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a pilot serosurvey for selected pathogens in feral donkeys (equus asinus).recent removal and relocation of feral donkeys from vast public lands to more concentrated holding pens, training facilities, and offsite adoption locations raises several health and welfare concerns. very little is known regarding the common equid pathogens that are circulating within the feral donkey population in and around death valley national park, california, usa. the aim of this study was to utilize serologic assays to assess previous exposure of these donkeys to equine herpesvirus 1 (eh ...202033023217
evaluation of colostral immunity against equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in martina franca's foals.eight martina franca pregnant jennies were selected in order to evaluate the transfer of colostral antibodies against equine herpesvirus type 1 in their relative foals after immunization with a commercial inactivated vaccine, compared with an unvaccinated group. samples of serum and colostrums/milk were collected from jennies and foals under study starting from 10 min before and up to 21 days after the foaling. specific anti-ehv-1 antibody titers were evaluated by means of a serum neutralization ...202033330699
west nile virus associated with equid encephalitis in brazil, 2018.mosquito-borne arboviruses are a major public health concern worldwide and are responsible for emerging and re-emerging diseases. taken together, the arboviruses have a strong impact on public health and are the most common causes of equine encephalitis. in-depth diagnostic investigation of equine viral encephalitis is of utmost importance for the epidemiological surveillance and control of this disease. regarding neurological disorders in equids, in april-may 2018, at least 12 cases of equid mo ...201930318735
abortion in donkeys associated with salmonella abortus equi infection.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortus equi (s. abortus equi) is well known as the aetiological agent of equine abortion. however, abortion caused by s. abortus equi has not been previously described in donkeys.201930868638
the recombinant ehv-1 vector producing cdv hemagglutinin as potential vaccine against canine distemper.canine distemper virus (cdv), is a pantropic agent of morbillivirus that causes fetal disease in dogs. base on a broad host rang of cdv, the continued vaccines inoculation is unavoidable to pose gene recombination risk in vaccine virus and wild virus. the current study presents the construction of novel vectors, using equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) expressing the canine distemper virus (cdv). the recent field strain hemagglutinin protein and nucleoprotein were used for the construction of the ...201728888886
intramuscular immunization of mice with the live-attenuated herpes simplex virus 1 vaccine strain vc2 expressing equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) glycoprotein d generates anti-ehv-1 immune responses in mice.vaccination remains the best option to combat equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) infection, and several different strategies of vaccination have been investigated and developed over the past few decades. herein, we report that the live-attenuated herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) vc2 vaccine strain, which has been shown to be unable to enter into neurons and establish latency in mice, can be utilized as a vector for the heterologous expression of ehv-1 glycoprotein d (gd) and that the intramuscular immun ...201728404844
zebra-borne neurotropic equid herpesvirus 1 meningoencephalitis in a thomson's gazelle ( eudorcas thomsonii).we describe the histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of a case of meningoencephalitis in a thomson's gazelle ( eudorcas thomsonii) naturally infected with zebra-borne equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and the implications for the molecular detection of zebra-borne ehv-1. a 4-y-old female thomson's gazelle was submitted for postmortem examination; no gross abnormalities were noted except for meningeal congestion. microscopic evaluation demonstrated multifocal nonsuppurative meni ...201728425387
an equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) vector expressing rift valley fever virus (rvfv) gn and gc induces neutralizing antibodies in sheep.rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is an arthropod-borne bunyavirus that can cause serious and fatal disease in humans and animals. rvfv is a negative-sense rna virus of the phlebovirus genus in the bunyaviridae family. the main envelope rvfv glycoproteins, gn and gc, are encoded on the m segment of rvfv and known inducers of protective immunity. in an attempt to develop a safe and efficacious rvf vaccine, we constructed and tested a vectored equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) vaccine that expresses ...201728807043
comparative genomic sequencing and pathogenic properties of equine herpesvirus 1 kya and racl11.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is a major pathogen affecting equines worldwide. the virus causes respiratory disease, abortion, and, in some cases, neurological disease. ehv-1 kentucky a (kya) is attenuated in the mouse and equine, whereas wild-type pathogenic strain racl11 induces severe inflammatory infiltration of the lung, causing infected mice to succumb. the complete dna sequencing of the kya genome revealed that genes ul17 (orf17), us6 (orf73; gi), us7 (orf74; ge), and us8 (orf75; 10 k) are ...201729312962
decreased expression of the immediate early protein, icp4, by deletion of the tegument protein vp22 of equine herpesvirus type 1.vp22 is a major tegument protein of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1). in the present study, we examined functions of vp22 in ehv-1 replication by viral protein expression analyses in cells infected with the vp22-deficient virus. the expressions of several viral proteins in the cells infected with the vp22-deficient virus were lower than those in the cells infected with the parent virus. one of the weakly expressed proteins was identified as icp4, which is a major regulatory protein encoded by a ...201729279464
access to a main alphaherpesvirus receptor, located basolaterally in the respiratory epithelium, is masked by intercellular junctions.the respiratory epithelium of humans and animals is frequently exposed to alphaherpesviruses, originating from either external exposure or reactivation from latency. to date, the polarity of alphaherpesvirus infection in the respiratory epithelium and the role of respiratory epithelial integrity herein has not been studied. equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv1), a well-known member of the alphaherpesvirus family, was used to infect equine respiratory mucosal explants and primary equine respiratory ep ...201729192251
investigation of apoptosis in cultured cells infected with equine herpesvirus 1.many viruses alter different stages of apoptosis of infected cells as a strategy for successful infection. few studies have addressed mechanisms of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) strain-induced cell death. we investigated the effect of an abortigenic strain (ar8 strain) on heterologous madin-darby bovine kidney cells and homologous equine dermis (ed) cells cell lines. we compared morphologic and biochemical features of early and late apoptosis at different postinfection times. we investigated tran ...201729161169
