Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted descending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
degradation capacities of bacteria and yeasts isolated from the gut of dendroctonus rhizophagus (curculionidae: scolytinae).bark beetles (curculionidae: scolytinae) feed on the xylem and phloem of their host, which are composed of structural carbohydrates and organic compounds that are not easily degraded by the insects. some of these compounds might be hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes produced by microbes present in the gut of these insects. in this study, we evaluated the enzymatic capacity of bacteria (acinetobacter lwoffii, arthrobacter sp., pseudomonas putida, pseudomonas azotoformans, and rahnella sp.) and yeast ...201727544667
fungemia due to rare opportunistic yeasts: data from a population-based surveillance in spain.fungemia due to rare yeasts constitutes an emerging but poorly investigated condition. data on risk factors, clinical features, therapy, and outcome of episodes of fungemia due to rare (non-candida, non-cryptococcus) yeasts were analyzed in a population-based surveillance program conducted in 29 spanish hospitals between may 2010 and april 2011. species identification (dna sequencing) and antifungal susceptibility testing (eucast and clsi methods) were centrally performed. fourteen out of 767 ep ...201727495321
effects of different culture media on biodegradation of triclosan by rhodotorula mucilaginosa and penicillium sp.triclosan is an antimicrobial agent and a persistent pollutant. the biodegradation of triclosan is dependent on many variables including the biodegradation organism and the environmental conditions. here, we evaluated the triclosan degradation potential of two fungi strains, rhodotorula mucilaginosa and penicillium sp., and the rate of its turnover to 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-dcp). both of these strains showed less susceptibility to triclosan when grown in minimal salt medium. in order to further ...201727438253
hg tolerance and biouptake of an isolated pigmentation yeast rhodotorula mucilaginosa.a pigmented yeast r1 with strong tolerance to hg2+ was isolated. phylogenetic identification based on the analysis of 26s rdna and its revealed r1 is a rhodotorula mucilaginosa species. r1 was able to grow in the presence of 80 mg/l hg2+, but the lag phase was much prolonged compared to its growth in the absence of hg2+. the maximum hg2+ binding capacity of r1 was 69.9 mg/g, and dead cells could bind 15% more hg2+ than living cells. presence of organic substances drastically reduced bioavailabil ...201728253367
lipids of rhodotorula mucilaginosa iipl32 with biodiesel potential: oil yield, fatty acid profile, fuel properties.this study analyzes the single cell oil (sco), fatty acid profile, and biodiesel fuel properties of the yeast rhodotorula mucilaginosa iipl32 grown on the pentose fraction of acid pre-treated sugarcane bagasse as a carbon source. the yeast biomass from nitrogen limiting culture conditions (15.3 g l(-1) ) was able to give the sco yield of 0.17 g g(-1) of xylose consumed. acid digestion, cryo-pulverization, direct in situ transesterification, and microwave assisted techniques were evaluated in com ...201728155998
evaluation of aroma enhancement for "ecolly" dry white wines by mixed inoculation of selected rhodotorula mucilaginosa and saccharomyces cerevisiae.to improve the aroma profile of ecolly dry white wine, the simultaneous and sequential inoculations of selected rhodotorula mucilaginosa and saccharomyces cerevisiae were performed in wine making of this work. the two yeasts were mixed in various ratios for making the mixed inoculum. the amount of volatiles and aroma characteristics were determined the following year. mixed fermentation improved both the varietal and fermentative aroma compound composition, especially that of (z)-3-hexene-1-ol, ...201728317762
proteomic analysis of rhodotorula mucilaginosa: dealing with the issues of a non-conventional yeast.red yeasts ascribed to the species rhodotorula mucilaginosa are gaining increasing attention, due to their numerous biotechnological applications, spanning carotenoid production, liquid bioremediation, heavy metal biotransformation and antifungal and plant growth-promoting actions, but also for their role as opportunistic pathogens. nevertheless, their characterization at the 'omic' level is still scarce. here, we applied different proteomic workflows to r. mucilaginosa with the aim of assessing ...201626987668
improvement in extracellular protease production by the marine antarctic yeast rhodotorula mucilaginosa l7.microorganisms from extreme and restrictive eco systems, such as the antarctic continent, are of great interest due to their ability to synthesize products of commercial value. among these, enzymes from psychrotolerant and psychrophilic microorganisms offer potential economical benefits due to their high activity at low and moderate temperatures. the cold adapted yeast rhodotorula mucilaginosa l7 was selected out of 97 yeasts isolated from antarctica as having the highest extracellular proteolyt ...201627474110
lipids, hemoproteins and carotenoids in alive rhodotorula mucilaginosa cells under pesticide decomposition - raman imaging study.various species of yeasts are gaining attention as producers of nutraceuticals and biofuels and due to their capacity to biodegrade chemical waste. rhodotorula mucilaginosa is one of the most oleaginous species of yeast, an efficient de novo carotenoid producer and was reported to be capable of decomposing of organic pesticides. in this work we studied the influence of a toxic pesticide, diazinone, on production of storage (lipids) and protective (carotenoids, hemoproteins) compounds by rh. muci ...201627568366
biotechnological methods for chalcone reduction using whole cells of lactobacillus, rhodococcus and rhodotorula strains as a way to produce new derivatives.microbial strains of the genera dietzia, micrococcus, pseudomonas, rhodococcus, gordonia, streptomyces, pseudomonas, bacillus, penicillium, rhodotorula and lactobacillus were screened for the ability to convert chalcones. synthesis of chalcones was performed by the claisen-schmidt reaction. there were three groups of chalcones obtained as the products, which included the derivatives containing 4-substituted chalcone, 2'-hydroxychalcone and 4'-methoxychalcone. the b ring of the chalcones was subs ...201627209040
[effect of invasive herb species on the structure of soil yeast complexes in mixed forests exemplified by impatiens parviflora dc].yeast abundance and diversity in a mixed forest sod-podzol soil under impatiens parviflora dc plants was studied in comparison with unimpaired aboriginal herbaceous plants typical of the mid-russian secondary, after-forest meadow. the study was carried out throughout the vegetation period. standard microbiological plating techniques revealed 36 yeast species. typical pedobiotic (cryptococcus podzolicus, wickerhamomyces anomalus) and eurybiotic yeast species (rhodotorula mucilaginosa) predominate ...201627169249
