Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| detection of enterovirus rna in cerebrospinal fluid: comparison of two molecular assays. | enterovirus (ev) and human parechovirus (hpev) are a major cause of infection in childhood. a rapid diagnostic test may improve the management of patients with ev and hpev infection. the aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the genexpert enterovirus assay (gxea) for detection of ev rna compared to a user-developed reverse-transcriptase (rt) quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) in routine clinical practice. also a rt-qpcr assay for detection of hpev rna in different clinical samples w ... | 2012 | 22024398 |
| seasonal variations of 15 respiratory agents illustrated by the application of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. | abstract background: nucleic acid amplification tests are increasingly being used to diagnose viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections. the high sensitivity of these tests affects our understanding of the epidemiology of respiratory tract infections. we have assessed the detection rate of a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test, with emphasis on epidemiology and seasonal distribution of the most common respiratory tract infections. methods: seven thousand eight hundr ... | 2012 | 21867470 |
| Duck Hepatitis A Virus Possesses a Distinct Type IV Internal Ribosome Entry Site Element of Picornavirus. | Sequence analysis of duck hepatitis virus type 1 (DHV-1) led to its classification as the only member of a new genus, Avihepatovirus, of the family Picornaviridae, and so was renamed duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV). The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) plays an important role in translation initiation and RNA synthesis of the picornavirus. Here, we provide evidence that the 651-nucleotide (nt)-long 5' UTR of DHAV genome contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element that functions efficien ... | 2012 | 22090106 |
| Combating enterovirus replication: State-of-the-art on antiviral research. | Enteroviruses form an important genus within the large family of Picornaviridae. They are small, non-enveloped (+)RNA viruses, many of which are important pathogens in human and veterinary science. Despite their huge medical and socio-economical impact, there is still no approved antiviral therapy at hand for the treatment of these infections. Three capsid-targeting molecules (pleconaril, BTA-798 and V-073) are in clinical development. Pleconaril and BTA-798 are in phase II clinical trials for t ... | 2012 | 21889497 |
| role of enterovirus infections in ige sensitization. | among other infectious agents, enteroviruses have been associated with protection against allergic diseases. the aim of the present study was to confirm these findings using a highly sensitive and specific neutralization antibody assay and to investigate whether the protective effect is related to certain enterovirus serotypes. antibodies against 12 enterovirus serotypes were measured in 60 children who were positive for allergen-specific ige and in 190 control children. echoviruses seemed to be ... | 2012 | 22170547 |
| Detection of herpes simplex virus (1 and 2), varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and enterovirus in immunocompetent tunisian patients with acute neuromeningeal disorder. | Enteroviruses (EVs) and human herpesviruses (HHVs) are involved frequently in acute neurological disorders of viral etiology. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of herpes simplex virus types-1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human enteroviruses (EVs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of Tunisian immunocompetent patients with neuromeningeal disorders. The patients had been hospitalized at the Fattouma Bourgu ... | 2012 | 22170549 |
| isolation of influenza viruses in mdck 33016pf cells and clearance of contaminating respiratory viruses. | this paper summarizes results obtained by multiplex pcr screening of human clinical samples for respiratory viruses and corresponding data obtained after passaging of virus-positive samples in mdck 33016pf cells. using the resplexii v2.0 (qiagen) multiplex pcr, 393 positive results were obtained in 468 clinical samples collected during an influenza season in germany. the overall distribution of positive results was influenza a 42.0%, influenza b 38.7%, adenovirus 1.5%, bocavirus 0.5%, coronaviru ... | 2012 | 22119922 |
| Mutations in VP2 and VP1 capsid proteins increase infectivity and mouse lethality of enterovirus 71 by virus binding and RNA accumulation enhancement. | Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. EV71 infection occasionally associates with severe neurological sequelae such as brainstem encephalitis or poliovirus-like paralysis. We demonstrated that mouse-adapted strain increases infectivity, resulting in higher cytotoxicity of neuron cells and mortality to neonatal mice than a non-adapted strain. Results pointed to EV71 capsid region determining viral infectivity and mouse lethality. Mutant virus with lysine to methio ... | 2012 | 22078110 |
| sabin and wild polioviruses from apparently healthy primary school children in northeastern nigeria. | despite significant success of the global polio eradication initiative (gpei) in nigeria, afghanistan, india, pakistan, wild poliovirus still occurs due to persistently high proportions of under and unimmunized children. the study aimed at determining the type of poliovirus often excreted into the environment. four hundred nine fecal samples collected from apparently healthy school children aged 5-16 years in borno and adamawa states, northeastern nigeria, were tested for poliovirus by tissue cu ... | 2012 | 22170559 |
| Modification of the untranslated regions of human enterovirus 71 impairs growth in a cell-specific manner. | Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) is the causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease and associated acute neurological disease. At present, little is known about the genetic determinants of HEV71 neurovirulence. Studies of related enteroviruses have indicated that the untranslated regions (UTRs), which control virus-directed translation and replication, also exert significant influence on neurovirulence. We used an infectious cDNA clone of a subgenogroup B3 strain to construct and characterize c ... | 2012 | 22031931 |
| enteric viral pathogens in children with inflammatory bowel disease. | the causes of exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) are unknown. the presence of rna of an enterovirus, norovirus gi, norovirus gii, rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus was sought in stool samples of 50 children (median age 12.9 years) undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopies for ibd or its exclusion (crohn's disease n = 18, ulcerative colitis n = 13, indeterminate colitis n = 2, non-ibd n = 17). viral rna was found in three fecal samples (norovirus gii n = 2, sapovirus n = 1), all i ... | 2012 | 22170557 |