equine herpesvirus type 1 orf51 encoding ul11 as an essential gene for replication in cultured cells.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) ul11 is a 74-amino-acid tegument protein encoded by orf51 of the ehv-1 genome. ehv-1 ul11 was previously reported by other researchers using the racl22 and rach strains to be nonessential for viral replication in cultured cells. here, we constructed ul11 mutant viruses including a ul11 null mutant and three c-terminal truncated mutants, for further characterization of ehv-1 ul11 using bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) technology based on the neuropathogenic ...201729149435
efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses.objective to determine whether prophylactic administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride versus initiation of treatment at the onset of fever would differentially protect horses from viral replication and clinical disease attributable to equine herpesvirus type-1 (ehv-1) infection. animals 18 aged mares. procedures horses were randomly assigned to receive an oral placebo (control), treatment at detection of fever, or prophylactic treatment (initiated 1 day prior to viral challenge) and then inoc ...201728945127
a point mutation in a herpesvirus co-determines neuropathogenicity and viral shedding.a point mutation in the dna polymerase gene in equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is one determinant for the development of neurological disease in horses. three recently conducted infection experiments using domestic horses and ponies failed to detect statistically significant differences in viral shedding between the neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic variants. these results were interpreted as suggesting the absence of a consistent selective advantage of the neuropathogenic variant and th ...201728075374
neonatal immunization with a single il-4/antigen dose induces increased antibody responses after challenge infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) at weanling age.neonatal foals respond poorly to conventional vaccines. these vaccines typically target t-helper (th) cell dependent b-cell activation. however, th2-cell immunity is impaired in foals during the first three months of life. in contrast, neonatal basophils are potent interleukin-4 (il-4) producers. the purpose of this study was to develop a novel vaccine triggering the natural capacity of neonatal basophils to secrete il-4 and to evaluate if vaccination resulted in b-cell activation and antibody p ...201728045974
translation of a laboratory-validated equine herpesvirus-1 specific real-time pcr assay into an insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iipcr) assay for point-of-need diagnosis using pockit™ nucleic acid analyzer.equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm), a major problem for the equine industry in the united states, is caused by equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1). in addition, ehv-1 is associated with upper respiratory disease, abortion, and chorioretinal lesions in horses. here we describe the development and evaluation of an inexpensive, user-friendly insulated isothermal pcr (iipcr) method targeting open reading 30 (orf30) to detect both neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic strains on the field-deploy ...201727993615
ccl2 and ccl5 driven attraction of cd172a(+) monocytic cells during an equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection in equine nasal mucosa and the impact of two migration inhibitors, rosiglitazone (rsg) and quinacrine (qc).equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. besides epithelial cells, cd172a(+) monocytic cells become infected with ehv-1 in the respiratory mucosa and transport the virus from the apical side of the epithelium to the lamina propria en route to the lymph and blood circulation. whether cd172a(+) monocytic cells are specifically recruited to the infection sites in order to pick up virus is unknown. in our study, equine nasal mucosa ...201728241864
replication of neurovirulent equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in cd172a(+) monocytic cells.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is responsible for respiratory disorders, abortion and myeloencephalopathy (ehm) in horses. two pathotypes of ehv-1 strains are circulating in the field: neurovirulent (n) and non-neurovirulent (nn). for both strains, cd172a(+) monocytic cells are one of the main carrier cells of ehv-1 during primary infection, allowing the virus to invade the horse's body. recently, we showed that ehv-1 nn strains showed a restricted and delayed replication in cd172a(+) cells. ...201728131380
detection of equine herpesvirus (ehv) -1, -2, -4 and -5 in ethiopian equids with and without respiratory problems and genetic characterization of ehv-2 and ehv-5 strains.infections with equine herpesviruses (ehvs) are widespread in equine populations worldwide. whereas both ehv-1 and ehv-4 produce well-documented respiratory syndromes in equids, the contribution of ehv-2 and ehv-5 to disease of the respiratory tract is still enigmatic. this study describes the detection and genetic characterization of ehvs from equids with and without clinical respiratory disease. virus-specific pcrs were used to detect ehv-1, -2, -4 and -5. from the total of 160 equids with res ...201728102009
function of myosin during entry and egress of equid herpesvirus type 1 in primary murine neurons.equid herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is a major pathogen of horses with a worldwide distribution, which can cause various clinical signs ranging from mild respiratory disease to neurological disorders. to initiate an effective infection, ehv-1 evolved a broad spectrum of mechanisms exploiting the host cell, including its actin filaments. an actin-myosin-driven transport has been described to precede cellular entry of different viruses. therefore, in the present study we investigated the role of acti ...201727928922
genetic characterization of equine herpesvirus 1 isolates from abortion outbreaks in india.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) is a common pathogen of horses that causes upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease. the neurological form of disease is called equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm). during the past decade, the incidence of ehm has been on the rise in europe, north america, australia and asia. some ehv1 isolates causing ehm exhibit a single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) in the dna polymerase gene (orf30) at position 2254 (a2254 to g225 ...201727699511
occurrence of primary lymphocytic hypophysitis in two horses and presence of scattered t-lymphocytes in the normal equine pituitary gland.the postmortem examination of a 14-y-old appaloosa gelding with clinically diagnosed pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction showed a unique finding of moderate multifocal lymphocytic hypophysitis (lh). the pituitary glands of 24 horses submitted for postmortem examination were examined grossly and examined histologically for the presence of lymphocytes. of these 23 horses, 1 additional case suffered from moderate lh. the 2 cases with lh tested negative for equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 by polymerase ...201727852816
antiherpetic drugs in equine medicine.since vaccination may not prevent disease, antiherpetic drugs have been investigated for the therapy of several equine herpesviruses. drug efficacy has been assessed in horses with disease, but most evidence is in vitro, in other species, or empirical. oral valacyclovir is most often administered in the therapy of equine herpesvirus type-1 (ehv-1) to protect adult horses from equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, while oral acyclovir is frequently administered for ehv-5 infection in the therap ...201728325183
