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age-associated decline in septum neuronal activation during spatial learning in homing pigeons (columba livia).the relationship between hippocampal aging and spatial-cognitive decline in birds has recently been investigated. however, like its mammalian counterpart, the avian hippocampus does not work in isolation and its relationship to the septum is of particular interest. the current study aimed to investigate the effects of age on septum (medial and lateral) and associated nucleus of the diagonal band (ndb) neuronal activation (as indicated by c-fos expression) during learning of a spatial, delayed no ...202133017641
very virulent infectious bursal disease virus infection caused changes in cloacal temperature and clinical manifestations in pigeons (columba livia domestica) and is transmitted to sentinel chickens.in this study, changes in cloacal temperature and clinical manifestations due to very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) infection in pigeons (columba livia domestica) and transmission to chickens were demonstrated. thirty pigeons (3-6 weeks old) and thirty chickens (3 weeks old) divided into 4 groups (i-iv) were used for this study. group i comprised of 10 uninoculated pigeons only; ii comprised of 10 inoculated pigeons and 10 sentinel chickens; iii comprised of 10 sentinel pigeo ...202134347239
pigeons (columba livia domestica) are susceptible to infectious bursal disease: a comparative study of their hematological and serum biochemical alterations.the hematological and serum biochemical alterations following very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) infection in pigeons and chickens were evaluated in this study. sixty ibdv seronegative birds comprising 30 (3-6 weeks old) pigeons and 30 (3 weeks old) chickens were randomly divided as follows: 10 uninoculated pigeons only, 10 inoculated pigeons + 10 sentinel chickens, 10 inoculated chickens + 10 sentinel pigeons, and 10 uninoculated chickens. inoculated birds were administered 0. ...202134150893
a pilot study investigating the dynamics of pigeon circovirus recombination in domesticated pigeons housed in a single loft.pigeon circovirus (picv) infects pigeon populations worldwide and has been associated with immunosuppression in younger pigeons. recombination is a common mechanism of evolution that has previously been shown in various members of the circoviridae family, including picv. in this study, three groups of pigeons acquired from separate lofts were screened for picv, and their genome sequence was determined. following this, they were housed in a single loft for 22 days, during which blood and cloacal ...202134067378
pigeon rotavirus a genotype g18p17-associated disease outbreaks after fancy pigeon shows in germany - a case series.pigeon rotavirus a (rva) isolates of genotype g18p[17] are causing disease outbreaks and fatalities in pigeon lofts in australia, germany, belgium, denmark and usa since 2016. most disease outbreaks have been reported from juvenile pigeons (columba livia forma domestica). however, reports on rva-associated disease outbreaks in fancy pigeons in connection with fancy pigeon shows in germany are rare.202133588462
immunogenicity and protective activity of pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein virus-like particles (picv rcap-vlps) in pigeons (columba livia) experimentally infected with picv.pigeon circovirus (picv) is the most recurrent virus diagnosed in pigeons and is among the major causative agents of young pigeon disease syndrome (ypds). due to the lack of an established laboratory protocol for picv cultivation, development of prophylaxis is hampered. alternatively, virus-like particles (vlps), which closely resemble native viruses but lack the viral genetic material, can be generated using a wide range of expression systems and are shown to have strong immunogenicity. therefo ...202133525416
pigeons as carriers of clinically relevant multidrug-resistant pathogens-a clinical case report and literature review.pigeons are widespread bird species in urban regions (columba livia forma urbana) and may carry pathogens with zoonotic potential. in recent years, more and more data indicate that these zoonotic pathogens are multidrug resistant. our results confirmed that global trend. three different multidrug-resistant pathogens were isolated from an oral cavity of a racing pigeon with lesions typical for pigeon pox virus infection. staphylococcus aureus was recognized as methicillin resistant, thus resistan ...202134109235
no detection of sars-cov-2 in animals exposed to infected keepers: results of a covid-19 surveillance program.sars-cov-2, the causative agent of the covid-19 pandemic, has rarely been associated with transmission from humans to animals (reverse zoonotic transmission). in this retrospective study, the authors reviewed data obtained from 236 animals, including buffaloes, goats/sheep, horses, carrier pigeons, rabbits, hens, snakes, pigs and cows that were screened for sars-cov-2 infection because they had been in contact with their sars-cov-2-positive breeder for at least 2 weeks. none of the tested animal ...202134254029
the first study of west nile virus in feral pigeons (columba livia domestica) using conventional reverse transcriptase pcr in semnan and khorasane-razavi provinces, northeast of iran.west nile virus (wnv) is an arboviral infection continuing to be as major threat to human health as well as the livestock industry all around the world. birds including pigeons are one of the potential reservoirs for wnv. this study aimed to detect the presence of wnv genome in feral pigeons circulating in semnan and khorasane-razavi provinces (iran) including 10 urban and 10 suburban areas.202134277862
subclinical infection and transmission of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mandarin duck (aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (columbia livia domestica).since 2014, h5nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) have caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in multiple continents, including asia, europe, africa, and north america. wild birds were suspected to be the sources of the local and global spreads of hpaiv. this study evaluated the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 hpaiv in mandarin ducks (aixgalericulata) and domestic pigeons (columbia livia domestica). none of the birds used ...202134199847
in vitro and in vivo characterization of a pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 isolated from domestic pigeons in victoria, australia 2011.significant mortalities of racing pigeons occurred in australia in late 2011 associated with a pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1 (ppmv-1) infection. the causative agent, designated apmv-1/pigeon/australia/3/2011 (p/aus/3/11), was isolated from diagnostic specimens in specific pathogen free (spf) embryonated eggs and was identified by a newcastle disease virus (ndv)-specific rt-pcr and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test using reference polyclonal antiserum specific for ndv. the p/aus/3/11 strai ...202133800329
innate immune responses of domestic pigeons to the infection of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 virus.pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (ppmv-1) is a globally distributed, virulent member of the avian paramyxovirus type-1. the ppmv-1-associated disease poses a great threat to the pigeon industry. the innate immune response is crucial for antiviral infections and revealing the pathogenic mechanisms of ppmv-1. in this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity of a ppmv-1 strain lhlj/110822 in one-month-old domestic pigeons, as well as the host immune responses in ppmv-1-infected pigeons. we observed typical ...202033518113