rhodotorula fungemia: report of two cases in sfax (tunisia).rhodotorula is emerging as an important cause of nosocomial and opportunistic infections. we present two cases of rhodotorula mucilaginosa fungemia diagnosed at our hospital during the last decade. the first case was of a term neonate who presented congenital heart disease (interventricular communication) and body dysmorphic disorder. he was admitted for respiratory failure and sepsis. the second case involved in a 33-year-old woman that had hodgkinien lymphoma associated to tuberculosis. identi ...201627091581
stereoselective yeast-mediated reduction of trans-5-(1'-oxo-3'-methylbutyl)-3-methyldihydrofuran-2-one: production of chiral intermediates for the synthesis of β-secretase inhibitors.to investigate the usefulness of yeast strains to the production of chiral hydroxylactones, important synthons in the synthesis of β-secretase inhibitors.201626354855
a new and effective approach to boron removal by using novel boron-specific fungi isolated from boron mining wastewater.boron-resistant fungi were isolated from the wastewater of a boron mine in turkey. boron removal efficiencies of penicillium crustosum and rhodotorula mucilaginosa were detected in different media compositions. minimal salt medium (msm) and two different waste media containing molasses (wm-1) or whey + molasses (wm-2) were tested to make this process cost effective when scaled up. both isolates achieved high boron removal yields at the highest boron concentrations tested in msm and wm-1. the max ...201626877036
metal-induced production of a novel bioadsorbent exopolysaccharide in a native rhodotorula mucilaginosa from the mexican northeastern region.there is a current need to develop low-cost strategies to degrade and eliminate industrially used colorants discharged into the environment. colorants discharged into natural water streams pose various threats, including: toxicity, degradation of aesthetics and inhibiting sunlight penetration into aquatic ecosystems. dyes and colorants usually have complex aromatic molecular structures, which make them very stable and difficult to degrade and eliminate by conventional water treatment systems. th ...201626828867
potential of glycosidase from non-saccharomyces isolates for enhancement of wine aroma.the aim of this work was to rapidly screen indigenous yeasts with high levels of β-glucosidase activity and assess the potential of glycosidase extracts for aroma enhancement in winemaking. a semiquantitative colorimetric assay was applied using 96-well plates to screen yeasts from 3 different regions of china. isolates with high β-glucosidase activity were confirmed by the commonly used pnp assay. among 493 non-saccharomyces isolates belonging to 8 generas, 3 isolates were selected for their hi ...201626954887
augmentation of a microbial consortium for enhanced polylactide (pla) degradation.bioplastics are eco-friendly and derived from renewable biomass sources. innovation in recycling methods will tackle some of the critical issues facing the acceptance of bioplastics. polylactic acid (pla) is the commonly used and well-studied bioplastic that is presumed to be biodegradable. considering their demand and use in near future, exploration for microbes capable of bioplastic degradation has high potential. four pla degrading strains were isolated and identified as penicillium chrysogen ...201626843697
chitin enhances biocontrol of rhodotorula mucilaginosa to postharvest decay of peaches.biological control using microbial antagonists is a promising alternative approach to synthetic fungicides. however, effective biological control requires enhancing the consistency and efficacy of the antagonists used to control postharvest diseases. this study investigated the effect of chitin on the biocontrol efficacy of rhodotorula mucilaginosa against blue mold and rhizopus decay of peaches and on the protein expression profiles of r. mucilaginosa. the antagonistic activity of r. mucilagino ...201627064085
proteomic analysis of an environmental isolate of rhodotorula mucilaginosa after arsenic and cadmium challenge: identification of a protein expression signature for heavy metal exposure.a metal-resistant rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain was isolated from an industrial wastewater. effects on reduced/oxidized glutathione (gssg/gsh), antioxidant enzymes and proteome were assessed on metal challenge (100mg/l). increased gsh (mm/g) was found with cdcl2 (18.43±3.34), naaso2 (14.76±2.14), cuso4 (14.73±2.49), and pb(no3)2 (15.74±5.3) versus control (7.67±0.95). gsh:gssg ratio decreased with cdcl2, naaso2, and pb(no3)2 but not with cuso4 and cysteine-containing protein levels increased w ...201627090762
isolation and characterization of yeasts associated with plants growing in heavy-metal- and arsenic-contaminated soils.yeasts were quantified and isolated from the rhizospheres of 5 plant species grown at 2 sites of a mexican region contaminated with arsenic, lead, and other heavy metals. yeast abundance was about 10(2) cfu/g of soil and 31 isolates were obtained. on the basis of the phylogenetic analysis of 26s rrna and internal transcribed spacer fragment, 6 species were identified within the following 5 genera: cryptococcus (80.64%), rhodotorula (6.45%), exophiala (6.45%), trichosporon (3.22%), and cystobasid ...201626936448
diversity of yeasts associated with the sea surface microlayer and underlying water along the northern coast of taiwan.yeast communities inhabiting the sea surface microlayer (ssml) on the northern coast of taiwan were examined using a cultivation method and compared with those inhabiting the underlying water (uw) at a 50-cm depth. culturable yeasts were recovered from the ssml and uw samples collected in the morning during 4 field campaigns, and 420 strains were isolated. the 420 isolates were grouped into 43 species using a polyphasic molecular approach, including sequence analysis of the 26s rdna d1/d2 domain ...201626343982
correction: metal-induced production of a novel bioadsorbent exopolysaccharide in a native rhodotorula mucilaginosa from the mexican northeastern region. 201626914493
a novel extracellular glycosidase activity from rhodotorula mucilaginosa: its application potential in wine aroma enhancement.the aim of the work was to evaluate the application potential of a glycosidase extract of one indigenous non-saccharomyces strain in wine aroma enhancement. the isolate was selected from a local winemaking region in china for its high β-glucosidase level and was identified as rhodotorula mucilaginosa. the tolerance of the glycosidase extract to the typical winemaking conditions was assessed using the activity of its β-glucosidase. after that, the hydrolysis capacity of r. mucilaginosa glycosidas ...201626606736
cultivation of oleaginous rhodotorula mucilaginosa in airlift bioreactor by using seawater.the enormous water resource consumption is a concern to the scale-up fermentation process, especially for those cheap fermentation commodities, such as microbial oils as the feedstock for biodiesel production. the direct cultivation of oleaginous rhodotorula mucilaginosa in a 5-l airlift bioreactor using seawater instead of pure water led to a slightly lower biomass being achieved, at 17.2 compared to 18.1 g/l, respectively. nevertheless, a higher lipid content of 65 ± 5% was measured in the bat ...201626319611
