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an unusual case of haemorrhagic bursa in a pullet flock associated with a genogroup 2 infectious bursal disease virus.an unusual case of infectious bursal disease (ibd) was observed in eight-week-old commercial caged pullets. this flock (house 1) exhibited a one-day spike in mortality. on gross necropsy examination, enlarged, diffusely haemorrhagic bursas were observed. this lesion has been frequently described in cases of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv). a five-week-old caged pullet flock (house 2) in an adjacent building did not display haemorrhagic bursa lesions. microscopic examinatio ...202133823706
development and application of a novel triplex protein microarray method for rapid detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus, newcastle disease virus, and avian infectious bronchitis virus.avian influenza virus (aiv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) inflict immense damage on the global poultry industry annually. serological diagnostic methods are fundamental for the effective control and prevention of outbreaks caused by these viruses. in this study, a novel triplex protein microarray assay was developed and validated for the rapid and simultaneous visualized detection of antibodies against aiv, ndv, and ibv in chicken sera. the aiv nucle ...202133576898
health surveillance of penguins in the barton peninsula on king george island, antarctica.samples from 29 adult gentoo (pygoscelis papua), chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus), and adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) at the king sejong station on nar̢ ebski point, king george island, antarctica, were investigated to detect antibodies to avian influenza, newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, mycoplasma, and salmonella. antibodies were identified from one gentoo penguin and one chinstrap penguin against infectious bronchitis virus; from o ...202133872350
viral metagenomic analysis of japanese quail (coturnix japonica) with enteritis in the republic of korea.we performed viral metagenomics analysis of japanese quail affected with enteritis to elucidate the viral etiology. metagenomics generated 21,066,442 sequence reads via high-throughput sequencing, with a mean length of 136 nt. enrichment in viral sequences suggested that at least three viruses were present in quail samples. coronavirus and picornavirus were identified and are known as pathogens causing quail enteritis that match the observed morphology. abundant reads of coronavirus from quail s ...202134339120
transcriptome analysis of primary chicken cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus strain k047-12 isolated in korea.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), an avian coronavirus, is highly contagious. chickens with ibv infection develop acute pathogenesis in multiple organs, including the respiratory and urogenital tracts. frequent recombination in the spike (s) glycoprotein gene has made vaccine strategies ineffective. to understand ibv pathogenesis, we analyzed the genetic distance between korean ibv isolates and other coronaviruses, including sars-cov-2. to obtain comprehensive information about early immune res ...202134089367
design and characterization of a dna vaccine based on spike with consensus nucleotide sequence against infectious bronchitis virus.avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry, but its control is hampered by the continuous emergence of new genotypes and the lack of cross-protection among different ibv genotypes. we designed a new immunogen based on a spike with the consensus nucleotide sequence (s_con) that may overcome the extraordinary genetic diversity of ibv. s_con was cloned into a pvax1 vector to form a new ibv dna vaccine, pv-s_con. pv-s_con could be correc ...202133466810
emetine suppresses sars-cov-2 replication by inhibiting interaction of viral mrna with eif4e.emetine is a fda-approved drug for the treatment of amebiasis. previously we demonstrated the antiviral efficacy of emetine against some rna and dna viruses. in this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral efficacy of emetine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and found it to be a low nanomolar (nm) inhibitor. interestingly, emetine exhibited protective efficacy against lethal challenge with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv; a chicken coronavirus) in the embr ...202133711336
replication and vaccine protection of multiple infectious bronchitis virus strains in pheasants (phasianus colchicus).this study demonstrates that infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain m41, which is pathogenic for chickens, is nonpathogenic for pheasants. however, m41 replicated in the respiratory tracts of most inoculated pheasants and the virus was shed from their respiratory tracts in the early stages of infection (4 and 8 dpc). similarly, the attenuated ibv h120 vaccine strain also replicated and the virus was shed from their respiratory tracts of most inoculated pheasants, whereas the pheasant coronavir ...202134182190
research note: effects of escherichia coli co-infection on the protective efficacy assessment of two common infectious bronchitis vaccines.avian infectious bronchitis (ib), a highly contagious disease hazardous to the poultry industry, is caused by an etiological agent called the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). some ibv strains (ibvs) alone usually do not cause high mortality in field conditions if not with secondary pathogens including escherichia coli (e. coli). herein, we established an ibv and e. coli co-infection model to evaluate the protective efficacy of two ibv vaccine strains against a new emerging genotype gvi-1 with ...202134358949
aspects of antigen-antibody interaction of chicken infectious bronchitis virus determined by surface plasmon resonance.authors performed investigation on antigen-antibody interaction of chicken infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) by a method based on the surface plasmon resonance (spr). presence of space-size effect related to a difference between antigen and antibody particle sizes has been theoretically grounded and experimentally proven. herewith, the difference between responses of the spr-sensor to specific and non-specific interactions is considerably less (up to 6.3 times) than the expected one (8 - 1 ...202134358781
isolation and characterization of a novel chicken astrovirus in china.chicken astrovirus (castv) is associated with kidney disease and visceral gout, runting and stunting syndrome, and white chick hatchery disease, causing economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. in this study, 55.6% of 36 clinical samples from guangdong province in china were positive for castv, but negative for other common enteric viruses, including avian nephritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, fowl adenovirus group i, newcastle disease virus, chicken parvovirus, reovirus, and r ...202134352410
infectious bronchitis virus prevalence, characterization, and strain identification in california backyard chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes significant losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. here we characterize the lesions of infectious bronchitis (ib) and ibv prevalence and identify the circulating strains in small flocks in california. backyard chickens (bycs) submitted to the davis (northern california; norcal) and san bernardino (southern california; socal) branches of the california animal health and food safety laboratory system from january through march 2019 were includ ...202134339139
