Publications

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dispersal capacity of haematopota spp. and stomoxys calcitrans using a mark-release-recapture approach in belgium.the dispersion potential of mechanical vectors is an important factor in the dissemination of pathogens. a mark-release-recapture experiment was implemented using two groups (unfed and partially fed) of the tabanidae (diptera) (haematopota spp.) and biting muscidae (diptera) (stomoxys calcitrans) most frequently collected in belgium in order to evaluate their dispersion potential. in total, 2104 specimens of haematopota spp. were collected directly from horses and 5396 s. calcitrans were collect ...201829344956
potential of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus heterorhabditis for the control of stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae).the present study verified the pathogenic potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) of the genus heterorhabditis (heterorhabditis bacteriophora, isolate hp88 and heterorhabditis baujardi isolate lpp7) to immature stages of stomoxys calcitrans in the laboratory. all epn concentrations of the h. bacteriophora hp88 strain caused mean larval mortality greater than 90% after four days. higher concentrations of the h. baujardi lpp7 isolate (≥50 epns/larva) eliminated more than 70% of larvae after ...201729160358
improved capture of stable flies (diptera: muscidae) by placement of knight stick sticky fly traps protected by electric fence inside animal exhibit yards at the smithsonian's national zoological park.stable flies are noxious blood-feeding pests of exotic animals at zoological parks, inflicting painful bites, and causing discomfort to animals. stable fly management is difficult because of the flies' tendency to remain on the host animals only when feeding. non-toxic traps can be efficient but traps placed around exhibit perimeters captured fewer-than-expected numbers of flies. by surrounding traps with square electric fence enclosures, traps could be placed in the exhibits with the host anima ...201729105825
a mammalian blood odor component serves as an approach-avoidance cue across phylum border - from flies to humans.chemosignals are used by predators to localize prey and by prey to avoid predators. these cues vary between species, but the odor of blood seems to be an exception and suggests the presence of an evolutionarily conserved chemosensory cue within the blood odor mixture. a blood odor component, e2d, has been shown to trigger approach responses identical to those triggered by the full blood odor in mammalian carnivores and as such, is a key candidate as a food/alarm cue in blood. using a multidiscip ...201729057956
modeling the temperature- and age-dependent survival, development, and oviposition rates of stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) (diptera: muscidae).stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans (l.)) can be a serious pest associated with cattle facilities. in denmark, they occur most abundantly at organic farms, where they cannot be controlled by means of insecticides. on traditional farms, where chemical control is widely used, development of resistance is of increasing concern. therefore, interest in biological control or other alternative methods has been growing during the recent years. in order to understand the complex relationships between a pes ...201728981634
identification of stable fly attractant compounds in vinasse, a byproduct of sugarcane-ethanol distillation.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae), is a worldwide pest of livestock. recent outbreaks of stable flies in sugarcane fields in brazil have become a serious problem for livestock producers. larvae and pupae found inside sugarcane stems after harvesting may indicate that stable flies use these stems as potential oviposition or larval development sites. field observations suggest that outbreaks of stable flies are associated with the vinasse and filter cake derived from biomass ...201728833391
precipitation and temperature effects on stable fly (diptera: muscidae) population dynamics.the dynamics of stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), populations relative to temperature and precipitation were evaluated in a 13-yr study in eastern nebraska. during the course of the study, >1.7 million stable flies were collected on an array of 25 sticky traps. a log-normal model using degree-days with a 15 °c threshold and weekly lags 0-4 for temperature and 2-7 for precipitation provided the best fit with the observed data. the relationships of temperature and precipitation to stable fly t ...201728369413
the knight stick trap and knight stick sticky wraps: new tools for stable fly (diptera: muscidae) management.stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), management can be difficult, especially in situations where pesticide usage is restricted or disallowed. traps have been used for monitoring stable flies, but have rarely been used for management. the knight stick (ks) trap recently became available, and preliminary studies indicated that it might be an improvement to traps currently in use. the olson sticky fly trap was chosen as the control trap for the purpose of comparisons. both trap ...201728334297
augmenting laboratory rearing of stable fly (diptera: muscidae) larvae with ammoniacal salts.stable flies are blood feeding parasites and serious pests of livestock. the immature stages develop in decaying materials which frequently have high ammonium content. we added various ammonium salts to our laboratory stable fly rearing medium and measured their effect on size and survival as well as the physical properties of the used media. the addition of ammonium hydroxide, ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate reduced larval survival. these compounds decreased ph and increased ammonium co ...201728130462
hsp70/j-protein machinery from glossina morsitans morsitans, vector of african trypanosomiasis.tsetse flies (glossina spp.) are the sole vectors of the protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma, the causative agents of african trypanosomiasis. species of glossina differ in vector competence and glossina morsitans morsitans is associated with transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which causes an acute and often fatal form of african trypanosomiasis. heat shock proteins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that play critical roles in proteostasis. the activity of heat shock pr ...201728902917
macrochelid mites (mesostigmata: macrochelidae) from são paulo state, brazil, with description of a new species of macrocheles.macrochelid mites have been reported in several papers about mites of different habitats in brazil, but this is the first work specifically conducted to determine the macrochelids from that country. the main goal was to determine macrochelid species in microhabitats where the stable fly is usually found in commercial cattle farms. in total, 1359 specimens were collected from cow manure and litter in different regions of são paulo state. these represented ten species of three genera. one of these ...201728610326
evidence for sticky-trap avoidance by stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae), in response to trapped flies.populations of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans, and other filth flies are often sampled using sticky traps. we wanted to know whether flies already caught on sticky traps might inhibit to some extent subsequent flies from being caught. to test this, we recorded the number of stable flies landing on white plastic corrugated panels (coroplast®), which were prepared according to 4 treatments: 12 live stable flies glued to the surface, 12 live house flies (musca domestica) glued to the surface, 12 ...201728854114
