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pinus halepensis, pinus pinaster, pinus pinea and pinus sylvestris essential oils chemotypes and monoterpene hydrocarbon enantiomers, before and after inoculation with the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus.pinewood nematode (pwn), bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, a serious threat to global forest populations of conifers, especially pinus spp. a time-course study of the essential oils (eos) of 2-year-old pinus halepensis, pinus pinaster, pinus pinea and pinus sylvestris following inoculation with the pwn was performed. the constitutive and nematode inoculation induced eos components were analyzed at both the wounding or inoculation areas and at the whole plant l ...201727623247
reducing exposure to pathogens in the horse: a preliminary study into the survival of bacteria on a range of equine bedding types.to compare the rate of growth of four microbial strains that cause disease in the horse, on four commonly used types of bedding. the moisture-holding capacity of each bedding type was also tested.201727659898
impact of leaf traits on temporal dynamics of transpired oxygen isotope signatures and its impact on atmospheric vapor.oxygen isotope signatures of transpiration (δ e ) are powerful tracers of water movement from plant to global scale. however, a mechanistic understanding of how leaf morphological/physiological traits effect δ e is missing. a laser spectrometer was coupled to a leaf-level gas-exchange system to measure fluxes and isotopic signatures of plant transpiration under controlled conditions in seven distinct species (fagus sylvatica, pinus sylvestris, acacia longifolia, quercus suber, coffea arabica, pl ...201728149303
low molecular weight components of pollen alter bronchial epithelial barrier functions.the bronchial epithelium plays a key role in providing a protective barrier against many environmental substances of anthropogenic or natural origin which enter the lungs during breathing. appropriate responses to these agents are critical for regulation of tissue homeostasis, while inappropriate responses may contribute to disease pathogenesis. here, we compared epithelial barrier responses to different pollen species, characterized the active pollen components and the signaling pathways leadin ...201726451347
tree diversity affects chlorophyll a fluorescence and other leaf traits of tree species in a boreal forest.an assemblage of tree species with different crown properties creates heterogeneous environments at the canopy level. changes of functional leaf traits are expected, especially those related to light interception and photosynthesis. chlorophyll a fluorescence (chlf) properties in dark-adapted leaves, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content (n) and carbon isotope composition (δ13c) were measured on picea abies (l.) h.karst., pinus sylvestris l. and betula pendula roth. in monospecific and mixed ...201728100710
accumulative response of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and silver birch (betula pendula roth) to heavy metals enhanced by pb-zn ore mining and processing plants: explicitly spatial considerations of ordinary kriging based on a gis approach.plants have an accumulative response to heavy metals present in soils or deposited from airborne sources of emissions. therefore, their tissues are very often used in studies of heavy metal contamination originating from different sources as a bioindicator of environmental pollution. this research was undertaken to examine accumulation capacities of pb, zn, cd, cu and cr in washed and unwashed needles of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and leaves of silver birch (betula pendula roth) growing in ...201727836278
differential response of scots pine seedlings to variable intensity and ratio of r and fr light.we investigated the response to increasing intensity of red (r) and far-red (fr) light and to a decrease in r:fr ratio in pinus sylvestris l. (scots pine) seedling. the results showed that fr-high irradiance response (fr-hir) for hypocotyl elongation may be present in scots pine, and that this response is enhanced by increasing light intensity. however, both hypocotyl inhibition and pigment accumulation were more strongly affected by the r light compared to fr light. this is in contrast to previ ...201728108999
do understory or overstory traits drive tree encroachment on a drained raised bog?one of the most important threats to peatland ecosystems is drainage, resulting in encroachment of woody species. the main aim of this study was to check which features -ndash- overstory or understory vegetation -ndash- are more important for shaping the seedling bank of pioneer trees colonizing peatlands (pinus sylvestris and betula pubescens). we hypothesized that tree stand parameters will be more important predictors of natural regeneration density than understory vegetation parameters, and ...201728376255
invasion by the alien tree prunus serotina alters ecosystem functions in a temperate deciduous forest.alien invasive species can affect large areas, often with wide-ranging impacts on ecosystem structure, function, and services. prunus serotina is a widespread invader of european temperate forests, where it tends to form homogeneous stands and limits recruitment of indigenous trees. we hypotesized that invasion by p. serotina would be reflected in the nutrient contents of the native species' leaves and in the respiration of invaded plots as efficient resource uptake and changes in nutrient cycli ...201728261238