two newly isolated gvi lineage infectious bronchitis viruses in china show unique molecular and pathogenicity characteristics.during 2016 to 2020, gvi-1 type infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains were sporadically reported across china, indicating a new epidemic trend of the virus. here we investigated the molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of two newly isolated gvi-1 type ibv virus strains (ck/ch/tj1904 and ck/ch/np2011) from infected chicken farms in china. genetic evolution analysis of the s1 gene showed the highest homology with the gvi-1 representative strain, tc07-2. phylogenetic analysis and recombi ...202134293479
the efficacy of a live attenuated tw i-type infectious bronchitis virus vaccine candidate.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious avian disease caused by infection with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), which seriously affects the development of the global poultry industry. the distribution of tw i-type ibv in china has increased in recent years, becoming a widespread genotype. we previously isolated a tw i-type ibv strain termed ck/ch/gd/gz14 in 2014, but its pathogenicity and possibility for vaccine development were not explored. therefore, this research aimed to develop ...202134251605
black soldier fly (hermetia illucens l.) larval diet improves cd8+ lymphocytes proliferation to eliminate chicken coronavirus at an early infection stage.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), belonging to gammacoronavirus, is an economically important respiratory virus affecting poultry industry worldwide. the virus can infect chickens at all ages, whereas young chickens (less than 15 day old) are more susceptible to it. the present study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary supplementation of black soldier fly (hermetia illucens l.) larvae (bsfl) on immune responses in ibv infected 10-day-old chickens. bsfl were ground to powder an ...202134237662
surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both h5 and h9 avian influenza viruses in small-scale commercial layer farms of bangladesh.poultry production in bangladesh has been experiencing h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) and h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) for the last 14 years. vaccination of chickens against h5 hpai is in practice since the end of 2012. subsequently, the official reporting of hpai outbreaks gradually decreased. however, the true extent of circulation of avian influenza virus (aiv) in commercial poultry production is not clear. to explore this, we conducted active surveillance in 422 ...202134219385
genetic and pathogenic characterization of qx(gi-19)-recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses in south korea.infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) are evolving continuously via genetic drift and genetic recombination, making disease prevention and control difficult. in this study, we undertook genetic and pathogenic characterization of recombinant ibvs isolated from chickens in south korea between 2003 and 2019. phylogenetic analysis showed that 46 ibv isolates belonged to gi-19, which includes nephropathogenic ibvs. ten isolates formed a new cluster, the genomic sequences of which were different from t ...202134204473
proteomic analysis of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in response to an inactivated ibv + ndv poultry vaccine.inactivated poultry vaccines are subject to routine potency testing for batch release, requiring large numbers of animals. the replacement of in vivo tests for cell-based alternatives can be facilitated by the identification of biomarkers for vaccine-induced immune responses. in this study, chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were stimulated with an inactivated vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus and newcastle disease virus, as well as inactivated infectious bronchitis virus only, an ...202134135356
the contribution of the immune response to enhanced colibacillosis upon preceding viral respiratory infection in broiler chicken in a dual infection model.colibacillosis in chickens caused by avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) is known to be aggravated by preceding infections with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv). the mechanism behind these virus-induced predispositions for secondary bacterial infections is poorly understood. here we set out to investigate the immunopathogenesis of enhanced respiratory colibacillosis after preceding infections with these three viruses. broilers ...202134126552
genetic and pathogenic characterization of a novel recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus derived from gi-1, gi-13, gi-28, and gi-19 strains in southwestern china.avian infectious bronchitis (ib), caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), is an acute and highly contagious disease that is extremely harmful to the poultry industry throughout the world. the cross-using of different attenuated live vaccine strains has led to the occurrence of diverse ibv serotypes. in this study, we isolated an ibv strain from a chicken farm in southwest china and designated it ck/ch/scmy/160315. construction of a phylogenetic tree based on full s1 gene sequence anal ...202134116353
distribution and molecular characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus in southern china.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is causing considerable economic losses in the world poultry industry. the main difficulty of prevention and control of ib disease is the numerous genotypes and serotypes. the genetic analysis of ibv was mainly based on the s1 gene which played an important role in infectivity. in the study, one hundred and thirty-nine strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus were isolated from chickens showing signs of disease in southern china during the period from ...202134116347
identification of novel t-cell epitopes on infectious bronchitis virus n protein and development of a multi-epitope vaccine.cellular immune responses play a key role in the control of viral infection. the nucleocapsid (n) protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major immunogenic protein that can induce protective immunity. to screen for potential t-cell epitopes on ibv n protein, 40 overlapping peptides covering the entirety of the n protein were designed and synthesized. four t-cell epitope peptides were identified by gamma interferon (ifn-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (elispot), intracellular cytoki ...202134105997
effect of dietary stevia-based sweetener on body weight and humoral immune response of broiler chickens.steviol glycosides extracted from the leaves of stevia rebaudiana bertoni have been of much consideration recently because of their beneficial effects on health, raising the possibilities for improving farm animals' health. although some studies on stevia's dietary effect on body weight gain are available, few studies have been conducted to evaluate stevioside supplementation on immune response in broilers. this experiment aimed to analyze how a stevia-based sweetener can affect broiler chickens ...202134083940
molecular characterization of 4/91 infectious bronchitis virus leading to studies of pathogenesis and host responses in laying hens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) initially establishes the infection in the respiratory tract and then spreads to other tissues depending on its virulence. during 2011-2018, the 4/91 ibv strain was isolated from poultry flocks affected by decreased egg production and quality in eastern canada. one of the canadian 4/91 ibv isolates, ibv/ck/can/17-038913, was propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and molecularly characterized using whole genome sequencing. an in vivo study in laying hens was con ...202134069486