| Experimental human rhinovirus and enterovirus interspecies recombination. | Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and enteroviruses (HEVs), two important human pathogens, are non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses of the genus Enterovirus within the family Picornaviridae. Intraspecies recombination is known as a driving force for enterovirus and, to a lesser extent, rhinovirus evolution. Interspecies recombination is much less frequent among circulating strains, and supporting evidence for such recombination is limited to ancestral events, as shown by recent phylogenetic analyse ... | 2012 | 21940413 |
| evaluation of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 specific immunoglobulin m antibodies for diagnosis of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. | abstract: background: hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) is caused mainly by the human enterovirus type 71 (hev71) and the coxsackievirus a group type 16 (cva16). large outbreaks of disease have occurred frequently in the asia-pacific region. reliable methods are needed for diagnosis of hfmd in childen. igm-capture elisa, with its notable advantages of convenience and low cost, provides a potentially frontline assay. we aimed to evaluate the newly developed igm-capture elisas for hev71 and cva1 ... | 2012 | 22234169 |
| enterovirus 71 disrupts interferon signaling by reducing the interferon receptor i. | the recent outbreak of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infected millions of children and caused over 1,000 deaths. to date, neither effective vaccine nor antiviral treatment is available for ev71 infection. interferons (ifns) have been successfully applied for treating patients such as hepatitis b and c viral infections for decades but failed to treat ev71 infections. here, we provide the evidence that ev71 antagonizes type i ifn signaling by reducing the level of interferon receptor 1 (ifnar1). we show t ... | 2012 | 22258259 |
| in vitro and in vivo evaluation of ribavirin and pleconaril antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 infection. | enterovirus 71(ev71) causes recurring outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease and encephalitis leading to complications or death in young children. more effective antiviral drugs are needed to prevent or reduce ev71-related disease and complications. however, there are no standard models currently in use to evaluate activity against ev71 infection both in vitro and in vivo. in this study, the activity of ribavirin and pleconaril against ev71 infection was evaluated in two models. an in vitro e ... | 2012 | 22245989 |
| presence and fate of coliphages and enteric viruses in three wastewater treatment plants effluents and activated sludge from tunisia. | purpose: the role of water in the transmission of infectious diseases is well defined; it may act as a reservoir of different types of pathogens. enteric viruses can survive and persist for a long time in water, maintaining infectivity in many instances. this suggests the need to include virus detection in the evaluation of the microbiological quality of waters. methods: in this study, enteric viruses (enteroviru ... | 2012 | 22261843 |
| detection of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in children with hand, foot and mouth disease in china. | the aims of the present study were to investigate the genetic characteristics of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) strains in china and to evaluate the relationship between the genotypes of cva16 and ev71 and their geographical distribution. a total of 399 stool specimens were collected from children with symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in zhejiang province. the presence of enteroviruses was determined ... | 2012 | 22218731 |
| when are amniotic fluid viral pcr studies indicated in prenatal diagnosis? | objective: to determine which prenatal ultrasound findings indicate the need to also obtain pcr studies for viral genome in women undergoing midtrimester amniocentesis. methods: this was a retrospective observational study on women that underwent amniotic fluid karyotyping and viral pcr testing for history or ultrasound based indication. amniotic fluid was tested for adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, enterovirus, epstein-barr virus, and parvovirus b19 using multiplex pcr ... | 2012 | 22275111 |
| distribution of enteroviruses in hospitalized children with hand, foot and mouth disease and relationship between pathogens and nervous system complications. | abstract: background: to explore the relationship between enteroviruses and hospitalized children with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) complicated with nervous system disease. 234 hospitalized hfmd patients treated in shengjing hospital, liaoning province were analyzed retrospectively. based on the presence and severity of nervous system disease, the patients were grouped as follows: general patients, severely ill patients, critically ill patients and fatal patients. based on the detected p ... | 2012 | 22230340 |
| Isolation of Coxsackievirus A24 variant from patients with hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Cuba, 2008-2009. | An outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis occurred in Cuba in 2008 and 2009. | 2012 | 22074932 |
| MEK1-ERKs signal cascade is required for the replication of Enterovirus 71 (EV71). | The role of the MEK1-ERK signaling cascade in the replication cycle of Enterovirus 71 (EV71), the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), has been analyzed. In vitro infection with EV71 induced a biphasic activation of ERK. The two phases of activation appeared to be triggered by different mechanisms, with the first phase being activated by the binding of viral particles to the membrane receptor of host cells and the second probably being in response to the production of new virus ... | 2012 | 22101247 |
| Inhibition or deficiency of cathepsin B leads defects in HIV-1 Gag pseudoparticle release in macrophages and HEK293T cells. | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) egresses from infected cells through utilizing the host membrane budding mechanisms. Assembly of HIV-1 Gag particles occurs on membranes where the Gag multimers subsequently bud off and form enveloped viral particles. In certain cell types such as macrophages, HIV-1 Gag particles have shown to be released into intracellular virus containing compartments (VCC) such as late endosomes, multivesicular bodies (MVBs) or invaginated plasma membrane pockets. H ... | 2012 | 22138708 |
| meningitis and encephalitis in infants and children. | despite the availability of modern therapies, meningitis and encephalitis remain potentially life-threatening infections in children with mortality rates reaching up to 25%. treated patients are at a high risk of long term sequelae including epilepsy, learning, and behavioral disorders. the golden rule of early diagnosis and treatment to achieve a good outcome has not yet been challenged by the new, often expensive antibiotics or contemporary critical care. in this article, an updated overview o ... | 2012 | 22273641 |
