Publications

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predatory activity of butlerius nematodes and nematophagous fungi against haemonchus contortus infective larvae.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the predatory activity of the nematode butlerius spp. and fungal isolates of duddingtonia flagrans, clonostachys rosea, arthrobotrys musiformis and trichoderma esau against h. contortus infective larvae (l3) in grass pots. forty-eight plastic gardening pots containing 140 g of sterile soil were used. panicum spp. grass seeds (200 mg) were sown into each pot and individually watered with 10 ml of tap water. twelve days after seeding, the pots were randoml ...201728146155
in vitro larvicidal effect of a hydroalcoholic extract from acacia cochliacantha leaf against ruminant parasitic nematodes.the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro lethal effect of a hydroalcoholic extract (hae) from acacia cochliacantha leaf against three gastrointestinal nematodes species (haemonchus contortus, h. placei and cooperia punctata) of domestic ruminants. the hae was assessed using five concentrations: 100, 125, 175, 150 and 200 mg/ml; 0.5% ivermectin was used as a positive control and distilled water, as negative control. the data were normalized using the square root and analysed with a comp ...201728389861
molecular and biochemical characterisation and recognition by the immune host of the enolase of the abomasal nematode parasite teladorsagia circumcincta.a 1299 bp full length cdna encoding teladorsagia circumcincta enolase (tecieno) was cloned, expressed in escherichia coli and the recombinant protein purified and its kinetic properties determined. helminth enolase sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree. the predicted protein consisted of 433 amino acids and was present as a single band of about 50 kda on sds-page. multiple alignments of the protein sequence of tecieno with homologues from other helminths showed 98% similarity with ...201727939767
benzimidazole resistance in the ovine haemonchus contortus from southern poland - coproscopical and molecular findings.anthelmintic resistance within nematodes has become a very common issue, however, the data about its occurrence in the gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in poland are very limited. this study was carried out in order to evaluate the presence of benzimidazole resistance in highly pathogenic haemonchus contortus by means of parasitological and molecular techniques. the research represents the first polish attempt to confirm the presence of a mutation at codon 200 of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene ...201727614477
unique contributions of an arginine side chain to ligand recognition in a glutamate-gated chloride channel.glutamate recognition by neurotransmitter receptors often relies on arg residues in the binding site, leading to the assumption that charge-charge interactions underlie ligand recognition. however, assessing the precise chemical contribution of arg side chains to protein function and pharmacology has proven to be exceedingly difficult in such large and complex proteins. using the in vivo nonsense suppression approach, we report the first successful incorporation of the isosteric, titratable arg ...201728096462
genome-wide snp analysis using 2b-rad sequencing identifies the candidate genes putatively associated with resistance to ivermectin in haemonchus contortus.the excessive and uncontrolled use of anthelmintics, e.g. ivermectin (ivm) for the treatment of livestock parasites has led to widespread resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes, such as haemonchus contortus. there is an urgent need for better management of drug-use in nematode control and development of novel anthelmintics. discovery and identification of anthelmintic resistance-associate molecules/markers can provide a basis for rational anthelmintics-use and development of novel drugs. recen ...201728095895
resistance to gastrointestinal parasite infection in djallonké sheep.gastrointestinal parasitism places serious constraints on small ruminant production. the situation has been exacerbated by development of drug resistance in many parasite populations, leading to interest in identification of animals with genetically mediated resistance or tolerance to nematode infections. this study assessed the response to natural infection with gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) in djallonké sheep during the rainy season in the sudan-guinea savannah region of burkina faso. haemo ...201728091356
pcr primers for straightforward differentiation of haemonchus contortus, haemonchus placei and their hybrids.haemonchus contortus and haemonchus placei are among the major parasites of small ruminants and cattle. although infection with these nematodes is host-specific, with h. placei predominating in cattle and h. contortus in sheep, cross-infections are observed in areas where both parasites are sympatric, and hybrid offspring can occur. therefore, a fast and precise method is required for differentiating the parasites. identification based on spicule morphometry is the most common technique for diff ...201728069083
serum-mediated haemonchus contortus larval aggregation differs by larval stage and is enhanced by complement.the objectives of this study were to measure haemonchus contortus larval aggregation by complement/antibody complexes, determine effect of breed resistance and infection status and determine the effect of larval maturation on larval aggregation in vitro. larval binding assays were performed on h. contortus l3, exsheathed l3 and l4 incubated with serum from either parasite naïve or h. contortus primed st. croix (resistant) and suffolk (susceptible) lambs. no differences in l3 aggregation were obs ...201728063162
genotypic and phenotypic evaluation for benzimidazole resistance or susceptibility in haemonchus contortus isolates.haemonchus contortus isolates were evaluated for benzimidazole (bz) resistance or susceptibility by allele-specific pcr based on β-tubulin isotype 1 gene polymorphisms at the f167y, e198a, and f200y sites. two isolates, one presumed susceptible from wild pronghorn antelope (ph) and one known to be resistant from goats (vm), were also assayed phenotypically for bz resistance or susceptibility in the larval development assay (drenchrite®). the bz ec50 was 0.198 μm (intermediate between susceptible ...201728032300
supplementation with copper edetate in control of haemonchus contortus of sheep, and its effect on cholinesterase's and superoxide dismutase activities.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper edetate on biochemical parameters, oxidative profile, cholinesterase's activities, as well as its capacity to control gastrointestinal parasites in infected sheep. thus, lacaune sheep (n = 18) infected by haemonchus contortus were used and divided into three groups of six animal each: the group a was composed of untreated animals (the control group), the group b was formed by animals treated with 0.3 mg/kg of copper edetate, and the grou ...201728007539
in vitro and in vivo studies of the native isolates of nematophagous fungi from china against the larvae of trichostrongylides.to screen potential nematophagous fungi candidates for the biological control of parasitic nematodes in livestock, in vitro and in vivo studies of the native isolates of nematophagous fungi against the larvae of trichostrongylides were conducted. the in vitro predatory activity of 16 native nematophagous fungal isolates on the larvae of trichostrongylides in sheep feces was assessed. in the ten isolates of duddingtonia flagrans, the reduction percentage for the infective larvae (l3) of trichostr ...201727995638