carbonized lysine-nanogels protect against infectious bronchitis virus.in this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of carbonized nanogels (cngs) from an amino acid (lysine hydrochloride) using a simple pyrolysis method, resulting in effective viral inhibition properties against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the viral inhibition of cngs was studied using both in vitro (bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) and pseudorabies virus (prv)) and in ovo (ibv) models, which indicated that the cngs were able to prevent virus attachment on the cell membrane and penetration ...202134063782
impact of nematode infections on non-specific and vaccine-induced humoral immunity in dual-purpose or layer-type chicken genotypes.nematode infections may induce immune-modulatory effects and influence host-immune responses to other pathogens. the aim of the study was to investigate whether a mixed nematode-infection influences non-specific and vaccine-induced humoral immunity against newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) in already vaccinated hens of a dual-purpose (lohmann dual, ld) or a layer genotype (lohmann brown plus; lb). until 17 weeks-of-age, ld (n = 70) ...202134046445
interplay of the ubiquitin proteasome system and the innate immune response is essential for the replication of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the only coronavirus known to infect poultry. the replication and pathogenesis of ibv are poorly understood, mainly because of the unavailability of a robust cell culture system. here, we report that an active ubiquitin proteasome system (ups) is necessary for efficient replication of ibv in vero cells. synthesis of ibv-specific rna as well as viral protein is hampered in the presence of chemical inhibitors specific for the ups. like other coronaviruses, ibv ...202134037855
near-complete genome sequence of gi-17 lineage infectious bronchitis virus, circulating in iowa.avian infectious bronchitis virus (avibv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens which results in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. here, we report a near-complete genome sequence of the strain, designated ia1162/2020, identified in tracheal swabs from chickens in iowa in 2020.202134016687
immunogenicity and efficacy of a bivalent vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious viral disease and is responsible for considerable economic losses in the poultry industry, worldwide. to mitigate the ib-associated losses, multiple vaccines are being applied in the sector with variable successes and thus necessitating the development of a potent vaccine to protect against the ib in the poultry. in the present study, we investigated a bivalent live attenuated vaccine consisting of ib virus (ibv) strain h120 (gi-1 lineage) and d2 ...202133992864
chlorogenic acid is a positive regulator of mda5, tlr7 and nf-κb signaling pathways mediated antiviral responses against gammacoronavirus infection.chlorogenic acid (cga) is a phenolic compound that has been well studied for its antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immune stimulating properties. this research was aimed to focus on the antiviral properties of cga on infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in vivo and in vitro for the very first time. the outcome of in vitro experiments validated that, out of five previously reported antiviral components, cga significantly reduced the relative mrna expression of ibv-n in cek cells. at high concentratio ...202133971495
effects of a combination of mass and dutch variant as an inactivated vaccine against variant 2 avian infectious bronchitis virus challenge.the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of inactivated vaccines combining mass and dutch variants as vaccine boosters after h120 priming on inhibiting variant 2 viral load in the kidneys (as the target organ) and reducing fecal shedding. ciliostasis score and antibody response were investigated as well. a total of 150 specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken were divided into six groups. all groups were vaccinated with a single dose of attenuated h120 vaccine except for two (no vaccine group ...202133964420
virulence properties of gi-23 infectious bronchitis virus isolated in poland and efficacy of different vaccination strategies.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the most important poultry pathogens, leading significant economic losses worldwide. ibv is characterised by highly genetic, serotype, and pathotypic variability. despite extensive immunoprophylaxis strategies, the emergence of new genetic lineages is frequently observed in the field, causing disease control to be more complicated. in the last decade, the spread of variants assigned to the gi-23 lineage of ibv (formerly known as var2) started from midd ...202133926018
detection of laryngotracheitis virus in poultry flocks with respiratory disorders in slovenia.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an acute, highly contagious infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract in chickens and other poultry species that causes significant economic losses in countries worldwide. between 2017 and 2019, seven outbreaks of mild to severe respiratory disorders with high suspicion of ilt occurred in commercial and backyard poultry flocks in slovenia. in all submissions, infection with ilt virus (iltv) was confirmed by pcr, which is the first report of ilt in sl ...202133921858
host immune response to infectious bronchitis virus q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines.this study investigated the pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus) strain q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines, and the host immune response to infection. chicks from each line were grouped into either infected or control. following q1 infection at day-old, fast (line-a) and slow (line-b) growing chicks were monitored for clinical signs and body weights. at 3, 7, 9, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection (dpi), five birds were humanely euthanised, and trachea, kidney and ...202133892367
transcriptome based analysis of apoptosis genes in chickens co-infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus and pathogenic escherichia coli.infection with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) is an important respiratory infection worldwide. apoptosis is a physiological process of cell death that occurs as part of normal development and responds to a variety of physiological and pathophysiological stimuli. the identification of molecular mechanisms of action or inaction of key apoptotic proteins is important. this study aimed to investigate apoptotic related genes in the trachea tissue of inf ...202133889358
comparison of tracheal and choanal cleft swabs and poultry dust samples for detection of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus genome in vaccinated meat chicken flocks.this study assessed different methods (tracheal and choanal cleft swabs from individual birds, and poultry dust as a population level measure) to evaluate the shedding kinetics of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) genome in meat chicken flocks after spray vaccination at hatchery. dust samples and tracheal and choanal cleft swabs were collected from four meat chicken flocks at 10, 14, 21 and 31 days post vaccination (dpv) and tested for ibv and ndv genome copies ...202133861761
the experimental infection with a field isolate of the infectious bronchitis virus from eastern saudi arabia resulted in seroconversion of the challenged birds with no apparent clinical diseases.the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is still one of the major respiratory viral pathogens of chickens. the ibv infection resulted in a wide range of clinical syndromes in the affected chickens, including respiratory, renal, gonads affections as well as generalized infections. despite the intensive application of various commercial vaccines against the virus, many outbreaks are still reported in chickens worldwide. several studies reported the circulation of several strains and genotypes of the ...202133846693