| high detection frequency and viral loads of human rhinovirus species a to c in fecal samples; diagnostic and clinical implications. | human rhinoviruses (hrvs) can be divided into three species; hrv-a to hrv-c. up to 148 different hrv (sero)types have been identified to date. because of sequence similarity between 5'-ncr of hrvs and enteroviruses (evs), it is problematic to design ev-specific rt-pcr assays. the aims of this study were to assess the rate of false-detection of different rhinoviruses by ev rt-pcr, and to evaluate the diagnostic and clinical significance of such cross-reactivity. in vitro rna transcripts of hrv a- ... | 2012 | 22246843 |
| detection of human enterovirus 71 reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp). | aims: in this study, a one-step, single-tube reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed and validated for the detection of human enterovirus 71 (ev71), the major aetiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). methods and results: reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was optimized to amplify vp1 gene in the presence of a specific primer set and bst dna polymerase at an isothermal temperature of 63°c for 1 ... | 2012 | 22256968 |
| characterization of a monoclonal antibody against the 3d polymerase of enterovirus 71 and its use for the detection of human enterovirus a infection. | over the last decade, frequent epidemic outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease have been observed in the asia-pacific region. hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by different viruses from the enterovirus family, mainly coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 (ev71) from the human enterovirus a family. severe disease and neurological complications are associated more often with ev71 infection, and can lead occasionally to fatal brain stem encephalitis in young children. the rapid progression ... | 2011 | 22226793 |
| Coxsackievirus A24 variant uses sialic acid-containing O-linked glycoconjugates as cellular receptors on human ocular cells. | Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) is a main causative agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), which is a highly contagious eye infection. Previously it has been suggested that CVA24v uses sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates as attachment receptors on corneal cells, but the nature of these receptors is poorly described. Here, we set out to characterize and identify the cellular components serving as receptors for CVA24v. Binding and infection experiments using corneal cells treated ... | 2011 | 21880775 |
| influenza-like illness surveillance on the california-mexico border, 2004-2009. | please cite this paper as: kammerer et al. (2011). influenza-like illness surveillance on the california-mexico border, 2004-2009. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00316.x. background since 2004, the naval health research center, with san diego and imperial counties, has collaborated with the us centers for disease control and prevention to conduct respiratory disease surveillance in the us-mexico border region. in 2007, the secretariat of health, mexico and ... | 2011 | 22212638 |
| Comparative detection of enterovirus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid: GeneXpert system vs. real-time RT-PCR assay. | Enteroviruses (EVs) constitute the most common cause of aseptic meningitis in both children and adults. Molecular techniques have now been recognized as the reference standard for the diagnosis of EV infections, and the rapidity of the molecular diagnosis of EV meningitis has been shown to be a determining factor in the management of patients. The rapid documentation of EV RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is key to adapting patient management and the therapeutic regimen. To shorten the time need ... | 2011 | 21848972 |
| interaction of enterovirus infection and cow's milk-based formula nutrition in type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity. | background: enteral virus infections and early introduction of cow's milk (cm)-based formula are among the suggested triggers of type 1 diabetes (t1d)- associated autoimmunity, although studies on their role have remained contradictory. here, we aimed to analyse whether interactions between these factors might clarify the controversies. materials: the study population comprised 107 subjects developing positivity for at least two t1d-associated autoantibodies and 446 control subjects from the fin ... | 2011 | 21922634 |
| conditional transgenic expression of tir-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (trif) in the adult mouse heart is protective in acute viral myocarditis. | tir-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (trif) plays a major role in toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) mediated signaling. mice deficient in tlr3 and trif have been shown to be highly susceptible to enterovirus-induced myocardial injury. these mice have decreased production of antiviral cytokines and increased viral replication in the heart. therefore, we hypothesized that conditional overexpression of trif would change cardiac myocyte susceptibility to virus infection by augmenting the an ... | 2011 | 21956162 |
| transgenic expression of human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is not sufficient for enterovirus 71 infection in mice. | human psgl-1 is a receptor for ev71 that facilitates ev71 entry and replication in mouse cells. we have evaluated the role of human psgl-1 in ev71 infection in vivo using a transgenic mouse line. expression of human psgl-1 failed to enhance infectivity of clinical ev71 strains in mice; however, it promoted replication and symptom severity at an earlier stage in mice upon infection with a mouse-adapted ev71 strain. we therefore conclude that human psgl-1 alone is not sufficient to modulate infect ... | 2011 | 22187102 |
| A fatal case of enterovirus 71 infection with a single nucleotide variation in domain V of the 5' untranslated region. | 2011 | 21997665 | |
| [the early diagnosis value of ev 71 igm class antibodies in the hand, foot and mouth disease]. | assessment of detection of igm antibodies for human enterovirus 71 (ev 71) in early diagnosis for the hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). | 2011 | 21863642 |
| enteroviruses and causality of type 1 diabetes: how close we are? | 2011 | 22011004 | |
| recombination between poliovirus and coxsackie a viruses of species c: a model of viral genetic plasticity and emergence. | genetic recombination in rna viruses was discovered many years ago for poliovirus (pv), an enterovirus of the picornaviridae family, and studied using pv or other picornaviruses as models. recently, recombination was shown to be a general phenomenon between different types of enteroviruses of the same species. in particular, the interest for this mechanism of genetic plasticity was renewed with the emergence of pathogenic recombinant circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cvdpvs), which were ... | 2011 | 21994791 |
| the emergence of rotavirus g12 and the prevalence of enteric viruses in hospitalized pediatric diarrheal patients in southern vietnam. | diarrhea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries, and the majority of infections are of viral etiology. we aimed to compare the etiological prevalence of the major enteric viruses in an urban and a rural setting in southern vietnam. we simultaneously screened fecal specimens from 362 children in ho chi minh city and dong thap province that were hospitalized with acute diarrhea over a 1-month-long period for four viral gastrointestinal pathogens. rotavirus wa ... | 2011 | 21976585 |
