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severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections in pregnancy - an overview.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections, like most other viruses that affect the respiratory tract can cause severe maternal illness and adverse pregnancy outcomes. they are not only highly transmissible (acquired through droplets), but host reservoirs such as dromedary camels for mers-cov and masked palm civet for sars-cov-1 are critical links in the onset of outbreaks. clinically they present with flu-lik ...202134218204
multimeric nanobodies from camelid engineered mice and llamas potently neutralize sars-cov-2 variants.since the start of the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has caused more than 2 million deaths worldwide. multiple vaccines have been deployed to date, but the continual evolution of the viral receptor-binding domain (rbd) has recently challenged their efficacy. in particular, sars-cov-2 variants originating in the u.k. (b.1.1.7), south africa (b.1.351) and new york (b.1.526) have reduced neutralization activity from conval ...202133688659
dromedary camels as a natural source of neutralizing nanobodies against sars-cov-2.the development of prophylactic and therapeutic agents for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a current global health priority. here, we investigated the presence of cross-neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in dromedary camels that were middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) seropositive but mers-cov free. the tested 229 dromedaries had anti-mers-cov camel antibodies with variable cross-reactivity patterns against sar ...202133529170
prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels, tunisia.free-roaming camels, especially those crossing national borders, pose a high risk for spreading middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). to prevent outbreaks, active surveillance is necessary. we found that a high percentage of dromedaries in tunisia are mers-cov seropositive (80.4%) or actively infected (19.8%), indicating extensive mers-cov circulation in northern africa.202134152977
middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) virus-pathophysiological axis and the current treatment strategies.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a lethal respiratory disease with its first case reported back in 2012 (jeddah, saudi arabia). it is a novel, single-stranded, positive-sense rna beta coronavirus (mers-cov) that was isolated from a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness. later, it was found that this patient was infected with mers. mers is endemic to countries in the middle east regions, such as saudi arabia, jordan, qatar, oman, kuwait and the united arab emirates. it has ...202134105037
phenotypic and genetic characterization of mers coronaviruses from africa to understand their zoonotic potential.coronaviruses are pathogens of pandemic potential. middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a zoonotic respiratory disease of global public health concern, and dromedary camels are the only proven source of zoonotic infection. more than 70% of mers-cov-infected dromedaries are found in east, north, and west africa, but zoonotic mers disease is only reported from the arabian peninsula. we compared viral replication competence of clade a and b viruses from the arabian peninsu ...202134099577
innate and adaptive immune genes associated with mers-cov infection in dromedaries.the recent sars-cov-2 pandemic has refocused attention to the betacoronaviruses, only eight years after the emergence of another zoonotic betacoronavirus, the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). while the wild source of sars-cov-2 may be disputed, for mers-cov, dromedaries are considered as source of zoonotic human infections. testing 100 immune-response genes in 121 dromedaries from united arab emirates (uae) for potential association with present mers-cov infection, we ide ...202134070971
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection profile in qatar: an 8-year experience.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012. the objective of the study was to describe the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcome of mers-cov in qatar. a total of 28 cases of mers-cov were identified, corresponding to an incidence of 1.7 per 1,000,000 population. most patients had a history of contact with camels 15, travel to kingdom of saudi arabia 7 or known contact with individuals with confirmed mers-cov infection 7. majority of pa ...202134026547
scanning electron microscopic findings on respiratory organs of some naturally infected dromedary camels with the lineage-b of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia-2018.the currently known animal reservoir for mers-cov is the dromedary camel. the clinical pattern of the mers-cov field infection in dromedary camels is not yet fully studied well. some pathological changes and the detection of the mers-cov antigens by immunohistochemistry have been recently reported. however, the nature of these changes by the scanning electron microscope (sem) was not revealed. the objective of this study was to document some changes in the respiratory organs induced by the natur ...202133916036
exploring the potential roles of some rodents in the transmission of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is one of the recently identified zoonotic coronaviruses. the one-hump camels are believed to play important roles in the evolution and transmission of the virus. the animal-to-animal, as well as the animal-to-human transmission in the context of mers-cov infection, were reported. the camels shed the virus in some of their secretions, especially the nasal tract. however, there are many aspects of the transmission cycle of the virus from ani ...202133851740
limited genetic diversity detected in middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus variants circulating in dromedary camels in jordan.middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov) is a persistent zoonotic pathogen with frequent spillover from dromedary camels to humans in the arabian peninsula, resulting in limited outbreaks of mers with a high case-fatality rate. full genome sequence data from camel-derived mers-cov variants show diverse lineages circulating in domestic camels with frequent recombination. more than 90% of the available full mers-cov genome sequences derived from camels are from just two coun ...202133807288
lack of detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) nucleic acids in some hyalomma dromedarii infesting some camelus dromedary naturally infected with mers-cov.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is one of the zoonotic coronaviruses [hemida peer j 7:e7556, 2019; hemida et al. one health 8:100102, 2019]. the dromedary camels remained the only known animal reservoir for this virus. several aspects of the transmission cycle of the virus between animals, including arthropod-borne infection, is still largely unknown. the main objective of the current work was to study the possibility of mers-cov transmission through some arthropod ve ...202133691761