tolerance to ultraviolet radiation of psychrotolerant yeasts and analysis of their carotenoid, mycosporine, and ergosterol content.yeasts colonizing the antarctic region are exposed to a high ultraviolet radiation evolving mechanisms to minimize the uv radiation damages, such as the production of uv-absorbing or antioxidant compounds like carotenoid pigments and mycosporines. ergosterol has also been suggested to play a role in this response. these compounds are also economically attractive for several industries such as pharmaceutical and food, leading to a continuous search for biological sources of them. in this work, th ...201626483082
azole resistance in candida spp. isolated from catú lake, ceará, brazil: an efflux-pump-mediated mechanism.since, there is no study reporting the mechanism of azole resistance among yeasts isolated from aquatic environments; the present study aims to investigate the occurrence of antifungal resistance among yeasts isolated from an aquatic environment, and assess the efflux-pump activity of the azole-resistant strains to better understand the mechanism of resistance for this group of drugs. for this purpose, monthly water and sediment samples were collected from catú lake, ceará, brazil, from march 20 ...201626887224
rhodotorula mucilaginosa fungemia and pleural tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient: an uncommon association.we report an atypical case of rhodotorula mucilaginosa fungemia coexisting with pleural tuberculosis, in an immunocompetent host. the patient was an inhaled drug abuser and worked in a fruit market. the diagnosis of rhodotorula mucilaginosa infection was established by the isolation of the yeast in two blood cultures followed by a good response to amphotericin b treatment. persistent evening fever and pleural effusion led to the second diagnosis-pleural tuberculosis. in the last 5 years, this wa ...201626369644
marine fungi isolated from chilean fjord sediments can degrade oxytetracycline.salmon farming is the main economic activity in the fjords area of southern chile. this activity requires the use of antibiotics, such as oxytetracycline, for the control and prevention of diseases, which have a negative impact on the environment. we analyzed the abilities of endemic marine fungi to biodegrade oxytetracycline, an antibiotic used extensively in fish farming. we isolated marine fungi strains from sediment samples obtained from an area of fish farming activity. the five isolated st ...201627418075
[fungal peritonitis due to rhodotorula mucilaginosa in a patient with automated peritoneal dialysis: literature review].fungal peritonitis is a major complication of peritoneal dialysis associated with high mortality. most survivors have a high rate of abandonment of peritoneal dialysis. we report a case of fungal peritonitis due to an unusual agent. an 83 year-old woman, with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and multiple episodes of bacterial peritonitis associated to technical flaws in the implementation of automated peritoneal dialysis, was admitted due to abdominal pain and cloudy peritoneal fluid. rhodo ...201627315000
rhodotorula mucilaginosa as a cause of recurrent pulmonary infection and liver infiltration in a patient with cll. 201627299637
synthesis and antifungal activity of some 4,6-dimethylisoxazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-3(1h)-one derivatives.cutaneous and invasive fungal infections are constant threats to human health that substantiate the need for the development of new efficacious and safe antimycotics.201627184263
fungemia due to rare opportunistic yeasts: data from a population-based surveillance in spain.fungemia due to rare yeasts constitutes an emerging but poorly investigated condition. data on risk factors, clinical features, therapy, and outcome of episodes of fungemia due to rare (non-candida, non-cryptococcus) yeasts were analyzed in a population-based surveillance program conducted in 29 spanish hospitals between may 2010 and april 2011. species identification (dna sequencing) and antifungal susceptibility testing (eucast and clsi methods) were centrally performed. fourteen out of 767 ep ...201628339535
engineering of corynebacterium glutamicum for xylitol production from lignocellulosic pentose sugars.xylitol is a non-fermentable sugar alcohol used as sweetener. corynebacterium glutamicum atcc13032 was metabolically engineered for xylitol production from the lignocellulosic pentose sugars xylose and arabinose. direct conversion of xylose to xylitol was achieved through the heterologous expression of nad(p)h-dependent xylose reductase (xr) gene from rhodotorula mucilaginosa. xylitol synthesis from arabinose was attained through polycistronic expression of l-arabinose isomerase (araa), d-psicos ...201627184428
in vitro antimicrobial activity of spices and medicinal herbs against selected microbes associated with juices.in the present investigation, comparison of antimicrobial activities of different spices, curcuma longa, zingiber officinale, and mentha arvensis, and medicinal herbs, such as withania somnifera, rauvolfia serpentina, emblica officinalis, terminalia arjuna, and centella asiatica, was evaluated. different extraction solvents (acetone, methanol, ethanol, and water) were used and extracts were examined against bacillus cereus, serratia sp., rhodotorula mucilaginosa, aspergillus flavus, and penicill ...201626880927
antimicrobial activity of xanthohumol and its selected structural analogues.the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of structural analogues of xanthohumol 1, a flavonoid compound found in hops (humulus lupulus). the agar-diffusion method using filter paper disks was applied. biological tests performed for selected strains of gram-positive (staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (escherichia coli) bacteria, fungi (alternaria sp.), and yeasts (rhodotorula rubra, candida albicans) revealed that compounds with at least one hydroxyl group-all ...201627187329
the black yeast exophiala dermatitidis and other selected opportunistic human fungal pathogens spread from dishwashers to kitchens.we investigated the diversity and distribution of fungi in nine different sites inside 30 residential dishwashers. in total, 503 fungal strains were isolated, which belong to 10 genera and 84 species. irrespective of the sampled site, 83% of the dishwashers were positive for fungi. the most frequent opportunistic pathogenic species were exophiala dermatitidis, candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, exophiala phaeomuriformis, fusarium dimerum, and the saprochaete/magnusiomyces clade. the black yeast ...201626867131
yeasts of the genital region of patients attending the dermatology service at hospital são paulo, brazil.the knowledge of the diversity of yeasts that make up the skin microbiota of human beings is essential for the efficient monitoring of infections to which a person may be predisposed.201525958329