the field efficacy of nigella sativa and berberis vulgaris methanolic extracts against haemoproteus columbae.the methanolic extracts of nigella satival. seeds (mens) and berberis vulgaris l.(mebv) were investigated for treatment of haemoproteus columbae-infected pigeons (columba livia domestica).202029632842
parasitological and molecular survey of scattered parasitism by trichomonads in some avian species in iran.outbreaks of avian trichomonosis are being reported worldwide; meanwhile, the genetic and virulence variations are under investigation. in this study, the occurrence and genetic variability of oral or faecal trichomonads among various avian species were investigated. samples obtained from either the oropharyngeal cavity, crop/oesophagus, droppings/cloaca, or conjunctival swabs of avian species were inspected for flagellates. phylogenetic analysis of partial its1-5.8s rrna-its2 sequences from sel ...202031486682
expression of gnrh receptor and 3βhsd during meiosis and foliculogénesis in columba livia (aves: columbiformes): histological and immunohistochemical analysis.during the ovarian ontogeny in birds, five fundamental events can be recognized: migration and colonization of the primordial germ cells, differentiation and proliferation of oogonies, an organization of germinal nests, beginning of the meiotic process and folliculogenesis. the knowledge of these events is fundamental for the interpretation of the processes involved in the differentiation of female gametes. however, there are only references for some model species such as gallus gallus domesticu ...202031348955
the temporal-spatial patterns, polymorphisms and association analysis with meat quality traits of fabp1 gene in domestic pigeons (columba livia).1. fatty acid-binding proteins (fabp) are members of lipid-binding proteins, which participate in the metabolism and intracellular transportation of lipids. this study was designed to investigate the expression patterns, polymorphisms and associations with meat quality traits of the fabp1 gene in pigeons. 2. the temporal-spatial expression patterns showed fabp1 was widely expressed in all eleven tissues from 0-4 weeks of age, the expression level in the liver was the highest, followed by the sma ...202032063032
taking pigeons to heart: birds proficiently diagnose human cardiac disease.in two experiments, we trained pigeons (columba livia) to sort visual images (obtained by clinical myocardial perfusion imaging techniques) depicting different degrees of human cardiac disfunction (myocardial hypoperfusion of the left ventricle) into normal and abnormal categories by providing food reward only after correct choice responses. pigeons proved to be highly proficient at categorizing pseudo-colorized images as well as highly sensitive to the degree of the perfusion deficit depicted i ...202031965462
immediate early gene fingerprints of multi-component behaviour.the ability to execute different responses in an expedient temporal order is central for efficient goal-directed actions and often referred to as multi-component behaviour. however, the underlying neural mechanisms on a cellular level remain unclear. here we establish a link between neural activity at the cellular level within functional neuroanatomical structures to this form of goal-directed behaviour by analyzing immediate early gene (ieg) expression in an animal model, the pigeon (columba li ...202031941919
lead in terrestrial game birds from spain.we analysed exposure to pb and its relationship with lead-based ammunition in seven species of terrestrial game birds-common woodpigeon (columba palumbus), rock dove (columba livia), stock dove (columba oenas), european turtle-dove (streptopelia turtur), red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa), barbary partridge (alectoris barbara) and common quail (coturnix coturnix)-from rural and urban areas in different parts of spain (valencia, castilla-la mancha, castilla y león, madrid, islas canarias and n ...202031755055
a high sensitivity zenk monoclonal antibody to map neuronal activity in aves.the transcription factor zenk is an immediate early gene that has been employed as a surrogate marker to map neuronal activity in the brain. it has been used in a wide variety of species, however, commercially available antibodies have limited immunoreactivity in birds. to address this issue we generated a new mouse monoclonal antibody, 7b7-a3, raised against zenk from the rock pigeon (columba livia). we show that 7b7-a3 labels clzenk in both immunoblots and histological stainings with high sens ...202031969617
is allopreening a stimulus-driven defense against ectoparasites?allopreening occurs when 1 bird preens another bird. the behavior is normally directed at the head and neck of the recipient, i.e., regions that the bird cannot self-preen. studies of penguins, pigeons, and other groups of birds suggest that allopreening plays a role in the control of ectoparasites, such as ticks and feather lice. however, it is not known whether allopreening increases in response to increases in parasite load, or whether it is a programmed response that occurs independently of ...202032057280
antimicrobial susceptibility and detection of virulence-associated genes of escherichia coli and salmonella spp. isolated from domestic pigeons (columba livia) in brazil.overpopulation of domestic pigeons is considered to be one of the major problems of urban centers, as these birds are responsible for the dissemination of relevant pathogens to animal and human health. the aim of this study was to detect potentially pathogenic escherichia coli and salmonella spp. in domestic pigeons captured in areas near silos used for grain and feed storage, analyzing the antimicrobial sensitivity and the presence of virulence-associated genes. we evaluated 41 pigeons. from ea ...202032180120
characterization of myxovirus resistance protein in birds showing different susceptibilities to highly pathogenic influenza virus.we compared the mx expression and anti-viral function and the 3d structure of mx protein in four species: chicken (gallus gallus), whooper swan (cygnus cygnus), jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos), and rock dove (columba livia). we observed different mortalities associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection to understand the relationship between mx function as an immune response factor and hpaiv proliferation in bird cells. different levels of mx were observed among th ...202032173692
searching for magnetic compass mechanism in pigeon retinal photoreceptors.migratory birds can detect the direction of the earth's magnetic field using the magnetic compass sense. however, the sensory basis of the magnetic compass still remains a puzzle. a large body of indirect evidence suggests that magnetic compass in birds is localized in the retina. to confirm this point, an evidence of visual signals modulation by magnetic field (mf) should be obtained. in a previous study we showed that mf inclination impacts the amplitude of ex vivo electroretinogram (erg) reco ...202032134934
influence of pigeon interferon alpha (piifn-α) on pigeon circovirus (picv) replication and cytokine expression in columba livia.pigeon circovirus (picv) is the most diagnosed virus in pigeons (columba livia) and have been studied and reported globally. picv infections can lead to immunosuppression and pigeons infected with picv can result to lymphocyte apoptosis and atrophy of immune organs. young pigeon disease syndrome (ypds) is a complex disease and believed that picv could be one of the agents leading to this syndrome. an effective treatment regimen is needed to control the spread of picv in pigeons. in this study pi ...202032122595