gene silencing of dim-1, a member of the disorganized muscle family, in haemonchus contortus.rna interference has been widely used in parasites. in haemonchus contortus, reproducible silencing has been reported; however, in this species an altered phenotype has been observed for only a few genes silenced by rna interference. the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of silencing dim-1, a member of the disorganized muscle family on third stage larvae (l3) of h. contortus. effective silencing of dim-1 in l3 led to reduced l3 migration and slowed larval development from l3 to early l ...201727984072
can haemonchus placei-primary infected naïve lambs withstand haemonchus contortus infections?an experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating whether a 5000 l3 larvae haemonchus placei primary infection, a less pathogenic parasite species for sheep, could attenuate highly pathogenic haemonchus contortus infections in lambs. thirty nine 6-month-old lambs were divided in three primary-infection groups: (hcpi) h. contortus-primary infected lambs, (hppi) h. placei-primary infected lambs, and (ctrl) non-infected control lambs. later, these same individuals, then aged 10-month old ...201728391070
cytokine and antioxidant gene profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of pelibuey lambs after haemonchus contortus infection.the expression profiles of cytokines and anti-oxidant genes were determined from an experimental infection with h. contortus in pelibuey lambs. the infection was followed for 34 days (d) to determine the number of eggs per gram (epg) and the packed cell volume (pcv). differential white cell counts and expression profile estimations of il2, il4, il5, il6, il8, il10, il13, fcεr1a, gpx and sod1 were determined at 0 h, 4 h, 2 d and 14 d post-infection (pi) in infected and control groups. comparison ...201728345265
genotyping of benzimidazole resistant and susceptible isolates of haemonchus contortus from sheep by allele specific pcr.extensive and indiscriminate use of the benzimidazole class of drugs has led to the onset of anthelmintic resistance. in tropical countries like india, haemonchus contortus is the most pathogenic parasite infecting sheep and goats. the widespread presence of resistant helminths (especially h. contortus) threatens the livestock farming. the use of various drugs has led to single nucleotide polymorphism that causes specific amino acid substitutions in β-tubulin protein of h. contortus to confer re ...201728316426
anthelmintic activity of plant extracts from brazilian savanna.helminth infections represent a serious problem for the production of small ruminants that is currently aggravated by resistance to anthelmintic products and has induced a search for control alternatives, such as natural products. in this study, extracts of turnera ulmifolia l. (leaves and roots), parkia platycephala benth. (leaves and seeds) and dimorphandra gardneriana tul. (leaves and bark), which have been cited in ethnoveterinary studies and selected naturally by goats in the cerrado (brazi ...201728288755
the in vitro anthelmintic properties of browse plant species against haemonchus contortus is determined by the polyphenol content and composition.the aims of the present study were to (a) evaluate the anthelmintic activity of 10 east african browse plant extracts, (b) examine their role in inhibition of haemonchus contortus larval exsheathment, (c) establish relationship between inhibition of larval exsheathment and browse plant extract polyphenol composition. acetone/water (70/30%) extracts of air dried leaves of acacia etbaica, cadaba farinosa, capparis tomentosa, dichrostachys cinerea, dodonaea angustifolia, euclea racemosa, maerua ang ...201728262394
exploration of interaction zones of β-tubulin colchicine binding domain of helminths and binding mechanism of anthelmintics.numerous studies postulated the possible modes of anthelmintic activity by targeting alternate or extended regions of colchicine binding domain of helminth β-tubulin. we present three interaction zones (zones vide -1 to -3) in the colchicine binding domain of haemonchus contortus (a helminth) β-tubulin homology model and developed zone-wise structure-based pharmacophore models coupled with molecular docking technique to unveil the binding hypotheses. the resulted ten structure-based hypotheses w ...201728259774
exploring the microbial community (microflora) associated with ovine haemonchus contortus (macroflora) field strains.high-throughput sequencing technology has shown tremendous promise for microbial community composition and diversity. illumina miseq platform was exploited to study the microbial community associated with the different stages of the life-cycle of ovine haemonchus contortus field strains using two distinct amplification primer sets (targeting v3-v4, and v5-v7). scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction coupled with illumina miseq platform were employed to confirm the absence of a ...201728250429
the effect of ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells on haemonchus contortus larval morbidity in vitro.the objective of this study was to determine the effects of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), derived from parasite-resistant st. croix (stc) hair sheep and parasite-susceptible suffolk (suf) sheep, on haemonchus contortus l3 stage larval death in vitro, with or without autologous serum. larval morbidity was quantified by measuring larval atp concentration following incubation with pbmc. larvae exposed to either stc- or suf-derived pbmc had lower atp than live larvae (0.12 μmol/l atp an ...201728239871
modulation of haemonchus contortus infection by depletion of γδ(+) t cells in parasite resistant canaria hair breed sheep.canaria hair breed (chb) sheep display resistance against the adult stage of the nematode, haemonchus contortus. previous studies have suggested significant correlations between γδ(+) t lymphocytes and fecundity of female adult worms, suggesting a novel role in immune modulation by these cells. the largest proportion of γδ(+) t lymphocytes in sheep are the subpopulation of γδ(+)/wc1(+) t cells. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of γδ(+)⁄wc1(+) t cell depletion via infusion of anti ...201728238472
characterization and function analysis of a novel gene, hc-maoc-1, in the parasitic nematode haemonochus contortus.enoyl-coa hydratase (maoc) is required for the biosynthesis of the fatty acid-derive side chains of the ascaroside via peroxisome β-oxidation in the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans. the derivative of dideoxy-sugar, ascarylose is used as dauer pheromones or daumones to induce development of the stress-resistant dauer larvae stage.201728166831
control of haemonchus contortus in sheep using basidiocarps of agaricus blazei murril.this study evaluated the effects in vitro and in vivo of agaricus blazei against haemonchus contortus in sheep.201728144765
antigenic cross-reactivity among haemonchus contortus, oesophagostomum columbianum and trichuris ovis of goat.cross antigenicity is the major problem in developing a reliable tool for immunodiagnosis and immunoprophylaxis of parasitic diseases. mixed infection due to different types of gastrointestinal parasites is more common than single species infection under field condition.201728127366