the influence of biodegradable gemini surfactants, n,n'-bis(1-decyloxy-1-oxopronan-2-yl)-n,n,n',n' tetramethylpropane-1,3-diammonium dibromide and n,n'-bis(1-dodecyloxy-1-oxopronan-2-yl) n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diammonium dibromide, on fungal biofilm and adhesion.a group of biodegradable alanine-derived gemini quaternary ammonium salts (bromides and chlorides) with various alkyl chains and spacer lengths was tested for anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm activity. the strongest antifungal activity was exhibited by bromides with 10 and 12 carbon atoms within hydrophobic chains (n,n'-bis(1-decyloxy-1-oxopronan-2-yl)-n,n,n',n'-tetramethylpropane-1,3-diammonium dibromide and n,n'-bis(1-dodecyloxy-1-oxopronan-2-yl)-n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diammonium dibrom ...201525843277
succession of microorganisms in a plate-type air treatment biofilter during filtration of various volatile compounds.changes in the number and species diversity of cultivable microorganisms in a newly developed plate-type biofilter during filtration of various volatile pollutants were studied. the novelty of the investigation is the monitoring of microorganism succession in different parts of biofilter plates with original packing material consisting of birch fibre and needle-punched non-woven fabric. it was shown that the largest number of fungi and yeasts develop on the top and middle, while bacteria develop ...201525220430
yeast microbiota of natural cavities of manatees (trichechus inunguis and trichechus manatus) in brazil and its relevance for animal health and management in captivity.the aim of this study was to characterize the yeast microbiota of natural cavities of manatees kept in captivity in brazil. sterile swabs from the oral cavity, nostrils, genital opening, and rectum of 50 trichechus inunguis and 26 trichechus manatus were collected. the samples were plated on sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol and incubated at 25 °c for 5 days. the yeasts isolated were phenotypically identified by biochemical and micromorphological tests. overall, 141 strains were isolated, of w ...201526308797
fungal isolation from disinfectant solutions of contact lens storage cases among asymptomatic users.to investigate the incidence of fungal contamination of store disinfectant solutions contained in contact lens storage cases belonging to asymptomatic contact lens users.201525503912
the effect of application of micromycetes on plant growth, as well as soybean and barley yields.the possibility of application of micromycetes (strains penicillium bilaiae pb14, aureobasidium pullulans ya05 and rhodotorula mucilaginosa yr07) to increase yields of soybean (glycine max cv almaty) and barley (hordeum vulgare cv arna) was estimated. it was shown that the most positive effect on germination energy and seed germination after seed treatment with liquid culture, supernatant and filtrate, is achieved at 1:5 dilution. in studying the influence of cell-associated and extracellular bi ...201526677462
the ability of a cold-adapted rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain from tibet to control blue mold in pear fruit.cold-adapted yeasts were isolated from soil samples collected in tibet and evaluated as potential biocontrol agents against blue mold (penicillium expansum) of pear fruit in cold storage. yc1, an isolate identified as rhodotorula mucilaginosa, was found to exhibit the greatest biocontrol activity among the different isolates that were screened. a washed cell suspension of yc1 exhibited the best biocontrol activity among three different preparations that were used in the current study. a concentr ...201526454432
a multi-criteria analysis approach for ranking and selection of microorganisms for the production of oils for biodiesel production.oleaginous microorganisms have potential to be used to produce oils as alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. microalgae (chlorella protothecoides and chlorella zofingiensis), yeasts (cryptococcus albidus and rhodotorula mucilaginosa), and fungi (aspergillus oryzae and mucor plumbeus) were investigated for their ability to produce oil from glucose, xylose and glycerol. multi-criteria analysis (mca) using analytic hierarchy process (ahp) and preference ranking organization method for the ...201525958151
detection of boron removal capacities of different microorganisms in wastewater and effective removal process.in this study boron removal capacities of different microorganisms were tested. candida tropicalis, rhodotorula mucilaginosa, micrococcus luteus, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus cereus, bacillus megaterium, bacillus pumilus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and aspergillus versicolor were examined for their boron bioaccumulation capacities in simulated municipal wastewater. a. versicolor and b. cereus were found as the most boron-tolerant microorganisms in the experiments. also boron bioaccumulation yiel ...201526540546
antimicrobial potential of the ethiopian thymus schimperi essential oil in comparison with others against certain fungal and bacterial species.to evaluate the in vitro activities of ethiopian thymus schimperi with other three hydro distilled essential oils against dermatophytes (tricophyton spp. and microsporum spp.) and other pathogenic micro organisms.201526227483
killing effect of peppermint vapor against pink-slime forming microorganisms.the killing effect of peppermint vapor (pmv) against pink-slime forming microorganisms, methylobacterium mesophilicum as a bacterium and rhodotorula mucilaginosa as a yeast, was investigated by the agar vapor assay. in this method, microbial cells were spread over the agar surface exposed to pmv in a petri dish, and then transferred into a recovery liquid. when 60μl of the peppermint liquid was added to a paper disc, a marked killing effect of pmv was observed after 48h against m. mesophilicum a ...201526133506
lipid production from hemicellulose and holocellulose hydrolysate of palm empty fruit bunches by newly isolated oleaginous yeasts.palm empty fruit bunches (efbs) are abundant lignocellulosic wastes from palm oil mills. they are potential sources of sugars which can be converted to microbial lipids by oleaginous yeasts. to produce sugars from efb, two-step and one-step hydrolysis reactions were performed. in the first step, the use of diluted sulfuric acid (0.5 % w/v) hydrolyzed hemicelluloses and released mainly pentoses, and in the second step of hydrolysis of residual pulp using 2.5 % (w/v), sulfuric acid released more h ...201526026262
[resistance of various yeast ecological groups to prolonged storage in dry state].resistance of 14 yeast species belonging to different ecological groups to extensive storage in a dried state was investigated. pedobiotic yeasts isolated mainly from the soils of humid areas (cryptococcus podzolicus, cr. terricola, and lipomyces starkeyi) were the least resistant. the yeasts associated with the nectar of entomophilous plants (metschnikowia reukaufii and candida bombi) also exhibited low resistance to drying. complete death of these species occurred during the first month of sto ...201526263698