effects of parental dietary linoleic acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in domestic pigeons (columba livia).the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary linoleic acid (la) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in pigeon squabs by supplementing la in their parental diets. a completely randomized design that consisted of a control group, 1% dietary la addition group (la1%), 2% dietary la addition group (la2%), and 4% dietary la addition group (la4%) was used. six squabs from each treatment were randomly sampled at the day of hatch and days 7, 14, and 21 ...202032111316
carcass characteristics, physicochemical properties, and texture and microstructure of the meat and internal organs of carrier and king pigeons.pigeons have been the subject of research in the past, but the knowledge gained is incomplete and must be extended. the aim of the study was to provide information about differences in carcass weight and measurements, carcass composition, proximate chemical composition, acidity, electrical conductivity, color attributes, the texture, rheological properties and microstructure of the meat, and some biometric characteristics of the digestive system in carrier and king pigeons, and also to determine ...202032751657
molecular characterisation, expression and functional feature of traf6 in the king pigeon (columba livia).tnf receptor-associated factor 6 (traf6) is a signal transducer, which plays a pivotal role in triggering a variety of signalling cascades. here, we cloned and identified the traf6 gene from the king pigeon. the open reading frame sequence of pigeon traf6 (pitraf6) is 1638 bp long and encodes a 545 aa protein, including a low-complexity domain, ring finger, zinc finger, coiled coil domain, and meprin and traf homology domain. the aa sequence of pitraf6 shared a strong identity with that of other ...202032393097
light-dependent development of the tectorotundal projection in pigeons.left-right differences in the structural and functional organization of the brain are widespread in the animal kingdom and develop in close gene-environment interactions. the visual system of birds like chicks and pigeons exemplifies how sensory experience shapes lateralized visual processing. owing to an asymmetrical posture of the embryo in the egg, the right eye/ left brain side is more strongly light-stimulated what triggers asymmetrical differentiation processes leading to a left-hemispheri ...202032386351
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of sustained-release azithromycin formulation in pigeons.to date, only a few studies on the azithromycin (azm) pharmacokinetics in ornamental birds have been published. in the current study azm concentrations in domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica) plasma samples were analyzed using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. the aim of the current study was to carry out an analysis of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after administration of a single oral dose of a sustained-release azm formu ...202032233287
artificial light at night (alan) is the main driver of nocturnal feral pigeon (columba livia f. domestica) foraging in urban areas.artificial light at night (alan) is one of the most extreme environmental alterations in urban areas, which drives nocturnal activity in diurnal species. feral pigeon (columba livia f. domestica), a common species in urban centers worldwide, has been observed foraging at night in urban areas. however, the role of alan in the nocturnal activity of this species is unknown. moreover, studies addressing the relationship between alan and nocturnal activity of diurnal birds are scarce in the southern ...202032224903
analysis of long noncoding rna and mrna expression profiles of testes with high and low sperm motility in domestic pigeons (columba livia).sperm motility is one of the most important indicators in assessing semen quality, and it is used to evaluate poultry fertility. many long noncoding rnas (lncrnas) and mrnas are involved in regulating testis development and spermatogenesis. in this study, we employed rna sequencing to analyse the testis transcriptome (lncrna and mrna) of ten pigeons with high and low sperm motility. in total, 46,117 mrnas and 17,463 lncrnas were identified, of which 2673 mrnas and 229 lncrnas (p < 0.05) were sig ...202032218174
morphological and genetic characterization of eimeria chalcoptereae n. sp. (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) in a common bronzewing pigeon (phaps chalcoptera) (latham, 1790) in western australia.a new eimeria species is described from a common bronzewing pigeon (phaps chalcoptera) (latham, 1790) in western australia. sporulated oocysts of eimeria chalcoptereae n. sp. (n = 30) are subspheroidal, 22-25 × 21-24 (23.5 × 22.6) μm; length/width (l/w) ratio 1.0-1.1 (1.04) μm. wall bi-layered, 1.0-1.4 (1.2) μm thick, outer layer smooth, c.2/3 of total thickness. micropyle barely discernible. oocyst residuum is absent, but 2 to 3 small polar granules are present. sporocysts (n = 30) ellipsoidal, ...202032779020
feral pigeon populations: their gene pool and links with local domestic breeds.columba livia is a wild bird whose domestication has led to a large number of pigeon breeds. the occasional loss or straying of domestic birds determined the origin of feral pigeons, which are now widespread all around the world. in this study, we assumed that the main contribution to feral populations is provided by domestic breeds reared in the same areas. we tested this hypothesis by analysing the variability of 12 microsatellite loci in nine italian feral populations sampled in areas with di ...202032763653
first experimental proof of rotavirus a (rva) genotype g18p[17] inducing the clinical presentation of 'young pigeon disease syndrome' (ypds) in domestic pigeons (columba livia).young pigeon disease syndrome (ypds) is characterized as a seasonally occurring, acute and primarily enteric medical condition of mainly juvenile domestic pigeons (columba livia) with highly variable mortality reaching more than 50%. although the syndrome has been known in europe for almost three decades, its aetiology remains largely obscure. recently, a previously unknown pigeon-associated clade of rotavirus a (rva) genotype g18p[17] was detected in europe and australia in association with fat ...202031967734
darwin's fancy revised: an updated understanding of the genomic constitution of pigeon breeds.through its long history of artificial selection, the rock pigeon (columba livia gmelin 1789) was forged into a large number of domestic breeds. the incredible amount of phenotypic diversity exhibited in these breeds has long held the fascination of scholars, particularly those interested in biological inheritance and evolution. however, exploiting them as a model system is challenging, as unlike with many other domestic species, few reliable records exist about the origins of, and relationships ...202032053199
color flow doppler echocardiography in healthy racing pigeons (columba livia f. domestica) and the evidence of physiological blood flow vortex formations.in avian medicine, doppler sonographic techniques are used to visualize and estimate blood flow in the heart. in the literature there is a lack of standardized studies of the use of color doppler flow on healthy avian species. for this purpose, we examined blood flow in the heart in the four-chamber view of clinically healthy awake racing pigeons (n = 43) by color flow doppler sonography. with this technique the diastolic and systolic blood flow in the heart chambers and the heart valve regions ...202032375406