field trials of fatty acids and geraniol applied to cattle for suppression of horn flies, haematobia irritans (diptera: muscidae), with observations on fly defensive behaviors.adult horn fly populations were tracked on cattle for 2-week periods before, during and after multiple treatments (every 3-4days) with two repellents in a mineral oil carrier. cattle were sprayed four times in a two-week period either with 2% geraniol (125ml/cow) or a 15% mixture of short chain fatty acids (c8-c9-c10)(250ml/cow), and there were untreated control cattle. trials were conducted in california and north carolina for 3 summers. short-term fly counts (same day) on treated cattle were r ...201728969832
effects of four commercial fungal formulations on mortality and sporulation in house flies (musca domestica) and stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans).the house fly musca domestica l. (diptera: muscidae) and stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae) are major pests of livestock. biological control is an important tool in an integrated control framework. increased mortality in filth flies has been documented with entomopathogenic fungi, several strains of which are commercially available. three strains of beauveria bassiana (balsamo-crivelli) vuillemin (hypocreales: cordycipitaceae) and one strain of metarhizium brunneum (petch) ( ...201727781284
lethal effects of the insect growth regulator cyromazine against three species of filth flies, musca domestica, stomoxys calcitrans, and fannia canicularis (diptera: muscidae) in cattle, swine, and chicken manure.the presence of various species of filth flies is a widespread problem where livestock, including poultry, are maintained and where manure accumulates. the house fly, musca domestica l.; the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.); and the little house fly, fannia canicularis (l.) (each diptera: muscidae), the target pests in our study, can mechanically spread diseases, and s. calcitrans can bite cattle, causing losses in meat and milk production. chemical control is widely used to suppress filth f ...201728122880
high relative abundance of the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans is associated with lumpy skin disease outbreaks in israeli dairy farms.the vector of lumpy skin disease (lsd), a viral disease affecting bovidae, is currently unknown. to evaluate the possible vector of lsd virus (lsdv) under field conditions, a yearlong trapping of dipterans was conducted in dairy farms that had been affected by lsd, 1-2 years previously. this was done in order to calculate monthly relative abundances of each dipteran in each farm throughout the year. the relative abundances of stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae) in the months parallel to the ...201627976815
short communication: relationship between serum cortisol concentration and defensive behavioral responses of dairy cows exposed to natural infestation by stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans.the aim of this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of natural infestation by stomoxys calcitrans on the behavioral and adrenocortical responses of dairy cattle. twenty holstein cows randomly selected were individually sprayed with insecticide once every 7d, whereas no insecticide was applied to the other 20 animals. the average number of flies per cow was estimated daily, and the frequency of fly-avoidance behaviors was measured daily; plasma cortisol concentration was measured each morn ...201627665135
stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans l.) from confined beef cattle do not carry shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli (stec) in the digestive tract.stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans l.) are very common around confined and pastured cattle, and due to their painful bites they are very important animal pests. cattle are asymptomatic reservoirs of foodborne pathogens, escherichia coli o157:h7 and other shiga-toxigenic e. coli serotypes (stec). in the present study, the potential of stable flies to carry stec in a beef cattle feedlot was assessed.201626650821
a comparison of attractants for sampling stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae) on dairy farms in saraburi province, thailand.the efficacy of different stable fly attractants was evaluated at four dairy cattle farms in muak lek district, saraburi province, thailand. dry ice, octenol, a mixture of cow dung and urine, a combination of dry ice plus octenol, and no attractants (control) were tested with vavoua traps. in total, 7,000 individuals of stomoxys species were collected between july 2013 to september 2014, of which 1,058, 867, 1,274, and 3,801 were trapped on farms 1–4, respectively. four species of stomoxys were ...201626614795
environmental parameters associated with stable fly (diptera: muscidae) development at hay feeding sites.substrates composed of hay residues, dung, and urine accumulate around winter hay feeding sites in cattle pastures, providing developmental habitats for stable flies. the objective of this study was to relate physiochemical and microbial properties of these substrates to the presence or absence of stable fly larvae. properties included ph, temperature, moisture, ammonium concentration, electrical conductivity, and numbers of coliform, fecal coliform,escherichia coli, andenterococcusbacteria. eac ...201627016003
oviposition deterrence and immature survival of filth flies (diptera: muscidae) when exposed to commercial fungal products.filth flies are pests of livestock, and can transmit pathogens that cause disease to animals and their caretakers. studies have shown successful infection of adult filth flies following exposure to different strains and formulations of entomopathogenic fungi. this study aimed to examine the effects of commercial formulations of beauveria bassiana (balsamo) (moniliales: moniliaceae) (i.e., botanigard es, mycotrol o, balence), and metarhizium brunneum (metsch.) (ascomycota: hypocreales) (i.e., met ...201627302955
genetic variability of the stable fly assessed on a global scale using amplified fragment length polymorphism.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), is a blood-feeding, economically important pest of animals and humans worldwide. improved management strategies are essential and their development would benefit from studies on genetic diversity of stable flies. especially if done on a global scale, such research could generate information necessary for the development and application of more efficient control methods. herein we report on a genetic study of stable flies using amplifi ...201625788399
house and stable fly seasonal abundance, larval development substrates, and natural parasitism on small equine farms in florida.house flies, musca domestica linnaeus, and stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), are common pests on horse farms. the successful use of pupal parasitoids for management of these pests requires knowledge of seasonal fluctuations and biology of the flies as well as natural parasitism levels. however, these dynamics have not been investigated on small equine farms. a 1-year field study began in july 2010, in north central florida, to determine adult fly population levels and b ...201626902468
visual and olfactory enhancement of stable fly trapping.stable flies are considered to be one of the major blood-feeding pests in the us livestock industry, causing losses running into billions of dollars annually. adult stable flies are highly attracted to alsynite traps; however, alsynite is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain and is expensive.201626662853
external morphology of stable fly (diptera: muscidae) larvae.scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the external morphology of first-, second-, and third-instar stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans (l.)). in the cephalic region, the antennae, labial lobe, and maxillary palpi are morphologically similar among instars. antennae comprise a prominent anterior dome that is the primary site of olfaction, while the maxillary palpi are innervated with mechano- and chemosensilla and scolopodia. the ventral organ and facial mask, also located in the pseudoce ...201526335469