factor influences for diagnosis and vaccination of avian infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus) in chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major economic problem in commercial chicken farms with acute multiple-system infection, especially in respiratory and urogenital systems. a live-attenuated and killed vaccine is currently immunized to control ibv infection; however, repeated outbreaks occur in both unvaccinated and vaccinated birds due to the choice of inadequate vaccine candidates and continuous emergence of novel infectious bronchitis (ib) variants and failure of vaccination. however, si ...202133809420
recombination events shape the genomic evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in europe.infectious bronchitis of chicken is a high morbidity and mortality viral disease affecting the poultry industry worldwide; therefore, a better understanding of this pathogen is of utmost importance. the primary aim of this study was to obtain a deeper insight into the genomic diversity of field infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains using phylogenetic and recombination analysis. we sequenced the genome of 20 randomly selected strains from seven european countries. after sequencing, we created ...202133804824
research note: an overview on distribution of fowl adenoviruses.fowl adenoviruses (fadv), detected during routine diagnostic investigations from 38 countries (5 continents) over a decade, were partially sequenced and grouped by phylogenetic analysis. the partial polymerase gene nucleotide sequences of the 365 fowl adenovirus isolates resulted in the following species distribution: 11% fadv-a; 3% fadv-b; 2% fadv-c; 34% fadv-d; and 50% fadv-e. noticeably, only 79 of the detected strains could be associated with adenovirus-specific pathologic conditions: 62 (79 ...202133773159
detection and characterization of chicken astrovirus associated with hatchery disease in commercial day-old turkeys in southwestern nigeria.infectious diseases are a major obstacle to profitable poultry production in nigeria due to the mortality and severe economic losses they cause. in particular, they are a potent threat to attainment of the food security goals of government and national self-sufficiency in food production. thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring of the nation's poultry population for these diseases. as part of an ongoing investigation of enteric viruses associated with poor performance or hatchery disease ...202133759002
nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus infection altered the metabolome profile and immune function of the bursa of fabricius in chicken.infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious, acute viral respiratory disease of chickens, regardless of the strain, and its infection may lead to considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. new nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (nibv) strains have increasingly emerged in recent years; hence, evaluating their infection-influenced immune function changes and the alteration of metabolite profiling is important. initially, chickens were randomly distributed into two groups: the ...202133553290
a peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies against avian infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes substantial loss to the poultry industry despite extensive vaccination. assessing the antibody response is important for the development and evaluation of effective vaccines. we have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of ibv-specific antibodies, using a synthetic peptide based on a conserved sequence in the ibv spike protein. this peptide-based elisa (pelisa) specifically detects antibodies to different genotypes of i ...202133553284
analysis of chicken macrophage functions and gene expressions following infectious bronchitis virus m41 infection.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a pathogenic coronavirus with high morbidity and mortality in chicken breeding. macrophages with normal biofunctions are essential for host immune responses. in this study, the hd11 chicken macrophage cell line and chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages (pbmcs-mφ) were infected with ibv at multiplicity of infection (moi) of 10. the dynamic changes of their biofunctions, including cell viability, pathogen elimination function, phagocytic ...202133509253
peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pelisa) as a possible alternative to the neutralization test for evaluating the immune response to ibv vaccine.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a coronavirus, is one of the most important poultry pathogens worldwide due to its multiple serotypes and poor cross-protection. vaccination plays a vital role in controlling the disease. the efficacy of vaccination in chicken flocks can be evaluated by detecting neutralizing antibodies with the neutralization test. however there are no simple and rapid methods for detecting the neutralizing antibodies.202133494765
identification and analysis of long non-coding rnas and mrnas in chicken macrophages infected with avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gamma coronavirus that severely affects the poultry industry worldwide. long non-coding rnas (lncrnas), a subset of non-coding rnas with a length of more than 200 nucleotides, have been recently recognized as pivotal factors in the pathogenesis of viral infections. however, little is known about the function of lncrnas in host cultured cells in response to ibv infection.202133472590
infectious bronchitis virus prevalence, characterization and strain identification in california backyard chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes significant losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. here we characterize the lesions of infectious bronchitis (ib), ibv prevalence and identify the circulating strains in small flocks in california. backyard chickens (bycs) submitted to the davis (northern california; norcal) and san bernardino (southern california; socal) branches of the california animal health and food safety laboratory system from january through march 2019 were included ...202133400768
seroprevalences of specific antibodies against avian pathogens in free-ranging ring-necked pheasants (phasianus colchicus) in northwestern germany.infectious diseases in captive pheasants (phasianus colchicus) are well known, but there is a lack of knowledge about occurrence and distribution of pathogens in free-ranging pheasants in germany. we investigated 604 sera from hunted pheasants and 152 sera from wild caught pheasants between 2011 to 2015, with the aim to determine the prevalence of specific antibodies against different viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv) of subtypes h5, h7, h9, paramyxovirus type 1 (pmv-1), avian encephalomyelit ...202134347834
coronavirus endoribonuclease ensures efficient viral replication and prevents protein kinase r activation.coronavirus (cov) nsp15 is an endoribonuclease conserved throughout the cov family. the enzymatic activity and crystal structure of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) nsp15 are undefined, and the protein's role in replication remains unclear. we verified the uridylate-specific endoribonuclease (endou) activity of ibv and found that the endou active sites were located in the c-terminus of nsp15 and included his223, his238, lys278 and tyr334. we further constructed an infectious clone of the ibv-rs ...202033361429