lethal zoonotic coronavirus infections of humans - comparative phylogenetics, epidemiology, transmission, and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019, the middle east respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome.severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronaviruses-2 (sars-cov-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), emerged as a new zoonotic pathogen of humans at the end of 2019 and rapidly developed into a global pandemic. over 106 million covid-19 cases including 2.3 million deaths have been reported to the who as of february 9, 2021. this review examines the epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, and phylogenetics of three lethal zoonotic coronavirus infections of humans: sars-cov-1, ...202133660619
surface-aerosol stability and pathogenicity of diverse mers-cov strains from 2012 - 2018.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a coronavirus that infects both humans and dromedary camels and is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness in humans in the middle east. while some mutations found in camel-derived mers-cov strains have been characterized, the majority of natural variation found across mers-cov isolates remains unstudied. here we report on the environmental stability, replication kinetics and pathogenicity of several diverse iso ...202133594367
the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) nucleic acids detected in the saliva and conjunctiva of some naturally infected dromedary camels in saudi arabia -2019.dromedary camels are playing essential roles in the evolution and transmission of mers-cov. mers-cov shedding in some dromedary camel secretions, particularly nasal swabs, were studied in more detail. however, the roles of viral shedding in saliva and ocular secretions are still required further detailed studies. we performed a longitudinal study on a farm of dromedary camel herd from 10th march until 7th april, 2019, in eastern saudi arabia. this is a closed management herd including a large nu ...202133565270
structural analysis of covid-19 spike protein in recognizing the ace2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection.the pandemic covid-19 was caused by a novel coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated sars-cov-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ace2 receptor. the spike 2 protein recognizes the n-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ace2 receptor. to understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ace2 receptors from different mammali ...202133552834
nanobodies from camelid mice and llamas neutralize sars-cov-2 variants.since the start of the covid-19 pandemic, sars-cov-2 has caused millions of deaths worldwide. although a number of vaccines have been deployed, the continual evolution of the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the virus has challenged their efficacy. in particular, the emerging variants b.1.1.7, b.1.351 and p.1 (first detected in the uk, south africa and brazil, respectively) have compromised the efficacy of sera from patients who have recovered from covid-19 and immunotherapies that have received ...202134098567
nonlinear dynamics for the spread of pathogenesis of covid-19 pandemic.coronaviruses did not invite attention at a global level and responsiveness until the series of 2003-sars contagion followed by year-2012 mers plus, most recently, 2019-ncov eruptions. sars-cov &mers-cov are painstaking, extremely pathogenic. also, very evidently, both have been communicated from bats to palm-civets & dromedary camels and further transferred ultimately to humans. no country has been deprived of this viral genomic contamination wherever populaces reside and are interconnected. th ...202134118731
which species does the virus like most: binding modes study between sars-cov-2 s protein and ace2 receptor.the emergence of a novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) has been spreading worldwide in 2020. coronaviruses could mainly cause respiratory tract infections in humans and multiple system infections in many animals. the coronavirus enters the host cell through the binding of surface spike glycoprotein (s protein) with host angiotensin-converting enzyme-ⅱ (ace2) protein.202133740562
coronaviruses in humans and animals: the role of bats in viral evolution.bats act as a natural reservoir for many viruses, including coronaviruses, and have played a crucial epidemiological role in the emergence of many viral diseases. coronaviruses have been known for 60 years. they are usually responsible for the induction of mild respiratory signs in humans. however, since 2002, the bat-borne virus started to induce fatal epidemics according to who reports. in this year, the first serious human coronavirus epidemic (severe acute respiratory syndrome; sars) occurre ...202133655480
bovine coronavirus and the associated diseases.coronaviruses (covs) possess the largest and most complex rna genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating rna synthesis and modification. coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain covs. the 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory cov (sars-cov), middl ...202133869323
seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in local borana cattle breed and camels (camelus dromedarius) in ethiopia.bovine viral diarrhea, caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), has been considered a disease of cattle but is now emerging in camels. in ethiopia it has been detected in exotic and cross-bred dairy cattle but no information is available on its occurrence in indigenous cattle breeds and camels. this study was, therefore, conducted to estimate the prevalence of bvdv infection in indigenous borana cattle and camels (camelus dromedarius) in moyale and miesso pastoral districts.202134136370
first serological evidence of bhv-1 virus in algerian dromedary camels: seroprevalence and associated risk factors.infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr), caused by bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), is a major livestock health concern in many countries of the world. the objectives of this cross-sectional study were (i) to estimate the seroprevalence of bhv-1 infection and (ii) to assess risk factors associated with this disease in dromedary camels in four districts of algeria. blood samples were taken from 865 camels from 84 randomly selected herds, and serum was analyzed for presence of antibodies against bhv- ...202133684641
viral rna metagenomics of hyalomma ticks collected from dromedary camels in makkah province, saudi arabia.arthropod-borne infections are a medical and economic threat to humans and livestock. over the last three decades, several unprecedented viral outbreaks have been recorded in the western part of the arabian peninsula. however, little is known about the circulation and diversity of arthropod-borne viruses in this region. to prepare for new outbreaks of vector-borne diseases, it is important to detect which viruses circulate in each vector population. in this study, we used a metagenomics approach ...202134372602
identification of a novel lineage of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus in dromedary camels, united arab emirates.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a tick-borne virus causing crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf), a disease reported to have a high fatality rate in numerous countries. the virus is geographically widespread due to its vector, and numerous wild and domestic animals can develop asymptomatic infection. serological and limited molecular evidence of cchfv has previously been reported in camelus dromedarius (the dromedary, or one-humped camel) in the united arab emirates (uae). in ...202133231536