yeast-based biochemical oxygen demand sensors using gold-modified boron-doped diamond electrodes.a gold nanoparticle modified boron-doped diamond electrode was developed as a transducer for biochemical oxygen demand (bod) measurements. rhodotorula mucilaginosa uicc y-181 was immobilized in a sodium alginate matrix, and used as a biosensing agent. cyclic voltammetry was applied to study the oxygen reduction reaction at the electrode, while amperometry was employed to detect oxygen, which was not consumed by the microorganisms. the optimum waiting time of 25 min was observed using 1-mm thickn ...201526179128
salmeterol xinafoate.salmeterol xinafoate is a potent and a long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist. it is prescribed for the treatment of severe persistent asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. different methods were used to prepare (r)-(-)-salmeterol such as: mixing a sample of 4-benzyloxy-3-hydroxymethyl-ω-bromoacetophenone with sodium lauryl sulfate and the mixture was added to the microbial culture of rhodotorula rubra, treatment of p-hydroxyacetophenone with eschenmoser's salt and carbonate exchange re ...201526051688
draft genome sequence of rhodotorula mucilaginosa, an emergent opportunistic pathogen.rhodotorula mucilaginosa, a yeast with valuable biotechnological features, has also been recorded as an emergent opportunistic pathogen that might cause disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. here, we report the draft genome sequence of r. mucilaginosa strain c2.5t1, which was isolated from cacao seeds in cameroon.201525858834
production, purification, and characterization of an extracellular acid protease from the marine antarctic yeast rhodotorula mucilaginosa l7.the production, purification, and characterization of an extracellular protease released by rhodotorula mucilaginosa l7 were evaluated in this study. this strain was isolated from an antarctic marine alga and previously selected among others based on the capacity to produce the highest extracellular proteolytic activity in preliminary tests. r. mucilaginosa l7 was grown in saboraud-dextrose medium at 25 °c, and the cell growth, ph of the medium, extracellular protease production and the glucose ...201526466885
examination of pb2+ bio-sorption onto rhodotorula mucilaginosa using response surface methodology.with the rapid industrial development, wastewater has been a risk for environmental contamination. we aimed to explore the optimum condition and mechanism of pb2+ bio-sorption onto rhodotorula mucilaginosa wt6-5. optimization of initial concentration of pb2+, initial ph, and adsorption time for pb2+ bio-sorption onto r. mucilaginosa wt6-5 was performed using response surface methodology. field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray detection, x-ray fluorescence and fourie ...201526287841
[isolation, screening and identification of yeast for aquaculture water purification].in order to get excellent yeast strains for aquiculture water purification, we isolated, screened and identified yeasts from the aquacultural environment and intestinal tract of shrimp.201526259488
phytic acid enhances biocontrol activity of rhodotorula mucilaginosa against penicillium expansum contamination and patulin production in apples.the effect of rhodotorula mucilaginosa in combination with phytic acid (pa) on blue mold decay and patulin contamination of apples was investigated. results from this study show that different concentrations of pa were effective in reducing the disease incidence of apples and that pa at concentration of 4 μmol/ml, decreased the incidence of blue mold decay in apples from 86.1 to 62.5%, and showed higher control efficacy compared to untreated, control fruit during storage at 20°c. however, r. muc ...201526635764
evaluation of yeasts from tibetan fermented products as agents for biocontrol of blue mold of nashi pear fruits.a total of 20 strains of yeast isolated from tibetan fermented products were screened for antagonism against blue mold of pear caused by penicillium expansum. six isolates that inhibited incidence of postharvest decay by 35% or more were selected for further screening. among them, the most effective was rhodotorula mucilaginosa. the results showed that washed cell suspensions of r. mucilaginosa yielded better antagonistic efficacy than unwashed cell-culture mixtures, cell-free culture filtrates, ...201525845361
meningitis caused by rhodotorula mucilaginosa in hiv-infected patient: a case report and review of the literature.rhodotorula species are increasingly being identified as a cause of fungal infection in the central nervous system, especially in patients with compromised immunity. the diagnosis could easily be missed due to low index of suspicion, as cryptococcus meningitis and cerebral toxoplasmosis are more common amongst immunocompromised hosts. to date, there are six cases of rhodotorula-related meningitis reported, and three are associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. in this report, a ca ...201525739670
early changes in shoot transcriptome of rice in response to rhodotorula mucilaginosa jgta-s1.yeasts of rhodotorula genus have been reported to show endophytic colonization in different plants. some of the rhodotorula species are found to exhibit plant growth promoting activities and also have been reported to protect plants against invading pathogens. a yeast strain closely related to rhodotorula mucilaginosa was isolated from the endosphere of typha angustifolia collected from a uranium mine. a microarray analysis was performed to investigate the early changes in rice shoot transcripts ...201526697384
plant growth-promoting and antifungal activity of yeasts from dark chestnut soil.538 yeast strains were isolated from dark chestnut soil collected from under the plants of the legume family (fabaceae). the greatest number of microorganisms is found at soil depth 10-20 cm. among the 538 strains of yeast 77 (14.3%) strains demonstrated the ability to synthesize iaa. 15 strains were attributed to high iaa-producing yeasts (above 10 μg/ml). the most active strains were ya05 with 51.7 ± 2.1 μg/ml of iaa and yr07 with 45.3 ± 1.5 μg/ml. in the study of effect of incubation time on ...201525843007
a comparative study on the potential of epiphytic yeasts isolated from tropical fruits to produce flavoring compounds.in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in identifying and characterizing the yeast flora associated with diverse types of habitat because of the many potential desirable technological properties of these microorganisms, especially in food applications. in this study, a total of 101 yeast strains were isolated from the skins of tropical fruits collected in several locations in the south west indian ocean. sequence analysis of the d1/d2 domains of the large subunit (lsu) ribosomal ...201525802220
in vitro antifungal susceptibilities of isolates of candida spp. and aspergillus spp. from china to nine systemically active antifungal agents: data from the sentry antifungal surveillance program, 2010 through 2012.we report the in vitro activity of nine systemically active antifungal agents against 237 contemporary clinical isolates of yeast and moulds obtained from 13 laboratories in china during 2010 through 2012. susceptibility testing was performed using clsi methods. sequencing of fks hot spots was performed for echinocandin non-wild-type (wt) strains. isolates included 220 from eight species of candida, 15 from four species of aspergillus and one isolate each of rhodotorula mucilaginosa and trichosp ...201525727853