infectious bronchitis virus in egypt: genetic diversity and vaccination strategies.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a highly evolving avian pathogen that has increasingly imposed a negative impact on poultry industry worldwide. in the last 20 years, ibv has been continuously circulating among chicken flocks in egypt causing huge economic losses to poultry production. multiple ibv genotypes, namely, gi-1, gi-13, gi-16, and gi-23 have been reported in egypt possessing different genetic and pathogenic features. different vaccine programs are being used to control the spread o ...202033348570
infectious bronchitis virus associated with nephropathy lesions in diagnostic cases from commercial broiler chickens in california.in march 2019, the california animal health and food safety laboratory (cahfs), turlock branch, received two submissions of broiler chickens from commercial flocks reporting increased mortality. submissions consisted of either white or brown broilers. submitted chickens appeared depressed with ruffled feathers. at necropsy, moderate to severely enlarged and pale kidneys were observed, with gross lesions indicative of dehydration. microscopically, renal tubules were degenerated and distended with ...202033347556
effects of amino acid-bound zinc and manganese feed additives on mhc haplotype chickens challenged with infectious bronchitis coronavirus.major histocompatibility complex (mhc) congenic chicken lines have been used as a model to study infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) immune responses in chickens. zinc (zn) and manganese (mn) are trace minerals that act as enzyme cofactors in cellular reactions. in addition, zn is an important modulator of immune responses, especially in the respiratory tract. zinc and zn + mn amino acid complex supplements were tested to alleviate the effects of an ibv challenge using relatively resistant and sus ...202033347551
infectious bronchitis virus: identification of gallus gallus apn high-affinity ligands with antiviral effects.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus, causes infectious bronchitis (ib) with high morbidity and mortality, and gives rise to huge economic losses for the poultry industry. aminopeptidase n (apn) may be one of the ibv functional receptors. in this study, gallus gallus apn (gapn) protein was screened by phage-displayed 12-mer peptide library. two high-affinity peptides h (hdylyytftgnp) and t (tkfsppsfwylh) to gapn protein were selected for in depth characterization of their anti-ibv ...202033340637
pathological effect of infectious bronchitis disease virus on broiler chicken trachea and kidney tissues.this study aimed to investigate the pathological effects of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) on chicken trachea and kidney tissues and also desired to diagnose the virus genome using a molecular tool.202033281357
evaluation of the antigen relatedness and efficacy of a single vaccination with different infectious bronchitis virus strains against a challenge with malaysian variant and qx-like ibv strains.the predominant infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains detected in chickens in malaysia are the malaysian variant (mv) and qx-like, which are associated with respiratory distress, nephropathy, and high mortality. on the other hand, the antigenic relatedness and efficacy of ibv vaccines against these 2 field ibv strains are not well characterized.202033263227
molecular epidemiology and genotyping of infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus in backyard and commercial chickens in jimma zone, southwestern ethiopia.poultry production plays a relevant role in the ethiopian economy and represents a source of poverty alleviation for several social classes. infectious diseases can therefore significantly impact the economy and welfare. despite infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) being present, the knowledge of their epidemiology and impact is extremely limited. in the present work, a cross-sectional study based on 500 tracheal swabs collected from 50 intensive and backyard unvacc ...202033255570
experimental study of forsythoside a on prevention and treatment of avian infectious bronchitis.forsythoside a is the main active ingredient in the chinese medicine forsythia suspensa, which has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, and immunoregulatory effects. it is reported that forsythoside a can significantly inhibit the replication of the avian infectious bronchitis virus(ibv) in cells, but there is no report in chickens. the present study aimed to investigate the effect of forsythoside a on ibv-m41, experiments were designed using 120 chickens at 12 days of age. the chickens ...202033234322
a highly pathogenic recombinant infectious bronchitis virus with adaptability in cultured cells.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) of gi-19 (qx), gi-7 (tw), gi-13 (4/91) and gi-1 (mass) lineages have been frequently detected in china in recent years. here, an ibv strain, referred as gd17/04, was isolated from the dead yellow feather chicken vaccinated with h52 and 4/91 vaccines, whose genome sequence was obtained through high-throughput sequencing. then it has been confirmed by the rdp and simplot analysis that gd17/04 is a recombinant strain deriving from yx10, 4/91, tw 2575/98 and h52 str ...202033207263
thiazolidines: potential anti-viral agents against avian influenza and infectious bronchitis viruses.viral outbreaks are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in livestock and human populations. lack of good vaccines and poor control measures along with natural viral genetic drifting and shifting are the common causes of new viral strains and outbreaks. the current study reports the synthesis of some 2-aryl substituted thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids 1a-h and their 3-acetyl 2a and 3-benzoyl derivatives 3a. two important poultry viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv; a/chicken/italy/1994/h9n2) ...202033643596
in silico prediction of linear b-cell epitopes for s1 protein of two iranian 793/b isolates and their changes after 90 serial passaging.neutralizing, serotype-specific, and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) are induced by epitopes in the s1 protein. most changes in the virus genome due to mutation and recombination during serial passaging in embryonated chicken eggs occur in the s1 gene. in the current study, we tried to predict the potential linear b-cell epitopes of the s1 subunit of two iranian 793/b isolates and then we analyzed their changes at passage level 90 due to mutations ...202033643589
the v617i substitution in avian coronavirus ibv spike protein plays a crucial role in adaptation to primary chicken kidney cells.the naturally isolated avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) generally cannot replicate in chicken kidney (ck) cells. to explore the molecular mechanism of ibv adapting to ck cells, a series of recombinant viruses were constructed by chimerizing the s genes of ck cell-adapted strain h120 and non-adapted strain ibyz. the results showed that the s2 subunit determines the difference in cell tropism of the two strains. after comparing the amino acid sequences of s protein of ck cell-ad ...202033391226
gammacoronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus and alphacoronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus exploit a cell-survival strategy via upregulation of cfos to promote viral replication.coronaviruses have evolved a variety of strategies to optimize cellular microenvironment for efficient replication. in this study, we report the induction of ap-1 transcription factors by coronavirus infection based on genome-wide analyses of differentially expressed genes in cells infected with avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). most members of the ap-1 transcription factors were subsequently found to be upregulated during the course of ibv and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ...202033239458