serological evidence of single and mixed infections of rift valley fever virus, brucella spp. and coxiella burnetii in dromedary camels in kenya.camels are increasingly becoming the livestock of choice for pastoralists reeling from effects of climate change in semi-arid and arid parts of kenya. as the population of camels rises, better understanding of their role in the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in kenya is a public health priority. rift valley fever (rvf), brucellosis and q fever are three of the top priority diseases in the country but the involvement of camels in the transmission dynamics of these diseases is poorly understood ...202133770095
the genetic identification of camel contagious ecthyma virus as the causative agent of contagious ecthyma in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in qatar.camel contagious ecthyma is a contagious viral disease of camels caused by either orf virus (orfv) or camel contagious ecthyma virus (ccev). it has been previously reported and shown to cause economic losses in some camel-rearing countries in asia and africa, but has not been detected in qatar. the purpose of this study was to identify and genetically characterize the contagious ecthyma causative agent in qatari dromedary camels between 2017 and 2018. accordingly, we made diagnoses of camel cont ...202134008092
pathological and molecular investigations of systemic form of camelpox in naturally infected adult male dromedary camels in india.camelpox is a wide-spread infectious viral disease of camelids. an outbreak of camelpox was reported in 15 adult male dromedary camels aged between 10 to 16 years of an organized herd in winter season. the infected camels showed clinical signs of fever, anorexia, lachrymation, pendulous lips, excessive salivation and pock lesions on the skin of head, neck, mouth, lips, extremities, thigh, abdomen, scrotum and inguinal region. mortalities were recorded in three infected camels after 10-12 days of ...202133598582
a survey of bluetongue infection and associated risk factors among the one-humped camel (camelus dromedaries) in gadarif state, eastern sudan.bluetongue (bt) is an infectious, noncontagious, vector-borne viral disease that affects wild and domestic ruminants transmitted by culicoides spp. a cross-sectional study was carried out during the period 2016-2017 in gadarif state. a total of 276 sera samples were collected from camels in six localities of gadarif state, eastern sudan, to investigate bluetongue virus (btv) seroprevalence and associated risk factors of btv infection including age, sex, breed, locality, and ecology of the region ...202133833864
sero-epidemiological survey of bluetongue disease in one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) in kassala state, eastern sudan.bluetongue (bt) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminant and camelid species which is transmitted by culicoides spp. the causative agent of bt is bluetongue virus (btv) that belongs to genus orbivirus of the family reoviridae. the clinical disease is seen mainly in sheep but mostly sub-clinical infections of bt are seen in cattle, goats and camelids. the clinical reaction of camels to infection is usually not apparent. the disease is notifiable to the world organization for animal health (oie ...202133771226
pathological and bacteriological studies on reproductive tract abnormalities of she-camels (camelus dromedarius), emphasizing on zoonotic importance.infertility caused by reproductive pathologies plays a significant role in animal breeding and could result in massive economic losses to livestock owners. hence, this study was designed to allocate various pathological lesions in the female reproductive tract of she-camels (camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in egypt and isolate the causative agents associated with those pathologies.202033409307
a serological investigation of bovine enterovirus-1, bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and parainfluenza-3 infections in camelsin western turkey.camels (camelus dromedarius) are bred in western turkey, particularly in the province of aydin, for touristic, social and cultural purposes. bovine enterovirus‑1 (bev‑1), bovine herpesvirus type‑1 (bhv‑1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and parainfluenza‑3 (pi‑3) virus infections are significant causes of health and/or economic concerns in several animal species. these agents have not been investigated in the camel population in turkey. the objective of this study was to serologically inves ...202033635614
sero-epidemiological study on dengue fever virus in humans and camels at upper egypt.dengue fever (df) is an important mosquito-borne viral zoonosis affecting over 100 countries worldwide and putting about 3.9 billion people at risk of infection. the disease has re-emerged in egypt since 2011; however, there is a paucity of recent epidemiological data available. therefore, in this study, we employed a cross-sectional study to determine df prevalence in humans and camels in asyut and sohag governorates, egypt, during 2019.202033487979
covid-19, your pet and other animals: are you at risk?despite fast-tracked research, the precise origin, transmission and evolution of covid-19 are still unknown. while the bat genus rhinolophus is likely the primary source of the zoonotic-origin pathogen sars-cov-2 that causes covid-19, its transmission route into the human population is still being studied.[1,2] coronaviruses (cov) affect humans and various animal species. bats were the original hosts of the cov that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory ...202033295324
camelid inoculation with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: experimental models of reservoir host infection.within the past two decades, three zoonotic betacoronaviruses have been associated with outbreaks causing severe respiratory disease in humans. of these, middle east respiratory s yndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is the only zoonotic coronavirus that is known to consistently result in frequent zoonotic spillover events from the proximate reservoir host-the dromedary camel. a comprehensive understanding of infection in dromedaries is critical to informing public health recommendations and implement ...202033266124
risk factors for serological evidence of mers-cov in camels, kenya, 2016-2017.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging viral disease and dromedary camels are known to be the source of human spill over events. a cross-sectional epidemiological surveillance study was carried out in kenya in 2017 to, 1) estimate mers-cov antibody seropositivity in the camel-dense counties of turkana, marsabit, isiolo, laikipia and nakuru to identify, and 2) determine the risk factors associated with seropositivity in camels. blood samples were collected from a t ...202033186881
middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus seropositive bactrian camels, mongolia.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic disease that was first identified in humans in 2012 in saudi arabia. mers-cov causes acute and severe respiratory disease in humans. the mortality rate of mers in humans is ∼35% and >800 deaths have been reported globally as of august 2020. dromedary camels are a natural host of the virus and the source of zoonotic human infection. in experimental studies, bactrian camels are susceptible to mers-cov infection similar to dromed ...202033197370
the recombination potential between sars-cov-2 and mers-cov from cross-species spill-over infections.countries in the middle-east (me) are tackling two corona virus outbreaks simultaneously, middle-eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). both viruses infect the same host (humans) and the same cell (type-ii alveolar cells) causing lower respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia. molecularly, mers-cov and sars-cov-2 enter alveolar cells via spike proteins recognizing dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and angiotensin conv ...202033605109
echinococcosis of a dromedary, camelus dromedarius. 202018119853
immunization of human hepatitis e viruses conferred protection against challenge by a camel hepatitis e virus.dromedary camel hepatitis e virus is a novel hev that belongs to the family hepeviridae, and is classified as genotype 7 hev (hev-7). since hev-7 is transmitted from camels to humans and causes acute hepatitis e, this virus is a non-negligible pathogen for zoonosis, and a vaccine against hev-7 infection is urgently needed. here, we first intravenously inoculated hev-7 to rhesus monkeys to explore the susceptibility, and we established an animal model. we then used virus-like particles (vlps) of ...202032980200
evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza a virus in eastern saudi arabia.influenza type a virus infections are still one of the major concerns for the health of humans and various species of domestic and companion animals. wild birds play an essential role in the transmission cycle of the virus. regularly monitoring the spread of the virus is a significant step in its mitigation. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including h5n1 and h5n8, have been reported in birds in the arabian peninsula, including saudi arabia, in recent decades. this study aimed to evalu ...202033132612
first report of pcr-based detection of helicobacter species dna in camelus dromedarius in egypt.helicobacter species infections have epidemiological and zoonotic impacts, and different species of helicobacter have been implicated in infecting humans and animals. the aim of this study was to investigate helicobacter species infections in camelus dromedarius.202033132603
high rate of circulating mers-cov in dromedary camels at slaughterhouses in riyadh, 2019.mers-cov is a zoonotic virus that has emerged in humans in 2012 and caused severe respiratory illness with a mortality rate of 34.4%. since its appearance, mers-cov has been reported in 27 countries and most of these cases were in saudi arabia. so far, dromedaries are considered to be the intermediate host and the only known source of human infection. this study was designed to determine the seroprevalence and the infection rate of mers-cov in slaughtered food-camels in riyadh, saudi arabia. a t ...202033120981
the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).dromedary camels remain the currently identified reservoir for the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the virus is released in the secretions of the infected camels, especially the nasal tract. the virus shedding curve through the nasal secretions was studied. although human transmission of the virus through the respiratory tract of close contact people with dromedary reported previously, the exact mechanism of transmission is still largely unknown. the main goal of this st ...202033050973
human animal interface of sars-cov-2 (covid-19) transmission: a critical appraisal of scientific evidence.coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to infect both humans and animals. however, the evidence of inter-transmission of coronavirus between humans and companion animals is still a debatable issue. there is substantial evidence that the virus outbreak is fueled by zoonotic transmission because this new virus belongs to the same family of viruses as sars-cov associated with civet cats, and mers-cov associated with dromedary camels. while the whole world is investigating the po ...202032926266
susceptibility to sars, mers, and covid-19 from animal health perspective.viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and novel coronavirus (covid-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the s ...202032821661
first report on bartonella henselae in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).bartonellosis is one of the clinically underdiagnosed emerging bacterial diseases among domestic livestock, particularly in camels. until now, the natural infection of camels with bartonella species was not investigated in tunisia. in the attempt of filling this gap in knowledge, a total of 412 dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) as well as 300 associated ticks (hyalomma dromedarii (160; 53.4%), h. impeltatum (131; 43.6%) and h. excavatum (9; 3%) were screened for the presence of bartonella s ...202032777455
isolation, identification and associated risk factors of non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection in humans and dromedary camels in samburu county, kenya.non-tuberculous mycobacteria are of public health significance, and zoonotic infection is attributed to the sociocultural practice of consumption of raw milk and the close human-livestock contact in pastoral communities. this study aimed at isolation, identification of mycobacteria from human sputum and camel milk and risk factors assessment in samburu east, kenya. six hundred and twelve camels and 48 people presumed to have tuberculosis (tb) from 86 households in wamba and waso regions were scr ...202032697047
characterization of salmonella frintrop isolated from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).different studies have reported the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of salmonella in dromedary camels and its role in camelid-associated salmonellosis in humans, but little is known about the epidemiology of campylobacter in dromedaries. here, we investigate the prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of campylobacter and salmonella in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). a total of 54 individuals were sampled from two different dromedary farms located in tenerife (canary ...202032678976
genome-wide diversity and global migration patterns in dromedaries follow ancient caravan routes.dromedaries have been essential for the prosperity of civilizations in arid environments and the dispersal of humans, goods and cultures along ancient, cross-continental trading routes. with increasing desertification their importance as livestock species is rising rapidly, but little is known about their genome-wide diversity and demographic history. as previous studies using few nuclear markers found weak phylogeographic structure, here we detected fine-scale population differentiation in drom ...202032678279