phylogenetic and functional traits of ectomycorrhizal assemblages in top soil from different biogeographic regions and forest types.ectomycorrhizal (em) fungal taxonomic, phylogenetic, and trait diversity (exploration types) were analyzed in beech and conifer forests along a north-to-south gradient in three biogeographic regions in germany. the taxonomic community structures of the ectomycorrhizal assemblages in top soil were influenced by stand density and forest type, by biogeographic environmental factors (soil physical properties, temperature, and precipitation), and by nitrogen forms (amino acids, ammonium, and nitrate) ...201727885418
impregnation of scots pine and beech with tannin solutions: effect of viscosity and wood anatomy in wood infiltration.the impregnation process of scots pine and beech samples with tannin solutions was investigated. the two materials involved in the process (impregnation solution and wood samples) are studied in depth. viscosity of mimosa tannin solutions and the anatomical aspect of beech and scots pine were analysed and correlated. the viscosity of tannin solutions presents a non-newtonian behaviour when its ph level increases, and in the case of addition of hexamine as a hardener, the crosslinking of the flav ...201726366019
non-destructive phenotypic analysis of early stage tree seedling growth using an automated stereovision imaging method.a plant phenotyping approach was applied to evaluate growth rate of containerized tree seedlings during the precultivation phase following seed germination. a simple and affordable stereo optical system was used to collect stereoscopic red-green-blue (rgb) images of seedlings at regular intervals of time. comparative analysis of these images by means of a newly developed software enabled us to calculate (a) the increments of seedlings height and (b) the percentage greenness of seedling leaves. c ...201627840632
living on the edge: contrasted wood-formation dynamics in fagus sylvatica and pinus sylvestris under mediterranean conditions.wood formation in european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) was intra-annually monitored to examine plastic responses of the xylem phenology according to altitude in one of the southernmost areas of their distribution range, i.e., in the moncayo natural park, spain. the monitoring was done from 2011 to 2013 at 1180 and 1580 m a.s.l., corresponding to the lower and upper limits of european beech forest in this region. microcores containing phloem, cambium and xylem ...201627047534
mycorrhizal synthesis between lactarius deliciosus and arbutus unedo l.arbutoid mycorrhizae were synthesized in vitro between arbutus unedo l. and two isolates of lactarius deliciosus. the fungal isolates were obtained from sporocarps collected under pinus sylvestris and in a mixed forest stand of quercus suber and pinus pinea. synthesis tubes filled with a mixture of sterilized peat, vermiculite, and perlite imbibed with nutrient solution were used. two inoculation methods using solid and liquid media were tested. shoots from an adult selected clone of a. unedo we ...201626215114
interactive effects of juvenile defoliation, light conditions, and interspecific competition on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of fagus sylvatica and pinus sylvestris seedlings.seedlings of forest tree species are exposed to a number of abiotic (organ loss or damage, light shortage) and biotic (interspecific competition) stress factors, which may lead to an inhibition of growth and reproduction and, eventually, to plant death. growth of the host and its mycorrhizal symbiont is often closely linked, and hence, host damage may negatively affect the symbiont. we designed a pot experiment to study the response of light-demanding pinus sylvestris and shade-tolerant fagus sy ...201626003665
streptomyces pini sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from phylloplane of pine (pinus sylvestris l.) needle-like leaves.a novel siderophore-producing actinomycete, designated pl19t, was isolated from the scots-pine needle-like leaves collected from tnau campus, coimbatore, india. the isolate was chemoorganotrophic in nutrition and able to grow at 30 °c, and the optimum ph and nacl facilitated the growth ph 6-11 and 0-8 % (w/v), respectively. the cells are filamentous and the mycelia formed are basically of wide and intricately branched substrate mycelium from which aerial mycelia arises, later gets differentiated ...201627469580
analysis of single root tip microbiomes suggests that distinctive bacterial communities are selected by pinus sylvestris roots colonized by different ectomycorrhizal fungi.symbiotic ectomycorrhizal tree roots represent an important niche for interaction with bacteria since the fungi colonizing them have a large surface area and receive a direct supply of photosynthetically derived carbon. we examined individual root tips of pinus sylvestris at defined time points between 5 days and 24 weeks, identified the dominant fungi colonizing each root tip using sanger sequencing and the bacterial communities colonizing individual root tips by 454 pyrosequencing. bacterial c ...201626521936
[spatial distribution features of the root biomass of some tree species (picea abies, pinus sylvestris, betula sp.)].the effect of intra- and interspecific competition on the spatial distribution of the biomass and mortmass of woody plant roots in mixed tree stands has been studied. it has been found that the mass of roots in the samples from tree pairs of different species is higher than in the samples from monospecific pairs. species-specific differences in the vertical distribution of roots and the effect of intra- and interspecific competition on the spatial structure of biomass have been shown. it has bee ...201626349238
common trends in elements? within- and between-tree variations of wood-chemistry measured by x-ray fluorescence - a dendrochemical study.element composition of annually resolved tree-rings constitutes a promising biological proxy for reconstructions of environmental conditions and pollution history. however, several methodological and physiological issues have to be addressed before sound conclusions can be drawn from dendrochemical time series. for example, radial and vertical translocation processes of elements in the wood might blur or obscure any dendrochemical signal. in this study, we tested the degree of synchronism of ele ...201627267719