purification and characterization of a novel cold-adapted phytase from rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain jmuy14 isolated from antarctic.a yeast producing a cold-adapted phytase was isolated from antarctic deep-sea sediment and identified as a rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain jmuy14 of basidiomycetous yeasts. it was cultured in fermentation optimized by a response surface methodology based on the box-behnken design. the maximum activity of phytase reached 205.447 u ml(-1), which was close to the predicted value of 201.948 u ml(-1) and approximately 3.4 times higher than its initial activity. the extracellular phytase was purified ...201525727311
interplay between carotenoids, hemoproteins and the "life band" origin studied in live rhodotorula mucilaginosa cells by means of raman microimaging.raman microimaging of live rhodotorula mucilaginosa cells, cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, showed striking differences in the composition and distribution of cell components. the analysis of these differences and recovery of oxidative phosphorylation upon environmental changes enabled the interrelation of carotenoids, hemoproteins and the unknown species considered as the "raman signature of life".201525654139
rhodotorula mucilaginosa skin infection in a patient treated with sorafenib. 201524628665
screening and identification of a cutinase-producing rhodotorula mucilaginosa and properties of the cutinase.eucommia leaf contains large amounts of natural active products. in extracting the substances, the most important is the removal of the cuticle layer on the leaves and the cell wall in the leaves of eucommia ulmoides. but the removal of the cuticle layer is a technical difficulty now. cutinase (ec3.1.1.74) is a multifunctional enzyme with a common alpha/beta fold structure belonging to hydroplane that can make a substantial degradation of horny fatty acids. so this study isolated bacteria capabl ...201525377248
lipid production by pure and mixed cultures of chlorella pyrenoidosa and rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolated in nuevo leon, mexico.given the well-known environmental drawbacks of using fossil fuels, advances in the field of alternative energy have become a worldwide technological priority. special interest has been focused on the production of biodiesel obtained from oleaginous microorganisms. in the present research, lipid production by two species, microalgae chlorella pyrenoidosa and yeast rhodotorula mucilaginosa was assessed, independently and in mixed culture to evaluate a possible synergy. fatty acid analysis was per ...201525274117
clinical and microbiological characteristics of rhodotorula mucilaginosa infections in a tertiary-care facility.rhodotorula spp. are an emergent opportunistic pathogen, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.201425008826
enhanced biocontrol activity of rhodotorula mucilaginosa cultured in media containing chitosan against postharvest diseases in strawberries: possible mechanisms underlying the effect.the effect of rhodotorula mucilaginosa cultured in media containing chitosan on its antogonistic activity against postharvest diseases of strawberries and the possible mechanisms involved are discussed. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were applied in the analysis of the proteins of r. mucilaginosa in response to chitosan. compared with the application of r. mucilaginosa alone, the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast combined with 0.5% chitosan was enhanced greatly, with significant increase in ...201424724730
[the pigments of rhodotorula rubra and torulopsis pulcherrima]. 201413484129
structural basis of stereospecific reduction by quinuclidinone reductase.chiral molecule (r)-3-quinuclidinol, a valuable compound for the production of various pharmaceuticals, is efficiently synthesized from 3-quinuclidinone by using nadph-dependent 3-quinuclidinone reductase (rrqr) from rhodotorula rubra. here, we report the crystal structure of rrqr and the structure-based mutational analysis. the enzyme forms a tetramer, in which the core of each protomer exhibits the α/β rossmann fold and contains one molecule of nadph, whereas the characteristic substructures o ...201424507746
intracellular biosynthesis and removal of copper nanoparticles by dead biomass of yeast isolated from the wastewater of a mine in the brazilian amazonia.in this study was developed a natural process using a biological system for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (nps) and possible removal of copper from wastewater by dead biomass of the yeast rhodotorula mucilaginosa. dead and live biomass of rhodotorula mucilaginosa was used to analyze the equilibrium and kinetics of copper biosorption by the yeast in function of the initial metal concentration, contact time, ph, temperature, agitation and inoculum volume. dead biomass exhibited the highest bio ...201424489975
rhodotorula keratitis: a rarely encountered ocular pathogen.to describe a case of fungal keratitis involving an atypical organism with confirmatory in vivo confocal microscopy and to review the literature on rhodotorula keratitis.201425408670
rhodotorula mucilaginosa associacted meningitis: a subacute entity with high mortality. case report and review.a fatal case of meningitis due to rhodotorula mucilaginosa in a 28 year-old hiv-negative male with a history of hodgkin lymphoma who underwent salvage chemotherapy is presented. reviewing the literature we identified 13 cases with central nervous system infection due rhodotorula spp. the disease usually occurs in hiv negative immunosupressed middle-aged males. it takes the form of subacute or chronic meningitis accompanied by fever with an overall mortality of 46.2% despite antifungal therapy.201425379400
identification of some yeasts by fatty acid profiles.178 yeasts isolated from various foods were identified using id32 c strip; saccharomyces cerevisiae (47), rhodotorula mucilaginosa (19), candida kefyr (33), candida krusei (37), candida lusitaniae (28), cndida lipolytica (14). the yeasts were harvested, saponified, derivatized, and extracted, and fatty acid analysis was performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. the yeast lipids contained decanoic acid (c10:0), luaric acid (c12:0), myristoleic acid (c14:1), myristic acid (c14:0), pentade ...201425804068
endocarditis caused by rhodotorula infection.rhodotorula is an emerging opportunistic fungal pathogen that is rarely reported to cause endocarditis. we describe a case involving a patient who developed endocarditis due to rhodotorula mucilaginosa and staphylococcus epidermidis, proven by culture and histopathology. the case illustrates the unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges relevant to rhodotorula spp.201424197888