| high detection rates of nucleic acids of a wide range of respiratory viruses in the nasopharynx and the middle ear of children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media. | both bacteria and viruses play a role in the development of acute otitis media, however, the importance of specific viruses is unclear. in this study molecular methods were used to determine the presence of nucleic acids of human rhinoviruses (hrv; types a, b, and c), respiratory syncytial viruses (rsv; types a and b), bocavirus (hbov), adenovirus, enterovirus, coronaviruses (229e, hku1, nl63, and oc43), influenza viruses (types a, b, and c), parainfluenza viruses (types 1, 2, 3, 4a, and 4b), hu ... | 2011 | 21915878 |
| Cytolytic replication of echoviruses in colon cancer cell lines. | Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, killing nearly 50% of patients afflicted. Though progress is being made within surgery and other complementary treatments, there is still need for new and more effective treatments. Oncolytic virotherapy, meaning that a cancer is cured by viral infection, is a promising field for finding new and improved treatments. We have investigated the oncolytic potential of several low-pathogenic echoviruses with rare clinical occurrence. Ec ... | 2011 | 21999585 |
| Analysis of enterovirus and adenovirus presence in swimming pools in Cyprus from 2007-2008. | An analysis was carried out to determine the presence of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in public swimming pools in Cyprus. The effectiveness of the commonly implemented disinfection procedure of chlorination was confirmed by determination of bacteriological markers. Analysis of viral presence was carried out by sampling random swimming pools from the five major cities in Cyprus during a period of 21 months spanning from April 2007 to December 2008. A 10 I sample was taken from each swimming poo ... | 2011 | 22049764 |
| [comparisons of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children with hand-foot-mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 and coxackievirus a16]. | to compare the differences of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children with hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) caused by coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71). | 2011 | 21849112 |
| enteroviruses and type 1 diabetes. | human enteroviruses, which are transmitted via a faecal-oral route, have long been associated with type 1 diabetes onset. increased hygiene in the 20th century may now be responsible for a decreased chance of enterovirus exposure from an early age onward. infections with enteroviruses may also be more likely to occur at a later age; the recurrent poliomyelitis epidemics in the 20th century were linked to increased hygiene, consistent with this hypothesis. the association of fewer enterovirus exp ... | 2011 | 22069266 |
| Application of GP5 protein to develop monoclonal antibody against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | In this study, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV), named as 8C9 and4B4, were produced by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells and spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with the PRRSV (TCID(50)=5.5), screened by the indirect ELISA and subjected to several limiting dilutions. mAbs were then identified by biological characterization. Among the two fusion cell strains, 8C9 belonged to the IgG1 subclass and 4B4 belonged to the IgG2a subcla ... | 2011 | 21847758 |
| specificity of the coxsackievirus b4 vp4 capsid protein investigated in silico. | the enterovirus genus encompasses several species and various serotypes, like coxsackievirus-b1 (cv-b1) to cv-b6, and many variants. the role of these viruses, especially cv-b4, in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes is strongly suspected. it has been reported that antibodies directed towards the region of amino acids 11-30 of the vp4 capsid protein enhance the infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with cv-b4. in order to predict the inter- and intra-serotype specificity of the r ... | 2011 | 21878192 |
| Multiplex PCR and reverse line blot hybridization assay (mPCR/RLB). | Multiplex PCR/Reverse Line Blot Hybridization assay allows the detection of up to 43 molecular targets in 43 samples using one multiplex PCR reaction followed by probe hybridization on a nylon membrane, which is re-usable. Probes are 5' amine modified to allow fixation to the membrane. Primers are 5' biotin modified which allows detection of hybridized PCR products using streptavidin-peroxidase and a chemiluminescent substrate via photosensitive film. With low setup and consumable costs, this te ... | 2011 | 21847083 |
| [effects of astragaloside on igf-1 and associated protein expression in mice with acute viral myocarditis]. | to study the effects of astragaloside on the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-1) and associated proteins in mice with viral myocarditis. | 2011 | 21924028 |
| persistent infection of human intestinal caco-2 cell line by coxsackieviruses b. | coxsackieviruses b (cv-b, picornaviridae family, genus enterovirus) are characterized by their ability to cause cytopathic effects in tissue culture. these viruses are considered highly cytolytic, but can establish persistence/latency in susceptible cells, indicating that a regulatory mechanism may exist to shut off viral protein synthesis and replication under certain situations. the persistence of coxsackieviral b rna is of great interest because of its implication in the pathogenesis of sever ... | 2011 | 22178701 |
| molecular identification of an enterovirus 99 strain in spain. | enterovirus 99 is a recently described genotype of virus belonging to the species human enterovirus c. so far, only a few sequences of this enterovirus type have been available. in 2010, during spanish enterovirus surveillance, an enterovirus 99 strain was found in an acute flaccid paralysis patient. the virus was detected and typed in the clinical samples using molecular methods. phylogenetic analysis in the 3dpol region revealed recombination events with other species-c enteroviruses. this is ... | 2011 | 22193975 |
| annexin ii binds to capsid protein vp1 of enterovirus 71 and enhances viral infectivity. | enterovirus type 71 (ev71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), which is mostly self-limited but may be complicated with a severe to fatal neurological syndrome in some children. understanding the molecular basis of virus-host interactions might help clarify the largely unknown neuropathogenic mechanisms of ev71. in this study, we showed that human annexin ii (anx2) protein could bind to the ev71 virion via the capsid protein vp1. either pretreatment of ev71 with soluble recombinant anx2 ... | 2011 | 21900167 |