genomic signatures of domestication in old world camels.domestication begins with the selection of animals showing less fear of humans. in most domesticates, selection signals for tameness have been superimposed by intensive breeding for economical or other desirable traits. old world camels, conversely, have maintained high genetic variation and lack secondary bottlenecks associated with breed development. by re-sequencing multiple genomes from dromedaries, bactrian camels, and their endangered wild relatives, here we show that positive selection fo ...202032561887
challenge infection model for mers-cov based on naturally infected camels.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging virus that infects humans and camels with no approved antiviral therapy or vaccine. some vaccines are in development for camels as a one-health intervention where vaccinating camels is proposed to reduce human viral exposure. this intervention will require an understanding of the prior exposure of camels to the virus and appropriate vaccine efficacy studies in camels.202032552831
genomic sequencing and analysis of eight camel-derived middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) isolates in saudi arabia.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory illness in humans; the second-largest and most deadly outbreak to date occurred in saudi arabia. the dromedary camel is considered a possible host of the virus and also to act as a reservoir, transmitting the virus to humans. here, we studied evolutionary relationships for 31 complete genomes of betacoronaviruses, including eight newly sequenced mers-cov genomes isolated from dromedary camels in saudi arabia. throu ...202032503352
gangrenous mastitis in dromedary camels in uae caused by streptococcus agalactiae.mastitis is a disease of economic concern that affects dairy industry worldwide. this study aimed to investigate and identify possible etiologies encountered in an episode of acute gangrenous mastitis in lactating she-camels in al dhafra region, abu dhabi emirate, united arab emirates (uae). beside the routine clinical examination, conventional bacteriological methods were used to isolate and identify possible aerobic/anaerobic bacterial or fungal pathogens from cultured milk samples collected f ...202032493341
seroprevalence of dromedary camel hev in domestic and imported camels from saudi arabia.hepatitis e virus (hev) imposes a major health concern in areas with very poor sanitation in africa and asia. the pathogen is transmitted mainly through ingesting contaminated water or food, coming into contact with affected people, and blood transfusions. very few reports including old reports are available on the prevalence of hev in saudi arabia in humans and no reports exist on hev prevalence in camels. dromedary camel trade and farming are increasing in saudi arabia with importation occurri ...202032443401
molecular evolution and structural mapping of n-terminal domain in spike gene of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen circulating in the arabian peninsula since 2012. there is no vaccine for mers and anti-viral treatment is generally not applicable. we investigated the evolution of the mers-cov spike gene sequences and changes in viral loads over time from patients in saudi arabia from 2105-2017. all the mers-cov strains belonged to lineage 5, and showed high sequence homology (99.9%) to 2017 strains. recombination analysi ...202032370153
properties of coronavirus and sars-cov-2.were identified beginning with the discovery of sars-cov in 2002. with the recent detection of sars-cov-2, there are now seven human coronaviruses. those that cause mild diseases are the 229e, oc43, nl63 and hku1, and the pathogenic species are sars-cov, mers-cov and sars-cov-2 coronaviruses (order nidovirales, family coronaviridae, and subfamily orthocoronavirinae) are spherical (125nm diameter), and enveloped with club-shaped spikes on the surface giving the appearance of a solar corona. withi ...202032342926
ca2+ ions promote fusion of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus with host cells and increase infectivity.fusion with, and subsequent entry into, the host cell is one of the critical steps in the life cycle of enveloped viruses. for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), the spike (s) protein is the main determinant of viral entry. proteolytic cleavage of the s protein exposes its fusion peptide (fp), which initiates the process of membrane fusion. previous studies on the related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) fp have shown that calcium ions (ca2+) play an ...202032295925
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) seropositive camel handlers in kenya.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a respiratory disease caused by a zoonotic coronavirus (mers-cov). camel handlers, including slaughterhouse workers and herders, are at risk of acquiring mers-cov infections. however, there is limited evidence of infections among camel handlers in africa. the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of antibodies to mers-cov in high-risk groups in kenya. sera collected from 93 camel handlers, 58 slaughterhouse workers and 35 camel herders, we ...202032260186
coxiella burnetii in camels (camelus dromedarius) from algeria: seroprevalence, molecular characterization, and ticks (acari: ixodidae) vectors.q fever is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by coxiella burnetii that most commonly infects not only a variety of mammals but also arthropods and in particularly ticks. the aim of this study was to detect c. burnetii infection in camels including ixodid ticks using serological and molecular assays. between july 2018 to june 2019, blood samples from 184 male and female camels (camelus dromedarius) were collected from 3 regions of south-east algeria and serum samples were tested for antibodies ...202032173315
zoonotic implications of camel diseases in iran.approximately 60% of all human pathogens and 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic (of animal origin). camel zoonotic diseases can be encountered in all camel-rearing countries. in this article, all studies carried out on camel zoonotic diseases in iran are reviewed to show the importance of camels for public health in this country. more than 900 published documents were systematically searched to find relevant studies from 1,890 until late 2018. the collected articles were classified ...202032160657
seroprevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus in dromedaries and their traders in upper egypt.camel trade in egypt depends mainly on importation. seemingly healthy imported camels are responsible for the ingress of serious diseases into egypt. a striking example of this concerning public health globally is the middle east respiratory coronavirus (mers-cov) which causes case fatalities of over 34%. here, we determined the seroepidemiological situation of the mers-cov in imported camels and their traders in upper egypt.202032146454
spatial association between primary middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and exposure to dromedary camels in saudi arabia.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging zoonotic disease. exposure to dromedary camels (camelus dromedaries) has been consistently considered the main source of primary human infection. although saudi arabia reports the highest rate of human mers-cov infection and has one of the largest populations of dromedary camels worldwide, their spatial association has not yet been investigated. thus, this study aimed to examine the correlation between the spatial distributio ...202032112508