rhodotorula mucilaginosa keratitis: a rare fungus from eastern india.rhodotorula mucilaginosa rarely cause keratitis in immunocompromised individuals. a 30 year old male with history of minor trauma presented with cotton wool like stromal infiltration and hypopyon in left eye. microbiological examination of corneal scraping showed fungal hyphae and yeast cells in direct smear. molecular identification of the organism was performed which showed 100% homology with rhodotorula mucilaginosa. management of these cases is difficult often necessitating surgical procedur ...201423619486
microbial diversity and dynamics of spanish-style green table-olive fermentations in large manufacturing companies through culture-dependent techniques.we have studied the microbiota associated to spanish-style green olive fermentations, attending to its dynamics along the time. twenty 10-tonne fermenters were selected from two large table-olive manufacturing companies in southern spain. while culture-dependent methodology was used to isolate the microorganisms, molecular methods were used to identify the isolates. a total of 1070 isolates were obtained, resulting in 929 bacterial and 141 yeast isolates. thirty seven different bacterial species ...201424929732
electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of phospholipid molecular species from antarctic and non-antarctic yeasts.high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was applied to the comprehensive analysis of phospholipids from seven antarctic and seven non-antarctic yeasts. identification of specific fatty acyl moieties to the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of phosphatidylethanolamine (pe), phosphatidylcholine (pc), phosphatidylserine (ps) and phosphatidylinositol (pi) were determined by relative abundance of fragment ions associated with formation of carboxylate anions and l ...201425019517
debaryomyces hansenii and rhodotorula mucilaginosa comprised the yeast core gut microbiota of wild and reared carnivorous salmonids, croaker and yellowtail.this is the first study using molecular and culture-based methods aimed at investigating the composition of the intestinal yeast microbiota of wild and reared carnivorous salmonids, croaker and yellowtail, to characterize their cores and to evaluate the enzymatic activities of the cultivated yeast. among 103 samples from salmonids, croaker and yellowtail, yeast were detected in 85.4%, with 43 species identified. the core of reared fish was composed of eight species, in contrast to the wild fish ...201424707812
fungal infections after liver transplantation: incidence and outcome.fungal infections, although less frequent than bacterial infections, represent a severe comorbidity with an exponential increase in mortality rate in liver transplantation patients. the incidence of invasive fungal infections (ifis) after solid organ transplantation ranges from 7% to 42%, with candida spp. and aspergillus spp. as the most common pathogens. fungal infections in liver transplant recipients have been associated with poor outcome and mortality rates ranging from 65% to 90% for invas ...201425242777
escmid and ecmm joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rare invasive yeast infections.the mortality associated with invasive fungal infections remains high with that involving rare yeast pathogens other than candida being no exception. this is in part due to the severe underlying conditions typically predisposing patients to these healthcare-related infections (most often severe neutropenia in patients with haematological malignancies), and in part due to the often challenging intrinsic susceptibility pattern of the pathogens that potentially leads to delayed appropriate antifung ...201424102785
structural basis for high substrate-binding affinity and enantioselectivity of 3-quinuclidinone reductase atqr.(r)-3-quinuclidinol, a useful compound for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, can be enantioselectively produced from 3-quinuclidinone by 3-quinuclidinone reductase. recently, a novel nadh-dependent 3-quinuclidionone reductase (atqr) was isolated from agrobacterium tumefaciens, and showed much higher substrate-binding affinity (>100 fold) than the reported 3-quinuclidionone reductase (rrqr) from rhodotorula rubra. here, we report the crystal structure of atqr at 1.72 å. three nadh-bound p ...201424642255
microbes associated with freshly prepared juices of citrus and carrots.fruit juices are popular drinks as they contain antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are essential for human being and play important role in the prevention of heart diseases, cancer, and diabetes. they contain essential nutrients which support the growth of acid tolerant bacteria, yeasts, and moulds. in the present study, we have conducted a microbiological examination of freshly prepared juices (sweet lime, orange, and carrot) by serial dilution agar plate technique. a total of 30 juice s ...201426904628
yeast diversity associated to sediments and water from two colombian artificial lakes.in colombia, knowledge of the yeast and yeast-like fungi community is limited because most studies have focused on species with clinical importance. sediments and water represent important habitats for the study of yeast diversity, especially for yeast species with industrial, biotechnological, and bioremediation potential. the main purpose of this study was to identify and compare the diversity of yeast species associated with sediment and water samples from two artificial lakes in universidad ...201424948924
saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-saccharomyces yeasts in grape varieties of the são francisco valley.the aims of this work was to characterise indigenous saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in the naturally fermented juice of grape varieties cabernet sauvignon, grenache, tempranillo, sauvignon blanc and verdejo used in the são francisco river valley, northeastern brazil. in this study, 155 s. cerevisiae and 60 non-saccharomyces yeasts were isolated and identified using physiological tests and sequencing of the d1/d2 domains of the large subunit of the rrna gene. among the non-saccharomyces species ...201425242923
diversity of culturable yeasts in phylloplane of sugarcane in thailand and their capability to produce indole-3-acetic acid.yeasts were isolated by the enrichment technique from the phylloplane of 94 samples of sugarcane leaf collected from seven provinces in thailand. all sugarcane leaf samples contained yeasts and 158 yeast strains were obtained. on the basis of the d1/d2 domain of the large subunit rrna gene sequence analysis, 144 strains were identified to 24 known species in 14 genera belonging to the ascomycota viz. candida akabanensis, candida dendronema, candida mesorugosa, candida michaelii, candida nivarien ...201424442819
highly enantioselective production of (r)-halohydrins with whole cells of rhodotorula rubra kch 82 culture.biotransformation of ten α-haloacetophenones in the growing culture of the strain rhodotorula rubra kch 82 has been carried out. nine of the substrates underwent an effective enantioselective reduction to the respective (r)-alcohols according to prelog's rule, with the exception of 2-chloro-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one that was not transformed by this strain. the expected reduction proceeded without dehalogenation, leading to the respective (r)-halohydrins in high yields. the use of this biocatalyst ...201425486054