effect of mutual interference on the ability of spalangia cameroni (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) to attack and parasitize pupae of stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae).we investigated the effect of mutual interference on the attack efficiency and the rate of successful parasitism on the parasitoid spalangia cameroni (perkins) attacking pupae of the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l.). female parasitoids (2, 4, 8, 16, or 32) were exposed to 100 fly pupae during 24 h. the number of pupae that were attacked and the number successfully parasitized increased with the parasitoid density and reached a maximum of ∼70 and 50, respectively. parasitoid-induced mortality ...201526314052
temperature-dependent functional response of spalangia cameroni (hymenoptera: pteromalidae), a parasitoid of stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae).the effects of host density, temperature, and burial depths on the functional response of the synovigenic parasitoid spalangia cameroni (perkins) attacking pupae of the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l.) were examined. five temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°c), six host densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 pupae per 19.64 cm(2)), and three burial depths in whole wheat grains (0, 8, and 16 cm) were used. it was demonstrated that temperature had a profound effect on the functional response, wher ...201526308810
comparison of host-seeking behavior of the filth fly pupal parasitoids, spalangia cameroni and muscidifurax raptor (hymenoptera: pteromalidae).the pupal parasitoids, spalangia cameroni perkins and muscidifurax raptor girault and sanders, can be purchased for biological control of house flies musca domestica l. and stable flies stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae). little is known about the odors involved in host-seeking behavior of these two species, so odors associated with house flies were investigated in the laboratory using a y-tube olfactometer. odor stimuli from house fly host puparia, larvae, pine-shavings bedding with h ...201526313187
synergistic trap response of the false stable fly and little house fly (diptera: muscidae) to acetic acid and ethanol, two principal sugar fermentation volatiles.in an initial observation, large numbers of muscoid flies (diptera) were captured as nontarget insects in traps baited with solutions of acetic acid plus ethanol. in subsequent field experiments, numbers of false stable fly muscina stabulans (fallén) and little house fly fannia canicularis (l.) trapped with the combination of acetic acid plus ethanol were significantly higher than those trapped with either chemical alone, or in unbaited traps. flies were trapped with acetic acid and ethanol that ...201526314021
enhanced repellency of binary mixtures of calophyllum inophyllum nut oil fatty acids or their esters and three terpenoids to stomoxys calcitrans.an assessment was made of the repellency to female stable flies of tamanu nut oil fatty acids or their esters alone (each 0.5 mg cm(-2) ) or in combination with cuminyl alcohol, cuminaldehyde and α-phellandrene (each 0.25 mg cm(-2) ), using an exposed human hand bioassay. results were compared with those of synthetic repellent deet (0.25 mg cm(-2) ).201525204729
spatial distribution, seasonality and trap preference of stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae), adults on a 12-hectare zoological park.although this study was originally designed to compare the efficacy of two different stable fly traps within 10 sites at a 12-ha zoological park, seasonal and spatial population distribution data were simultaneously collected. the two traps included an alsynite fiberglass cylindrical trap (aft) and a blue-black cloth target modified into a cylindrical trap (bct). both traps were covered with sticky sleeves to retain the attracted flies. paired trap types were placed at sites that were 20-100 m a ...201524740859
biology and trapping of stable flies (diptera: muscidae) developing in pineapple residues (ananas comosus) in costa rica.pineapple production in costa rica increased nearly 300-fold during the last 30 yr, and >40,000 hectares of land are currently dedicated to this crop. at the end of the pineapple cropping cycle, plants are chopped and residues incorporated into the soil in preparation for replanting. associated with increased pineapple production has been a large increase in stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), populations. stable flies are attracted to, and oviposit in, the decomposing, chopped pineapple resid ...201526454479
repellent and insecticidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans).a laboratory study was conducted to assess the repellent and insecticidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin (frontline tri- act/frontect merial) against stomoxys calcitrans (stable flies).201525627104
antimicrobial activity of stomoxys calcitrans against beauveria bassiana sensu lato isolates.this study had the aims of evaluating the antimicrobial characteristics of stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae) larvae against the fungal isolates cg138, cg228 and esalq986 of beauveria bassiana sensu lato (balsamo-crivelli) vuillemin, 1912 (hypocreales: cordycipitaceae). s. calcitrans eggs, larvae and pupae were exposed to these same isolates. statistical analysis showed that the immature stages of s. calcitrans were not susceptible to the fungal isolates used, regardless of the exposure met ...201526444064
stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), dispersal and governing factors.although the movement of stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), has been studied, its extent and significance has been uncertain. on a local scale (<13 km), fly movement occurs between host animals and resting sites to feed and mate, mainly at on-farm locations where herbivorous livestock regularly congregate. small numbers emigrate from livestock congregation sites in search of other hosts and oviposition substrate, mostly within <1.6 km. such local movement occurs by flight ~90 cm above ground, ...201526816486
description of a nanobody-based competitive immunoassay to detect tsetse fly exposure.tsetse flies are the main vectors of human and animal african trypanosomes. the tsal proteins in tsetse fly saliva were previously identified as suitable biomarkers of bite exposure. a new competitive assay was conceived based on nanobody (nb) technology to ameliorate the detection of anti-tsal antibodies in mammalian hosts.201525658871
natural besnoitia besnoiti infections in cattle: chronology of disease progression.bovine besnoitiosis is an emerging protozoan disease in cattle. neither vaccines nor chemotherapeutic drugs are currently available for prevention and treatment of besnoitia besnoiti infections. therefore the implementation of appropriate disease management strategies is of utmost importance. the aim of this longitudinal study was to complement current knowledge on the chronology of disease progression. this was realized by correlating clinical findings in early stages of naturally acquired bovi ...201525886463
efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungi metarhizium anisopliae in the control of infestation by stable flies stomoxys calcitrans (l.), under natural infestation conditions.the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an isolate of metarhizium anisopliae applied by aspersion to control of stomoxys calcitrans flies in dairy cattle naturally infested. was applied by aspersion an aqueous formulation of m. anisopliae sensu lato (ma134), at a concentration of 1×10(8)conidia/ml, four times with seven day intervals, on a group of eight holstein cows; a control group of eight holstein cows, received a water solution with tween 80 (0.1%). the average number o ...201526209932