ticks and associated pathogens in camels (camelus dromedarius) from riyadh province, saudi arabia.camel production in saudi arabia is severely affected by various diseases and by inadequate veterinary services. ticks and tick-borne pathogens (tbps) affect the health and wellbeing of camels consequently diminishing their productivity and performances. in addition, camels may act as hosts for tbps (e.g. anaplasma phagocytophilum) causing diseases in humans. the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of ixodid ticks and molecularly investigate the associated pathogens in camels from sa ...202032111251
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection causes a spectrum of respiratory illness, from asymptomatic to mild to fatal. mers-cov is transmitted sporadically from dromedary camels to humans and occasionally through human-to-human contact. current epidemiologic evidence supports a major role in transmission for direct contact with live camels or humans with symptomatic mers, but little evidence suggests the possibility of transmission from camel products or asymptomatic mer ...202031961300
camelids: new players in the international animal production context.the camelidae family comprises the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus), the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), and four species of south american camelids: llama (lama glama), alpaca (lama pacos) guanaco (lama guanicoe), and vicuña (vicugna vicugna). the main characteristic of these species is their ability to cope with either hard climatic conditions like those found in arid regions (bactrian and dromedary camels) or high-altitude landscapes like those found in south america (south american ...202031898022
antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in humans.the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is the second novel zoonotic disease infecting humans caused by coronavirus (cov) in this century. to date, more than 2200 laboratory-confirmed human cases have been identified in 27 countries, and more than 800 mers-cov associated deaths have been reported since its outbreak in 2012. rapid laboratory diagnosis of mers-cov is the key to successful containment and prevention of the spread of infection. though the gold standard for diagnosing mers-cov in ...202031883089
molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of spotted fever group rickettsia in camels (camelus dromedarius) and their infesting ticks from tunisia.rickettsia species are adapted to a wide range of specific animal hosts. camels (camelus dromedarius) have been identified as a carrier of various zoonotic pathogens and became a focus of growing public health interest. this study reported the occurrence of rickettsial infection in camels and infesting ticks from five tunisian governorates. based on ompb pcr, eight out of 293 camels (2.7%) were found to be infected with rickettsia spp. furthermore, 13 tick specimens of hyalomma impeltatum (10.4% ...202031626722
genetic survey of cystic echinococcosis in farm animals in oman.echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (ce) in animals and humans with a worldwide distribution affecting pastoral and agro-pastoral communities. little is known about the genetic diversity and public health significance of e. granulosus s.l. among animals and human in oman. this study was undertaken to investigate the circulating genotypes of e. granulosus s.l. in farm animals (camels, cattle, goats and sheep) by using multiplex pcr (mpcr) and ...202031338730
molecular basis of binding between middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and cd26 from seven bat species.continued reports of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infecting humans have occurred since the identification of this virus in 2012. mers-cov is prone to cause endemic disease in the middle east, with several dozen spillover infections to other continents. it is hypothesized that mers-cov originated from bat coronaviruses and that dromedary camels are its natural reservoir. although gene segments identical to mers-cov were sequenced from certain species of bats and one spe ...202031776269
entrainment of circadian rhythms of locomotor activity by ambient temperature cycles in the dromedary camel.in the dromedary camel, a well-adapted desert mammal, daily ambient temperature (ta)-cycles have been shown to synchronize the central circadian clock. such entrainment has been demonstrated by examining two circadian outputs, body temperature and melatonin rhythms. locomotor activity (la), another circadian output not yet investigated in the camel, may provide further information on such specific entrainment. to verify if daily la is an endogenous rhythm and whether the desert ta-cycle can entr ...202033177571
epidemiological investigation of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection among the one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) in southern tunisia.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever is a viral tick-borne zoonotic disease caused by a nairovirus, crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv). the present survey aimed to determine the exposure of one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) from southern tunisia to cchfv. a total of 273 sera from extensively reared camels were collected from tataouine district, tunisia, and tested by cchfv-specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. by combining the results of three serological tests, the overall ...202033176235
tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium caprae in a camel (camelus dromedarius).animal tuberculosis (tb) is distributed worldwide and has a wide range of wild and domestic reservoirs. few studies concerning tb in camelids have been published in the last decade, particularly as regards old world camelids (owc), but the increase in reports of tb outbreaks in these species in recent years suggests a high susceptibility to the infection.202033172453
tuberculosis in small ruminants and dromedary camels in ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.tuberculosis (tb) is a chronic infectious disease of livestock with serious economic and public health impact in ethiopia. the disease is reported from cattle, small ruminants and dromedary camels in the country. however, there is no organized summary report on the magnitude and distribution pattern of tb in small ruminants and dromedary camels, unlike that of bovine tb. consequent to this gap, this review was organized to provide pooled prevalence estimates, and examine level of heterogeneity a ...202033166824
retrograde flushing collection and freezing of dromedary camel epididymal spermatozoa with seminal plasma.the objectives of this study were to describe the parameters of dromedary camel epididymal spermatozoa collected by retrograde flushing (rf) technique and to evaluate the freezability of the collected sperm, diluted with and without the supplementation of seminal plasma (sp). two experiments were conducted: in experiment 1, es were recovered within 6-8 h after castration; selected samples were diluted with a tris-citrate egg-yolk glycerolated buffer and frozen. in experiment 2, epididymides were ...202033156003
