemic infections with elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (eehv) cause a rapid onset acute hemorrhagic disease with an 85% mortality rate. more than 60 cases have been confirmed worldwide occurring predominantly in juvenile asian elephants. originally, three virus types eehv1a, eehv1b and eehv2 were identified, all members of the proboscivirus genus within the betaherpesvirinae. however, four elephant gammaherpesviruses (eghv) have also been found by dna pcr approaches in eye and genital ...201120579821
a boy with a one-sided red rash.we report on a boy with a sudden onset of unilateral skin lesions following tonsillar infection with fever 2 weeks before. the lesions consisted of erythematous macules with scaling affecting trunk, axillar, as well as inguinal region. crp, blood differential, serum igg and igm antibodies (coxsackievirus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus, herpes virus, varicella zoster virus, human herpesvirus-6/-7), and lesional swabs (bacteria, dermatophytes, yeasts) were uneventful.201120803032
in vitro antiviral activity from acanthospermum australe on herpesvirus and poliovirus.context: the asteraceae family has been of interest to researchers due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, which demonstrated antiviral activity. objective: the hydroethanol extract of the aerial parts of acanthospermum australe (loefl.) kuntze (asteraceae) and its fractions, were evaluated in vitro for their potential cytotoxic and antiviral activity against bovine herpesvirus and human poliovirus. materials and methods: the sulforhodamine b colorimetric assay were use ...201120819023
detection of hhv-8 (human herpesvirus-8) genomes in induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from us blood donors.human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) causes kaposi's sarcoma and can be detected and induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from infected individuals. the prevalence of viral genomes in induced/cultured pbmcs from healthy blood donors has not been systematically studied.201120825598
[acute human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) infections: when and how to treat?].the pathogenicity of human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) still raises numerous questions. acute hhv-6 infections correspond to primary infections, reactivations or exogenous reinfections. the expression of related clinical symptoms is highly variable but may be extremely severe, particularly among immunocompromised patients. the prototypic severe disease associated with these infections is limbic encephalitis occurring in stem cell transplant recipients. the diagnosis of acute hhv-6 infections relies on ...201120832191
evolution and world-wide distribution of varicella-zoster virus clades.varicella-zoster virus (vzv, human herpesvirus 3), a world-wide distributed pathogen, is the causative agent of varicella (chickenpox) and zoster (shingles). both diseases result in significant morbidity and economic burden. the implementation of routine varicella vaccination programs in many countries may reduce significantly the incidence of varicella disease. furthermore, vaccination against zoster can diminish the burden of zoster considerably. although many epidemiological, clinical and lab ...201120817040
lysine residues of interferon regulatory factor 7 affect the replication and transcription activator-mediated lytic replication of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection goes through latent and lytic phases, which are controlled by the viral replication and transcription activator (rta). upon kshv infection, the host responds by suppressing rta-activated lytic gene expression through interferon regulatory factor 7 (irf-7), a key regulator of host innate immune response. lysine residues are potential sites for post-translational modification of irf-7, and were suggested to be critical for its activity. in t ...201120844090
nf-κb as a target for oncogenic viruses.nf-κb is a pivotal transcription factor that controls cell survival and proliferation in diverse physiological processes. the activity of nf-κb is tightly controlled through its cytoplasmic sequestration by specific inhibitors, iκbs. various cellular stimuli induce the activation of an iκb kinase, which phosphorylates iκbs and triggers their proteasomal degradation, causing nuclear translocation of activated nf-κb. under normal conditions, the activation of nf-κb occurs transiently, thus ensurin ...201120845110
negative herpesvirus-8 immunoreactivity does not exclude a diagnosis of kaposi sarcoma. 201120846307
viral encephalitis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a rare complication with distinct characteristics of different causative agents.limited data are available on characteristics of viral encephalitis in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.201120851868
experimental ostreid herpesvirus 1 infection of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas: kinetics of virus dna detection by q-pcr in seawater and in oyster samples.herpes- and herpes-like viruses are known to infect a wide range of bivalve mollusc species throughout the world. abnormal summer mortalities associated to the detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (oshv-1) have been currently reported in france among larvae and spat of the pacific cupped oyster crassostrea gigas. in the present work, we have developed an experimental protocol of horizontal transmission based on the cohabitation between healthy and experimentally infected oysters. through a cohabit ...201120709119
an international comparison of current strategies to prevent herpesvirus and fungal infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.herpes virus (cytometalovirus [cmv], herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus) and invasive fungal infections continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) recipients despite the availability of effective therapies. in this study, we developed an internet-based survey, which was distributed to all hematopoietic cell transplant centers participating in the center for international blood and marrow transplant research (cibmtr) program, ...201120699126
demyelinating lesions with features of balo's concentric sclerosis in a patient with active hepatitis c and human herpesvirus 6 infection. 201120849439
efficacy of an inactivated, recombinant bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5) vaccine.bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5) is the causative agent of bovine herpetic encephalitis. in countries where bohv-5 is prevalent, attempts to vaccinate cattle to prevent clinical signs from bohv-5-induced disease have relied essentially on vaccination with bohv-1 vaccines. however, such practice has been shown not to confer full protection to bohv-5 challenge. in the present study, an inactivated, oil adjuvanted vaccine prepared with a recombinant bohv-5 from which the genes coding for glycopro ...201120828945
activation of t-cell-factor-dependent transcription by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication transactivation activator.to elucidate the cellular function of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) replication transactivation activator (rta) at the transcriptional level.201120829605
Rapid virological diagnosis of central nervous system infections by use of a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR DNA microarray.Viruses are the main etiological cause of central nervous system (CNS) infections. A rapid molecular diagnosis is recommended to improve the therapeutic management of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of a DNA microarray, the Clart Entherpex kit (Genomica, Coslada, Spain), allowing the rapid and simultaneous detection of 9 DNA and RNA neurotropic viruses: herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus ...201121918017
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