osmolality and non-structural carbohydrate composition in the secondary phloem of trees across a latitudinal gradient in europe.phloem osmolality and its components are involved in basic cell metabolism, cell growth, and in various physiological processes including the ability of living cells to withstand drought and frost. osmolality and sugar composition responses to environmental stresses have been extensively studied for leaves, but less for the secondary phloem of plant stems and branches. leaf osmotic concentration and the share of pinitol and raffinose among soluble sugars increase with increasing drought or cold ...201627313582
replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands: ecosystem service implications of two production forest alternatives in sweden.whereas there is evidence that mixed-species approaches to production forestry in general can provide positive outcomes relative to monocultures, it is less clear to what extent multiple benefits can be derived from specific mixed-species alternatives. to provide such insights requires evaluations of an encompassing suite of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and forest management considerations provided by specific mixtures and monocultures within a region. here, we conduct such an assessment in ...201626744048
levels of selected trace elements in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), silver birch (betula pendula l.), and norway maple (acer platanoides l.) in an urbanized environment.the aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of selected trace elements in needles and bark of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), leaves and bark of silver birch (betula pendula l.), and norway maple (acer platanoides l.), as well as in the soil in which the trees grew, depending on their localization and hence the distribution of local pollution sources. the content of trace elements in needles of scots pine, leaves of silver birch, and norway maple and in bark of these trees depende ...201627696092
selective behaviour of honeybees in acquiring european propolis plant precursors.honey bees harvest resins from various plant species and use them in the hive as propolis. while there have been a number of studies concerning the chemical composition of this antimicrobial product, little is known about selective behavior and bee preference when different potential plant sources of resin are available. the main objective of this paper was to investigate some aspects of behavioral patterns of honeybees in the context of resin acquisition. samples of propolis originating from te ...201627294416
assessing forest vulnerability to climate warming using a process-based model of tree growth: bad prospects for rear-edges.growth models can be used to assess forest vulnerability to climate warming. if global warming amplifies water deficit in drought-prone areas, tree populations located at the driest and southernmost distribution limits (rear-edges) should be particularly threatened. here, we address these statements by analyzing and projecting growth responses to climate of three major tree species (silver fir, abies alba; scots pine, pinus sylvestris; and mountain pine, pinus uncinata) in mountainous areas of n ...201627782362
xylogenesis: coniferous trees of temperate forests are listening to the climate tale during the growing season but only remember the last words!the complex inner mechanisms that create typical conifer tree-ring structure (i.e. the transition from large, thin-walled earlywood cells to narrow, thick-walled latewood cells) were recently unraveled. however, what physiological or environmental factors drive xylogenesis key processes remain unclear. here, we aim to quantify the influence of seasonal variations in climatic factors on the spectacular changes in the kinetics of wood cell differentiation and in the resulting tree-ring structure. ...201627208048
wood anatomy and carbon-isotope discrimination support long-term hydraulic deterioration as a major cause of drought-induced dieback.hydraulic impairment due to xylem embolism and carbon starvation are the two proposed mechanisms explaining drought-induced forest dieback and tree death. here, we evaluate the relative role played by these two mechanisms in the long-term by quantifying wood-anatomical traits (tracheid size and area of parenchyma rays) and estimating the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iwue) from carbon isotopic discrimination. we selected silver fir and scots pine stands in ne spain with ongoing dieback process ...201626790660
actinobacteria possessing antimicrobial and antioxidant activities isolated from the pollen of scots pine (pinus sylvestris) grown on the baikal shore.isolated ecosystems existing under specific environmental conditions have been shown to be promising sources of new strains of actinobacteria. the taiga forest of baikal siberia has not been well studied, and its actinobacterial population remains uncharacterized. the proximity between the huge water mass of lake baikal and high mountain ranges influences the structure and diversity of the plant world in siberia. here, we report the isolation of eighteen actinobacterial strains from male cones o ...201627392610
conifer green needle complex in patients with precancerous gastric lesions: an observational pilot study.objectives. helicobacter pylori infection is common and can lead to precancerous gastric lesions. standard antibiotic therapy has a failure rate of more than 25% from antibiotic resistance. the primary aim of this observational pilot study was to test the feasibility of a large-scale clinical trial of conifer green needle complex (cgnc) to treat precancerous gastric lesions. secondary aims were to investigate h. pylori infection, stomach function, and histopathology of the gastric mucosa. method ...201628003849