effects of incubation and chick rearing on intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities, and mrna expression of nutrient transporter genes in the pigeon (columba livia) under artificial farming conditions.the present study investigated the changes in morphology, enzyme activities in the pancreas and mucosa, and nutrient transporter gene expression in the duodenum and jejunum in male and female pigeons during the incubation and chick-rearing periods. forty-two pairs of white king pigeons with 2 fertile eggs per pair were randomly divided into 7 groups by different breeding stages. the crypt depth of the duodenum and jejunum reached the peak at day 1 (r1) and day 7 (r7) of chick rearing, respective ...202032359616
mutations upstream of the tbx5 and pitx1 transcription factor genes are associated with feathered legs in the domestic chicken.feathered leg is a trait in domestic chickens that has undergone intense selection by fancy breeders. previous studies have shown that two major loci controlling feathered leg are located on chromosomes 13 and 15. here, we present genetic evidence for the identification of candidate causal mutations at these loci. this was accomplished by combining classical linkage mapping using an experimental cross segregating for feathered leg and high-resolution identical-by-descent mapping using whole-geno ...202032344431
eyelid squinting during food pecking in pigeons.the visual control of pecking by pigeons (columba livia) has latterly been thought to be restricted to the fixation stops interrupting their downward head movements because these stops prevent interference by motion blur. pigeons were also assumed to close their eyes during the final head thrust of the peck. here, we re-examined their pecking motions using high-speed video recordings and supplementary provisions that permitted a three-dimensional spatial analysis of the movement, including measu ...202032341175
stress-mediated convergence of splicing landscapes in male and female rock doves.the process of alternative splicing provides a unique mechanism by which eukaryotes are able to produce numerous protein products from the same gene. heightened variability in the proteome has been thought to potentiate increased behavioral complexity and response flexibility to environmental stimuli, thus contributing to more refined traits on which natural and sexual selection can act. while it has been long known that various forms of environmental stress can negatively affect sexual behavior ...202032293250
comparative gross and scanning electron microscopical study of the oropharyngeal roof of young and adult domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica).the present study aims to compare the morphology of the oropharyngeal roof of young and adult domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica) by gross observation, morphometric measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (sem). the oropharyngeal roof was divided into the palate and pharyngeal roof. the palate was narrow triangular in shape and concave along its length. it could be divided into a rostral part contained three longitudinal palatine ridges and a caudal part contained the choanal slit. ...202032282997
ultrastructural studies on the pancreatic acini in duck (anas boscas) and pigeon (columba livia).the aim of this research work was to study the histological structure of the pancreatic acini by transmission electron microscope in two avian species, duck and pigeon. the specimens were collected and processed for electron microscopic study. the results showed that the acini of the two avian species were two types; the first one was an electron dense and the second one an electron lucent. the light acinar cells were larger in size than the dark cells. these cells contained centrally located ov ...202032017197
comparative morphological features of syrinx in male domestic fowl gallus gallus domesticus and male domestic pigeon columba livia domestica: a histochemical, ultrastructural, scanning electron microscopic and morphometrical study.many studies have been carried out to investigate the morphological structure of the syrinx in many bird species. however, the cellular organization of the syrinx in the fowls and pigeons is still unclear. the current study revealed that in fowl and pigeon, the syrinx is formed of three main parts including tympanum (cranial) part, intermediate syringeal part, and bronchosyringeal (caudal) part, in addition to pessulus and tympaniform membranes. a great variation in the structural characteristic ...202032000880
characterization of structure and protein of vitelline membranes of precocial (ring-necked pheasant, gray partridge) and superaltricial (cockatiel parrot, domestic pigeon) birds.of all the known oviparous taxa, female birds lay the most diverse types of eggs that differ in terms of shape, shell pigmentation, and shell structure. the pigmentation of the shell, the weight of the egg, and the composition of the yolk correlate with environmental conditions and the needs of the developing embryos. in this study, we analyzed the structure and protein composition of the vitelline membrane (vm) of ring-necked pheasant, gray partridge, cockatiel parrot, and domestic pigeon eggs. ...202031999757
delay activity in the wulst of pigeons (columba livia) represents correlates of both sample and reward information.the avian wulst is the pallial (analogous to mammalian cortex) termination point of the thalamofugal pathway, one of two main visual pathways in birds, and is considered to be equivalent to primate striate cortex. we recorded neuronal activity from the wulst in pigeons during two versions of a delayed matching-to-sample procedure. two birds were trained on a common outcomes (co) procedure, in which correct responses following both the skateboarder and the flower stimuli were associated with rewa ...202032205205
molecular characterization of a potential receptor of eimeria acervulina microneme protein 3 from chicken duodenal epithelial cells.eimeria acervulina is one of seven eimeria spp. that can infect chicken duodenal epithelial cells. eimeria microneme protein 3 (mic3) plays a vital role in the invasion of host epithelial tissue by the parasite. in this study, we found that chicken (gallus gallus) ubiquitin conjugating enzyme e2f (ube2f) could bind to the mic3 protein of e. acervulina (eamic3), as screened using the yeast two-hybrid system, and that it might be the putative receptor protein of eamic3. the ube2f gene was cloned f ...202032195662
age-related ultrastructural features of the tongue of the rock pigeon columba livia dakhlae in different three age stages (young, mature, and adult) captured from egypt.this study represents the first attempt to describe the ultra-structural and histological features of different three age-stages (young, mature, and adult) of rock pigeon columba livia dakhlae captured from egypt. the elongated tongue with round lingual apex carried a lingual nail rostrally on lingual tip. the current work gave a first record of numerous descriptions as in young and mature, small lingual nail formed from aggregation of lingual scales, but in adult, the nail formed from lingual m ...202031971320