| Selection and characterization of vaccine strain for Enterovirus 71 vaccine development. | Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has recently emerged as an important neurotropic virus in Asia because effective medications and prophylactic vaccine against EV71 infection are not available. Based on the success of inactivated poliovirus vaccine, the Vero cell-based chemically inactivated EV71 vaccine candidate could be developed. Identification of EV71 vaccine strain which can grow to high titer in Vero cell and induce cross-genotype virus neutralizing antibody responses represents the first step in vac ... | 2011 | 22142585 |
| Characteristics of pediatric patients with enterovirus meningitis and no cerebral fluid pleocytosis. | Human non-polio enterovirus (EV) is the most important cause of aseptic meningitis in children. Only a few studies report the lack of cerobrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis in children with confirmed EV meningitis; however, the characteristics of these children have not been well defined. This paper describes the clinical and laboratory features of EV meningitis in children with no CSF pleocytosis. Clinical, laboratory, and virological data of Dutch patients <16 years diagnosed with EV meningitis ... | 2011 | 22102153 |
| comparison of the filmarray respiratory panel and prodesse real-time pcr assays for detection of respiratory pathogens. | we compared the diagnostic performance and overall respiratory pathogen detection rate of the premarket version of the filmarray respiratory panel (rp) multiplex pcr assay (idaho technology, inc., salt lake city, ut) with those of the food and drug administration (fda)-cleared prodesse proflu+, profast+, proparaflu+, pro hmpv+, and proadeno+ real-time pcr assays (gen-probe, san diego, ca). the assays were performed on a panel of 192 nasopharyngeal-secretion specimens collected from 81 children u ... | 2011 | 21998418 |
| [Molecular typing of enteroviruses from healthy children in the border areas of Yunnan Province and Myanmar and the genetic characteristics of ECHO7 and ECHO13 in 2009]. | To explore the enteroviruses surveillance among healthy children under 15 years old in the border areas of Yunnan Province and Myanmar in 2009. The stool samples were collected from the healthy children under 15 years old who came from the border areas of Myanmar and Yunnan Province, virus isolation and sequencing were conducted for all the 271 samples. 6 strains of polioviruses (PVs) were detected from 271 stools with an isolation rate of 2.8%, which belonged to vaccine strains and 24 non-polio ... | 2011 | 21874903 |
| establishing china's national standards of antigen content and neutralizing antibody responses for evaluation of enterovirus 71 (ev71) vaccines. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a highly infectious agent that causes hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in humans. effective vaccination against ev71 infection is critically important, given the recent outbreak of hfmd in the asia-pacific region, where it has shown significant mortality and morbidity. there is currently no approved anti-viral therapy available to treat the disease. while several vaccine manufacturers are actively developing ev71 vaccines, there are no international reference standards ava ... | 2011 | 22015395 |
| [Study on the etiological and molecular characteristics of aseptic meningitis epidemic in Zhejiang Province in 2002-2004]. | In order to confirm the cause of the outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Zhejiang Province in 2002-2004, trace the pathogen and analyze the molecular characteristics, 271 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and faeces specimens were collected from suspected patients. The virus strains from the specimens were isolated with RD and Hep-2 cell lines. The VP1 and VP4/VP2 genes of the isolated viruses were sequenced, and their phylogenetic and homology trees were also constructed. Of the total 271 samples, 78 Ech ... | 2011 | 21998959 |
| seroprevalence of enterovirus 71 and no evidence of crossprotection of enterovirus 71 antibody against the other enteroviruses in kindergarten children in taipei city. | background/purpose: enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection may cause severe neurological and cardiopulmonary complications, especially in preschool children. this study is to investigate the seroprevalence and seroconversion of ev71, and the crossprotection of ev71 antibody against other enteroviruses among kindergarteners. methods: overall 228 children in a public kindergarten were enrolled during two academic years, 2006 and 2007, in taipei, taiwan and we measured their ev71 neutralizing antibody. wh ... | 2011 | 22154997 |
| [advances in functional studies of nonstructural proteins and development of antiviral agents for enterovirus 71]. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major etiological agents for the hand, foot, and month disease (hfmd) and is causing frequent, widespread occurrence in the mainland of china. the single positive-stranded rna genome of ev71 is translated into a single polyprotein which is autocleavaged into structural and nonstructural proteins. the functions of many nonstructural proteins characterized in the life cycle of virus are potential targets for blocking viral replication. this article reviews ... | 2011 | 22010343 |
| epidemic characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in shanghai from 2009 to 2010: enterovirus 71 subgenotype c4 as the primary causative agent and a high incidence of mixed infections with coxsackievirus a16. | background: enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been the main causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks in recent years. a significant increase in the number of hfmd cases in china over the last 3 y has made the public prevention and therapy of this disease a critical issue. methods: a total of 3208 hfmd patients in shanghai during the period 2009 to 2010 were analyzed; 437 clinical specimens were collected for the determination of causative pathogens. eight of the isolated ev71 st ... | 2011 | 22176514 |
| The transformation of enterovirus replication structures: a three-dimensional study of single- and double-membrane compartments. | All positive-strand RNA viruses induce membrane structures in their host cells which are thought to serve as suitable microenvironments for viral RNA synthesis. The structures induced by enteroviruses, which are members of the family Picornaviridae, have so far been described as either single- or double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). Aside from the number of delimiting membranes, their exact architecture has also remained elusive due to the limitations of conventional electron microscopy. In this stu ... | 2011 | 21972238 |
| [expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in myocardium of mice with viral myocarditis]. | to investigate the dynamic changes of expression of matrix metalloproteinases-9 in myocardium of mice with viral myocarditis (vmc) and its significance in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. | 2011 | 21849121 |