first evidence of established populations of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) in sweden.the tick species ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus are of exceptional medical importance in the western and eastern parts, respectively, of the palaearctic region. in russia and finland the range of i. persulcatus has recently increased. in finland the first records of i. persulcatus are from 2004. the apparent expansion of its range in finland prompted us to investigate if i. persulcatus also occurs in sweden.201627370406
the intracellular scots pine shoot symbiont methylobacterium extorquens dsm13060 aggregates around the host nucleus and encodes eukaryote-like proteins.endophytes are microbes that inhabit plant tissues without any apparent signs of infection, often fundamentally altering plant phenotypes. while endophytes are typically studied in plant roots, where they colonize the apoplast or dead cells, methylobacterium extorquens strain dsm13060 is a facultatively intracellular symbiont of the meristematic cells of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) shoot tips. the bacterium promotes host growth and development without the production of known plant growth-st ...201525805725
histological changes in stems of pinus sylvestris seedlings infected with a virulent isolate of the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus. 201526227729
fungal endophytic communities on twigs of fast and slow growing scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) in northern spain.most plant species harbour a diverse community of endophytic, but their role is still unknown in most cases, including ecologically and economically important tree species. this study describes the culturable fungal endophytic community of pinus sylvestris l. twigs in northern spain and its relationship with diametric growth of the host. in all, 360 twig samples were collected from 30 scots pines in fifteen stands. isolates were obtained from all twig samples and 43 fungal taxa were identified b ...201526399183
characterization of condensed tannins and carbohydrates in hot water bark extracts of european softwood species.condensed tannins extracted from european softwood bark are recognized as alternatives to synthetic phenolics. the extraction is generally performed in hot water, leading to simultaneous extraction of other bark constituents such as carbohydrates, phenolic monomers and salts. characterization of the extract's composition and identification of the extracted tannins' molecular structure are needed to better identify potential applications. bark from silver fir (abies alba [mill.]), european larch ...201526547588
tree mineral nutrition is deteriorating in europe.the response of forest ecosystems to increased atmospheric co2 is constrained by nutrient availability. it is thus crucial to account for nutrient limitation when studying the forest response to climate change. the objectives of this study were to describe the nutritional status of the main european tree species, to identify growth-limiting nutrients and to assess changes in tree nutrition during the past two decades. we analysed the foliar nutrition data collected during 1992-2009 on the intens ...201524920268
antifungal activity of essential oils against selected terverticillate penicillia.the aim of this study was to screen 15 essential oils of selected plant species, viz. lavandula angustifolia, carum carvi, pinus mungo var. pulmilio, mentha piperita, chamomilla recutita l., pinus sylvestris, satureia hortensis l., origanum vulgare l., pimpinella anisum, rosmarinus officinalis l., salvia officinalis l., abietis albia etheroleum, chamomilla recutita l. rausch, thymus vulgaris l., origanum vulgare l. for antifungal activity against five penicillium species: penicillium brevicompac ...201525780826
coupled enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation: ionic liquid pretreatment for enhanced yields.pretreatment is a vital step upon biochemical conversion of lignocellulose materials into biofuels. an acid catalyzed thermochemical treatment is the most commonly employed method for this purpose. alternatively, ionic liquids (ils), a class of neoteric solvents, provide unique opportunities as solvents for the pretreatment of a wide range of lignocellulose materials. in the present study, four ionic liquid solvents (ils), two switchable ils (sils) dbu-mea-so2 and dbu-mea-co2, as well as two 'cl ...201526339292
sap-feeding insects on forest trees along latitudinal gradients in northern europe: a climate-driven patterns.knowledge of the latitudinal patterns in biotic interactions, and especially in herbivory, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that govern ecosystem functioning and for predicting their responses to climate change. we used sap-feeding insects as a model group to test the hypotheses that the strength of plant-herbivore interactions in boreal forests decreases with latitude and that this latitudinal pattern is driven primarily by midsummer temperatures. we used a replicated sampling design ...201525044643
carbon sequestration is related to mycorrhizal fungal community shifts during long-term succession in boreal forests.boreal forest soils store a major proportion of the global terrestrial carbon (c) and below-ground inputs contribute as much as above-ground plant litter to the total c stored in the soil. a better understanding of the dynamics and drivers of root-associated fungal communities is essential to predict long-term soil c storage and climate feedbacks in northern ecosystems. we used 454-pyrosequencing to identify fungal communities across fine-scaled soil profiles in a 5000 yr fire-driven boreal fore ...201525494880