comparative renal disposition of creatine, and technetium diagnostic contrast agents in the pigeon (columba livia).clinical assessment of renal function in avian species often involves the measurement of plasma uric acid and blood urea nitrogen, relatively insensitive markers of renal dysfunction and dehydration. in mammals, endogenous creatinine is widely used as an indicator of renal glomerular dysfunction. however, avian species produce primarily creatine. here, renal creatine, 99mtc99-dtpa (diethylenepentaacetic acid, dtpa) and 99mtc-mag3 (mercaptoacetyl triglycine, mag3) renal clearances are characteriz ...202031926520
c-fos revealed lower hippocampal participation in older homing pigeons when challenged with a spatial memory task.homing pigeons experience age-related spatial-cognitive decline similar to that seen in mammals. in contrast to mammals, however, previous studies have shown the hippocampal formation (hf) of old, cognitively impaired pigeons to be greater in volume and neuron number compared with young pigeons. as a partial explanation of the cognitive decline in older birds, it was hypothesized that older pigeons have reduced hf activation during spatial learning. the present study compared hf activation (via ...202031889558
toxoplasma gondii prevalence in hunter-killed mourning doves (zenaida macroura) and rock pigeons (columba livia) from east tennessee, usa.we molecularly examined brains from 186 hunter-killed mourning doves (zenaida macroura) and 11 rock pigeons (columba livia) from eastern tennessee, usa for toxoplasma gondii. two doves (1%) were pcr- and sequence-positive, whereas all pigeons were pcr-negative.202031743066
correction: longitudinal microbiome profiling reveals impermanence of probiotic bacteria in domestic pigeons.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217804.].202031335887
high prevalence and genetic diversity of haemoproteus columbae (haemosporida: haemoproteidae) in feral pigeons columba livia in cape town, south africa.in this study, we explore blood parasite prevalence, infection intensity, and co-infection levels in an urban population of feral pigeons columba livia in cape town. we analyze the effect of blood parasites on host body condition and the association between melanin expression in the host's plumage and parasite infection intensity and co-infection levels. relating to the haemosporidian parasite itself, we study their genetic diversity by means of dna barcoding (cytochrome b) and show the geograph ...202031883048
detection of dna damage in pigeon erythrocytes using a chromatin dispersion assay.the monitoring of environmental genotoxicity requires the selection of model organisms as 'sentinels' as well as the development of sensitive and reliable tests for the assessment of dna damage. the aims of this study were to quantify genomic dna strand breakage in the erythrocytes of columba livia induced by thermal stress using the modified chromatin dispersion test and to validate the results by alkaline comet assay and dna breakage detection-fluorescence in situ hybridization (dbd-fish). the ...202031805813
morphological and molecular characteristics of the gastro-intestinal nematode parasite ascaridia columbae infecting the domestic pigeon columba livia domestica in saudi arabia.parasitism is a complex problem that is often ignored in companion animals, including birds, unless it develops into a severe clinical disorder. the present study was, therefore, aimed to investigate the presence of the gastrointestinal nematode infecting the domestic pigeon and provide a complete morphological description and clarify its taxonomic position through phylogenetic analysis of the its1-5.8s-its2 rdna gene region.202031832920
analysis of long non-coding rnas and mrnas associated with lactation in the crop of pigeons (columba livia).pigeons have the ability to produce milk and feed their squabs. the genetic mechanisms underlying milk production in the crops of 'lactating' pigeons are not fully understood. in this study, rna sequencing was employed to profile the transcriptome of lncrna and mrna in lactating and non-'lactating' pigeon crops. we identified 7066 known and 17,085 novel lncrnas. of these lncrnas, 6166 were differentially expressed. among the 15,138 mrnas detected, 6483 were differentially expressed, including ma ...202032079139
thymol efficacy against coccidiosis in pigeon (columba livia domestica).investigation of thymol efficacy to control pigeon coccidiosis was performed using in-vitro and in-vivo studies. the in-vitro experiment was conducted by treatment of unsporulated oocysts of eimeria species of pigeon by five concentrations (0.625-10%) from either thymol, eucalyptus essential oil or amprolium anticoccidial drug and incubation for 72 h. the in-vitro study revealed that thymol concentrations ≥1.25 % caused significant deformity on sporulated and unsporulated oocysts compared to the ...202032066028
parallel organization of the avian sensorimotor arcopallium: tectofugal visual pathway in the pigeon (columba livia).the sensory-motor division of the avian arcopallium receives parallel inputs from primary and high-order pallial areas of sensory and vocal control pathways, and sends a prominent descending projection to ascending and premotor, subpallial stages of these pathways. while this organization is well established for the auditory and trigeminal systems, the arcopallial subdivision related to the tectofugal visual system and its descending projection to the optic tectum (teo) has been less investigate ...202031531866
genomic and phenotypic analyses reveal mechanisms underlying homing ability in pigeon.the homing pigeon was selectively bred from the domestic pigeon for a homing ability over long distances, a very fascinating but complex behavioral trait. here, we generate a total of 95 whole genomes from diverse pigeon breeds. comparing the genomes from the homing pigeon population with those from other breeds identifies candidate positively selected genes, including many genes involved in the central nervous system, particularly spatial learning and memory such as lrp8. expression profiling r ...202031501895
white and amber light at night disrupt sleep physiology in birds.artificial light at night can disrupt sleep in humans [1-4] and other animals [5-10]. a key mechanism for light to affect sleep is via non-visual photoreceptors that are most sensitive to short-wavelength (blue) light [11]. to minimize effects of artificial light on sleep, many electronic devices shift from white (blue-rich) to amber (blue-reduced) light in the evening. switching outdoor lighting from white to amber might also benefit wildlife [12]. however, whether these two colors of light aff ...202032707063
can domestic pigeon be a potential carrier of zoonotic salmonella?salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases in pigeons. this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of salmonella spp. in domestic pigeons (columba livia f. domestica) in poland, its antimicrobial susceptibility (both phenotypic and genotypic), and its capability for biofilm formation. the presence of selected virulence genes, nucleotide homology of selected genes, and susceptibility to bacteriophages were investigated as well. from the 585 pigeons tested, 5.47% turned out posi ...202033091215
novel gyrovirus genomes recovered from free-living pigeons in southern brazil.wild birds carry a number of infectious agents, some of which may have pathogenic potential for the host and others species, including humans. domestic pigeons (columba livia) are important targets of study since these increasingly cohabit urban spaces, being possible spillover sources of pathogens to humans. in the present study, two genomes (pigyv_tq/rs/br and pigyv_rg/rs/br), representative of gyrovirus genus, family anelloviridae, were detected in sera of free-living pigeons collected in sou ...202032838934