size-dependent inhibition of herpesvirus cellular entry by polyvalent nanoarchitectures.carbon-based architectures, especially graphene and its derivatives, have recently attracted much attention in the field of biomedicine and biotechnology for their use as pathogen inhibitors or biosensors. one of the major problems in the development of novel virus inhibitor systems is the adaption of the inhibitor to the size of virus particles. we here report the synthesis and biological testing of carbon-based inhibitors differing in size for evaluating the potential size effect on the inhibi ...201728266670
equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy, an emerging threat of working equids in ethiopia.although equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm) is a sporadic and relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), it has the potential for causing devastating outbreaks in horses. up till now, there were no reported ehm outbreaks in donkeys and mules. this study describes the isolation and molecular characterization of ehv-1 from clinically ehm-affected horses (n = 6), mules (n = 3) and donkeys (n = 82) in ethiopia during outbreaks from may 2011 to december 2013. the inc ...201726010868
influence of long-term equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection on primary murine neurons-the possible effects of the multiple passages of ehv-1 on its neurovirulence.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), like other members of the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, is a neurotropic virus causing latent infections in the nervous system of the natural host. in the present study, we have investigated ehv-1 replication (wild-type jan-e strain and rac-h laboratory strain) during long-term infection and during the passages of the virus in cultured neurons. the studies were performed on primary murine neurons, which are an excellent in vitro model for studying neurotropism and n ...201728409422
development and application of a quantitative pcr assay to study equine herpesvirus 5 invasion and replication in equine tissues in vitro and in vivo.equine herpesvirus 5 (ehv-5) infection is associated with pulmonary fibrosis in horses, but further studies on ehv-5 persistence in equine cells are needed to fully understand viral and host contributions to disease pathogenesis. our aim was to develop a quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay to measure ehv-5 viral copy number in equine cell cultures, blood lymphocytes, and nasal swabs of horses. furthermore, we used a recently developed equine primary respiratory cell culture system to study ehv-5 patho ...201728455133
epidemiology and molecular detection of equine herpesviruses in western algeria in 2011.an episode of acute equine respiratory infection was reported in western algeria (tiaret province) between february and march 2011, affecting a large population of horses. nasal swabs (n=100) were taken from horses aged between 1 and 27 years, presenting with cough and mucopurulent nasal discharge. the prevalence of equine respiratory virus infections was examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr). one, or more, of four equine respiratory viruses were detected in the nasal swab ...201728757025
viral genes and cellular markers associated with neurological complications during herpesvirus infections.despite the importance of neurological disorders associated with herpesviruses, the mechanism by which these viruses influence the central nervous system (cns) has not been definitively established. owing to the limitations of studying neuropathogenicity of human herpesviruses in their natural host, many aspects of their pathogenicity and immune response are studied in animal models. here, we present an important model system that enables studying neuropathogenicity of herpesviruses in the natur ...201728631601
equine herpesvirus type 1 induces both neurological and respiratory disease in syrian hamsters.the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is an important cause of myeloencephalopathy and respiratory disease in horses. animal models for ehv-1 infection have been specially developed using mice and syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). however, few studies have attempted to evaluate the pathogenesis of ehv-1 infection in the central nervous system (cns) and respiratory system of hamsters. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of four brazilian ehv-1 strains within th ...201728619133
application of gold nanoparticle-assisted pcr for equine herpesvirus 1 diagnosis in field samples.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is one of the most significant pathogens that affects equine species worldwide, causing sporadic abortion, neonatal deaths, chorioretinopathy, as well as neurological and upper respiratory tract diseases. currently, conventional pcr targeting different genes is used widely for the molecular detection of ehv-1, but the low viral titer in some clinical samples can lead to false negative results. in this study, we aimed to assess gold nanoparticle (gnp)-assisted pcr as ...201728439710
long term stability and infectivity of herpesviruses in water.for viruses to utilize environmental vectors (hard surfaces, soil, water) for transmission, physical and chemical stability is a prerequisite. there are many factors including ph, salinity, temperature, and turbidity that are known to contribute to the ability of viruses to persist in water. equine herpesvirus type-1 (ehv-1) is a pathogenic alphaherpesvirus associated with domestic horses and wild equids. ehv-1 and recombinants of ehv-1 and ehv-9 are able to cause infections in non-equid animal ...201728429732
serum iron parameters and acute experimental ehv-1 infection in horses.research in humans has demonstrated that high serum iron (sfe) concentration can predispose to infection, and many infections subsequently result in alterations of host sfe. a decrease in sfe concentration is an early and sensitive indicator of systemic inflammation caused by tissue necrosis, bacterial infections, or endotoxemia in horses. serum iron parameters in acute equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection have not been evaluated previously.201622748124
venereal shedding of equid herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) in naturally infected stallions.equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is a highly prevalent pathogen in horse populations worldwide. oronasal infection represents the classic route of disease transmission. venereal shedding of ehv-1 is not regarded relevant in terms of virus spreading, which is in contrast to the close relatives of ehv-1, bovine and suid alphaherpesvirus, for which artificial insemination is a well-documented and accepted means of virus spread.201622947047
case-control study of a multistate equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak.a large multistate outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm) occurred in may 2011 among horses that participated in a competitive event.201623398291
seroprevalence and factors associated with seropositivity to equine arteritis virus in spanish purebred horses in spain.equine viral arteritis (eva), a disease caused by infection with the equine arteritis virus (eav), is present in many european countries. in spain, the last confirmed outbreak was reported in 1992 and there is a paucity of seroprevalence studies. the disease has a major impact on the equine breeding industry, which is mainly represented by spanish purebred (sp) horses in spain.201626278700