persistence and retention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in stable flies (diptera: muscidae).we investigated the acquisition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus by the stable fly (diptera: muscidae; stomoxys calcitrans (l.)) through a bloodmeal, and virus persistence in the digestive organs of the fly using virus isolation and quantitative reverse-transcription pcr (qrt-pcr). stable flies were fed blood containing live virus, modified live vaccine virus, chemically inactivated virus, or no virus. stable flies acquired prrsv from the bloodmeal and the amount of ...201526336236
comparison of the olfactory preferences of four of filth fly pupal parasitoid species (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) for hosts in equine and bovine manure.house flies (musca domestica l.) and stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans (l.)) (diptera: muscidae) are common pests in equine and cattle facilities. pupal parasitoids, primarily in the genera spalangia and muscidifurax (hymenoptera: pteromalidae), can be purchased for biological control of these flies. however, little is known about the host-habitat preferences associated with host-seeking by these parasitoids. the preferences of two spalangia and two muscidifurax species to odors associated with ...201526314022
behavioural responses of stable flies to cattle manure slurry associated odourants.stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans [diptera: muscidae] l.) are blood-feeding synanthropic pests, which cause significant economic losses in livestock. stable fly antennae contain olfactory sensilla responsive to host and host environment-associated odours. field observation indicated that the abundance of stable flies increased significantly in grasslands or crop fields when cattle manure slurry was applied. major volatile compounds emanating from manure slurry were collected and identified. beha ...201525557192
stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae) outbreaks: current situation and future outlook with emphasis on brazil.the stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans) has historically been a pest of dairy cattle and feedlots due to the availability of decaying plant matter mixed with animal excrements in such production systems. in the last few decades, stable fly outbreaks have also been reported in pasture-raised beef cattle, usually associated with wastes accumulated from animal feeding during winter, the introduction of large-scale crop operations near cattle ranches, and/or the inadvertent use of organic fertilizers. ...201526689177
efficacy of novaluron as a feed-through for control of immature horn flies, house flies, and stable flies (diptera: muscidae) developing in cow manure.two rates (0.4 mg/kg body weight/d and 0.6 mg/kg body weight/d) of a daily feed-through formulation of novaluron (novaluron 0.67% active ingredient cattle mix), a newer benzoylphenyl urea insecticide, were evaluated for efficacy in controlling the larval stage of horn flies, haematobia irritans (l.), house flies, musca domestica l., and stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), developing in cow manure. both rates of feed-through novaluron, delivered consecutively for 10 d, reduced adult emergence ...201425118422
development of a novel walk-through fly trap for the control of horn flies and other pests on pastured dairy cows.a prototype walk-through fly vacuum system, designed to remove horn flies haematobia irritans (l.) (diptera: muscidae) from cattle, was developed and tested for efficacy. the study was conducted during 4 fly seasons over 17 consecutive weeks each year within the months of may through september at 1 dairy research herd in the coastal plain of north carolina. additional data on horn flies, as well as face flies (musca autumnalis) and stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans), were collected during 1 yr f ...201424792800
stomoxys calcitrans as possible vector of trypanosoma evansi among camels in an affected area of the canary islands, spain.trypanosoma evansi was first identified in the canary islands in 1997, and is still present in a small area of the archipelago. to date, the disease has exclusively affected camel herds, and has not been detected in any other animal hosts. however potential vectors of trypanosoma evansi must be identified.201425229294
antifungal activity of stenotrophomonas maltophilia in stomoxys calcitrans larvae.the microbiota present in stomoxys calcitrans larvae may assist their survival in contaminated environments through production of inhibitory substances. bacteriological identification methods, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and scanning electron microscopy (sem) were used to detect a bacterium naturally present in mucus and macerated s. calcitrans larvae. the antifungal activity was determined based on the results from disk diffusion tests on an artificial solid medium. the bacterium was id ...201425054498
temporal changes in the bacterial community of animal feces and their correlation with stable fly oviposition, larval development, and adult fitness.stable flies are blood-feeding insects with a great negative impact on animals world wide. larvae develop primarily in animal manure and bacteria are essential for larval development; however, the principle of this dependence is not understood. we hypothesized that as the microbial community of animal manure changes over time, it plays an important role in stable fly fitness. two-choice bioassays were conducted using 2 week old horse manure (control) and aging horse manure (fresh to 5 week old) ...201425426108
behavioural and electroantennogram responses of the stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans l.) to plant essential oils and their mixtures with attractants.insect olfactory organs possess many olfactory receptor neurons, which detect many different sets of odorants in nature. in order to feed on blood meals, stable flies locate host animals and humans using chemical cues such as 1-octen-3-ol and butyric acid. in the present study, behavioural and electroantennogram (eag) response patterns to repellent volatiles from essential oils (eos) of zanthoxylum piperitum and z. armatum in combination with the attractants were investigated.201423564737
demonstration of lumpy skin disease virus infection in amblyomma hebraeum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks using immunohistochemistry.lumpy skin disease (lsd) is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv), a member of the genus capripoxvirus. transmission of the virus has been associated with haematophagous insects such as stomoxys calcitrans as well as aedes and culex species of mosquitoes. recent studies have reported the transmission of the virus by amblyomma hebraeum, rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks and the presence of lsdv in saliva of a. hebraeum and r. appendiculatus ticks. the aim of th ...201424287140
efficacy and longevity of newly developed catnip oil microcapsules against stable fly oviposition and larval growth.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae), is one of the most important pests of cattle and costs u.s. cattle producers billions of dollars in losses annually. in this study, the efficacy of catnip oil encapsulated in gelatin in oviposition deterrence and larval growth inhibition in stable flies was examined under laboratory conditions. more than 98% inhibition of stable fly larval growth and female oviposition was observed in larval and oviposition media treated with encapsulated ...201424111783
serological responses and biomarker evaluation in mice and pigs exposed to tsetse fly bites.tsetse flies are obligate blood-feeding insects that transmit african trypanosomes responsible for human sleeping sickness and nagana in livestock. the tsetse salivary proteome contains a highly immunogenic family of the endonuclease-like tsal proteins. in this study, a recombinant version of tsal1 (rtsal1) was evaluated in an indirect elisa to quantify the contact with total glossina morsitans morsitans saliva, and thus the tsetse fly bite exposure.201424853371