are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans?enteric illnesses remain the second largest source of communicable diseases worldwide, and wild birds are suspected sources for human infection. this has led to efforts to reduce pathogen spillover through deterrence of wildlife and removal of wildlife habitat, particularly within farming systems, which can compromise conservation efforts and the ecosystem services wild birds provide. further, salmonella spp. are a significant cause of avian mortality, leading to additional conservation concerns ...202032003106
the whole is equal to the sum of its parts: pigeons (columba livia) and crows (corvus macrorhynchos) do not perceive emergent configurations.we previously demonstrated that chimpanzees, like humans, showed better accuracy and faster response time in discriminating visual patterns when the patterns were presented in redundant and uninformative contexts than when they were presented alone. in the present study, we examined the effect of redundant context on pattern discrimination in pigeons (columba livia) and large-billed crows (corvus macrorhynchos) using the same task and stimuli as those used in our previous study on chimpanzees. b ...202031993982
prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and virulence factors of enterococcus species in racing pigeons (columba livia f. domestica).this study was aimed to investigate the intestinal microbiota in racing pigeons with regard to enterococcus species distribution, virulence factors and antibiotic susceptibility. three methods (api, multiplex soda-pcr, 16s rrna sequencing) were compared for enterococcus species identification. cloacal samples from 179 apparently healthy pigeons of 13 different flocks were tested.202031910839
common bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases in pigeons (columba livia): a review of diagnostic and treatment strategies.pigeons (columba livia) have been associated with humans for a long time now. they are raised for sport (pigeon race), exhibition (display of fancy breeds), food, and research. most of the pigeons kept are racing homers, trained to compete in the pigeon race. other breeds, such as rollers, nose divers, doneks are bred for their aerial abilities. incorporation of a good preventive medicine program is one of the most critical factors in averting infectious diseases in pigeon flocks. this review su ...202032768225
free-ranging avifauna as a source of generalist parasites for captive birds in zoological settings: an overview of parasite records and potential for cross-transmission.captive birds in zoological settings often harbor parasites, but little information is available about the potential for free-ranging avifauna to act as a source of infection. this review summarizes the gastrointestinal parasites found in zoo birds globally and in seven common free-ranging avian species [mallard (anas platyrhynchos), eurasian blackbird (turdus merula), common starling (sturnus vulgaris), eurasian jackdaw (corvus monedula), house sparrow (passer domesticus), european robin (erith ...202033005675
micro- and macroanatomical features of the uropygial gland of duck (anas platyrhynchos) and pigeon (columba livia).we describe the morphological, histological and histochemical characteristics of the uropygial gland of the duck (anas platyrhynchos) and pigeon (columba livia). the weight and dimensions of the glands were recorded. the gland openings onto the papilla in ducks were surrounded by double tufts of downy feathers; the tufts were held together by an oily secretion. in the pigeon, the gland opening was onto naked skin. samples for light and transmission electron microscopy were obtained from adult bi ...202032603233
integrated taxonomic approaches to seven species of capillariid nematodes (nematoda: trichocephalida: trichinelloidea) in poultry from japan and indonesia, with special reference to their 18s rdna phylogenetic relationships.morphological and genetic analyses were performed on seven species of the family capillariidae (nematoda: trichocephalida: trichinelloidea), viz. eucoleus perforans, eucoleus contortus, aonchotheca bursata, baruscapillaria obsignata, capillaria anatis, capillaria phasianina, and capillaria spinulosa, detected in poultry from japan and indonesia. two eucoleus spp., perforating the esophageal mucosa of the japanese green pheasant farmed in japan (e. perforans) and domestic goose in indonesia (e. c ...202031811424
on a search for a neurogenomics of cognitive processes supporting avian migration and navigation.the migratory behavioral profile of birds is characterized by considerable variation in migratory phenotype, and a number of distinct orientation and navigational mechanisms supports avian migration and homing. as such, bird navigation potentially offers a unique opportunity to investigate the neurogenomics of an often spectacular, naturally occurring spatial cognition. however, a number of factors may impede realization of this potential. first, aspects of the migratory behavior displayed by bi ...202032426820
near-random distribution of chromosome-derived circular dna in the condensed genome of pigeons and the larger, more repeat-rich human genome.extrachromosomal circular dna (eccdna) elements of chromosomal origin are known to be common in a number of eukaryotic species. however, it remains to be addressed whether genomic features such as genome size, the load of repetitive elements within a genome, and/or animal physiology affect the number of eccdnas. here, we investigate the distribution and numbers of eccdnas in a condensed and less repeat-rich genome compared with the human genome, using columba livia domestica (domestic rock pigeo ...202031882998
infectivity and pathobiology of h7n1 and h5n8 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses for pigeons (columba livia var. domestica).avian influenza (ai) is one of the most important viral diseases in poultry, wildlife and humans. available data indicates that pigeons play a minimum role in the epidemiology of ai. however, a degree of variation exists in the susceptibility of pigeons to highly pathogenic ai viruses (hpaivs), especially since the emergence of the goose/guangdong h5 lineage. here, the pathogenesis of h5n8 hpaiv in comparison with a h7n1 hpaiv and the role of pigeons in the epidemiology of these viruses were eva ...202033034513
h-fabp gene expression and genetic association with meat quality traits in domestic pigeons (columba livia).1. h-fabp (heart-type fatty acid-binding protein) is an important fatty acid-binding protein that participates in the metabolism and intracellular transportation of lipids. this study was designed to study the h-fabp gene expression and genetic association with meat quality traits in domestic pigeons. 2. the spatio-temporal expression patterns showed that h-fabp was widely expressed in all eleven tissues in birds from hatching to four weeks of age, and the expression level in the liver was the h ...202033174489
yeasts in feces of pigeons (columba livia) in the city of moscow.the yeast number and species diversity in feces of pigeons (columba livia) were studied in various locations of the city of moscow: parks, playgrounds and school grounds. the total number and species composition of yeasts in feces depended on the isolation temperature. the average yeast number at a cultivation temperature of 25 °c was 3.2 × 105 cfu/g, at 37 °c-2.5 × 106 cfu/g. at 37 °c, the number of yeasts was higher due to a more abundant growth of pathogenic and opportunistic yeast species. i ...202033095292