the neuropathogenic t953 strain of equine herpesvirus-1 inhibits type-i ifn mediated antiviral activity in equine endothelial cells.equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) infects equine endothelial cells (eecs) lining the small blood vessels in the central nervous system. however, the effect of type i ifn on ehv-1 replication in the eecs is not well studied. thus, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of type-i ifn on the replication of the neuropathogenic t953 strain of ehv-1 in vitro in eecs. the initial data showed that the ehv-1 was partly resistant to the biological effect of exogenously supplied recom ...201626790943
how common is equine herpesvirus type 1 infection? 201626769811
concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus - a practical approach.there is a lack of information concerning concurrent administration of vaccines against equine influenza virus (eiv) and equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (ehv-1/4).201627169603
polarisation of equine pregnancy outcome associated with a maternal mhc class i allele: preliminary evidence.identification of risk factors which are associated with severe clinical signs can assist in the management of disease outbreaks and indicate future research areas. pregnancy loss during late gestation in the mare compromises welfare, reduces fecundity and has financial implications for horse owners. this retrospective study focussed on the identification of risk factors associated with pregnancy loss among 46 thoroughbred mares on a single british stud farm, with some but not all losses involvi ...201627139027
the first reported outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in new zealand.on 9 january 2014 (day 0) a mare from a stud farm in the waikato region presented with urinary incontinence without pyrexia. over the following 33 days 15 mares were clinically affected with neurological signs. all but one mare had a foal at foot. the most commonly observed clinical signs were hind limb paresis and ataxia. in some cases recumbency occurred very early in the course of disease and seven mares were subject to euthanasia for humane reasons.201626414406
equine disease surveillance: quarterly summary.of surveillance testing, april to june 2016continuing reports of abortion due to equine herpesvirus type 1 infectioninternational disease occurrence in the second quarter of 2016these are among matters discussed in the most recent quarterly equine disease surveillance report, prepared by defra, the animal health trust and the british equine veterinary association.201627789862
effect of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection of nasal mucosa epithelial cells on integrin alpha 6 and on different components of the basement membrane.the respiratory mucosa is the common port of entry of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and several other alphaherpesviruses. an important prerequisite for successful host invasion of the virus is to cross the epithelial cell layer and the underlying basement membrane barrier. in the present study, an analysis was performed to see if an ehv-1 infection of nasal mucosa epithelial cells leads to damage of the underlying extracellular matrix proteins. nasal mucosa explants were inoculated with ehv- ...201626497179
anti-inflammatory drugs decrease infection of brain endothelial cells with ehv-1 in vitro.equine herpesvirus-associated myeloencephalopathy is the result of endothelial cell infection of the spinal cord vasculature with equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) during cell-associated viraemia. endothelial cell infection requires contact between infected peripheral blood mononuclear and endothelial cells. inflammation generated during viraemia likely upregulates adhesion molecule expression on both cell types increasing contact and facilitating endothelial cell infection.201627864898
amiata donkey milk chain: animal health evaluation and milk quality.this study presents an investigation of amiata donkey health and quality of milk for human consumption. thirty-one lactating dairy jennies were examined. the following samples were collected: faecal samples from the rectum of animals for parasitological examination; cervical swabs for the detection of bacteria causing reproductive disorders; and blood samples for serological diagnosis of main zoonotic (brucella spp., leptospira spp.) and donkey abortion agents (brucella spp., leptospira spp., sa ...201627853717
equine herpesvirus-1 infection disrupts interferon regulatory factor-3 (irf-3) signaling pathways in equine endothelial cells.equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) is a major respiratory viral pathogen of horses, causing upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, neonatal death, and neurological disease that may lead to paralysis and death. ehv-1 replicates initially in the respiratory epithelium and then spreads systemically to endothelial cells lining the small blood vessels in the uterus and spinal cord leading to abortion and ehm in horses. like other herpesviruses, ehv-1 employs a variety of mechanisms for immune evasion i ...201627090619
prevalence factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in equids with upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological signs from 2008 to 2014.the objective of the present case-control study was to determine prevalence factors associated with the detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) by quantitative pcr (qpcr) in horses presented to veterinarians with clinical signs related to an upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological disease from march 2008 to december 2014. nasal secretions and whole blood from 4228 equids with acute onset of fever, respiratory signs and/or neurological deficits were tested by q ...201626607427
full trans-activation mediated by the immediate-early protein of equine herpesvirus 1 requires a consensus tata box, but not its cognate binding sequence.the immediate-early protein (iep) of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) has extensive homology to the iep of alphaherpesviruses and possesses domains essential for trans-activation, including an acidic trans-activation domain (tad) and binding domains for dna, tfiib, and tbp. our data showed that the iep directly interacted with transcription factor tfiia, which is known to stabilize the binding of tbp and tfiid to the tata box of core promoters. when the tata box of the eicp0 promoter was mutated to ...201626541315
effects of various antiplatelet drugs on ex vivo platelet activation induced by equine herpesvirus type 1.objective to evaluate the effects of treatment of horses with standard platelet inhibitors on ex vivo inhibition of platelet activation by equine herpesvirus type i (ehv-i). animals ii healthy adult horses. procedures in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study, horses were treated orally for 5 days with theophylline (5 mg/kg, q 12 h), pentoxifylline (10 mg/kg, q 12 h), clopidogrel bisulfate (4 mg/kg, q 24 h), acetylsalicylic acid (20 mg/kg, q 24 h), or placebo. horses received all t ...201627901390