| characterization of an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in nanchang, china in 2010. | recent outbreaks of human enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection and ev71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in china have affected millions and potentially lead to life-threatening complications in newborns. furthermore, these outbreaks represent a significant global public health issue in the world. understanding the epidemiology of hfmd and ev71 infection and their transmission patterns in china is essential for controlling outbreaks. however, no studies on the outbreaks of hfmd and ev7 ... | 2011 | 21980416 |
| Rhombencephalitis / brainstem encephalitis. | Rhombencephalitis (RE) is a syndrome of multiple causes and multiple outcomes. Most authors now use the terms "rhombencephalitis" and "brainstem encephalitis" interchangeably even though anatomically they are slightly different. The etiologic categories of RE include infections, autoimmune diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS). Listeria is the most common cause of infectious RE. Listeria RE primary occurs in healthy young adults. It usually occurs as a biphasic time course with a flu-like ... | 2011 | 21956758 |
| [Construction and identification of attenuated Salmonella which harboring enterovirus 71 VP1 gene]. | To develop attenuated Salmonella which harboring enterovirus 71 (EV71) VP1 gene. | 2011 | 21863634 |
| Impairment of immunoproteasome function by ß5i/LMP7 subunit deficiency results in severe enterovirus myocarditis. | Proteasomes recognize and degrade poly-ubiquitinylated proteins. In infectious disease, cells activated by interferons (IFNs) express three unique catalytic subunits ß1i/LMP2, ß2i/MECL-1 and ß5i/LMP7 forming an alternative proteasome isoform, the immunoproteasome (IP). The in vivo function of IPs in pathogen-induced inflammation is still a matter of controversy. IPs were mainly associated with MHC class I antigen processing. However, recent findings pointed to a more general function of IPs in r ... | 2011 | 21909276 |
| [Complete genomic sequence analysis on human enterovirus 71 strain in Guangzhou, in 2008 and 2010]. | To study the genomic genotypes and variation of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infected infants in Guangzhou city, in 2008 and 2010. | 2011 | 21933544 |
| Enteroviral meningitis does not exclude concurrent bacterial meningitis. | 2011 | 21878585 | |
| molecular characterization and complete genome analysis of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 from children with hand, foot and mouth disease in thailand during 2008-2011. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) has mostly been caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). ca 16 was the most common cause of hfmd in 2010. ev71 had a high prevalence in 2008-2009 and has been identified with a higher frequency since 2011. nearly complete genome sequences of three ev71 strains (2008-2009 strains) and two ca16 strains (2010 strains) obtained from outbreaks in thailand in 2008 to 2010 were characterized. based on a phylogenetic tree of the complete vp1 regi ... | 2011 | 21898187 |
| far upstream element binding protein 1 binds the internal ribosomal entry site of enterovirus 71 and enhances viral translation and viral growth. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is associated with severe neurological disorders in children, and has been implicated as the infectious agent in several large-scale outbreaks with mortalities. upon infection, the viral rna is translated in a cap-independent manner to yield a large polyprotein precursor. this mechanism relies on the presence of an internal ribosome entry site (ires) element within the 5'-untranslated region. virus-host interactions in ev71-infected cells are crucial in assisting this proce ... | 2011 | 21880596 |
| serum microrna expression profile distinguishes enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus 16 infections in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease. | altered circulating microrna (mirna) profiles have been noted in patients with microbial infections. we compared host serum mirna levels in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus 16 (cva16) as well as in other microbial infections and in healthy individuals. among 664 different mirnas analyzed using a mirna array, 102 were up-regulated and 26 were down-regulated in sera of patients with enteroviral infections. expression levels of ten ... | 2011 | 22087245 |
| enteric viruses in new zealand drinking-water sources. | this study determined whether human pathogenic viruses are present in two new zealand surface waters that are used as drinking-water sources. enteric viruses were concentrated using hollow-fibre ultrafiltration and detected using pcr for adenovirus (adv), and reverse transcription pcr for norovirus (nov) genogroups i-iii, enterovirus, rotavirus (rov) and hepatitis e virus (hev). target viruses were detected in 106/109 (97%) samples, with 67/109 (61%) samples positive for three or more viral type ... | 2011 | 21866776 |
| Rapid virological diagnosis of central nervous system infections by use of a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR DNA microarray. | Viruses are the main etiological cause of central nervous system (CNS) infections. A rapid molecular diagnosis is recommended to improve the therapeutic management of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of a DNA microarray, the Clart Entherpex kit (Genomica, Coslada, Spain), allowing the rapid and simultaneous detection of 9 DNA and RNA neurotropic viruses: herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus ... | 2011 | 21918017 |
| Complete genome sequence of a coxsackievirus A22 strain in Hong Kong reveals a natural intratypic recombination event. | Coxsackievirus A22 (CVA22) belongs to the species human enterovirus C in the Picornaviridae family. We report the first complete genome sequence of CVA22 with natural intratypic recombination between CVA22 prototype strain Chulman and CVA22 strain ban99-10427, identified in the stool of a patient in Hong Kong. | 2011 | 22021251 |
| The changing seroepidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection among children and adolescents in Singapore. | Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused recurrent epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease among children in Singapore. Between August 2008 and July 2010, we conducted a survey to estimate the seroprevalence of EV71 infection among children and adolescents aged 1-17 years. We compared our EV71 seroepidemiologic findings with a previous study conducted in 1996-1997. | 2011 | 21988931 |
| genetic relationship between cocirculating human enteroviruses species c. | recombination events between human enteroviruses (hev) are known to occur frequently and to participate in the evolution of these viruses. in a previous study, we reported the isolation of a panel of viruses belonging to the human enterovirus species c (hev-c) that had been cocirculating in a small geographic area of madagascar in 2002. this panel included type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses (pv) that had caused several cases of acute flaccid paralysis in humans. previous partial sequencing of t ... | 2011 | 21931857 |