probiotic supplementation containing bacillus velezensis enhances expression of immune regulatory genes against pigeon circovirus in pigeons (columba livia).in this study, we aimed to isolate and evaluate the efficacy of bacillus velezensis as a probiotic and to assess its activity towards pigeons infected with pigeon circovirus (picv).202033048404
effects of mannan oligosaccharides and/or bifidobacterium on growth and immunity in domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica).the goal of this study was to evaluate the influences of mannan oligosaccharides (moss) and/or bifidobacterium on the growth and immunity of pigeons over a 56-day period. one hundred paired adult pigeons were randomly divided into four groups of five paired pigeons. paired pigeons with two young squabs were housed in a man-made aviary. parent pigeons in the control group received a basal diet (c), while the other three groups were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 20 g of moss/kg of feed ...202033132727
pigeons (columba livia) integrate visual motion using the vector average rule: effect of viewing distance.integrating local motion signals detected by the primary motion detector is crucial for representing a rigid, two-dimensional motion. the nature of motion integration has been studied using stimuli consisting of two superimposed sinusoidal gratings of different orientations, called plaid motion, and it has been shown that humans perceive integrated motion in the direction where the component constraint lines are intersected. we previously found that pigeons and humans perceive different movement ...202032242297
[investigation and genotyping of chlamydia psittaci ompa gene in pigeon (columbia domestica) feces].avian chlamydiosis, is a highly contagious, systemic disease occuring in domestic and wild birds. chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent of the disease, is a gram-negative bacterium in the chlamydiaceae family that can only live within the cell. the agent can be transmitted directly to humans by contact with infected animals or feces of infected animals. it can also be transmitted by inhalation of fecal dust. since the disease has a zoonotic character, it is also important in terms of public he ...202032050885
identification of antibacterial molecule(s) from animals living in polluted environments.snakes feed on germ-infested rodents, while water monitor lizards thrive on rotten matter in unhygienic conditions. we hypothesize that such creatures survive the assault of superbugs and are able to fend off disease by producing antimicrobial substances. in this study, we investigated the potential antibacterial activity of sera/lysates of animals living in polluted environments.202031577204
diverse trichomonas lineages in australasian pigeons and doves support a columbid origin for the genus trichomonas.trichomonas is a significant protist genus, and includes t. vaginalis, the most prevalent sexually transmitted non-viral infection of humans, and t. gallinae of rock doves (columba livia), one of the earliest known avian pathogens. new trichomonas genotypes, including t. vaginalis-like isolates, have been discovered in american columbid hosts, suggesting geographically widespread cryptic diversity of trichomonas in pigeons and doves. we sampled 319 birds from 22 columbid species in australia, pa ...202031707138
smaller on the left? flexible association between space and magnitude in pigeons (columba livia) and blue jays (cyanocitta cristata).humans and other apes represent magnitudes spatially, demonstrated by their responding faster and more accurately to one side of space when presented with small quantities and to the other side of space when presented with large quantities. this representation is flexible and shows substantial variability between cultural groups in humans and between and within individuals in great apes. in contrast, recent findings suggest that chicks show a spatial representation of magnitude that is highly la ...202031328952
investigation of object-based attention in pigeons (columba livia) and hill mynas (gracula religiosa) using a spatial cueing task.in previous research, pigeons and hill mynas that performed differently on an object permanence task were presumed to attend to objects in different ways (plowright, reid, & kilian, 1998). in the current study, we conducted 4 experiments to investigate if the attention of hill mynas and pigeons is object-based and if there are species differences in their visual-attentional processes. in experiment 1, pigeons were tested in a spatial cueing task requiring them to respond sequentially to a cue an ...202031318224
phylogenetical analysis of partially sequenced cytb gene of haemoproteus columbae in pigeons and its pathological lesions in egypt.haemoproteus columbae is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, causing pseudomalaria in pigeons.202033178298
heavy metal accumulation in two synanthropic avian species in sri lanka.we assessed the levels of pb, cd, and mn in contour feathers of the feral pigeon (columba livia) and house crow (corvus splendens) obtained from five urban/suburban locations across sri lanka, using the aas following wet digestion. our key objectives were to compare accumulation levels in the two avian species with different foraging habits and living in common locations, and to establish baseline information on the presence of these metals in multiple locations in sri lanka with varying levels ...202033030595
targeted disruption of torc1 retards young squab growth by inhibiting the synthesis of crop milk protein in breeding pigeon (columba livia).this study was conducted to explore the regulatory role of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (torc1) signaling pathway in crop milk synthesis in breeding pigeons (columba livia). three groups of breeding pigeons in the lactation period (n = 30 pairs/group) were respectively injected with rapamycin (rapa, a specific inhibitor of the target of rapamycin complex) at doses of 0 (vehicle, control), 0.6, or 1.2 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day via the wing vein for 7 days. the average daily feed intake (adf ...202032416826
soft biohybrid morphing wings with feathers underactuated by wrist and finger motion.since the wright flyer, engineers have strived to develop flying machines with morphing wings that can control flight as deftly as birds. birds morph their wing planform parameters simultaneously-including sweep, span, and area-in a way that has proven to be particularly challenging to embody robotically. previous solutions have primarily centered around the classical aerospace paradigm of controlling every degree of freedom to ensure predictable performance, but underperform compared with birds ...202033022590
detection of raillietina saudiae from the domestic pigeon in saudi arabia through 18s and 28s rdna genes.raillietina saudiae is a well-studied avian gastrointestinal parasite belonging to the family davaineidae and is the most prevalent cyclophyllid tapeworm infecting pigeon in saudi arabia. the present study considered as a complementary analysis of al-quraishy et al. (2019; parasitol int 71, 59-72) with molecular studies for two ribosomal dna genes employed for precise recognition of this raillietina species. the annotated partial 18s and 28s rdna gene regions were found to be 888 and 900 bp long ...202032989757