reassessment of the potential economic impact of cattle parasites in brazil.the profitability of livestock activities can be diminished significantly by the effects of parasites. economic losses caused by cattle parasites in brazil were estimated on an annual basis, considering the total number of animals at risk and the potential detrimental effects of parasitism on cattle productivity. estimates in u.s. dollars (usd) were based on reported yield losses among untreated animals and reflected some of the effects of parasitic diseases. relevant parasites that affect cattl ...201425054492
development and oviposition preference of house flies and stable flies (diptera: muscidae) in six substrates from florida equine facilities.house flies, musca domestica l., and stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), (diptera: muscidae), common pests on equine facilities, were studied in the laboratory to determine the success and duration of larval development and oviposition preferences on six substrates commonly found on equine facilities. substrates tested were hay soiled with urine and manure, fresh horse manure, pine shaving bedding soiled with urine and manure (<12 h old), pine shaving bedding soiled with urine and manure (ag ...201426309300
the repellency of lemongrass oil against stable flies, tested using video tracking.lemongrass oil (cymbopogon citratus) is an effective repellent against mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) and house flies (diptera: muscidae). in this study, its effectiveness was assessed on stable flies (diptera: muscidae) in laboratory conditions. first, we demonstrated that lemongrass oil is an active substance for antennal olfactory receptor cells of stomoxys calcitrans as indicated by a significant increase in the electroantennogram responses to increasing doses of lemongrass oil. feeding-cho ...201323759542
applicability of partial characterization of cytochrome oxidase i in identification of forensically important flies (diptera) from china and egypt.precise species identification of every insect sample collected from criminal scenes play an essential role in the accurate estimation of postmortem interval. the morphological similarity poses a great challenge for forensic entomologists. dna-based method can be used as a supplemental means of morphological method. in the present study, we demonstrate the applicability of the 304-bp cytochrome oxidase i gene fragment in molecular identification of forensically important diptera. we analyzed 75 ...201323661266
spatio-temporal variation of biting flies, stomoxys spp. (diptera: muscidae), along a man-made disturbance gradient, from primary forest to the city of makokou (north-east, gabon).understanding the pattern of abundance of vector populations is important to control the potential of transmission of associated pathogens. the pattern of abundance of stomoxys geoffroy, an ubiquitous blood-sucking fly, is poorly known in tropical africa. in this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal pattern of abundance of the stomoxys genus along a gradient of man-made disturbance in north-eastern gabon. three sites (one in primary forest, one in secondary forest and one in a man-made env ...201323278278
discovery of micrornas of the stable fly (diptera: muscidae) by high-throughput sequencing.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), is a serious ectoparasite affecting animal production and health of both animals and humans. stable fly control relies largely on chemical insecticides; however, the development of insecticide resistance as well as environmental considerations requires continued discovery research to develop novel control technologies. micrornas (mirnas) are a class of short noncoding rnas that have been shown to be important regulators of gene expression across a wide v ...201323926794
spatial-temporal dynamics of stable fly (diptera: muscidae) trap catches in eastern nebraska.spatial and temporal relationships among catches of adult stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), on sticky traps in eastern nebraska were evaluated. twenty-five alsynite sticky traps were placed in a 5 by 5 grid with ≍1.6-km intervals in a mixed agricultural environment from 2003 to 2011. denser grids of 45-90 traps were implemented for varying lengths of time during the course of the study. more than two million stable flies were collected over 9 yr. seasonal abundances based upon total collec ...201323726061
seasonality and daily flight activity of stable flies (diptera: muscidae) on dairy farms in saraburi province, thailand.knowledge of seasonal abundance and flight activity patterns are required to design effective management programs for insect pests of humans and livestock. in this study, the seasonality and daily flight activity of stomoxys species were observed on two dairy farms in saraburi province, thailand. data were assessed throughout 1 year using vavoua traps from september 2010 to august 2011. a total of 2,520 individuals belonging to four species were collected. most stomoxys species peaked in septemb ...201323673316
acetylcholinesterases of blood-feeding flies and ticks.acetylcholinesterase (ache) is the biochemical target of organophosphate (op) and carbamate pesticides for invertebrates, vertebrate nerve agents, and ache inhibitors used to reduce effects of alzheimer's disease. organophosphate pesticides (ops) are widely used to control blood-feeding arthropods, including biting flies and ticks. however, resistance to ops in pests affecting animal and human health has compromised control efficacy. op resistance often results from mutations producing an op-ins ...201323036311
transmission of pathogens by stomoxys flies (diptera, muscidae): a review.stomoxys flies are mechanical vectors of pathogens present in the blood and skin of their animal hosts, especially livestock, but occasionally humans. in livestock, their direct effects are disturbance, skin lesions, reduction of food intake, stress, blood loss, and a global immunosuppressive effect. they also induce the gathering of animals for mutual protection; meanwhile they favor development of pathogens in the hosts and their transmission. their indirect effect is the mechanical transmissi ...201323985165
effects of reserpine on reproduction and serotonin immunoreactivity in the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l.).biogenic amines are known to play critical roles in key insect behaviors such as feeding and reproduction. this study documents the effects of reserpine on mating and egg-laying behaviors of the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), which is one of the most significant biting fly pests affecting cattle. two sperm staining techniques were adapted successfully to reveal the morphology of stable fly sperm, for the first time, and determine successful mating in females through th ...201323321479
molecular characterization and immunolocalization of the olfactory co-receptor orco from two blood-feeding muscid flies, the stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans, l.) and the horn fly (haematobia irritans irritans, l.).biting flies are economically important blood-feeding pests of medical and veterinary significance. chemosensory-based biting fly behaviours, such as host/nutrient source localization and ovipositional site selection, are intriguing targets for the development of supplemental control strategies. in an effort to expand our understanding of biting fly chemosensory pathways, transcripts encoding the highly conserved insect odorant co-receptor (orco) were isolated from two representative biting fly ...201323278866