role of nurse shrubs for restoration planting of two conifers in southeast of mu us sandland, china.two-year-old pine seedlings, pinus tabulaeformis and pinus sylvestris were planted under the canopies of three shrub species and in open areas to test for facilitation during seedling establishment in southeast of mu us sandland in northern part of shaanxi, china. pine seedlings establishment were assessed three times within three consecutive growing seasons. height, area and volume of shrubs were measured. microclimate conditions (light intensity, air temperature and soil temperature and moistu ...201526536812
evidences on the ability of mycorrhizal genus piloderma to use organic nitrogen and deliver it to scots pine.ectomycorrhizal (ecm) symbiosis has been proposed to link plant photosynthesis and soil organic matter (som) decomposition through the production of fungal enzymes which promote som degradation and nitrogen (n) uptake. however, laboratory and field evidence for the existence of these processes are rare. piloderma sp., a common ecm genus in boreal forest soil, was chosen as model mycorrhiza for this study. the abundance of piloderma sp. was studied in root tips and soil over one growing season an ...201526132469
frost hardiness of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal scots pine under two fertilization treatments.survival and functioning of mycorrhizal associations at low temperatures are not known well. in an earlier study, ectomycorrhizas did not affect the frost hardiness of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) roots, but here we studied whether differential nutrient availability would change the result and additionally, alter frost hardiness aboveground. the aim in this experiment was to compare the frost hardiness of roots and needles of mycorrhizal (hebeloma sp.) and non-mycorrhizal scots pine seedling ...201525404213
forest management type influences diversity and community composition of soil fungi across temperate forest ecosystems.fungal communities have been shown to be highly sensitive toward shifts in plant diversity and species composition in forest ecosystems. however, little is known about the impact of forest management on fungal diversity and community composition of geographically separated sites. this study examined the effects of four different forest management types on soil fungal communities. these forest management types include age class forests of young managed beech (fagus sylvatica l.), with beech stand ...201526635766
explaining the variability of the photochemical reflectance index (pri) at the canopy-scale: disentangling the effects of phenological and physiological changes.assessing photosynthesis rates at the ecosystem scale and over large regions is important for tracking the global carbon cycle and remote sensing has provided new and useful approaches for performing this assessment. the photochemical reflectance index (pri) is a good estimator of short-term light-use efficiency (lue) at the leaf scale; however, confounding factors appear at larger temporal and spatial scales. in this study, canopy-scale pri variability was investigated for three species (fagus ...201526295453
consistency of defoliation data of the national training courses for the forest condition survey in germany from 1992 to 2012.the consistency of visual assessment of tree defoliation, which represents the most widely used indicator for tree condition, has frequently been in the focus of scientific criticism. thus, the objective of the present study was to examine the consistency of the defoliation data from the annual national training courses for the forest condition survey in germany from 1992 to 2012. defoliation assessments were carried out in stands of beech (fagus sylvatica), oak (quercus robur and quercus petrae ...201423955498
trichoderma sp. pdr1-7 promotes pinus sylvestris reforestation of lead-contaminated mine tailing sites.vegetation is critical to stabilize and remediate mine tailing sites, but plant growth is often poor due to toxicity from heavy metal(loid)s (hms). a non-symbiotic endophytic fungus, trichoderma sp. pdr1-7, isolated from pb-contaminated mine tailing soil, exhibited both high tolerance to hms and desirable plant growth-promoting characteristics. pdr1-7 promoted hm solubilization in mine tailing soil and removed significant amounts of pb and other hms from liquid media containing single and multip ...201424496029
archaeorhizomyces borealis sp. nov. and a sequence-based classification of related soil fungal species.the class archaeorhizomycetes (taphrinomycotina, ascomycota) was introduced to accommodate an ancient lineage of soil-inhabiting fungi found in association with plant roots. based on environmental sequencing data archaeorhizomycetes may comprise a significant proportion of the total fungal community in soils. yet the only species described and cultivated in this class is archaeorhizomyces finlayi. in this paper, we describe a second species from a pure culture, archaeorhizomyces borealis ns99-60 ...201425457942
structural adjustments in resprouting trees drive differences in post-fire transpiration.following disturbance many woody species are capable of resprouting new foliage, resulting in a reduced leaf-to-sapwood area ratio and altered canopy structure. we hypothesized that such changes would promote adjustments in leaf physiology, resulting in higher rates of transpiration per unit leaf area, consistent with the mechanistic framework proposed by whitehead et al. (whitehead d, jarvis pg, waring rh (1984) stomatal conductance, transpiration and resistance to water uptake in a pinus sylve ...201424536069