development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for the detection of haemonchus contortus in goat fecal samples.haemonchus contortus is one of the most significant strongylid nematodes infecting small ruminants and causes great economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. accurate diagnosis of h. contortus is crucial to control the infection. traditional microscopic examinations are the most common methods for the diagnosis of h. contortus, but they are time-consuming and inaccurate. molecular methods based on pcr are more accurate, but need expensive machines usually only used in the laboratory. ...201728098507
gastrointestinal parasitism of goats in hilly region of meghalaya, india.the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (gi) parasitic infections in goats of hilly region of meghalaya.201728246451
acquired resistance to monepantel in c. elegans: what about parasitic nematodes?in 2008, novartis animal health developed a new class of anthelmintics, the amino-acetonitrile derivatives (aad) of which monepantel is the most prominent compound. monepantel was designed for the treatment of sheep against the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus. because monepantel acts through a different mechanism, it is effective against nematodes that have acquired resistance to long-standing anthelmintics. in order to benefit from a maximum lifespan and efficacy of this new compound, t ...201726430545
differentiation of haemonchus placei from haemonchus contortus by pcr and by morphometrics of adult parasites and third stage larvae.molecular and morphological methods were evaluated to distinguish between haemonchus contortus and haemonchus placei species. a total of 141 h. contortus and 89 h. placei male adult specimens collected from artificially infected lambs were identified individually by pcr analysis, using a species-specific primer pair. these pcr results were used as gold standard for haemonchus spp. identification. haemonchus placei presented higher mean spicule and barb lengths than h. contortus (p<0.05). however ...201725517528
screening of the 'open scaffolds' collection from compounds australia identifies a new chemical entity with anthelmintic activities against different developmental stages of the barber's pole worm and other parasitic nematodes.the discovery and development of novel anthelmintic classes is essential to sustain the control of socioeconomically important parasitic worms of humans and animals. with the aim of offering novel, lead-like scaffolds for drug discovery, compounds australia released the 'open scaffolds' collection containing 33,999 compounds, with extensive information available on the physicochemical properties of these chemicals. in the present study, we screened 14,464 prioritised compounds from the 'open sca ...201728732272
in vitro predatory activity of arthrobotrys oligospora and after passing through gastrointestinal tract of small ruminants on infective larvae of trichostrongylides.in vitro predatory activity of 157 native isolates of arthrobotrys oligospora from china on larvae of trichostrongylides (trichostrongylus colubriformis and haemonchus contortus) in feces of sheep were assessed. the results showed that 135 of tested isolates of a. oligospora reduced the development of trichostrongylide larvae in feces by 90-99.99%, 11 isolates by 80-89.46% and 11 isolates by 14.58-78.82%. to understand their capacity of passing through gastrointestinal tract of sheep, 50 native ...201728456693
characterization of a novel aspartyl protease inhibitor from haemonchus contortus.aspartyl protease inhibitor (api) was thought to protect intestinal parasitic nematodes from their hostile proteolytic environment. studies on ostertagia ostertagi, ascaris suum and brugia malayi indicated that aspins might play roles in nematode infection. in a recent study, proteins differentially expressed between free-living third-stage larvae (l3) and activated l3 (xl3) of haemonchus contortus were identified by 2d-dige. api was found downregulated in xl3 when compared with l3. however, the ...201728420411
evaluation of anthelmintic antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of chenopodium album.the objective of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of chenopodium album against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and some pathogenic microbes. a worm motility inhibition assay was used for in vitro study, and a faecal egg count reduction assay was used for an in vivo study. various concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 μg/ml of the extract were subjected to antimicrobial screening by disc diffusion method against four selected bacterial (st ...201728735356
eprinomectin pour-on (eprinex® pour-on, merial): efficacy against gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes and pharmacokinetics in sheep.the anthelmintic efficacy of the 0.5% w/v topical formulation of eprinomectin (epn), eprinex® pour-on (merial) when administered at 1 mg/kg body weight was evaluated in sheep in two dose confirmation laboratory studies and one multicenter field study. in addition, the pharmacokinetics of epn when administered at that dosage to adult sheep was determined.201728558828
molecular and biochemical characterisation and recognition by the immune host of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) of the abomasal nematode parasite teladorsagia circumcincta.a 1023 bp full length cdna encoding teladorsagia circumcincta gapdh (tecigapdh) was cloned, expressed in escherichia coli and the recombinant protein purified and its kinetic properties determined. a phylogenetic tree was constructed using helminth gapdh sequences. the predicted protein consisted of 341 amino acids and was present as a single band of about 38 kda on sds-page. multiple alignments of the protein sequence of tecigapdh with homologues from other helminths showed that the greatest si ...201728757123
development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip based on hsp70 for the rapid detection of echinococcus granulosus in sheep.echinococcus granulosus is the causative pathogen of cystic echinococcosis, a serious disease endangering human and animal health. in this study, an immunochromatographic strip was developed based on the recombinant protein heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) for the serological detection of e. granulosus. the protocol completes within 20min requiring no specialized equipment or chemical reagents, while specificity tests confirmed no cross-reactivity with positive serum of fasciola hepatica, haemonchu ...201728576342
arginine kinase from haemonchus contortus decreased the proliferation and increased the apoptosis of goat pbmcs in vitro.arginine kinase (ak), an important member of phosphagen kinase family has been extensively studied in various vertebrates and invertebrates. immunologically, aks are important constituents of different body parts, involved in various biological and cellular functions, and considered as immune-modulator and effector for pro-inflammatory cytokines. however, immunoregulatory changes of host cells triggered by ak protein of haemonchus contortus, a parasitic nematode of ruminants, are still unknown. ...201728651566