| clusters of acute respiratory illness associated with human enterovirus 68--asia, europe, and united states, 2008-2010. | in the past 2 years, cdc has learned of several clusters of respiratory illness associated with human enterovirus 68 (hev68), including severe disease. hev68 is a unique enterovirus that shares epidemiologic and biologic features with human rhinoviruses (hrv). first isolated in california in 1962 from four children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia, hev68 has been reported rarely since that time and the full spectrum of illness that it can cause is unknown. the six clusters of respiratory illness ... | 2011 | 21956405 |
| the role of th17 cells and regulatory t cells in coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis. | il-17-producing (th17) and regulatory t (treg) cells have been well established in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. to assess whether th17 and treg were altered in acute virus-induced myocarditis (avmc) mice, we assessed th17/treg functions on different levels in avmc. it was shown that the expression of splenic th17 cells and th17-related cytokines (il-17a, il-21) markedly increased. interestingly, the expression of splenic treg cells and treg-related cytokines (tgf-β, il-10) als ... | 2011 | 21993400 |
| [generation of recombinant human antibodies for ev71 virus]. | to obtain recombinant human anti-ev71 antibodies from a ev71-associated hand-foot-and-mouth disease patient-derived antibody phage library. | 2011 | 21977579 |
| Virus-host coevolution in a persistently coxsackievirus B3-infected cardiomyocyte cell line. | Coevolution of virus and host is a process that emerges in persistent virus infections. Here we studied the coevolutionary development of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and cardiac myocytes representing the major target cells of CVB3 in the heart in a newly established persistently CVB3-infected murine cardiac myocyte cell line, HL-1(CVB3). CVB3 persistence in HL-1(CVB3) cells represented a typical carrier-state infection with high levels (10(6) to 10(8) PFU/ml) of infectious virus produced from only ... | 2011 | 21976640 |
| characterization of infections of human leukocytes by non-polio enteroviruses. | to elucidate the detailed susceptibilities of leukocytes to clinically important non-polio enteroviruses (evs), primary monocytes and various human leukocyte cell lines were infected with coxsackievirus a24 (cva24), coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), and enterovirus 70 (ev70). the permissiveness was then assessed by determining virus replication and resultant cytopathic effects. different evs varied markedly in their ability to infect leukocyte cell lines. cvb3 replicated effectively in leukocytes of b-c ... | 2011 | 22057046 |
| exposure to the viral by-product dsrna or coxsackievirus b5 triggers pancreatic beta cell apoptosis via a bim / mcl-1 imbalance. | the rise in type 1 diabetes (t1d) incidence in recent decades is probably related to modifications in environmental factors. viruses are among the putative environmental triggers of t1d. the mechanisms regulating beta cell responses to viruses, however, remain to be defined. we have presently clarified the signaling pathways leading to beta cell apoptosis following exposure to the viral mimetic double-stranded rna (dsrna) and a diabetogenic enterovirus (coxsackievirus b5). internal dsrna induces ... | 2011 | 21977009 |
| [etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in qingdao during 2008-2009]. | an etiology study on hfmd in qingdao region during 2008-2009 was conducted. the virus rna were isolated from throat swabs of hfmd,the ev, ev71 and cva16 were detected by multiplex realtime rt-pcr. for those specimens with ev positive and both ev71 and cva16 negative,a reverese transcription-seminested polymerase chain reaction (rt-snpcr) was perfomed to amplify part sequence of the vp1 gene for sabsequent analysis to identify the serotype. the results indicated that ev71 and cva16 were the major ... | 2011 | 21998955 |
| occurrence of adenovirus and other enteric viruses in limited-contact freshwater recreational areas and bathing waters. | the goal of this study was to characterize enteric virus concentrations and their infectivity in a variety of limited-contact recreation and bathing waters, including great lakes beaches, inland lakes, rivers, and an effluent-dominated urban waterway. additionally, we evaluated associations between point sources of human faecal pollution and enterovirus and adenovirus presence and concentrations. | 2011 | 21854513 |
| Effect of Detection Methods on Risk Estimates of Exposure to Biosolids-Associated Human Enteric Viruses. | This study illustrates the effect of virus detection methods on estimates of risks of infection of biosolids-associated viruses for occupational workers and residential population during a hypothetical exposure of biosolids. Five gastroenteritis-associated human enteric viruses-enteroviruses (echovirus-12, enteroviruse types 68-71), adenoviruses, rotaviruses, and noroviruses genotype-I-were considered to represent human enteric viruses for risk estimation purposes. Ingested viral doses were calc ... | 2011 | 22050302 |
| Unusual loop-sequence flexibility of the proximal RNA replication element in EMCV. | Picornaviruses contain stable RNA structures at the 5' and 3' ends of the RNA genome, OriL and OriR involved in viral RNA replication. The OriL RNA element found at the 5' end of the enterovirus genome folds into a cloverleaf-like configuration. In vivo SELEX experiments revealed that functioning of the poliovirus cloverleaf depends on a specific structure in this RNA element. Little is known about the OriL of cardioviruses. Here, we investigated structural aspects and requirements of the apical ... | 2011 | 21935472 |
| Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Yunnan Province, China, 2008-2010. | This study was done to assess the epidemic features of hand, foot and mouth disease in Yunnan Province. Surveillance data from the beginning of 2008 through the end of 2010 were analyzed to conduct the demographic data of patients and morbidity as well as the estimation between possible risk factors for severe or fatal cases. Of the 75109 cases reported, laboratory tests confirmed 3691 cases. Thus, the average annual incidence proportion was 55 per 100000 population with a total case fatality ra ... | 2011 | 22199158 |
| [Mechanism of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe hand-foot-mouth disease: a review]. | Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease caused by various enteroviruses. Recently, large HFMD outbreaks caused by enterovirus type 71 (EV71) have been frequently reported in China, posing great threats on children's health. There is no specific antiviral therapy for severe HFMD, and patient management mainly depends on supportive and symptomatic treatment. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a pharmaceutical preparation of human IgG that is pooled from thousands of healthy ... | 2011 | 21845837 |