biogeographic variation in evergreen conifer needle longevity and impacts on boreal forest carbon cycle projections.leaf life span is an important plant trait associated with interspecific variation in leaf, organismal, and ecosystem processes. we hypothesized that intraspecific variation in gymnosperm needle traits with latitude reflects both selection and acclimation for traits adaptive to the associated temperature and moisture gradient. this hypothesis was supported, because across 127 sites along a 2,160-km gradient in north america individuals of picea glauca, picea mariana, pinus banksiana, and abies b ...201425225397
interaction with ectomycorrhizal fungi and endophytic methylobacterium affects nutrient uptake and growth of pine seedlings in vitro.tissues of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) contain several endophytic microorganisms of which methylobacterium extorquens dsm13060 is a dominant species throughout the year. similar to other endophytic bacteria, m. extorquens is able to colonize host plant tissues without causing any symptoms of disease. in addition to endophytic bacteria, plants associate simultaneously with a diverse set of microorganisms. furthermore, plant-colonizing microorganisms interact with each other in a species- or ...201425149086
secret lifestyles of neurospora crassa.neurospora crassa has a long history as an excellent model for genetic, cellular, and biochemical research. although this fungus is known as a saprotroph, it normally appears on burned vegetations or trees after forest fires. however, due to a lack of experimental evidence, the nature of its association with living plants remains enigmatic. here we report that scots pine (pinus sylvestris) is a host plant for n. crassa. the endophytic lifestyle of n. crassa was found in its interaction with scot ...201424875794
antibacterial activity against clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin.in the present study, the antimicrobial and antiradical activities of 15 essential oils were investigated. the antimicrobial activities were determined by using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against clostridium genus and antioxidant properties of essential oils by testing their scavenging effect on dpph radicals activities. we determined the antibacterial activity of clostridium butyricum, clostridium hystoliticum, clostridium intestinale, clostridium perfringens and clostr ...201424813985
strategies utilized by trophically diverse fungal species for pinus sylvestris root colonization.physiological changes in host plants in response to the broad spectrum of fungal modes of infection are still not well understood. the current study was conducted to better understand the infection of in vitro cultures of pinus sylvestris l. seedlings by three trophically diverse fungal species, fusarium oxysporum e. f. sm. & swingle, trichoderma harzianum rifai and hebeloma crustuliniforme (bull.) quél. biochemical methods and microscopy were utilized to determine (i) which factors (apoplastic ...201424391166
ophiostomatoid fungi including two new fungal species associated with pine root-feeding beetles in northern spain.many bark beetles live in a symbiosis with ophiostomatoid fungi but very little is known regarding these fungi in spain. in this study, we considered the fungi associated with nine bark beetle species and one weevil infesting two native tree species (pinus sylvestris and pinus nigra) and one non-native (pinus radiata) in cantabria (northern spain). this included examination of 239 bark beetles or their galleries. isolations yielded a total of 110 cultures that included 11 fungal species (five sp ...201425253585
selecting microbial strains from pine tree resin: biotechnological applications from a terpene world.resin is a chemical and physical defensive barrier secreted by many plants, especially coniferous trees, with insecticidal and antimicrobial properties. the degradation of terpenes, the main components accounting for the toxicity of resin, is highly relevant for a vast range of biotechnological processes, including bioremediation. in the present work, we used a resin-based selective medium in order to study the resin-tolerant microbial communities associated with the galls formed by the moth ret ...201424971580
enhancement of heavy metal phytoremediation by alnus firma with endophytic bacillus thuringiensis gdb-1.phytoremediation shows potential for remediating mine tailing sites contaminated with heavy metals. our aim was to isolate, characterize, and assess the potential of endophytic bacteria to enhance growth and metal accumulation by the hyperaccumulator alnus firma. a bacterial strain isolated from roots of pinus sylvestris had the capacity to remove heavy metals from mine tailing and was identified as bacillus thuringiensis gdb-1 based on 16s ribosomal dna sequencing. gdb-1 exhibited plant growth- ...201323500429
a genome-wide association study identifies genomic regions for virulence in the non-model organism heterobasidion annosum s.s.the dense single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) panels needed for genome wide association (gwa) studies have hitherto been expensive to establish and use on non-model organisms. to overcome this, we used a next generation sequencing approach to both establish snps and to determine genotypes. we conducted a gwa study on a fungal species, analysing the virulence of heterobasidion annosum s.s., a necrotrophic pathogen, on its hosts picea abies and pinus sylvestris. from a set of 33,018 single nucle ...201323341945
the norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution.conifers have dominated forests for more than 200 million years and are of huge ecological and economic importance. here we present the draft assembly of the 20-gigabase genome of norway spruce (picea abies), the first available for any gymnosperm. the number of well-supported genes (28,354) is similar to the >100 times smaller genome of arabidopsis thaliana, and there is no evidence of a recent whole-genome duplication in the gymnosperm lineage. instead, the large genome size seems to result fr ...201323698360