decontamination of face masks with steam for mask reuse in fighting the pandemic covid-19: experimental supports.the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has claimed many lives worldwide. wearing medical masks (mms) or n95 masks ([n95ms] namely n95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk. reuse of these masks can minimize waste, protect the environment, and help solve the current imminent shortage of masks. disinfection of used masks is needed for their reuse with safety, but improper deco ...202032320083
a label-free electrochemical assay for coronavirus ibv h120 strain quantification based on equivalent substitution effect and aunps-assisted signal amplification.a label-free electrochemical strategy is proposed combining equivalent substitution effect with aunps-assisted signal amplification. according to the differences of s1 protein in various infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains, a target dna sequence that can specifically recognize h120 rna forming a dna-rna hybridized double-strand structure has been designed. then, the residual single-stranded target dna is hydrolyzed by s1 nuclease. therefore, the content of target dna becomes equal to the c ...202033094371
viral variant visualizer (vvv): a novel bioinformatic tool for rapid and simple visualization of viral genetic diversity.here a bioinformatic pipeline vvv has been developed to analyse viral populations in a given sample from next generation sequencing (ngs) data. to date, handling large amounts of data from ngs requires the expertise of bioinformaticians, both for data processing and result analysis. consequently, vvv was designed to help non-bioinformaticians to perform these tasks. by providing only the ngs data file, the developed pipeline generated consensus sequences and determined the composition of the vir ...202033080244
treatment with exogenous trypsin expands in vitro cellular tropism of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes a highly contagious and economically important respiratory disease in poultry. in the laboratory, most ibv strains are restricted to replication in ex vivo organ cultures or in ovo and do not replicate in cell culture, making the study of their basic virology difficult. entry of ibv into cells is facilitated by the large glycoprotein on the surface of the virion, the spike (s) protein, comprised of s1 and s2 subunits. previous researc ...202033003350
transient dominant selection for the modification and generation of recombinant infectious bronchitis coronaviruses.we have developed a reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in which a full-length cdna corresponding to the ibv genome is inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a t7 promoter sequence. vaccinia virus as a vector for the full-length ibv cdna has the advantage that modifications can be introduced into the ibv cdna using homologous recombination, a method frequently used to insert and delete sequences from the vaccinia virus genome. ...202032833211
whole-genome sequencing protocols for ibv and other coronaviruses using high-throughput sequencing.this chapter reports the high-throughput sequencing protocol for sequencing coronaviruses and other positive strand viruses to produce a dataset of significant depth of coverage. the protocol describes sequencing of infectious bronchitis virus propagated in embryonated eggs and harvested in the allantoic fluid. the protocol is composed of three main steps-enrichment of the allantoic fluid using ultracentrifugation, extraction of total rna from allantoic fluid, and library preparation from total ...202032833204
risks and disease aetiologies of compromised performance in commercial broilers kept at lower stocking density and limited antimicrobial use.the health status of broilers raised at lower stocking density and limited antimicrobial use (but routine anticoccidials) was assessed in order to identify prevalent causes of disease, mortality and reduced performance. "dead-on-farm"(dof) broilers from 145 commercial flocks were investigated at two different time points (tp1:7-14 and tp2:28-35 days of age); per sampling, 6-10 dof broilers were selected for post-mortem investigation and gross pathomorphological changes were assessed from 2717 bi ...202032746625
multiple novel non-canonically transcribed sub-genomic mrnas produced by avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.coronavirus sub-genomic mrna (sgmrna) synthesis occurs via a process of discontinuous transcription involving complementary transcription regulatory sequences (trss), one (trs-l) encompassing the leader sequence of the 5' untranslated region (utr), and the other upstream of each structural and accessory gene (trs-b). several coronaviruses have an orf located between the n gene and the 3'-utr, an area previously thought to be non-coding in the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) du ...202032720890
wild birds as reservoirs for diverse and abundant gamma- and deltacoronaviruses.wild birds interconnect all parts of the globe through annual cycles of migration with little respect for country or continental borders. although wild birds are reservoir hosts for a high diversity of gamma- and deltacoronaviruses, we have little understanding of the ecology or evolution of any of these viruses. in this review, we use genome sequence and ecological data to disentangle the evolution of coronaviruses in wild birds. specifically, we explore host range at the levels of viral genus ...202032672814
infectious bronchitis virus evolution, diagnosis and control.rna viruses are characterized by high mutation and recombination rates, which allow a rapid adaptation to new environments. most of the emerging diseases and host jumps are therefore sustained by these viruses. rapid evolution may also hinder the understanding of molecular epidemiology, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, limit the vaccine efficacy and favor episodes of immune escape, thus significantly complicating the control of even well-known pathogens. the history of infectious bro ...202032580381
limited cross-protection against infectious bronchitis provided by recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses expressing heterologous spike glycoproteins.gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. protective immunity is associated with the major structural protein, spike (s) glycoprotein, which induces neutralising antibodies and defines the serotype. cross-protective immunity between serotypes is limited and can be difficult to predict. in this study, the ability of two recombinant ibv vaccine candidates, beaur-m41(s) and beaur-4/91(s), to induce cross-protection against a ...202032580371
diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography to detect false layers in a commercial laying flock infected by an infectious bronchitis virus delmarva genotype causing cystic oviducts.infection of the oviduct by an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in laying hens has been associated with the false layer syndrome. because the diagnostic procedure for the detection of cystic oviducts by postmortem examinations in ibv-positive replacement pullet flocks could involve the unnecessary sacrifice of numerous healthy pullets without reproductive tract anomalies, the development of a noninvasive and nonlethal diagnostic procedure would be desirable. the first objective of the study was ...202032550615
a unifying structural and functional model of the coronavirus replication organelle: tracking down rna synthesis.zoonotic coronavirus (cov) infections, such as those responsible for the current severe acute respiratory syndrome-cov 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic, cause grave international public health concern. in infected cells, the cov rna-synthesizing machinery associates with modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes that are transformed into the viral replication organelle (ro). although double-membrane vesicles (dmvs) appear to be a pan-cov ro element, studies to date describe an assortment of additional cov ...202032511245