microvascular lesions and changes in cell proliferation and death, and cytokine expression in the placentas of mice experimentally infected with equid herpesvirus 1.this study describes the changes observed in the placentas of mice experimentally infected with an abortigenic strain of ehv-1 at mid-pregnancy and euthanized at days 3 and 4 post-infection. we analyzed microscopic vascular alterations, cell proliferation and death by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of ifn-γ, tnf-α and the il-10 by qpcr and flow cytometry. infected mice showed slight respiratory signs and ruffled fur during the first two days post-infection. virus isolation and dna dete ...201627892860
pathogens inactivated by low-energy-electron irradiation maintain antigenic properties and induce protective immune responses.inactivated vaccines are commonly produced by incubating pathogens with chemicals such as formaldehyde or β-propiolactone. this is a time-consuming process, the inactivation efficiency displays high variability and extensive downstream procedures are often required. moreover, application of chemicals alters the antigenic components of the viruses or bacteria, resulting in reduced antibody specificity and therefore stimulation of a less effective immune response. an alternative method for inactiv ...201627886076
seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in spanish purebred horses in spain.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4) have a worldwide distribution and cause respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and myeloencephalopathy in susceptible horses. given the scarcity of serological ehv-1/ehv-4 data in spain, the objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the seroprevalence of ehv-1/ehv-4 and to identify potential horse-level and stud farm-level factors associated with ehv-1/ehv-4 in the breeding spanish purebred (sp) horse population in central ...201626984900
equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv1) induces alterations in the immunophenotypic profile of equine monocyte-derived dendritic cells.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) is an α-herpesvirus that can infect a variety of different cells in vitro and in vivo, including dendritic cells (dc) which are essential in the immune response against ehv1. infection of equine monocyte-derived dc (mddc) with ehv1 induced down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex i (mhci), cd83, cd86, cd206, cd29 and cd172a, but not of cd11a/cd18 and mhcii. this down-regulation was not mediated by the virion host-shutoff (vhs) protein or pul49.5. interestin ...201626920348
glycoprotein b of equine herpesvirus type 1 has two recognition sites for subtilisin-like proteases that are cleaved by furin.glycoprotein b (gb) of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is predicted to be cleaved by furin in a fashion similar to that of related herpesviruses. to investigate the contribution of furin-mediated gb cleavage to ehv-1 growth, canonical furin cleavage sites were mutated. western blot analysis of mutated ehv-1 gb showed that it was cleaved at two positions, 518rrrr521 and 544rlhk547, and that the 28 aa between the two sites were removed after cleavage. treating infected cells with either converta ...201626843465
replication characteristics of equine herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesvirus 3: comparative analysis using ex vivo tissue cultures.replication kinetics and invasion characteristics of equine herpesvirus-1 and -3 (ehv-1/-3) in nasal and vaginal mucosae were compared using explants. the explants were cultured during 96 h with little change in viability. the tissues were inoculated with ehv-1 03p37 (neuropathogenic), 97p70 (abortigenic) and ehv-3 04p57, collected at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h post inoculation (pi) and stained for viral antigens. both ehv-1 and ehv-3 replicated in a plaquewise manner. the plaques were already observed ...201626768993
the role of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) us3-encoded protein kinase in actin reorganization and nuclear egress.the serine-threonine protein kinase encoded by us3 gene (pus3) of alphaherpesviruses was shown to modulate actin reorganization, cell-to-cell spread, and virus egress in a number of virus species. however, the role of the us3 orthologues of equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) has not yet been studied. here, we show that us3 is not essential for virus replication in vitro. however, growth rates and plaque diameters of a us3-deleted ehv-1 and a mutant in which the catalytic active si ...201627754319
evidence of widespread natural recombination among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 4 but not among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 1.recombination in alphaherpesviruses allows evolution to occur in viruses that have an otherwise stable dna genome with a low rate of nucleotide substitution. high-throughput sequencing of complete viral genomes has recently allowed natural (field) recombination to be studied in a number of different alphaherpesviruses, however, such studies have not been applied to equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) or equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4). these two equine alphaherpesviruses are genetically similar, but diffe ...201626691326
entry of equid herpesvirus 1 into cd172a+ monocytic cells.equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. cells from the myeloid lineage (cd172a+) are one of the main target cells of ehv-1 during primary infection. recently, we showed that ehv-1 restricts and delays its replication in cd172a+ cells as part of an immune-evasive strategy to disseminate to target organs. here, we hypothesize that a low efficiency of ehv-1 binding to and entry in cd172a+ cells is responsible for this restriction. thus, ...201626684016
dual infections of equine herpesvirus 1 and equine arteritis virus in equine respiratory mucosa explants.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equine arteritis virus (eav) induce respiratory problems and abortion in horses and are considered as two serious threats to equine industry. both ehv-1 and eav misuse patrolling leukocytes in the upper respiratory tract to breach the basement membrane (bm) and to migrate to blood vessels. so far, the behavior and impact of a double infection in the respiratory mucosa of a horse are unknown. in the present study, the outcome of double infections with ehv-1 and th ...201627117322
prevention of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy - is heparin a novel option? a case report.equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm) is a severe manifestation of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) infection. prevention and treatment of ehm during ehv-1 outbreaks is critical, but no reliable and tested specific medication is available. due to the thromboischemic nature of ehm and due to the fact that ehv-1 entry in cells is blocked by heparin, it was hypothesized that this compound may be useful in reduction of ehm incidence and severity. therefore, during an acute ehv-1 outbreak with the ...201627652372
unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin and the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, ibmx and cilostazol, block ex vivo equid herpesvirus type-1-induced platelet activation.equid herpes virus type-1 (ehv-1) is a major pathogen of horses, causing abortion storms and outbreaks of herpes virus myeloencephalopathy. these clinical syndromes are partly attributed to ischemic injury from thrombosis in placental and spinal vessels. the mechanism of thrombosis in affected horses is unknown. we have previously shown that ehv-1 activates platelets through virus-associated tissue factor-initiated thrombin generation. activated platelets participate in thrombus formation by pro ...201627909693