effects of species-specific leaf characteristics and reduced water availability on fine particle capture efficiency of trees.trees can improve air quality by capturing particles in their foliage. we determined the particle capture efficiencies of coniferous pinus sylvestris and three broadleaved species: betula pendula, betula pubescens and tilia vulgaris in a wind tunnel using nacl particles. the importance of leaf surface structure, physiology and moderate soil drought on the particle capture efficiencies of the trees were determined. the results confirm earlier findings of more efficient particle capture by conifer ...201323735814
forest floor leachate fluxes under six different tree species on a metal contaminated site.trees play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of metals, although the influence of different tree species on the mobilization of metals is not yet clear. this study examined effects of six tree species on fluxes of cd, zn, doc, h(+) and base cations in forest floor leachates on a metal polluted site in belgium. forest floor leachates were sampled with zero-tension lysimeters in a 12-year-old post-agricultural forest on a sandy soil. the tree species included were silver birch (betul ...201323376521
sustainable bio-production of styrene from forest waste.a strain of penicillium expansum was studied for the production of styrene using forest waste biomass as a feeding substrate. the fungal strain was cultivated on bark of various trees supplemented with yeast extract and the volatiles produced were collected on tenax ta and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. fungus cultured on grated soft bark of pine (pinus sylvestris) stems (gpb) and mature bark of oak (quercus robur) supplemented with yeast extract produced relatively the highes ...201323899574
effects of tree species richness and composition on moose winter browsing damage and foraging selectivity: an experimental study.the optimal foraging theory, the nutrient balance hypothesis, and the plant association theories predict that foraging decisions and resulting tree damage by large mammalian browsers may be influenced by the species richness and species composition of forest stands. this may lead to either associational susceptibility (increased damage on a focal plant in a mixed stand) or associational resistance (reduced damage in a mixed stand). better understanding of the mechanisms and the relative importan ...201323363076
disparity in elevational shifts of european trees in response to recent climate warming.predicting climate-driven changes in plant distribution is crucial for biodiversity conservation and management under recent climate change. climate warming is expected to induce movement of species upslope and towards higher latitudes. however, the mechanisms and physiological processes behind the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution range of a tree species are complex and depend on each tree species features and vary over ontogenetic stages. we investigated the altitudinal distribution dif ...201323572443
generalized additive models reveal the intrinsic complexity of wood formation dynamics.the intra-annual dynamics of wood formation, which involves the passage of newly produced cells through three successive differentiation phases (division, enlargement, and wall thickening) to reach the final functional mature state, has traditionally been described in conifers as three delayed bell-shaped curves followed by an s-shaped curve. here the classical view represented by the 'gompertz function (gf) approach' was challenged using two novel approaches based on parametric generalized line ...201323530132
a molecular contribution to the assessment of the tricholoma equestre species complex.in recent years, interest in the tricholoma equestre species complex has increased because of several cases of severe and sometimes fatal rhabdomyolysis reported in france and poland. these occurred after repeated consumption of large portions of t. equestre sporophores during consecutive meals, despite the fact that this species is renowned as a tasty edible wild mushroom. the t. equestre species complex includes three ectomycorrhizal species tricholoma flavovirens (pers.) s. lundell, tricholom ...201323452952
frost hardiness of mycorrhizal (hebeloma sp.) and non-mycorrhizal scots pine roots.the frost hardiness (fh) of mycorrhizal [ectomycorrhizal (ecm)] and non-mycorrhizal (nm) scots pine (pinus sylvestris) seedlings was studied to assess whether mycorrhizal symbiosis affected the roots' tolerance of below-zero temperatures. ecm (hebeloma sp.) and nm seedlings were cultivated in a growth chamber for 18 weeks. after 13 weeks' growth in long-day and high-temperature (ldht) conditions, a half of the ecm and nm seedlings were moved into a chamber with short-day and low-temperature (sdl ...201323558517
increased hyphal branching and growth of ectomycorrhizal fungus lactarius rufus by the helper bacterium paenibacillus sp.paenibacillus sp. ejp73 has been previously demonstrated as a mycorrhization helper bacterium (mhb) for the lactarius rufus-pinus sylvestris symbiosis in both laboratory and glasshouse experiments. in the present study, the effect of paenibacillus sp. ejp73 metabolites on l. rufus eo3 pre-symbiotic growth was tested in two agar plate-based systems. specifically, volatile metabolites were investigated using a dual plate system, in which the presence of strain ejp73 resulted in a significant negat ...201323397165