a novel protein chip for simultaneous detection of antibodies against four epidemic swine viruses in china.at present, pig industry in china is faced with the complex situation of mixed infection caused by multiple pathogens. it is urgent to develop some new high-throughput molecular diagnosis assays to simultaneously detect pathogens or antibodies. biochip array technology has made it possible to screen thousands of samples simultaneously; it has been twice named as one of the top 10 scientific and technological breakthroughs. studies have reported encouraging results using protein biochips for dete ...202032456688
infectious bronchitis virus regulates cellular stress granule signaling.viruses must hijack cellular translation machinery to express viral genes. in many cases, this is impeded by cellular stress responses. these stress responses result in the global inhibition of translation and the storage of stalled mrnas, into rna-protein aggregates called stress granules. this results in the translational silencing of the majority of mrnas excluding those beneficial for the cell to resolve the specific stress. for example, the expression of antiviral factors is maintained duri ...202032422883
reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay combined with a lateral flow dipstick for detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus.the study was conducted to develop a specific, simple, and sensitive method for diagnosis of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). in this experiment, the selected downstream primer was labeled with biotin and the 5' end of raa probe was labeled with fam by reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification (rt-raa) combined with lateral flow dipstick (lfd). a rt-raa-lfd assay that could be used for detection of ibv was established after optimization of rt-raa reaction time, reaction tempe ...202032416856
high-resolution melting curve analysis for infectious bronchitis virus strain differentiation.belonging to the coronaviridae family, avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes respiratory, reproductive, and renal diseases in poultry. preventative measures lie mainly in vaccination, while the gold standard for ibv classification and differentiation is based on the sequence analysis of the spike 1 (s1) gene. in this study, we tested a new assay for ibv strain classification that is less expensive and requires reduced time and effort to perform. we carried out a quantitative real-time p ...202032367941
development and application of a colloidal gold test strip for the rapid detection of the infectious laryngotracheitis virus.infectious laryngotracheitis disease is an acute, highly contagious viral disease seriously affecting poultry industry worldwide. in this study, a rapid and simple immune colloidal gold test strip for detecting infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) was developed based on membrane chromatography with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against gj protein of iltv and systematically evaluated for the detection of iltv from clinical samples. mab 2d4 1d7 was conjugated with colloidal gold as the detecto ...202032359575
phylodynamic analysis and evaluation of the balance between anthropic and environmental factors affecting ibv spreading among italian poultry farms.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) control is mainly based on wide vaccine administration. although effective, its efficacy is not absolute, the viral circulation is not prevented and some side effects cannot be denied. despite this, the determinants of ibv epidemiology and the factors affecting its circulation are still largely unknown and poorly investigated. in the present study, 361 ibv qx (the most relevant field genotype in italy) sequences were obtained between 2012 and 2016 from the two m ...202032350378
protection following simultaneous vaccination with three or four different attenuated live vaccine types against infectious bronchitis virus.two or more different live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccine types are often given to broilers to induce homologous protection as well as to broaden protection against other ibv types in the field. however, the ability of broilers to respond to three or four different antigenic types of ibv vaccine has not been examined experimentally. in this study, we vaccinated one-day-old broiler chicks by eyedrop with three or four different ibv vaccine types simultaneously. the presence ...202032242456
real-time, minion-based, amplicon sequencing for lineage typing of infectious bronchitis virus from upper respiratory samples.infectious bronchitis (ib) causes significant economic losses in the global poultry industry. control of ib is hindered by the genetic diversity of the causative agent, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), which has led to the emergence of several serotypes that lack complete serologic cross-protection. although serotyping requires immunologic characterization, genotyping is an efficient means to identify ibvs detected in samples. sanger sequencing of the s1 subunit of the spike gene is currently ...202032133932
research note: first evidence of infectious bronchitis virus middle-east gi-23 lineage (var2-like) in germany.the infectious bronchitis virus middle-east gi-23 lineage (var2-like) was observed on a german broiler farm, for the first time. the animals suffered from respiratory and nephropathogenic disease. gross lesions observed during necropsy included tracheitis, aerosacculitis, and nephritis. tracheal swabs were tested positive for infectious bronchitis virus middle-east gi-23 lineage (var2-like) by pcr. furthermore, sequence analysis of the s1 spike protein showed close relationship to the commercial ...202032036979
qx-like infectious bronchitis virus reported in india. 202031953290
characterization of infectious bronchitis virus d181, a new serotype (gii-2).this paper describes the characterization of a new infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain d181, that rapidly evolved from a low-level incidental finding in 2017 to become the second most isolated ibv strain in dutch layers and breeders in 2018, as well as being found in samples from germany and belgium. based on the sequence of the s gene and the results of cross-neutralization tests, d181 can be considered as a new serotype and the second lineage within genotype ii (gii-2). the experimental i ...202031951468
molecular characterization of variant infectious bronchitis virus in china, 2019: implications for control programmes.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), an ongoing emergence enveloped virus with a single-stranded positive-sense rna genome, belongs to the gammacoronavirus genus in the coronaviridae family. ibv-associated tracheitis, nephritis, salpingitis, proventriculitis and egg drop have caused devastating economic losses to poultry industry worldwide. since the end of 2018, a remarkably increasing number of commercial broilers and layers, vaccinated or not, were infected with ibv in china. here, we described ...202031943814
molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus in poland from 1980 to 2017.the presence of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was identified for the first time in the poultry population in poland at the end of the 1960s. from this time a few waves of epidemics caused by different ibv variants spread across the country. in order to gain more insight into the molecular epidemiology of ibv in poland, in the present study the s1 coding region of 34 ibv isolates and nearly whole genome of 10 strains collected over a period of 38 years was characterized. phylogenetic analysis ...202031917362