zebra alphaherpesviruses (ehv-1 and ehv-9): genetic diversity, latency and co-infections.alphaherpesviruses are highly prevalent in equine populations and co-infections with more than one of these viruses' strains frequently diagnosed. lytic replication and latency with subsequent reactivation, along with new episodes of disease, can be influenced by genetic diversity generated by spontaneous mutation and recombination. latency enhances virus survival by providing an epidemiological strategy for long-term maintenance of divergent strains in animal populations. the alphaherpesviruses ...201627657113
application of scanning cytometry and confocal-microscopy-based image analysis for investigation the role of cytoskeletal elements during equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection of primary murine neurons.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1), a member of alphaherpesvirinae, has a broad host range in vitro, allowing for study of the mechanisms of productive viral infection, including intracellular transport in various cell cultures. in the current study, quantitative methods (scanning cytometry and real-time pcr) and confocal-microscopy-based image analysis were used to investigate the contribution of microtubules and neurofilaments in the transport of virus in primary murine neurons separately infec ...201627555479
a serologic and polymerase chain reaction survey of equine herpesvirus in burchell's zebras (equus quagga), hartmann's mountain zebras (equus zebra hartmannae), and thomson's gazelles (eudorcas thomsonii) in a mixed species savannah exhibit.reports of equine herpesvirus (ehv) 1 and ehv-9 causing clinical disease in a wide range of species have been well documented in the literature. it is thought that zebras are the natural hosts of ehv-9 both in the wild and in captive collections. concerns about potential interspecies transmission of ehv-1 and ehv-9 in a mixed species savannah exhibit prompted serologic and polymerase chain reaction surveys. eighteen burchell's zebras ( equus quagga ), 11 hartmann's mountain zebras ( equus zebra ...201628080902
equine herpesvirus type 1 modulates inflammatory host immune response genes in equine endothelial cells.equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm), a disease caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1), is characterized by severe inflammation, thrombosis, and hypoxia in central nervous system (cns) endothelial cells, which can result in a spectrum of clinical signs including urinary incontinence, ataxia, and paralysis. strains of ehv-1 that contain a single point mutation within the viral dna polymerase (nucleotide a2254>g2254: amino acid n752→d752) are isolated from ehm afflicted horses at high ...201627527764
immunization with attenuated equine herpesvirus 1 strain kya induces innate immune responses that protect mice from lethal challenge.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is a major pathogen affecting equines worldwide. the virus causes respiratory disease, abortion, and, in some cases, neurological disease. ehv-1 strain kya is attenuated in the mouse and equine, whereas wild-type strain racl11 induces severe inflammation of the lung, causing infected mice to succumb at 4 to 6 days postinfection. our previous results showed that kya immunization protected cba mice from pathogenic racl11 challenge at 2 and 4 weeks postimmunization and ...201627356904
equid herpesvirus 1 and rhodococcus equi coinfection in a foal with bronchointerstitial pneumonia.a 2-month-old foal with septic shock and severe respiratory distress was referred to the veterinary teaching hospital. due to poor prognosis, the foal was euthanized. histopathology showed lesions suggestive of rhodococcus equi infection associated with a diffuse interstitial infiltrate of foamy macrophages and syncytial cells presenting large acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies, fibrin exudates and hyaline membranes. bacteriological examination from lung and respiratory exudates confirmed ...201627264610
equine disease surveillance: quarterly summary.multiple reports of equine herpesvirus type 1 in the ukfirst cases of dourine in botswana and equine infectious anaemia in greecesummary of uk surveillance testing, october to december 2015these are among matters discussed in the most recent quarterly equine disease surveillance report, prepared by defra, the animal health trust and the british equine veterinary association.201627179087
replication kinetics of neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) strains in primary murine neurons and ed cell line.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) causes respiratory infections, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. molecular epidemiology studies have demonstrated that a single-point mutation in dna polymerase gene, resulting in an amino acid variation (n752/d752), is significantly associated with the neuropathogenic potential of ehv-1 strains. the aim of the study was to elucidate if there are any differences between neuropathogenic (ehv-1 26) and non-neuropathogenic (jan-e and rac-h) ehv-1 strai ...201628092604
multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses.the potential involvement of viruses in inflammatory airway disease (iad) was previously investigated through either serology or pcr from nasopharyngeal swabs (ns). the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and incidence of viral genome detection by qpcr in the equine airways, and their association with respiratory clinical signs.201627899161
high-throughput detection of respiratory pathogens in animal specimens by nanoscale pcr.nanoliter scale real-time pcr uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of combining reactions together. we designed and evaluated a panel based on this principle to rapidly identify the presence of common disease agents in dogs and horses with acute respiratory illness. this manuscript describes a nanoscale diagnostic pcr workflow for sample preparation, amplification, and analysis of target pathogen sequences, focus ...201627929456
intranasal location and immunohistochemical characterization of the equine olfactory epithelium.the olfactory epithelium (oe) is the only body site where neurons contact directly the environment and are therefore exposed to a broad variation of substances and insults. it can serve as portal of entry for neurotropic viruses which spread via the olfactory pathway to the central nervous system. for horses, it has been proposed and concluded mainly from rodent studies that different viruses, e.g., borna disease virus, equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), hendra virus, influenza virus, rabies virus, v ...201627790096
bovine herpesvirus type-1 glycoprotein k (gk) interacts with ul20 and is required for infectious virus production.we have previously shown that the hsv-1 gk and ul20 proteins interact and function in virion envelopment, membrane fusion, and neuronal entry. alignment of the predicted secondary structures of gks encoded by bohv-1, hsv-1, hsv-2, ehv-1 and vzv indicated a high degree of domain conservation. two bohv-1 gk-null mutant viruses were created by either gk gene deletion or stop codon insertion. in addition, a v5 epitope-tag was inserted at the carboxyl terminus of gk gene to detect gk. the engineered ...201627661734
nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in western canada.there is little information on the duration of nasal shedding of ehv-1 from horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm).201622332764