ultrasonography of the kidneys in healthy and diseased camels (camelus dromedarius).this review article is written to describe the results of ultrasonography of the kidneys in healthy camels as well as camels with some renal disorders. in the dromedary camel, the physiology of the kidney is of interest in view of the specialization of the camel to hot dry deserts and to prolonged periods without water. it plays an important role in water conservation through the production of highly concentrated urine that may predispose animal to varieties of renal disorders. examples of kidne ...202033144934
leukocyte populations and their cell adhesion molecules expression in newborn dromedary camel calves.different properties of the newborn immune system have been characterized in many species. for the newborn camel calf, however, the phenotype and composition of blood leukocytes have so far not been evaluated. the current study aimed to analyze the distribution of leukocyte subpopulations and their expression pattern of cell adhesion molecules in newborn and adult dromedary camels.202033132598
investigation of internal and external parasites of the camels (camelus dromedarius) in algeria.parasitic diseases are one of the dominant pathological entities with significant consequences on camel productivity. this survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of camel infection with internal and external parasites in two regions in southern algeria, between january and december 2015. the investigation of external parasites was carried out in oued souf and concerned 406 camels. for internal parasites, two studies were conducted; the first was realized at the slaughterhouse in the ...202033128515
epidemiological and histopathological investigation of sarcocystis spp. in slaughtered dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in egypt.sarcocystosis is considered one of the major parasitic diseases with a worldwide distribution. it is caused by the obligatory intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus sarcocystis. besides its public health issues, sarcocystosis results in significant economic losses due to its impact on productivity and milk yield. a wide range of final and intermediate hosts have been identified, including mammals, birds, and reptiles; however, few studies have investigated the contribution of camels to m ...202033120870
reconstruction of third-degree perineal lacerations in female camels (camelus dromedarius) using a modified goetz one-stage repair technique.this study was designed to evaluate the modified goetz-one-stage repair technique for reconstruction of third-degree perineal lacerations (tdpls) in female camels. fifteen female dromedary camels with tdpl were surgically reconstructed using the modified goetz one-stage repair using the three-line closure technique. the surgical outcomes, the interval between repair and breeding, and the postoperative conception of the operated female camels were recorded and analyzed. during the 12-month postop ...202033116026
cystic echinococcosis of camels: 12s rrna gene variation revealed changing pattern of genetic diversity within echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in the middle east and north/sub-saharan africa.cystic echinococcosis (ce) is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases, with considerable public health and economic importance. camels play a significant role in transmission cycle of echinococcus granulosus especially, in the middle east and north africa (mena). the present study aimed to identify the genetic variation and haplotype distribution of camel isolates of e. granulosus sensu lato using all existing e. granulosus mitochondrial dna data from camels in different parts of the world. ...202033094107
molecular characterization of a novel camelus dromedarius papillomavirus.papillomaviruses affect both human and non-human hosts. in camels, papillomatosis is caused by camelus dromedarius papillomavirus type 1 and 2 (cdpv1 and cdpv2, respectively). in late 2018, an outbreak of camelpox occurred in a herd of fattening camels in egypt. several animals were found to be co-infected with camelpox and camel papillomaviruses. the morbidity with papillomatosis was 35 %. the infection was confirmed by pcr then illumina sequencing revealed the presence of a complete genome of ...202033091861
short communication: caseins and α-lactalbumin content of camel milk (camelus dromedarius) determined by capillary electrophoresis.camel milk has unique physical, nutritional, and technological properties when compared with other milks, especially bovine. because proteins confer many of the properties of milk and its products, this study aimed to determine the proteins of camel milk, their correlations, and relative distribution. raw milk samples were collected from 103 dromedary camels in the morning and evening. capillary electrophoresis results showed wide variation in the concentrations (g/l) of proteins between samples ...202033069408
first report of chlamydophila abortus infection in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) population in eastern algeria.chlamydiosis is caused by an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium of the genus chlamydophila which is a zoonotic pathogen. the objectives of the study were to identify the seroprevalence of antibodies against chlamydophila abortus in dromedary camel herds from four districts in eastern algeria, as well as to estimate the association between seroprevalence and certain factors present at the animal and herd levels. blood samples were collected from a random sample of animals within each ...202033065404
gastrointestinal parasites of dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) in algeria.the present study was designed to investigate the prevalence and identification of gastrointestinal parasites in feces samples of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in algeria based on microscopic examination.202033061238
description of normal head structures of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and cross-sectional anatomy.this study was designed for the 1st time to describe the normal head structures of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) using both magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and computed tomography (ct) as well as cross-sectional anatomy.202033061230
endosymbiotic ciliated protozoan biota of dromedary camels and domestic cattle in tunisia.species concentration and composition of endosymbiotic ciliates were investigated in the forestomach contents of 12 dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) and the ruminal contents of 16 domestic cattle (bos taurus taurus) living in ben gardane, tunisia. sixteen species and 8 morphotypes, belonging to 8 genera, were identified from dromedary camels, and 18 species and 13 morphotypes, belonging to 8 genera, were identified from domestic cattle. this is the first report on the endosymbiotic ciliate ...202033056191
t-cell responses to mers coronavirus infection in people with occupational exposure to dromedary camels in nigeria: an observational cohort study.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) remains of global public health concern. dromedary camels are the source of zoonotic infection. over 70% of mers coronavirus (mers-cov)-infected dromedaries are found in africa but no zoonotic disease has been reported in africa. we aimed to understand whether individuals with exposure to dromedaries in africa had been infected by mers-cov.202033035474