emerging lethal infectious bronchitis coronavirus variants with multiorgan tropism.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes respiratory diseases in chickens and poses an economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. despite vaccine use, there have been field outbreaks of ibv in taiwan. this study aimed to characterize the emerging ibv variants circulating in taiwan. the analysis of the structural protein genes showed that these variants emerged through frequent recombination events among taiwan strains, china strains, japan strains and vaccine strains. cross-neutralizatio ...202031682070
health status of free-ranging ring-necked pheasant chicks (phasianus colchicus) in north-western germany.being a typical ground-breeding bird of the agricultural landscape in germany, the pheasant has experienced a strong and persistent population decline with a hitherto unexplained cause. contributing factors to the ongoing negative trend, such as the effects of pesticides, diseases, predation, increase in traffic and reduced fallow periods, are currently being controversially discussed. in the present study, 62 free-ranging pheasant chicks were caught within a two-year period in three federal sta ...202032544211
molecular and pathogenicity of infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus) in japanese quail (coturnix japonica).infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection is highly infectious respiratory disease in poultry industry with significant economic importance. the prevalence of ibv in quail industry in malaysia was not well documented; therefore, its actual role in the epidemiology of the disease is relatively unknown. this study was to determine the susceptibility of japanese quail, as one of the species in commercial poultry industry, toward ibv. in addition, it will also give a potential impact on the overal ...202032475428
retraction note to: mitochondrial bioenergy alterations in avian hd11 macrophages infected with infectious bronchitis virus.the editor-in-chief has retracted this article [1]. figures 1a, 1d and 2b (bottom right) are identical with figures 1a, 1h and 1b respectively in another article [2] which reports a study in a different species. in addition, table 1 contains data presented in a third article [3], which also reports a study in a different species. the editor-in-chief therefore no longer has confidence in the validity of the data and the conclusions drawn. tereza c. cardoso disagrees with this retraction. helena l ...202031784908
reverse-transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay for h7 subtype avian influenza virus.h7 subtype avian influenza virus infection is an emerging zoonosis in some asian countries and an important avian disease worldwide. a rapid and simple test is needed to confirm infection in suspected cases during disease outbreaks. in this study, we developed a reverse-transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay for the detection of h7 subtype avian influenza virus. assays were performed at a single temperature (39°c), and the results were obtained within 20 min. the assay showed no cro ...202031714018
a simple and rapid diagnostic method to detect new goose astrovirus using reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.in this study, we develop a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for rapid and easy detection of goose astroviruses (gastvs) in clinical samples. the specific lamp primer sets were designed targeting the orf2 gene of gastv. the conditions of lamp amplification were optimized in terms of reaction time and temperature. the optimal conditions are 60 min in a 60 °c water bath. no cross-reactivity was noted with fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (fadv-4), duck tembusu ...202031879584
natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: a review.coronaviruses are responsible for a growing economic, social and mortality burden, as the causative agent of diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and covid-19. however, there is a lack of effective antiviral agents for many coronavirus strains. naturally existing compounds provide a wealth of chemical diversity, including antiviral activity, and thus may have utility as therapeutic agents again ...202032360300
expression and immunoreactivity of a recombinant multi-epitope antigen designed based on four major structural proteins of avian infectious bronchitis virus.the development of rapid, simple, and sensitive diagnostic methods for identification of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is crucial for the effective control of avian infectious bronchitis. in the present study, a tandemly arranged multiepitope peptide (named semn) was designed with four antigenic regions derived from four major structural proteins of ibv. then, we performed codon optimization of semn gene by changing the codon-adaptation index from 0.45 to 0.94 and expressed the optimiz ...202032089981
pathological and virological analysis of concurrent disease of chicken anemia virus infection and infectious bronchitis in japanese native chicks.a concurrent infection of chicken anemia virus (cav) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was detected in japanese native chicks in 2017, in which a high mortality rate (97.7%) was recorded in a small flock of 130 chicks exhibiting poor growth. histological examination revealed that the affected chicks exhibited two different pathological entities: one was severe hematopoietic and lymphocytic depletion with abnormally large cells containing intranuclear inclusion bodies of cav, whereas the othe ...202032074517
effect of tlr agonist on infections bronchitis virus replication and cytokine expression in embryonated chicken eggs.avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute, highly infectious and contagious viral disease of chickens caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) belonging to the genus coronavirus and family coronaviridae. it can affect all age groups of birds. the toll-like receptors (tlrs) are a major class of innate immune pattern recognition receptors that have a key role in immune response and defense against various infections.the tlrs are essential for initiation of innate immune responses and i ...202032065987
recombinant infectious bronchitis coronavirus h120 with the spike protein s1 gene of the nephropathogenic ibyz strain remains attenuated but induces protective immunity.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly infectious viral disease responsible for major economic losses in the poultry industry. a reverse genetic vaccine is a safe, rapid, and effective method of achieving ib prevention and control. in this study, we constructed the recombinant strain, rh120-s1/yz, using a reverse genetic system, based on the backbone of the h120 vaccine strain, with the s1 gene replaced with that of the qx-like nephropathogenic strain, ck/ch/ibyz/2011, isolated in china. the res ...202032057575
change of pathotype and phylogenetic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus detected in kagoshima prefecture, japan.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious disease in chickens, induced by ib virus (ibv) infection. the pathotype and s1 genotype of ibv field strain that was detected from 2008 to 2018 were investigated in kagoshima prefecture, japan. the frequency of cases that the renal lesion characteristic of ibv infection was histopathologically confirmed was significantly higher from 2014 to 2018 than from 2008 to 2009, suggesting the altered pathotype of ibv. of 7 genotypes (jp-i, jp-ii, jp-iii, ...202032037366
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