equid herpesvirus type 1 activates platelets.equid herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) causes outbreaks of abortion and neurological disease in horses. one of the main causes of these clinical syndromes is thrombosis in placental and spinal cord vessels, however the mechanism for thrombus formation is unknown. platelets form part of the thrombus and amplify and propagate thrombin generation. here, we tested the hypothesis that ehv-1 activates platelets. we found that two ehv-1 strains, racl11 and ab4 at 0.5 or higher plaque forming unit/cell, activ ...201525905776
animal herpesviruses and their zoonotic potential for cross-species infection.herpesviruses of humans and animals cause severe diseases that influence not only the health and epidemiological status but are also economically important in the context of food production. the members of herpesviridae are host specific agents that also share many properties that potentially make them capable of crossing the species barriers. the objective of presented review paper was to summarize the relationship between herpesviruses of animals and humans and their zoonotic potential. in hum ...201526094506
equine herpes virus type 1 (ehv-1) and 4 (ehv-4) infections in horses and donkeys in northeastern turkey.the herpesviruses infections in equides are caused by five different serotypes of viruses, belonging to family herpesviridae. the goal of this study was to conduct a seroepidemiological investigation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4) in horses and donkeys raised in two provinces and their villages in northeastern turkey. a total of 666 samples from 423 horses and 243 donkeys that were not immunized against these infections were tested with elisa. while 52.48% of tested hors ...201527175200
functional characterization of the serine-rich tract of varicella-zoster virus ie62.the immediate early 62 protein (ie62) of varicella-zoster virus (vzv), a major viral trans-activator, initiates the virus life cycle and is a key component of pathogenesis. the ie62 possesses several domains essential for trans-activation, including an acidic trans-activation domain (tad), a serine-rich tract (srt), and binding domains for usf, tfiib, and tata box binding protein (tbp). transient-transfection assays showed that the vzv ie62 lacking the srt trans-activated the early vzv orf61 pro ...201526537679
binding of alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein h to surface α4β1-integrins activates calcium-signaling pathways and induces phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane.intracellular signaling connected to integrin activation is known to induce cytoplasmic ca(2+) release, which in turn mediates a number of downstream signals. the cellular entry pathways of two closely related alphaherpesviruses, equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4), are differentially regulated with respect to the requirement of interaction of glycoprotein h (gh) with α4β1-integrins. we show here that binding of ehv-1, but not ehv-4, to target cells resulted in a rapid and significant ...201526489864
a retrospective study on equine herpesvirus type-1 associated myeloencephalopathy in france (2008-2011).diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 associated myeloencephalopathy (ehm) can be troublesome, but early recognition and knowledge of risk factors are essential for prevention and control. the objectives for this study are to (1) describe ehm in france, (2) improve clinical recognition, (3) identify risk factors. through epidemiosurveillance of acute neurological cases (all considered to be potentially infectious cases) in france (2008-2011), 26 ehm cases were identified and 29 ehm negative control ...201526228835
respiratory and neurological disease in rabbits experimentally infected with equid herpesvirus 1.equid herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is an important pathogen of horses worldwide, associated with respiratory, reproductive and/or neurological disease. a mouse model for ehv-1 infection has been established but fails to reproduce some important aspects of the viral pathogenesis. then, we investigated the susceptibility of rabbits to ehv-1 aiming at proposing this species as an alternative model for ehv-1 infection. weanling rabbits inoculated intranasal with ehv-1 kentucky d (10(7) tcid50/animal) ...201526187161
efficacy of five commercial disinfectants and one anionic surfactant against equine herpesvirus type 1.we investigated the influences of various reaction conditions on equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) disinfection by 5 commercial disinfectants (3 quaternary ammonium compounds [qacs] and 2 chlorine-based disinfectants) and 1 anionic surfactant. qacs at their highest recommended concentrations had no virucidal effect on ehv-1 with a 10-min reaction time at 0°c or a 1-min reaction time at room temperature. chlorine-based disinfectants achieved ehv-1 disinfection with a 10-min reaction time at -10°c ...201526074409
application of real-time pcr for evaluation of distribution of equine herpesvirus type 1 in tissues of aborted fetuses.a highly sensitive and specific real-time pcr assay was used for detection and quantitation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in the different internal organs of aborted fetuses. tissue samples from 23 aborted fetuses submitted to the department of virology of the national veterinary research institute in pulawy between 2012 and 2013 were used for testing. total dna was extracted using a phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol standard protocol. a real-time pcr with forward and reverse primers enco ...201526812827
the common equine class i molecule eqca-1*00101 (ela-a3.1) is characterized by narrow peptide binding and t cell epitope repertoires.here we describe a detailed quantitative peptide-binding motif for the common equine leukocyte antigen (ela) class i allele eqca-1*00101, present in roughly 25 % of thoroughbred horses. we determined a preliminary binding motif by sequencing endogenously bound ligands. subsequently, a positional scanning combinatorial library (pscl) was used to further characterize binding specificity and derive a quantitative motif involving aspartic acid in position 2 and hydrophobic residues at the c-terminus ...201526399241
a longitudinal study of poor performance and subclinical respiratory viral activity in standardbred trotters.while clinical respiratory disease is considered a main cause of poor performance in horses, the role of subclinical respiratory virus infections is less clear and needs further investigation.201526392904
similar regulation of two distinct ul24 promoters by regulatory proteins of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1).to characterise the pattern of the transcriptional regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) ul24 by regulatory proteins, we identified two distinct promoter regions and two transcription initiation (tci) sites located upstream of the ul24 open reading frame (orf). the orf proximal promoter exhibited higher cis-activity than that of the distal one. contrary to the former, the latter performed its function dependent on an initiator (inr) due to its lack of a tata box. our results showed tha ...201525937123