| occurrence of norovirus and other enteric viruses in untreated groundwaters of korea. | a total of 39 water samples from 23 different groundwater wells in korea were collected and analyzed in order to monitor the occurrence of norovirus (nov) and other indicator microbes as the first part of a national survey of groundwater. more than 500 l of untreated groundwater were filtered through 1mds filters. following elution and concentration by organic flocculation, pcr and sequence analysis were employed to detect and identify nov, enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis a virus and adenoviru ... | 2011 | 21976201 |
| miller-fisher syndrome in association with enterovirus infection. | miller-fisher is a rare syndrome of childhood that presents with external ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia. it has been mainly associated with a preceding campylobacter infection and less commonly with other bacterial or viral infections. this report describes, for the first time, a child with miller-fisher syndrome and documented enterovirus infection, as it was proven by the isolation of enterovirus from cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction testing. | 2011 | 21968982 |
| molecular detection of viral causes of encephalitis and meningitis in new york state. | the etiology of encephalitis and meningitis, serious diseases of the central nervous system (cns), in most cases remains unknown. the importance of establishing a diagnosis however, becomes even more important as advances are made in effective therapy. molecular methods of detection, in particular, pcr, are being used routinely and have established a place in the arsenal of tools for diagnosis of cns infections. in this study a viral etiological agent was detected by pcr in 340 of the total 2,35 ... | 2011 | 22012726 |
| circulation of multiple enterovirus serotypes causing hand, foot and mouth disease in india. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common contagious disease that usually affects children, can be caused by enteroviruses. coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and enterovirus (ev) 71(ev-71) are known to be the major etiological agents of hfmd. other ev serotypes- cv-a4-7, cv-a9-10, cv-b1-3, cv-b5, e-4 and e-19 have been also found associated with both sporadic infections and outbreaks of hfmd. in india, outbreaks of hfmd have been documented; however, molecular characterization of the etiological a ... | 2011 | 22052995 |
| [study on the pathological and molecular characteristics of ahc epidemic in zhejiang province in 2010]. | to identify and trace the pathogen of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (ahc) epidemic in zhejiang province in 2010. viral nucleic acid of enterovirus (ev) and coxsackievirus a24 variant (ca24v) were directly detected by real-time rt-pcr from the conjunctival swab collected from suspected patients. the virus was isolated from the swab samples using hep-2 cell. the viral rnas were extracted from the isolated viruses and followed by rt-pcr to amplify vp1 gene and 3c protease region(3c). the amplifi ... | 2011 | 21998952 |
| real-time pcr detection of human herpesvirus 1-5 in patients lacking clinical signs of a viral cns infection. | infections of the central nervous system (cns) with herpes- or enterovirus can be self-limiting and benign, but occasionally result in severe and fatal disease. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has revolutionized the diagnostics of viral pathogens, and by multiple displacement amplification (mda) prior to real-time pcr the sensitivity might be further enhanced. the aim of this study was to investigate if herpes- or enterovirus can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from patients without ... | 2011 | 21849074 |
| [evaluation of immune responses and related patho-inflammatory reactions of a candidate inactivated ev71 vaccine in neonatal monkeys]. | to evaluate the safety of enterovirus type 71 (ev71) inactivated vaccine (human diploid derived) for infection prevention in an animal model by investigating the immune responses and related patho-inflammatory reactions. | 2011 | 22093894 |
| a non mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain exhibits neurotropism causing neurological manifestations in a novel mouse model of ev71 infection. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a neurotropic pathogen that has been consistently associated with the severe neurological forms of hand, foot and mouth disease. the lack of a relevant animal model has hampered our understanding of ev71 pathogenesis, in particular the route and mode of viral dissemination. it has also hindered the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic approaches, making ev71 one of the most pressing public health concerns in southeast asia.here we report a novel mouse mo ... | 2011 | 22130542 |
| molecular characterization and antiviral activity test of common drugs against echovirus 18 isolated in korea. | genetic diversity and antiviral activity for five common antiviral drugs of echovirus (ecv) 5 isolated in korea have been described. the present study extended these tests to a korean ecv 18 isolate. an outbreak of aseptic meningitis caused by the ecv 18 isolate was reported in korea in 2005, marking the first time this virus had been identified in the country since enterovirus surveillance began in 1993. using a sample isolated from stool specimen of a 5-year-old male patient with aseptic menin ... | 2011 | 22078806 |
| pathological changes in the pancreas of fulminant type 1 diabetes and slowly progressive insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (spiddm): innate immunity in fulminant type 1 diabetes and spiddm. | the contribution of innate immunity responsible for beta-cell destruction in fulminant type 1 diabetes (ft1d) and slowly progressive insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (spiddm) is unclear. | 2011 | 22069294 |
| recent development of 3c and 3cl protease inhibitors for anti-coronavirus and anti-picornavirus drug discovery. | sars-cov (severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus) caused infection of ~8000 people and death of ~800 patients around the world during the 2003 outbreak. in addition, picornaviruses such as enterovirus, coxsackievirus and rhinovirus also can cause life-threatening diseases. replication of picornaviruses and coronaviruses requires 3cpro (3c protease) and 3clpro (3c-like protease) respectively, which are structurally analogous with chymotrypsin-fold, but the former is a monomer an ... | 2011 | 21936817 |
| viral kinetics of enterovirus 71 in human abdomyosarcoma cells. | to characterise the viral kinetics of enterovirus 71 (ev71). | 2011 | 22039330 |
| aetiology of upper respiratory tract infections in children in arak city: a community based study. | viruses are frequent causes of upper respiratory tract infections in children. we investigated the viral aetiology of community-acquired upper respiratory tract infections (uris) in young children treated as outpatients in community settings.during november 2008, nasal swab specimens were taken from children with recent onset of upper respiratory tract infections. the patients attended day care or primary schools; the specimens were randomly obtained by pediatricians from schools and childcare i ... | 2011 | 22207287 |
| [construction and identification of a vector inserted with gene of t7 rna polymerase]. | to develop a system to rescue virus by intracellular expression of t7 rna polymerase. | 2011 | 21863644 |