evaluation of the genotoxic effect of heavy metals in pigeons from urban and rural habitat in monterrey, mexico, using the chromatin dispersion assay.evaluate genotoxic effect of heavy metals on pigeon erythrocytes (pe) from urban and rural habitat (outside of the city) in monterrey, mexico, using the chromatin dispersion assay.202032969739
comparative morphological study of the oropharyngeal floor of squabs and adult domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica).the current study compared the morphological features of the oropharyngeal floor of squabs and adult domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica). samples from the oropharyngeal floor of both squabs and adult pigeons were collected directly after slaughtering. the collected samples were examined grossly, morphometrically, and by scanning electron microscopy (sem). the lower beak had triangular shape with pointed rostral end. the tongue did not fill the entire oral floor in squabs as well as adult ...202032959459
post-hatching growth of the limbs in an altricial bird species.the fore- and hindlimbs of birds are specialized to perform different functions. the growth patterns of limb bones and their relationship with the ontogeny of locomotion are critical to our understanding of variation in morphological, physiological and life-history traits within and among species. unfortunately, the ontogenetic development of limb bones has not been well explored, especially in altricial birds. in this study, we sampled the entire measurements of the pigeon (columba livia) of in ...202032937037
molecular cloning and characterization of hsp60 gene in domestic pigeons (columba livia) and differential expression patterns under temperature stress.heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) is a well-recognized multifunctional protein, playing a substantial role in protecting organisms from environmental stress. the domestic pigeon (columba livia) is a promising model organism, with important economic and ecological value, and its health is susceptible to temperature stress. to explore the molecular characteristics, tissue expression profile, and response to temperature stress for hsp60 of columba livia (clhsp60), we firstly cloned and characterized th ...202032880058
phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of fecal lactobacilli from domesticated pigeons in poland.lactobacillus species play an important role in the host and although they are non-pathogenic, they could act as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes, with the potential risk of transfer to other bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. the aim of this study was to identify lactobacillus species derived from feces of domesticated pigeons and to characterize their phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (amr) profiles. a total of 57 lactobacillus isolates were classified in ...202032781109
assessment of heavy metals in faecal pellets of blue rock pigeon from rural and industrial environment in india.the study was conducted to monitor concentration of six toxic metals in faecal pellets of blue rock pigeon from six industrial areas of jaipur, i.e. jhotwara, malviya, mansarover, sitapura, vishwakarma industrial areas and sanganer industries, by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. at the same time, trace metals were also analysed for a reference area so that a comparative impact of the metal pollution from the industries could be figured out. from the data obtained, the highest cd, cu, n ...202032737784
nicarbazin has no effect on reducing feral pigeon populations in barcelona.nicarbazin is an anti-coccidial product sometimes used as a contraceptive to reduce the size of feral pigeon populations. however, its effectiveness in reducing pigeon population size in cities has caused some controversy. here, we evaluate its effectiveness in the city of barcelona.202032652833
effects of variable durations of food availability on interval time-place learning with pigeons columba livia.we assessed the effects of variable durations of food availability on an interval time-place learning task. 3 pigeons were exposed to a task in which food could be obtained for responses in one of four feeders according to an ri 25 s during 3 min, after which, food could be obtained on a different feeder according to the same schedule. the correct feeder changed following a fixed sequence that was repeated four times throughout the session. after 50 training sessions, an open hopper test was con ...202032645386
age-related changes in serum lipid levels, hepatic morphology, antioxidant status, lipid metabolism related gene expression and enzyme activities of domestic pigeon squabs (columba livia).the objective of this study was to evaluate the age-related changes in antioxidant status and the lipid metabolism of pigeon squabs (columba livia), by determining the bw, antioxidant indices, serum lipid levels, lipid metabolism-related enzyme activities, lipid metabolism-related gene expression, and liver morphology in squabs. ten squabs were randomly selected and sampled on the day of hatching (doh), days 7 (d7), 14 (d14) and 21 (d21) post-hatch, respectively. the results showed that bw of sq ...202032630261
isolation and characterization of novel trichomonas gallinae ribotypes infecting domestic and wild birds in riyadh, saudi arabia.trichomonas gallinae, a single-celled protozoan parasite, is a causative agent of the disease trichomonosis, which is distributed worldwide and has recently been highlighted as a pandemic threat to several wild bird species. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotypic diversity of t. gallinae in riyadh, saudi arabia. for this purpose, 273 oral swab samples from different bird species (feral pigeon columba livia, common mynah acridotheres tristis, chicken gallus gallus dom ...202032550612
a comprehensive cytogenetic analysis of several members of the family columbidae (aves, columbiformes).the columbidae species (aves, columbiformes) show considerable variation in their diploid numbers (2n = 68-86), but there is limited understanding of the events that shaped the extant karyotypes. hence, we performed whole chromosome painting (wcp) for paints gga1-10 and bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) probes for chromosomes gga11-28 for columbina passerina, columbina talpacoti, patagioenas cayennensis, geotrygon violacea and geotrygon montana. streptopelia decaocto was only investigated wi ...202032521831
pigeons in the sun: thermal constraints of eumelanic plumage in the rock pigeon (columba livia).in wild vertebrates, several species exhibit eumelanic color polymorphism with the coexistence of dark and light morphs. the maintenance of such polymorphism suggests the existence of a selective balance between the morphs and a large body of literature has reported the costs and benefits of darker plumage coloration in birds. among them, it has been suggested that melanin and dark plumage could entail high energetic costs especially under hot and sunny climates. however, to my knowledge, the th ...202032479396
a copy number variant is associated with a spectrum of pigmentation patterns in the rock pigeon (columba livia).rock pigeons (columba livia) display an extraordinary array of pigment pattern variation. one such pattern, almond, is characterized by a variegated patchwork of plumage colors that are distributed in an apparently random manner. almond is a sex-linked, semi-dominant trait controlled by the classical stipper (st) locus. heterozygous males (zstz+ sex chromosomes) and hemizygous almond females (zstw) are favored by breeders for their attractive plumage. in contrast, homozygous almond males (zstzst ...202032433666
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