molecular identification of mecistocirrus digitatus and toxocara vitulorum in the mithun (bos frontalis) from north-east india.mecistocirrus digitatus and toxocara vitulorum are common pathogenic nematode parasites of mithun (bos frontalis). species identification by morphological features was confirmed by molecular identification of m. digitatus and t. vitulorum. the internal transcribed spacer-2 (its-2) region and beta tubulin gene of m. digitatus were polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplified and sequenced. its-2 sequence analysis showed 100% homology with other isolates of m. digitatus and 83% identity with haemonch ...201728848270
evaluation of different haemonchus contortus antigens for diagnosis of sheep haemonchosis by elisa and their cross reactivity with other helminthes.haemonchus contortus (h. contortus) remains important nematode that infecting sheep all over the world. truthful diagnosis of haemonchosis needs reliable enzyme linked immune sorbent assay test as well as the immuno-reactive protein profile of different prepared h. contortus antigens; larval (l), excretory secretory product (esp) and adult somatic h. contortus (as). the current study fulfilled that l antigen is the talented antigen for such serological diagnosis. immunodominant band at molecular ...201728848258
effects of commonly used chemical fertilizers on development of free-living stages of haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected pasture.the effects of n-p-k fertilizers in the form of urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash on development of free-living stages of haemonchus contortus were studied.201728831219
evaluation of crude larval protein and recombinant somatic protein 26/23 (rhcp26/23) immunization against haemonchuscontortus in sheep.the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential possibility of crude larval and recombinant (rhcp26/23) antigens of haemonchus contortus for immunization to control sheep hemonchosis.201728831218
validation of the famacha© system in south american camelids.haemonchus contortus resistant to multiple anthelmintics threaten the viability of the small ruminant industry in areas where this parasite is prevalent. in response to this situation, the famacha© system was developed and validated for use with small ruminants as a way to detect clinical anemia associated with haemonchosis. given that h. contortus and multiple anthelmintic resistance is a similar problem in camelids, the famacha© system might also provide the same benefits. to address this need ...201728807317
synergistic interaction of ten essential oils against haemonchus contortus in vitro.anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes is a worldwide problem. multi-drug resistant haemonchosis is the most serious impediment for small ruminant systems, and there are no new drug candidates currently under development. molecules from natural sources have demonstrated anthelmintic activity against parasites. in this work, the monoterpenoids carvacrol, carvone, cineole, linalool, limonene, and thymol and the phenylpropanoids cinnamaldehyde, anethole, vanillin, and eugenol w ...201728807309
a candidate recombinant antigen for diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in domestic animals.domestic animals infected with schistosoma japonicum are a major source of infection and play an important role in transmission to humans. a key strategy for the elimination of schistosomiasis is to control the sources of infection. in the present study, we identified a candidate diagnostic antigen-encoding gene, sjmrp1, the putative multidrug resistance protein 1 gene, by screening a cdna phage display library from 44-day-old s. japonicum worms using iggs from goat, cattle, and buffalo infected ...201728807301
age of haemonchus contortus third stage infective larvae is a factor influencing the in vitro assessment of anthelmintic properties of tannin containing plant extracts.the larval exsheathment inhibition assay (leia) of infective larvae (l3) is an in vitro method used to evaluate the anthelmintic (ah) activity of tannin-containing plant extracts against different species of gastrointestinal nematodes, including haemonchus contortus. some conditions remain to be defined in order to standardize the leia, i.e. the optimal age of larvae produced from donor animals to use in the assays. therefore, this study aimed at identifying the effect of age and age-related vit ...201728807282
recombinant miro domain-containing protein of haemonchus contortus (rmiro-1) activates goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro.in our previous proteomics study, we identified miro domain-containing protein (miro-1), an excretory and secretory product of the pole worm, haemonchus contortus, binds to goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in vivo. however, our understanding of the role of miro-1and its potential immune impact on goat pbmcs is limited. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of miro-1 on functions of goat pbmcs in vitro. recombinant protein (rmiro-1) was expressed in a prokaryote ...201728807275
the edible mushroom pleurotus djamor produces metabolites with lethal activity against the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus.pleurotus djamor is an edible mushroom that has medicinal properties. this study aimed to assess the in vitro activity of p. djamor extracts and fractions against haemonchus contortus eggs and exsheathed infective larvae (l3). crude hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained by maceration and fractions were obtained through chromatography. metabolite identity was determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc-ms) analysis. the results showed that p. djamor extracts had no significant activ ...201728767008
[anthelmintic resistance in ruminants: development, diagnostics, and procedures].anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants, but also in cattle and horses, is now found worldwide. the reason for increasing anthelmintic resistance is, in particular, the extensive use of all the anthelmintic agents available on the market. a non-targeted use leads to the selection of naturally occurring resistance genes within parasite populations. the most practical method for evaluating the efficacy of an anthelmintic is the fecal egg-count reduction test. to re ...201728765867
pilot study: pharmacokinetics of oral and topical moxidectin in the reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis).the objective of this study was to obtain an estimate of the pharmacokinetic parameters of moxidectin administered at a dosage of 1 mg/kg orally and topically to healthy adult giraffe ( giraffa camelopardalis ). the maximum plasma concentration (cmax) of moxidectin after oral and topical administration was 69.2 ± 4.6 and 18.6 ± 16.1 ng/ml (p = 0.045), respectively. the areas under the plasma curve (auc), a measure of total drug exposure, was 532.0 ± 232.3 and 209.1 ± 180.0 day*ng/ml (p = 0.308) ...201728749301
physio-biochemical parameters: a potential tool for target-selective treatment of haemonchosis in the small ruminants.this study aims to evaluate the conjunctiva colour-based famacha score (fs) coupled with a body condition score (bcs), haemogram and stressor hormone level estimation, in identifying post-mortem (pm)/coproscopically proven individuals wanting therapy for economically important gastrointestinal (gi) helminths, haemonchus contortus, in the small ruminants. the incidence of haemonchosis was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (60.81%) in the ruminants with fs = 3. the h. contortus count in the animals ...201728717850