first report of trypanosoma vivax outbreak in dairy cattle in são paulo state, brazil.this is the first description of a trypanosoma vivax outbreak in the state of são paulo (municipality of lins). fever, jaundice, decreased milk production, weight loss, profuse diarrhea, abortion, anemia, leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia were observed in the affected animals. thirty-one cows and calves died out of a total of 1080 in the herd. three cows showed neurological symptoms like dysmetria, ataxia, muscle weakness, ptyalism, lymph node enlargement and submandibular edema. flagellated ...201322832751
stable fly phenology in a mixed agricultural--wildlife ecosystem in northeast montana.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), is a cosmopolitan species of blood-feeding muscidae and an important pest of cattle. although the cattle industry is the largest commodity in montana, no research has been conducted on the abundance, distribution, or impact of stable flies in the state. observations of stable flies attacking west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) -infected pelicans on a refuge in close proximity to pastured and confined cattle provided an opportunit ...201323339785
development of a protocol testing the ability of stomoxys calcitrans (linnaeus, 1758) (diptera: muscidae) to transmit besnoitia besnoiti (henry, 1913) (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae).cattle besnoitiosis due to the cyst-forming coccidian parasite besnoitia besnoiti has recently been reported in expansion in europe since the end of the twentieth century. the b. besnoiti life cycle and many epidemiological traits are still poorly known. hematophagous flies, including the worldwide-distributed stomoxys calcitrans, could be mechanical vectors in the contamination of mouthparts after the puncture of cutaneous cysts or ingestion of infected blood. in this study, a protocol is prese ...201323064799
occurrence of shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli in stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae).this study aimed to verify the occurrence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains in three distinct anatomic parts of the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr multiplex). according to the results obtained, e. coli was identified in 19.5% of the stable flies. shiga toxin genes were detected in 13% of the e. coli isolated, most frequently from the surface, followed by abdominal digestive tract and mouth apparatus of insects, respectively. this ...201323856725
a xenodiagnostic method using musca domestica for the diagnosis of gastric habronemosis and examining the anthelmintic efficacy of moxidectin.equine habronematidosis has a global distribution and is caused by three spirurid species, habronema muscae, habronema microstoma and draschia megastoma. a case of cutaneous habronematidosis in a stallion in a stable in dubai, uae gave occasion to investigate the parasite situation on the farm. patent h. muscae infections were diagnosed in 18 out of 49 horses in a stable in dubai, uae with a xenodiagnostic test using houseflies as indicator host. all horses in the stable were treated with a sing ...201323845307
amplified fragment length polymorphism used to investigate genetic variability of the stable fly (diptera: muscidae) across north america.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), is a cosmopolitan pest of livestock and humans. the pestiferous nature and painful bite cause stress to cattle and other animals. the stress and resulting avoidance behaviors manifest as reductions in weight gain or milk production in cattle; estimated annual economic loss in the united states exceeds us$2 billion. understanding the population genetics of stable flies could provide information on their population dynamics, origins of outbreaks, and geogr ...201324180107
mortality of adult stomoxys calcitrans fed isolates of bacillus thuringiensis.we examined the ability of five isolates of bacillus thuringiensis berliner to cause mortality in adult stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.). isolates bacillus thuringiensis tolworthi 4l3 (serotype 9), bacillus thuringiensis darmstadiensis 4m1 (serotype 10a10b), bacillus thuringiensis thompsoni 401 (serotype 12), bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensis hd2 (serotype 1), and bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki hd945 (serotype 3a3b3c) were administered to adult flies in diets containing blood only, sug ...201223156187
effects of temperature on mortality of larval stable fly (diptera: muscidae) caused by five isolates of bacillus thuringiensis.we examined the effects of temperature on mortality of larval stable fly [stomoxys calcitrans (l.)] caused by bacillus thuringiensis tolworthi 4l3, b. t. darmastedensis 4m1, b. t. thompsoni 401, b. t. thuringiensis hd2, and b. t. kurstaki hd945. at moderate doses, mortality caused by all isolates ranged from 87 to 99% at 15 degrees c and declined to 29-63% as temperature increased to 30 degrees c. a similar pattern was seen when a higher dose was used, except that the reduction in mortality at w ...201222606847
field measurements of stable fly (diptera: muscidae) demography, fecundity, and survival based on daily trap catches at a beef farm in southern ontario over a 5-yr period.we sampled stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), populations using a co2 baited cloth trap (nzi trap) each day throughout the summer and autumn at a beef farm near peterborough, ontario, canada, from 1997 to 2001. females (2,512) were dissected for ovarian age-grading, to produce a demographic profile of farm populations. the number of follicles were counted to produce fecundity estimates. the developmental periods of adult female stages, measured as accumulated degree-days above 10 degrees c, w ...201223270153
toxicity of zanthoxylum piperitum and zanthoxylum armatum oil constituents and related compounds to stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae).zanthoxylum plants (rutaceae) have drawn attention because they contain insecticidal principles against insects. an assessment was made of the insecticidal and acetylcholinesterase (ache) inhibitory activities of zanthoxylum piperitum steam distillate and zanthoxylum armatum seed oil, their 28 constituents, and eight structurally related compounds against female stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.). results were compared with those of two organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos ...201223025190
effects of pyriproxyfen and buprofezin on immature development and reproduction in the stable fly.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), is one of the most significant biting flies that affect cattle. the use of traditional insecticides for stable fly control has only a limited success owing to the insect's unique feeding behaviours and immature development sites. a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two insect growth regulator (igr) products, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin, on the development of the immature stages of the stable fly and the effects ...201223205663
exploratory trial to determine the efficacy of the python and the python magnum slow-release insecticide ear tags for the control of midges (culicoides spp.), attacking sheep and cattle and flies attacking cattle.this study investigated the prophylactic action of the chemical combination zeta-cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide, administered by means of slow-release insecticide-impregnated ear tags, against biting midges (culicoides spp) attacking sheep and against midges, horn flies (haematobia irritant), stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans), and houseflies (musca domestica) attacking cattle. treated sheep and cattle were protected 100 percent against blood-feeding midges for two months and there was a cl ...201222930983