detection of the neuropathogenic variant of equine herpesvirus 1 associated with abortions in mares in poland.the incidence of reported cases of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm) caused by infection with neuropathogenic strains of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) has markedly increased over the last decade in many western countries. the purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the neuropathogenic (g2254) and non-neuropathogenic (a2254) variants of ehv-1 among isolates associated with abortions in polish stud farms.201525929692
equid herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) disrupts actin cytoskeleton during productive infection in equine leukocytes.equid herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is a prevalent causative agent of equine diseases worldwide. after primary replication in the respiratory epithelium the virus disseminates systemically through a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc)-associated viraemia. ehv-1 is the only alphaherpes- virus known so far which is capable of establishing latent infection not only in neurons but also in immune system cells (mainly in lymphocytes and macrophages). since leukocytes are not the target cells for vir ...201525928917
comparative analysis of glycoprotein b (gb) of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) in cellular tropism and cell-to-cell transmission.glycoprotein b (gb) plays an important role in alphaherpesvirus cellular entry and acts in concert with gd and the gh/gl complex. to evaluate whether functional differences exist between gb1 and gb4, the corresponding genes were exchanged between the two viruses. the gb4-containing-ehv-1 (ehv-1_gb4) recombinant virus was analyzed for growth in culture, cell tropism, and cell entry rivaling no significant differences when compared to parental virus. we also disrupted a potential integrin-binding ...201525654240
equine herpesvirus-1: dealing practically but effectively with an ever present threat. 201525644768
equine herpesvirus 1 multiply inserted transmembrane protein pul43 cooperates with pul56 in downregulation of cell surface major histocompatibility complex class i.herpesviruses have evolved an array of strategies to counteract antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i). previously, we identified pul56 of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) as one major determinant of the downregulation of cell surface mhc-i (g. ma, s. feineis, n. osterrieder, and g. r. van de walle, j. virol. 86:3554-3563, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.06994-11; t. huang, m. j. lehmann, a. said, g. ma, and n. osterrieder, j. virol. 88:12802-12815, 2014, http:/ ...201525833055
virological and serological investigation of equid herpesvirus 1 infection in new zealand.infection with equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) may be asymptomatic, or may result in respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death, or neurological disease. the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ehv-1 infection, including differentiation between genotypes with aspartic acid (d) and asparagine (n) at position 752 of the dna polymerase sequence, within a selected population of new zealand horses. the second aim was to determine the predictive value of serology for detection of latent ...201525666453
quantitative molecular viral loads in 7 horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus-1 infection.data associating quantitative viral load with severity, clinical signs and survival in equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy (ehm) have not been reported.201525212737
equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) infection of equine mesenchymal stem cells induces a pul56-dependent downregulation of select cell surface markers.equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) is an ubiquitous alphaherpesvirus that can cause respiratory disease, abortion and central nervous disorders. ehv1 is known to infect a variety of different cell types in vitro, but its tropism for cultured primary equine mesenchymal stem cells (msc) has never been explored. we report that equine msc were highly permissive for ehv1 and supported lytic replication of the virus in vitro. interestingly, we observed that an infection of msc with ehv1 resulted in a consiste ...201525582614
antibody and cellular immune responses of naïve mares to repeated vaccination with an inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccine.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) continues to cause severe outbreaks of abortions or myeloencephalopathy in horses despite widely used vaccination. the aim of this work was to determine the effects of frequent vaccination with an inactivated ehv vaccine on immune development in horses. fifteen ehv-1 naïve mares were vaccinated a total of 5 times over a period of 8 months with intervals of 20, 60, 90 and 60 days between vaccine administrations. total antibody and antibody isotype responses were ...201526384446
comprehensive serology based on a peptide elisa to assess the prevalence of closely related equine herpesviruses in zoo and wild animals.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) causes respiratory disorders and abortion in equids while ehv-1 regularly causes equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm), a stroke-like syndrome following endothelial cell infection in horses. both ehv-1 and ehv-9 infections of non-definitive hosts often result in neuronal infection and high case fatality rates. hence, ehv-1 and ehv-9 are somewhat unusual herpesviruses and lack strict host specificity, and the true extent of their host ranges have remained ...201526378452
role of gb and pus3 in equine herpesvirus 1 transfer between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and endothelial cells: a dynamic in vitro model.infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) effectively transport equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1), but not ehv-4, to endothelial cells (ec) lining the blood vessels of the pregnant uterus or central nervous system, a process that can result in abortion or myeloencephalopathy. we examined, using a dynamic in vitro model, the differences between ehv-1 and ehv-4 infection of pbmc and pbmc-ec interactions. in order to evaluate viral transfer between infected pbmc and ec, cocultivation assay ...201526378176
equine herpesvirus type 1 enhances viral replication in cd172a+ monocytic cells upon adhesion to endothelial cells.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is a main cause of respiratory disease, abortion, and encephalomyelopathy in horses. monocytic cells (cd172a(+)) are the main carrier cells of ehv-1 during primary infection and are proposed to serve as a "trojan horse" to facilitate the dissemination of ehv-1 to target organs. however, the mechanism by which ehv-1 is transferred from cd172a(+) cells to endothelial cells (ec) remains unclear. the aim of this study was to investigate ehv-1 transmission between th ...201526292328
a review of traditional and contemporary assays for direct and indirect detection of equid herpesvirus 1 in clinical samples.equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is one of the most economically important equine viral pathogens. its clinical manifestations in horses vary from acute upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, or neonatal death, to neurological disease termed equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy, which may lead to paralysis and a fatal outcome. successful identification of ehv-1 infection in horses depends on a variety of factors such as suitable case selection with emphasis on timing of sample collection, selec ...201526472746
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