an assessment of benzimidazole resistance against caprine nematodes in central india.current status of resistance to benzimidazole (bz) group of anthelmintic drugs against caprine nematodes in central india at amanala goat farm, jabalpur, madhya pradesh (m. p.), was systematically investigated using faecal egg count reduction (fecr) test and egg hatch test (eht). besides, allele-specific pcr (as-pcr) was deployed to ascertain the susceptible genotype (alleles) especially of the haemonchus contortus. randomly selected 30 goats, irrespective of age and sex, were divided into three ...201728717849
deguelin exerts potent nematocidal activity via the mitochondrial respiratory chain.as a result of limited classes of anthelmintics and an over-reliance on chemical control, there is a great need to discover new compounds to combat drug resistance in parasitic nematodes. here, we show that deguelin, a plant-derived rotenoid, selectively and potently inhibits the motility and development of nematodes, which supports its potential as a lead candidate for drug development. furthermore, we demonstrate that deguelin treatment significantly increases gene transcription that is associ ...201728687609
screening of the 'stasis box' identifies two kinase inhibitors under pharmaceutical development with activity against haemonchus contortus.in partnership with the medicines for malaria venture (mmv), we screened a collection ('stasis box') of 400 compounds (which have been in clinical development but have not been approved for illnesses other than neglected infectious diseases) for inhibitory activity against haemonchus contortus, in order to attempt to repurpose some of the compounds to parasitic nematodes.201728679424
immunodiagnosis of haemonchus contortus infection in sheep by counter immuno-electrophoresis using somatic antigen.the present study was undertaken for the immuno-diagnosis of haemonchus contortus infection in sheep by counter immuno-electrophoresis (ciep) using crude somatic antigen. adult worms of h. contortus were found in 57 out of 100 abomasums screened. a total of 250 serum samples which includes, 100 serum from local abattoir in and around shimoga region from the sheep from which the abomasums were collected for h. contortus worms and 150 serum from the migratory sheep were collected to detect the cir ...201728615838
in vitro larvicidal and in vivo anthelmintic effects of oxalis tetraphylla (oxalidaceae) hydroalcoholic extract against haemonchus contortus in lambs.the in vitro larvicidal and in vivo anthelmintic effects of oxalis tetraphylla hydroalcoholic extract (he), against haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected lambs, were assessed. we used a microtitration plate method, comprising the following two stages. stage 1: 20 μl of water containing 200 sheathed h. contortus infective larvae (shhcl) were deposited in every well of three series; then, the series 2 and 3 wells were treated with 80 μl 1% ivermectin and o. tetraphylla he at 20 mg/ml, re ...201728595672
broad spectrum anthelmintic resistance of haemonchus contortus in northern nsw of australia.on a sheep farm in northern new south wales (nsw) of australia a degree of anthelmintic resistance was suspected. with noticeable clinical signs of infection and sheep not responding to treatment, a faecal egg count reduction test was conducted to ascertain the broad spectrum of anthelmintic resistance at this farm. a number of classes of anthelmintics were assessed including organophosphate, macrocyclic lactone (ml) and in combination an ml, benzimidazole, levamisole and salicylanilide. in addi ...201728579030
pharmacokinetics and anthelmintic efficacy of injectable eprinomectin in goats.the objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics and the anthelmintic efficacy of eprinomectin (eprecis(®) 20mg/ml) following subcutaneous administration to goats. forty non-lactating female alpine goats aged between one and three years and weighing between 32.7 and 59.5kg, were randomly allocated to one of the following groups (8 animals per group): two groups were not infected and were treated at a dose of either 0.2 or 0.4mg/kg bw of eprinomectin, two groups were experimentally ...201728579029
in vitro assessment of argemone mexicana, taraxacum officinale, ruta chalepensis and tagetes filifolia against haemonchus contortus nematode eggs and infective (l3) larvae.argemone mexicana, taraxacum officinale, ruta chalepensis and tagetes filifolia are plants with deworming potential. the purpose of this study was to evaluate methanolic extracts of aerial parts of these plants against haemonchus contortus eggs and infective larvae (l3) and identify compounds responsible for the anthelmintic activity. in vitro probes were performed to identify the anthelmintic activity of plant extracts: egg hatching inhibition (ehi) and larvae mortality. open column chromatogra ...201728578091
susceptibility of ten haemonchus contortus isolates from different geographical origins towards acetone:water extracts of polyphenol-rich plants. part 2: infective l3 larvae.this study explored the variation in susceptibility to acetone:water plant extracts between infective larvae (l3) of ten haemonchus contortus isolates from different geographical origin. the l3 of 10 different isolates were exposed either to the acetone:water extract of a temperate plant (onobrychis viciifolia) or a tropical plant (acacia pennatula) and were evaluated with the larval exsheathment inhibition assay (leia). the l3 of each isolate were incubated with different concentrations of each ...201728576338
assessing the anthelmintic activity of pyrazole-5-carboxamide derivatives against haemonchus contortus.in this study, we tested five series of pyrazole-5-carboxamide compounds (n = 55) for activity against parasitic stages of the nematode haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm), one of the most pathogenic parasites of ruminants.201728569174
early and late gene expression profiles of the ovine mucosa in response to haemonchus contortus infection employing illumina rna-seq technology.we conducted herein transcriptome sequencing of the ovine abomasal tissues using the illumina hiseq 4000 platform to segregate early and late h. contortus-infected sheep (7 and 50days post-infected groups, respectively) from the control naive ones. a total of 548, 357 and 7 were substantially induced genes in 7days post-infection versus uninfected-control group, 50days post-infection versus 7days post-infection (7dpi), and 50days post-infection (50dpi) versus uninfected-control group, respective ...201728552633
mutations in the hco-mptl-1 gene in a field-derived monepantel-resistant isolate of haemonchus contortus.resistance to the anthelmintic drug monepantel (zolvix(®)) has emerged in parasitic worms infecting sheep and goats. the mechanism of resistance in these cases is unknown. the drug targets nicotinic acetylcholine receptors belonging to the nematode-specific deg-3 subfamily. we examined the receptor gene, hco-mptl-1, in a highly zolvix(®)-resistant and a -susceptible isolate of the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus. cdna coding for the full length receptor protein (hco-mptl-1) was present i ...201728501715
phenotypic expression of parasite susceptibility to haemonchus contortus in pelibuey sheep.the objective of this study was to determine if the mean faecal egg count (fec) from a first experimental haemonchus contortus infection could be used to classify parasite-naïve pelibuey hair sheep as parasite-resistant high responders and parasite-susceptible low responders. twenty 6- to 7-month-old pelibuey male sheep raised free of gastrointestinal nematodes were challenged with 7500±1412 h. contortus l3 larvae administrated orally on day 0 of the study. faecal samples from each lamb were obt ...201728495198