laboratory evaluation of novaluron as a development site treatment for controlling larval horn flies, house flies, and stable flies (diptera: muscidae).a granular formulation of novaluron (novaluron 0.2g, 0.2% [ai]), a newer benzoylphenyl urea insecticide, was evaluated for its efficacy in controlling the larval stage of horn flies, haematobia irritans (l.); house flies, musca domestica l.; and stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), in cow manure. various rates and insecticide placement locations (top, middle, and bottom of manure) were evaluated in this study and all combinations of these variables reduced adult emergence of all three species ...201222679873
reproductive potential of stable flies (diptera: muscidae) fed cattle, chicken, or horse blood.reproductive potential was assessed for stable fly cohorts fed cattle, chicken, or horse blood. flies provided chicken blood oviposited 20% more eggs per day than did those fed cattle or horse blood. however, flies provided cattle or horse blood were fecund 50% longer. when both egg viability and number of eggs produced were considered, lifetime reproductive potential was almost twice as high for flies fed cattle or chicken blood than for flies fed horse blood. maternal investment, which took eg ...201222679851
efficacy of cyromazine to control immature stable flies (diptera: muscidae) developing in winter hay feeding sites.hay mixed with manure and urine residues at sites where hay has been provided as supplemental winter feed for cattle provide an excellent substrate for the development of immature stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.). such sites are primary sources of early summer stable flies in the central united states and no effective measures are currently available to control fly development in them. a single application of granular cyromazine in may provided 97% reduction in the number of adult stable f ...201222606846
population dynamics of stable flies stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae) at an organic dairy farm in denmark based on mark-recapture with destructive sub-sampling.a population of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), was studied on a danish cattle farm in two successive years. flies were captured monthly by sweep nettings and marked with fluorescent dust. absolute population size, dilution rate, loss rate, and adult longevity were estimated by means of a modified version of bailey's triple catch method. in both years, the abundance of flies peaked in july. using a statistical model, we were able to explain 86.6% of the variation in the per capita growth ...201222525056
substrate properties of stable fly (diptera: muscidae) developmental sites associated with round bale hay feeding sites in eastern nebraska.residues at sites where stationary feeders were used to provide hay as supplemental forage for cattle during the winter are developmental substrates for immature stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), in the central united states. spatial patterns in physical (substrate depth, temperature, water content), chemical (ph, electrical conductivity [ec(lab)], total nitrogen [n] and carbon [c], ammoniacal nitrogen [nh(4)-n], extractable phosphorus [p]), and biological (microbial respiration rate) subs ...201222506992
economic impact of stable flies (diptera: muscidae) on dairy and beef cattle production.stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), are among the most damaging arthropod pests of cattle worldwide. the last estimate of their economic impact on united states cattle production was published 20 yr ago and placed losses at $608 million. subsequently, several studies of effects of stable flies on beef cattle weight gain and feed efficiency have been published, and stable flies have become increasingly recognized as pests of cattle on pasture and range. we analyzed published studies and devel ...201222308789
dewatered sewage biosolids provide a productive larval habitat for stable flies and house flies (diptera: muscidae).species diversity and seasonal abundance of muscoid flies (diptera: muscidae) developing in biosolid cake (dewatered biosolids) stored at a wastewater treatment facility in northeastern kansas were evaluated. emergence traps were deployed 19 may through 20 october 2009 (22 wk) and 27 may through 18 november 2010 (25 wk). in total, 11,349 muscoid flies were collected emerging from the biosolid cake. stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans (l.)) and house flies (musca domestica (l.)), represented 80 and ...201222493845
assessment of stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae) as a vector of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is a globally significant swine disease caused by an arterivirus. the virus replicates in alveolar macrophages of infected pigs, resulting in pneumonia in growing pigs and late-term abortions in sows. outbreaks occur on disparate farms within an area despite biosecurity measures, suggesting mechanical transport by arthropods. we investigated the vector potential of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), in the transmission ...201121845948
salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies in denmark: prevalence, host range, and comparison with a florida isolate.house flies (musca domestica) infected with musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (mdsghv) were found in fly populations collected from 12 out of 18 danish livestock farms that were surveyed in 2007 and 2008. infection rates ranged from 0.5% to 5% and averaged 1.2%. none of the stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans), rat-tail maggot flies (eristalis tenax) or yellow dung flies (scathophaga stercoraria) collected from mdsghv-positive farms displayed characteristic salivary gland hypertroph ...201122129394
nuisance flies on australian cattle feedlots: immature populations.species composition, seasonality and distribution of immature fly populations on a southern queensland feedlot during 2001-2003 were determined. similar data were collected on feedlots in central new south wales and central queensland. the fly species recovered in the highest numbers were musca domestica l. (diptera: muscidae), stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae) and physiphora clausa macquart (diptera: ulidiidae). houseflies were the dominant species at all feedlots. houseflies preferred ...201122035065
the ability of selected pupal parasitoids (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) to locate stable fly hosts in a soiled equine bedding substrate.the ability of spalangia cameroni perkins, spalangia endius walker, and muscidifurax raptorellus kogan and legner to locate and attack stable fly hosts was evaluated under laboratory conditions. postfeeding third-instar stable fly larvae were released and allowed to pupate in two arena types: large 4.8 liter chambers containing a field-collected, soiled equine bedding substrate; or 120-ml plastic cups containing wood chips. at the time of fly pupariation, parasitoids were released and permitted ...201122182616
acetylcholinesterase of stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae): cdna sequence, baculovirus expression, and biochemical properties.a 2193-nucleotide cdna encoding acetylcholinesterase (ache) of the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) was sequenced and expressed in the baculovirus system. the open reading frame encoded a 91 amino acid secretion signal peptide and a 613 amino acid mature protein with 96% and 94% identity to the aches of haematobia irritans (l.) and musca domestica (l.), respectively. structural characteristics of m. domestica, h. irritans, and drosophila melanogaster aches were conserved in the s. calcitrans ...201121872994
impact of house fly salivary gland hypertrophy virus (mdsghv) on a heterologous host, stomoxys calcitrans.the effect of musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (mdsghv) on selected fitness parameters of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), was examined in the laboratory. virus-injected stable flies of both genders suffered substantially higher mortality than control flies. by day 9, female mortality was 59.3 +/- 10.1% in the virus group compared with 23.7 +/- 3.7% in the controls; mortality in virus-injected males was 78.1 +/- 3.1% compared with 33.3 +/- 9.3% for controls. fecundity of c ...201122238871
phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear data in haematophagous flies support the paraphyly of the genus stomoxys (diptera: muscidae).the genus stomoxys geoffroy (diptera; muscidae) contains species of parasitic flies that are of medical and economic importance. we conducted a phylogenetic analysis including 10 representative species of the genus including multiple exemplars, together with the closely related genera prostomoxys zumpt, haematobosca bezzi, and haematobia lepeletier & serville. phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood and bayesian methods from dna fragments from the cytochrome c oxidase s ...201121324380
characterization of olfactory sensilla of stomoxys calcitrans and electrophysiological responses to odorant compounds associated with hosts and oviposition media.stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae), are economically important biting flies that have caused billions of dollars in losses in the livestock industry. field monitoring studies have indicated that olfaction plays an important role in host location. to further our understanding of stable fly olfaction, we examined the antennal morphology of adults using scanning electron microscopy techniques. four major types of sensillum were found and classified as: (a) basiconic sensilla; ...201121332765
host blood meal identification by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for dispersal evidence of stable flies (diptera:muscidae) between livestock facilities.a species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting the cytochrome b gene of cattle, horses, humans, and dogs was developed to determine the blood meal sources of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), collected from florida equine facilities. of 595 presumptive blood-fed stable flies analyzed, successful host amplification was obtained in 350, for a field host-detection efficiency of 58.8%. the majority of analyzed stable flies had fed on cattle (64.6%), followed by horses (24.3%) ...201121337948
identification of a mutation associated with permethrin resistance in the para-type sodium channel of the stable fly (diptera: muscidae).the insect sodium channel is of particular interest for evaluating resistance to pyrethroids because it is the target molecule for this major class of neurotoxic insecticides. the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), sodium channel coding sequence representing domains is6 through ivs6 was isolated, and the sequence encoding domain ii was compared among individuals of a laboratory strain selected for resistance to permethrin and the unselected, parental generation. a point mu ...201121404865
imaging cell shape change in living drosophila embryos.the developing drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging. cell shape changes in the fly are analogous to those in higher organisms, and they drive tissue morphogenesis. so, in many cases, their study has direct implications for understanding human disease (table 1)(1-5). on the sub-cellular scale, these cell shape changes are the product of activities ranging from gene expression to signal transduction, cell polarity ...201121490577
molecular investigation of transplacental and vector-borne transmission of bovine haemoplasmas.the present study was carried out in a herd with concurrent infections of mycoplasma wenyonii and 'candidatus m. haemobos', to investigate if transplacental and/or vector-borne transmission is possible for one or both bovine haemoplasma species. for this purpose blood samples were collected from 38 mother animals and their newborn calves; as well as from 17 uninseminated cows twice three months apart. in addition, 311 mosquitoes and blood-sucking flies (diptera: culicidae, tabanidae, muscidae) w ...201121605950
vector competence of the stable fly (diptera: muscidae) for west nile virus.in 2006-2007, stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), were suspected of being enzootic vectors of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) during a die-off of american white pelicans (pelecanus erythrorhynchos gmelin) (pelecanidae) in montana, usa. wnv-positive stable flies were observed feeding en masse on incapacitated, wnv-positive pelicans, arousing suspicions that the flies could have been involved in wnv transmission among pelicans, and perhaps to li ...201121661328
nepetalactones from essential oil of nepeta cataria represent a stable fly feeding and oviposition repellent.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), is one of the most serious pests to livestock. it feeds mainly on cattle and causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry. standard stable fly control involving insecticides and sanitation is usually costly and often has limited effectiveness. as we continue to evaluate and develop safer fly control strategies, the present study reports on the effectiveness of catnip (nepeta cataria l.) oil and its constituent compounds, ...201121781140
immunohistological localization of serotonin in the cns and feeding system of the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae).serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht), plays critical roles as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that control or modulate many behaviors in insects, such as feeding. neurons immunoreactive (ir) to 5-ht were detected in the central nervous system (cns) of the larval and adult stages of the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans, using an immunohistological technique. the location and pattern of the 5-ht ir neurons are described and compared for these two different developmental stages. anatomical ...201121678485
Seasonal abundance of stable flies and filth fly pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida equine facilities.Beginning in November 2007 and continuing until December 2009, weekly stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), surveillance was conducted at four equine facilities near Ocala, FL, by using alsynite sticky traps for adults and by searching immature developmental sites for pupae. Adult stable fly trap captures were highly variable throughout the year, ranging from 0 to 1,400 flies per trap per farm. The greatest adult stable fly activity was observed during the spring months of March and April, with ...201121735936
Contact and fumigant toxicity of a botanical-based feeding deterrent of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae).The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), has been considered one of the most serious biting flies of confined and pastured livestock. The economic losses caused by the stable fly to the cattle industry in the United States exceed $2 billion annually. Current practices for managing stable flies using insecticides provide only marginal control. Insecticide resistance has also been recently reported in stable flies. The present study reports the use of plant-based insecticides, for example, essent ...201121848320
dispersal of stable flies (diptera: muscidae) from larval development sites in a nebraska landscape.seven mark-recapture studies were conducted over 3 yr to assess dispersal of newly emerging adult stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l., from larval development sites in a mixed agricultural environment in northeastern nebraska. infested hay debris piles were marked by dusting their surfaces with fluorescent pigments, adults were captured with surrounding grids of alsynite sticky traps, and specimens were dissected to determine feeding histories and reproductive age. distances and directions of ...201022127160
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