rhodotorula mucilaginosa, a quorum quenching yeast exhibiting lactonase activity isolated from a tropical shoreline.two microbial isolates from a malaysian shoreline were found to be capable of degrading n-acylhomoserine lactones. both matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry and 18s rdna phylogenetic analyses confirmed that these isolates are rhodotorula mucilaginosa. quorum quenching activities were detected by a series of bioassays and rapid resolution liquid chromatography analysis. the isolates were able to degrade various quorum sensing molecules namely n-hexanoyl-l-h ...201424721765
the biology of habitat dominance; can microbes behave as weeds?competition between microbial species is a product of, yet can lead to a reduction in, the microbial diversity of specific habitats. microbial habitats can resemble ecological battlefields where microbial cells struggle to dominate and/or annihilate each other and we explore the hypothesis that (like plant weeds) some microbes are genetically hard-wired to behave in a vigorous and ecologically aggressive manner. these 'microbial weeds' are able to dominate the communities that develop in fertile ...201323336673
determination of the effect of nd:yag laser irradiation through dentinal tubules on several oral pathogens.the effects of nd:yag laser irradiations at different power settings on several oral pathogens were evaluated. a total of 252 dentin samples were divided into seven groups consisting of 36 dentin specimens each. in each group, 9 of the 36 specimens were used as controls, thereby including a control in every group. the remaining 27 specimens were divided into three subgroups consisting of nine specimens according to different nd:yag laser settings (1.5, 1.8, and 2 w). each group was inoculated on ...201322767323
determination and differentiation of triacylglycerol molecular species in antarctic and non-antarctic yeasts by atmospheric pressure-chemical ionization-mass spectrometry.yeast, particularly saccharomyces cerevisiae, has long served as a model eukaryotic system for studies on the regulation of lipid metabolism. we developed a high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry method for the detailed analysis of triacylglycerols (tags) in 14 species of yeast consisting of seven antarctic yeasts (grown at 15°c and 5°c) and seven non-antarctic yeasts (grown at 25°c and 15°c), the latter including 3 strains of s. cerevis ...201323831436
in vitro antioxidant and antifungal properties of essential oils obtained from aromatic herbs endemic to the southeast of spain.the aim of this work was to determine (i) the antioxidant capacity of thymus moroderi, thymus piperella, santolina chamaecyparissus, and sideritis angustifolia essential oils (eos) by means of four different antioxidant tests (the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method, the ferrous ion-chelating ability assay, the ferric reducing antioxidant power test, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive species test) and (ii) the antifungal activity against molds and yeast of these eos by th ...201323834797
multiple rare opportunistic and pathogenic fungi in persistent foot skin infection.persistent superficial skin infection caused by multiple fungi is rarely reported. recently, a number of fungi, both opportunistic and persistent in nature were isolated from the foot skin of a 24-year old male in malaysia. the fungi were identified as candida parapsilosis, rhodotorula mucilaginosa, phoma spp., debaryomyces hansenii, acremonium spp., aureobasidium pullulans and aspergillus spp., this is the first report on these opportunistic strains were co-isolated from a healthy individual wh ...201324175430
role of hydrophobicity in adhesion of wild yeast isolated from the ultrafiltration membranes of an apple juice processing plant.the role of cell surface hydrophobicity in the adhesion to stainless steel (ss) of 11 wild yeast strains isolated from the ultrafiltration membranes of an apple juice processing plant was investigated. the isolated yeasts belonged to four species: candida krusei (5 isolates), candida tropicalis (2 isolates), kluyveromyces marxianus (3 isolates) and rhodotorula mucilaginosa (1 isolate). surface hydrophobicity was measured by the microbial adhesion to solvents method. yeast cells and surfaces were ...201323837866
broad-spectrum antifungal-producing lactic acid bacteria and their application in fruit models.a large-scale screen of some 7,000 presumptive lactic acid bacteria (lab), isolated from animal, human, or plant origin, identified 1,149 isolates with inhibitory activity against the food-spoilage mould penicillium expansum. in excess of 500 lab isolates were subsequently identified to produce a broad spectrum of activity against p. expansum, penicillium digitatum, penicillium notatum, penicillium roqueforti, rhizopus stolonifer, fusarium culmorum, aspergillus fumigatus and rhodotorula mucilagi ...201323160868
taxonomic assessment and enzymes production by yeasts isolated from marine and terrestrial antarctic samples.the aim of the present study was to investigate the taxonomic identity of yeasts isolated from the antarctic continent and to evaluate their ability to produce enzymes (lipase, protease and xylanase) at low and moderate temperatures. a total of 97 yeast strains were recovered from marine and terrestrial samples collected in the antarctica. the highest amount of yeast strains was obtained from marine sediments, followed by lichens, ornithogenic soils, sea stars, salpa sp., algae, sea urchin, sea ...201324114281
aspergillus niger p6 and rhodotorula mucilaginosa ch4 used for olive mill wastewater (omw) biological treatment in single pure and successive cultures.the aim of this study was to investigate the rhodotorula mucilaginosa ch4 and aspergillus niger p6 abilities to purify olive mill wastewater (omw) in single pure and mixed cultures during the treatment. both fungi were molecularly identified. omw was used at five dilutions from 5% to 30% with chemical oxygen demand (cod) ranging from 11,600 to 24,600 mg l(-1). firstly, each fungus was used separately, then they were successively used to treat the omw. in single pure culture, a. niger showed a be ...201323837312
occurrence and low pressure ultraviolet inactivation of yeasts in real water sources.low pressure ultraviolet photolysis proved to be an efficient treatment to achieve inactivation of different yeast species (candida sp., cryptococcus carnescens, metschnikowia viticola/candida kofuensis, rhodosporidium babjevae, rhodotorula minuta, and rhodotorula mucilaginosa) isolated from water sources with very different compositions. the sensitivity degree of various yeast isolates to uv treatment varied among different genera. species isolated from surface water gained additional photoprot ...201323001236
potentially pathogenic yeasts from soil of children's recreational areas in the city of łódź (poland).yeasts may become potential human and animal pathogens, particularly for individuals with a depressed immune system. their presence in the environment, especially in soil, may favour their spread into human ontocenoses.201324018998
Refresh
firstprev
123456
nextlast
Displaying items 1 - 100 of 543