effect of creep-fed supplement on the susceptibility of pasture-grazed suckling lambs to gastrointestinal helminths.this study evaluated the effect of creep feeding a protein supplement on the susceptibility of suckling lambs to infection with gastrointestinal helminths. male and female lambs were grazed on brachiaria spp. pastures next to their mothers. animals were allocated to one of two treatments: creep feeding (261g/d) and control (no supplementation). the trial period was the suckling of lambs during two years of study: may-october 2013 and march-july 2014. supplementary creep feeding of lambs improved ...201728495192
modulation of goat monocyte function by hccyst-2, a secreted cystatin from haemonchus contortus.modulation and suppression of the host immune response by nematode parasites have been reported extensively and the cysteine protease inhibitor (cystatin) is identified as one of the major immunomodulator. in the present study, we cloned and produced recombinant cystatin protein from nematode parasite haemonchus contortus (rhccyst-2) and investigated its immunomodulatory effects on goat monocyte. rhccyst-2 protein is biologically functional as shown by its ability to inhibit the protease activit ...201728484087
anthelmintic activity of tunisian chamomile (matricaria recutita l.) against haemonchus contortus.the chemical treatment of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases has been undermined by increasing resistance and high toxicity. there is an urgent need to search for alternative natural sources for the treatment of such parasites. in this respect, the present study aims to quantify phenolic compounds of chamomile (matricaria recutita l.) and to study their in vitro anti-oxidant and anthelmintic activities in solvents with increasing polarity. in vitro determination of anti-oxidant capacity was car ...201728480837
anthelmintic effects of dried ground banana plant leaves (musa spp.) fed to sheep artificially infected with haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus colubriformis.helminths is a endoparasites that cause the major losses for profitable sheep production in brazil. the increased development of resistant strains of endoparasites have enforced the search for sustainable alternatives. the aim of this paper was to provide information about endoparasites control with banana leaves in infected sheep as alternative control strategies and see its viability.201728480391
a new thioredoxin reductase with additional glutathione reductase activity in haemonchus contortus.we report, herein, the purification to homogeneity and the biochemical and kinetic characterization of hctrxr3, a new isoform of thioredoxin reductase (trxr) from haemonchus contortus. hctrxr3 was found to have a relative molecular weight of 134,000, while the corresponding value per subunit obtained under denaturing conditions, was of 67,000. by peptide mass spectrophotometric analysis, hctrxr3 was determined to have 99% identity with the h. contortus hctrxr1 although, and most importantly, the ...201728456691
meta-analysis of the parasitic phase traits of haemonchus contortus infection in sheep.the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus shows highly variable life history traits. this highlights the need to have an average estimate and a quantification of the variation around it to calibrate epidemiological models.201728438225
effects of polyphenol removal methods on the in vitro exsheathment inhibitory activity of lysiloma latisiliquum extracts against haemonchus contortus larvae.it has been suggested that the anthelmintic (ah) activity of tannin-rich forages is related to their tannin content. however, reports on tropical fodders such as lysiloma latisiliquum describe the same ah activity after the addition of tannin-blocking agents, suggesting that the activity either depends on the method of tannin blocking/removal or is due to other type of secondary metabolites. this study compared both the effect of the drying process of the plant material and the effect of differe ...201728438033
caffeoyl and coumaroyl derivatives from acacia cochliacantha exhibit ovicidal activity against haemonchus contortus.acacia cochliacantha is a small tree whose foliage is traditionally used in mexico for treatment of kidney pain, gastrointestinal illnesses and to kill intestinal parasites. in recent decades, the study of vegetal extracts has offered other possible alternatives for the control of haemonchus contortus. considering that this nematode affects dramatically the health and productivity of small ruminants, the aim of this study was to identify the anthelmintic compounds from a. cochliacantha hydro-alc ...201728414046
nested-pcr assay for detection of schistosoma japonicum infection in domestic animals.schistosomiasis japonica is a common zoonosis. domestic animals are the primary source of infection and play an important role in disease transmission. the prevalence and infectivity of this disease in domestic animals in china have significantly decreased and, for this reason, diagnostics with a higher sensitivity have become increasingly necessary. it was reported that polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based methods could be used to detect schistosome infection in humans and animals and presente ...201728407808
characterization of a secreted macrophage migration inhibitory factor homologue of the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus acting at the parasite-host cell interface.modulation and suppression of the immune response of the host by nematode parasites have been reported extensively and the migration inhibitory factor (mif) is identified as one of the major immunomodulator. in the present study, we cloned and produced recombinant mif protein from the small ruminant's nematode parasite haemonchus contortus (rhcmif-1), and investigated its immunomodulatory effects on goat monocyte. enzymatic assays indicated that rhcmif-1 possessed tautomerase activity. immunohis ...201728402951
[diversity of the rdna its haplotypes of the nematodes haemonchus contortus (trichostrongyloidea, rhabditida) of the same host].specimens sampled in central mongolia have been examined for the intraspecific polymorphism of the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacers (its-1 + 5.8s + its-2) of the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus. a considerable diversity of haplotypes differing in the nucleotide composition of this dna region has been observed. the phylogenetic relationships between the haplotypes detected in central mongolia and the corresponding sequences from other parts of the nematod ...201623662461
target selected treatment with levamisole to control the development of anthelmintic resistance in a sheep flock.levamisole phosphate, chosen based on its 100 % efficacy demonstrated by a previous fecal egg count reduction test (fecrt), was used as the exclusive anthelmintic treatment in the embrapa southeast livestock sheep flock from 2009 to 2014 in a target selected treatment scheme. in the present study, the effectiveness of this nematode control scheme was evaluated after 5 years by fecrt, larval development test (ldt), and a molecular test to assess the development of levamisole resistance in haemonc ...201626614360