vitrification of camel oocytes transiently impacts mitochondrial functions without affecting the developmental potential after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and parthenogenetic activation.oocyte vitrification preserves the female genetic resources of elite dromedary camels. in the current study, we aimed to explore the effects of vitrification of camel oocytes on mitochondrial activity, redox stress, and expression of genes related to mitochondrial function, apoptosis, pluripotency, and cytoskeleton. moreover, we investigated developmental competence of vitrified oocytes after parthenogenetic activation. oocytes vitrified with the cryotop method were compared with the fresh oocyt ...202033029771
fatal neonatal infection with klebsiella pneumoniae in dromedary camels: pathology and molecular identification of isolates from four cases.in the present study, sudden mortalities were reported due to pneumonia in four neonatal camels (5 to 10 days old) of an organized dromedary camel farm. the clinical manifestations in affected camels were weakness, mild to high fever, not suckling, respiratory distress, and sudden death. on the basis of gross and histopathological lesions, the pneumonia was classified into bronchopneumonia (n = 2), bronchointerstitial pneumonia (n = 1), and interstitial pneumonia (n = 1). in bacterial culture, k ...202033025455
changes of reproductive indices of the testis due to trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary bulls (camelus dromedarius): semen picture, hormonal profile, histopathology, oxidative parameters, and hematobiochemical profile.ithis study was designed for the investigation of the effect of infection by trypanosoma evansi on the changes of reproductive indices of the testis, causing reproductive failure in dromedary bulls (camelus dromedarius).202033005681
investigation of total immunoglobulin g concentration, heavy chain antibody levels, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in female camels and their newborn calves.camels belong to a group of animals, where the structure of placenta does not allow intrauterine transfer of maternal immunoglobulins to the fetus and maternal immunity is exclusively transferred by colostrum to the newborn calf. there are few studies on the passive transfer of maternal immunity in the dromedary camel. this study determined total immunoglobulin g concentration, heavy chain antibody (hcabs) levels, and neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (nlr) in female camels and their newborn calv ...202032996038
leukocyte populations in peripheral blood of dromedary camels with clinical endometritis.endometritis represents the main cause of reproductive failure in dromedary camels. in dromedary camels, associations between endometritis-causing pathogen-species, disease severity, and systemic changes in the immune system have not been evaluated. in the current study, there was use of flow cytometry and immunofluorescence of membrane proteins for the evaluation of leukocyte subsets and the cellular phenotype in blood of camels with clinical endometritis and evaluations of associations with di ...202032980651
improvement of the shelf-life status of modified atmosphere packaged camel meat using nisin and olea europaea subsp. laperrinei leaf extract.the impact of combined biopreservation treatment with olea europaea subsp. laperrinei leave extracts (laper.ole) and nisin on the quality attributes of camel steaks packaged under high o2 (80%) and co2 (20%) atmosphere was investigated during refrigerated (1 ± 1 °c) long-term storage. as measured by reversed phase hplc/dad analysis, oleuropein is the phenolic compound most present in the chemical composition of laper.ole (63.03%). camel steaks treated with laper.ole had a lower concentration of ...202032971898
effects of two-dose intravenous administration of furosemide on clinical variables, electrocardiographic indices and serum electrolytes in dromedary calves.the intravenous (iv) usage of diuretic agents such as furosemide may cause changes in clinical signs, electrocardiographic (ecg) indices and serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) concentrations in dromedary calves. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical, ecg and biochemical effects of two-dose iv administration of furosemide in dromedary calves. a total of 21 clinically healthy male dromedary calves with the age of 5 (± 1) months and ...202032965802
the global status and genetic characterization of hydatidosis in camels (camelus dromedarius): a systematic literature review with meta-analysis based on published papers. 202032940199
housing management of male dromedaries during the rut season: effects of social contact between males and movement control on sexual behavior, blood metabolites and hormonal balance.the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of different housing management systems on behavior, blood metabolites and hormonal balance in male dromedaries during the rutting season. forty-eight adult male dromedaries were stratified in a two by three factorial experiment design, testing effects of social contact (single and group) and movement control (tied, fenced and exercise). during a ten-week experimental period, male dromedaries were filmed weekly for 20 min three times per day to eval ...202032927818
metabolic drug targets of the cytosine metabolism pathways in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) and blood parasite trypanosoma evansi.trypanosomiasis is a major illness affecting camels in tropical and subtropical regions. comparisons of camel and trypanosoma evansi genomes can lead to the discovery of new drug targets for treating trypanosoma infections. the synthesis pathways of cytosine, cytidine, cytidine monophosphate (cmp), cytidine diphosphate (cdp), cytidine triphosphate (ctp) deoxycytidine, deoxycytidine monophosphate (dcmp), deoxycytidine diphosphate (dcdp), and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dctp) were compared in the ...202032926292
camel-related deaths-a forensic overview.camels are ungulates of the genus camelus and have been used for centuries in parts of asia and africa for transport and sustenance. handling of camels is not without its dangers, and 4 cases from south australia are reported with a review of lethal camel-related issues. case 1 is a 56-year-old man who died of multiple blunt force injuries after he had attempted to move a 7-year-old female dromedary (camelus dromedarius). case 2 is a 65-year-old woman who was crushed by 1 or more camels that she ...202032925211
pregnancy status and thyroid function in semi-intensive-kept marecha she-camels (camelus dromedarius): managerial implications.pakistani marecha dromedaries, a distinctive breed not covered in the empirical data of the literature reviewed existing for thyroidal physiology in camels, are subjected to investigate thyroid function in pregnant multiparous (n = 22) and non-pregnant nor lactating (n = 22) females. the function of the thyroid gland in pubescent she-camels has evoked discrepancies among researchers exploring this topic in different breeds evolving in divergent environments. despite season, age, sex, reproductiv ...202032918162
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