the complement of family m1 aminopeptidases of haemonchus contortus--biotechnological implications.although substantial research has been focused on the 'hidden antigen' h11 of haemonchus contortus as a vaccine against haemonchosis in small ruminants, little is know about this and related aminopeptidases. in the present article, we reviewed genomic and transcriptomic data sets to define, for the first time, the complement of aminopeptidases (designated hc-ap-1 to hc-ap-13) of the family m1 with homologues in caenorhabditis elegans, characterised by zinc-binding (hexxh) and exo-peptidase (game ...201626597954
a perspective on genomic-guided anthelmintic discovery and repurposing using haemonchus contortus.high-throughput molecular and computer technologies have become instrumental for systems biological explorations of parasites. investigating the genomes and transcriptomes of different developmental stages of parasitic nematodes can provide insights into gene expression, regulation and function in the parasite, which is a significant step toward understanding their biology as well as host interactions and disease. this article covers aspects of a talk given at the meegid xii conference in thaila ...201626144657
in vitro activity of essential oils of free and nanostructured melaleuca alternifolia and of terpinen-4-ol on eggs and larvae of haemonchus contortus.haemonchus contortus is one of the major gastrointestinal nematodes responsible for significant economic and production losses of sheep. diseases caused by this species lack effective anthelmintic products, and the search for new compounds to replace synthetic anthelmintics has been extensive. the present investigation assesses the in vitro activity of the essential oil of melaleuca (melaleuca alternifolia), both free (tto) and nanostructured (nanotto), and terpinen-4-ol (terp-4-ol) on eggs and ...201626096177
comparison of biotransformation and efficacy of aminoacetonitrile anthelmintics in vitro.the present in vitro study was designed to test and compare anthelmintic activity, hepatotoxicity, and biotransformation of four selected aminoacetonitrile derivatives (aads): monepantel (mop, anthelmintic approved for the treatment), aad-970, aad-1154, and aad-1336. micro-agar larval development test, mtt test of cytotoxicity, and biotransformation study coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (uhplc-ms/ms) technique were used for this purpose. larvae ...201625922167
gastrointestinal nematode larvae in the grazing land of cattle in guwahati, assam.to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode larvae (l3) in the grazing land of cattle in guwahati, kamrup district, assam.201628096603
chemical structures of plant hydrolyzable tannins reveal their in vitro activity against egg hatching and motility of haemonchus contortus nematodes.the use of synthetic drugs against gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants has led to a situation where resistance to anthelmintics is widespread, and there is an urgent need for alternative solutions for parasite control. one promising approach is to use polyphenol-rich bioactive plants in animal feeds as natural anthelmintics. in the present work, the in vitro activity of a series of 33 hydrolyzable tannins (hts) and their hydrolysis product, gallic acid, against egg hatching and motility of l ...201626807485
identification of differentially expressed proteins between free-living and activated third-stage larvae of haemonchus contortus.the disease caused by haemonchus contortus, a blood-feeding nematode of small ruminants, is of major economic importance worldwide. the infective third-stage larva (l3) of this nematode is enclosed in a second cuticle. once the l3 is ingested by the host, the outer cuticle undergoes an exsheathment process that marks the transition from the free-living stage to the parasitic stage. this study explored the changes in protein expression relative to this transition. proteins extracted from free liv ...201626790740
examination of commercially available copper oxide wire particles in combination with albendazole for control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs.control of gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) remains a critical issue due to the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance. the objective of the experiment was to determine the efficacy of copper oxide wire particles (cowp) from three commercial sources and a combination of cowp and albendazole to control gin and/or haemonchus contortus in lambs. naturally infected katahdin lambs in early june 2014 and 2015 were randomly assigned to receive no cowp (con; n=9 and 12) or 2g cowp in a gel capsule as cop ...201626790729
effect of selective anthelmintic treatments on health and production parameters in pelibuey ewes during lactation.a study was conducted from december to april 2013, with the aim of evaluating a system of selective antiparasitic treatments using the famacha© color chart compared with a conventional suppressive deworming system every 30 days in pelibuey ewes during lactation. for the study, 54 ewes were used. they were randomly divided into two groups: famacha and chemical treatments. the ewes in the first group received selective treatment depending on the ocular mucosa coloration (famacha) and body conditio ...201626563269
climate-driven changes to the spatio-temporal distribution of the parasitic nematode, haemonchus contortus, in sheep in europe.recent climate change has resulted in changes to the phenology and distribution of invertebrates worldwide. where invertebrates are associated with disease, climate variability and changes in climate may also affect the spatio-temporal dynamics of disease. due to its significant impact on sheep production and welfare, the recent increase in diagnoses of ovine haemonchosis caused by the nematode haemonchus contortus in some temperate regions is particularly concerning. this study is the first to ...201626482823
piper aduncum against haemonchus contortus isolates: cross resistance and the research of natural bioactive compounds.the anthelminthic activity of the essential oil (eo) of piper aduncum l. was tested in vitro on eggs and larvae of resistant (embrapa2010) and susceptible (mcmaster) isolates of haemonchus contortus. the eo was obtained by steam distillation and its components identified by chromatography. eo concentrations of 12.5 to 0.02 mg/ml were used in the egg hatch test (eht) and concentrations of 3.12 to 0.01 mg/ml in the larval development test (ldt). inhibition concentrations (ic) were determined by th ...201627925067
climate influences assemblages of abomasal nematodes of sheep on steppe pastures in the east of algeria.it is a common view that assemblages of parasitic nematodes are influenced by climatic conditions; however, there are only a few articles available regarding those that infect farm animals. we investigated the relationship between climate variables and infection with abomasal trichostrongyles in 335 1-year-old rams grazed on steppe pastures in eastern algeria. abomasa were collected from 12 local slaughterhouses located in four climatic areas (from humid to arid) and the worms extracted, identif ...201627905269
polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based amplification of hmcp3 and hmcp6 cysteine protease genes of haemonchus contortus from small ruminants.haemonchus contortus is a haematophagous nematode in small ruminants population and causes anaemia, weakness and mortality especially in young animals. in the present study, hmcp3 partial gene of 836 bp and hmcp6 full length gene of 1041 bp were amplified from the cdna of bareilly isolate of adult male h. contortus by polymerase chain reaction. further gene characterization and expression studies are warranted to know the immunoprophylactic potential of hmcp3 and hmcp6 proteins of h. contortus.201627876938
consumption of nutritional pellets with duddingtonia flagrans fungal chlamydospores reduces infective nematode larvae of haemonchus contortus in faeces of saint croix lambs.two groups of six haemonchus contortus infected saint croix lambs each received different diets for 11 weeks: control group, commercial food, molasses and lucerne hay; and treated group, nutritional pellets (nps) containing duddingtonia flagrans at 2 × 106 chlamydospores/kg body weight (bw), sorghum and lucerne hay. mean bw gain (bwg), body condition score (bcs) and packed cell volume (pcv) and also eggs/g of faeces (epg) and recovered l3 were compared using a repeated measures across time model ...201627866480
population structure of haemonchus contortus from seven geographical regions in china, determined on the basis of microsatellite markers.studying genetic variation within and among haemonchus contortus populations can inform some aspects of this parasite's population genetics and epidemiology. however, almost nothing is known about such variation in china.201627846862
an elaborated sir model for haemonchosis in sheep in south africa under a targeted selective anthelmintic treatment regime.infection with the abomasal nematode haemonchus contortus is responsible for considerable production loss in small ruminants globally, and especially in warm, summer-rainfall regions. previous attempts to predict infection levels have followed the traditional framework for macroparasite models, i.e. tracking parasite population sizes as a function of host and climatic factors. targeted treatment strategies, in which patho-physiological indices are used to identify the individuals most affected b ...201627836039
single vs. double dose of copper oxide wire particles (cowp) for treatment of anthelmintic resistant haemonchus contortus in weanling lambs.haemonchus contortus parasitism is a major disease of sheep, with these parasites frequently demonstrating multi-drug class anthelmintic resistance. copper oxide wire particles (cowp) have shown potential as adjuncts or alternatives to anthelmintics in resistant flocks. the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two different cowp treatment regimens or placebo in the control of h. contortus in weaned lambs within a flock historically shown to have multi-drug resistant h. contortus ...201627809981
perceptions and actions of dutch sheep farmers concerning worm infections.gastrointestinal (gi) nematode infections are considered among one of the toughest challenges sheep farmers face worldwide. control still is largely based on the use of anthelmintics, but anthelmintic resistance is becoming rampant. to facilitate implementation of alternative nematode control strategies and to reduce anthelmintic usage, the purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to gain insight in common practices, knowledge gaps and perceptions of farmers regarding nematode control, and (ii) to ...201627809972
vaccination of goats against haemonchus contortus with the gut membrane proteins h11/h-gal-gp.forty goats, aged from 2 to 5 months were subjected to two different immunization protocols with a vaccine containing haemonchus contortus gut membrane proteins h11/h-gal-gp to evaluate protection against h. contortus on pre-contaminated pastures. goats were allocated to four groups of ten, three of them received their first vaccination before turnout. one group (v4) was then vaccinated at 4-week-intervals whereas another two groups (v6 and v6sep) were vaccinated at 6-week-intervals. a control g ...201627809971
implications of between-isolate variation for climate change impact modelling of haemonchus contortus populations.the impact of climate change on parasites and parasitic diseases is a growing concern and numerous empirical and mechanistic models have been developed to predict climate-driven spatial and temporal changes in the distribution of parasites and disease risk. variation in parasite phenotype and life-history traits between isolates could undermine the application of such models at broad spatial scales. seasonal variation in the transmission of the haematophagous gastrointestinal nematode haemonchus ...201627809970
experimental infection of calves with haemonchus placei or haemonchus contortus: assessment of clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathological characteristics of abomasums.the present study had the primary objective of evaluating clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as observing anatomical and histopathological characteristics of abomasums, from calves prime-infected with haemonchus contortus or h. placei. ten male holstein newborns were subdivided in three groups (gi placebo; gii infected with h. contortus; giii inoculated with h. placei). eye mucosa staining was evaluated. hematological and biochemical tests were performed on animals. the ...201627693223
melaleuca alternifolia anthelmintic activity in gerbils experimentally infected by haemonchus contortus.gastrointestinal parasites are one of the biggest health problems faced in sheep, mainly due to their pathogenicity and resistance to drugs used to control these parasites. thus, the following study aimed to assess the anthelmintic efficacy of melaleuca alternifolia against haemonchus contortus in gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) experimentally infected. three treatments were tested: m. alternifolia essential oil, popularly known as tea tree oil (tto), a solid lipid nanocarrier made with essentia ...201627646626
haemonchus contortus: the then and now, and where to from here?haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm or "bpw") is the nematode "nemesis" of small ruminant production systems in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. its reputation derives from a combination of high fecundity and a short generational interval that provides an enviable developmental plasticity for adaptation or resistance to control measures. this review critically examines the historical and current literature on the host-parasite-environment interaction for h. contortus, particul ...201627620133
two benzimidazole resistance-associated snps in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene predominate in haemonchus contortus populations from eight regions in china.haemonchus contortus is one of the most important parasitic nematodes of small ruminants around the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. the control of haemonchosis relies mainly on anthelmintics, but the excessive and prolonged use of anthelmintics is causing serious drug resistance issues in many countries. as benzimidazole (bz) anthelmintics have been broadly used in china, we hypothesized that resistance is widespread. given the link between three known single nucleotide ...201627760394
metabolic profiling and in vitro assessment of anthelmintic fractions of picria fel-terrae lour.anthelmintic resistance is widespread in gastrointestinal nematode populations, such that there is a consistent need to search for new anthelmintics. however, the cost of screening for new compounds is high and has a very low success rate. using the knowledge of traditional healers from borneo rainforests (sarawak, malaysia), we have previously shown that some traditional medicinal plants are a rich source of potential new anthelmintic drug candidates. in this study, picria fel-terrae lour. plan ...201627639945
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