relevance of the sea sand disruption method (ssdm) for the biometrical differentiation of the essential-oil composition from conifers.sea sand disruption method (ssdm) is a simple and cheap sample-preparation procedure allowing the reduction of organic solvent consumption, exclusion of sample component degradation, improvement of extraction efficiency and selectivity, and elimination of additional sample clean-up and pre-concentration step before chromatographic analysis. this article deals with the possibility of ssdm application for the differentiation of essential-oils components occurring in the scots pine (pinus sylvestri ...201323418171
grosmannia and leptographium spp. associated with conifer-infesting bark beetles in finland and russia, including leptographium taigense sp. nov.species of grosmannia with leptographium anamorphs include important forest pathogens and agents of blue stain in timber. they are commonly found in association with forest pests, such as bark beetles. during a survey of ophiostomatoid fungi in eastern parts of finland and neighboring russia, species belonging to the genus grosmannia were isolated from 12 different bark beetle species infesting picea abies and pinus sylvestris, the most economically important conifers in the region. identificati ...201222580615
comparing the intra-annual wood formation of three european species (fagus sylvatica, quercus petraea and pinus sylvestris) as related to leaf phenology and non-structural carbohydrate dynamics.monitoring cambial phenology and intra-annual growth dynamics is a useful approach for characterizing the tree growth response to climate change. however, there have been few reports concerning intra-annual wood formation in lowland temperate forests with high time resolution, especially for the comparison between deciduous and coniferous species. the main objective of this study was to determine how the timing, duration and rate of radial growth change between species as related to leaf phenolo ...201222718524
life strategies in intra-annual dynamics of wood formation: example of three conifer species in a temperate forest in north-east france.we investigated whether timing and rate of growth are related to the life strategies and fitness of three conifer species. intra-annual dynamics of wood formation, shoot elongation and needle phenology were monitored over 3 years in five norway spruces (picea abies (l.) karst.), five scots pines (pinus sylvestris l.) and five silver firs (abies alba mill.) grown intermixed. for the three species, the growing season (delimited by cambial activity onset and cessation) lasted about 4 months, while ...201222543476
plant species differences in particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces.particulate matter (pm) accumulation on leaves of 22 trees and 25 shrubs was examined in test fields in norway and poland. leaf pm in different particle size fractions (pm(10), pm(2.5), pm(0.2)) differed among the species, by 10- to 15-folds at both test sites. pinus mugo and pinus sylvestris, taxus media and taxus baccata, stephanandra incisa and betula pendula were efficient species in capturing pm. less efficient species were acer platanoides, prunus avium and tilia cordata. differences among ...201222554531
analysis of arsenic and antimony distribution within plants growing at an old mine site in ouche (cantal, france) and identification of species suitable for site revegetation.one of the objectives of this study was to assess the contamination levels in the tailings of an old antimony mine site located in ouche (cantal, france). throughout the 1.3 ha site, homogenous concentrations of antimony and arsenic, a by-product of the operation, were found along 0-0.5 m-deep profiles. maximum concentrations for antimony and arsenic were 5780 mg kg(-1) dry tailings and 852 mg kg(-1) dry tailings, respectively. despite the presence of the contaminants and the low ph and organic ...201222789654
the effects of soil and air temperature on co2 exchange and net biomass accumulation in norway spruce, scots pine and silver birch seedlings.soil temperature is proposed to affect the photosynthetic rate and carbon allocation in boreal trees through sink limitation. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on co(2) exchange, biomass partitioning and ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi of boreal tree species. we measured carbon allocation, above- and below-ground co(2) exchange and the species composition of associated ecm fungi in the rhizosphere of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies k.) an ...201222345325
in vivo quantification of cell coupling in plants with different phloem-loading strategies.uptake of photoassimilates into the leaf phloem is the key step in carbon partitioning and phloem transport. symplasmic and apoplasmic loading strategies have been defined in different plant taxa based on the abundance of plasmodesmata between mesophyll and phloem. for apoplasmic loading to occur, an absence of plasmodesmata is a sufficient but not a necessary criterion, as passage of molecules through plasmodesmata might well be blocked or restricted. here, we present a noninvasive, whole-plant ...201222422939
factors affecting deer ked (lipoptena cervi) prevalence and infestation intensity in moose (alces alces) in norway.the deer ked (lipoptena cervi), a hematophagous ectoparasite of cervids, is currently spreading in scandinavia. in norway, keds are now invading the south-eastern part of the country and the abundant and widely distributed moose (alces alces) is the definitive host. however, key factors for ked abundance are poorly elucidated. the objectives of our study were to (i) determine deer ked infestation prevalence and intensity on moose and (ii) evaluate if habitat characteristics and moose population ...201223146387
no evidence for depletion of carbohydrate pools in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) under drought stress.the physiological mechanisms leading to scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) decline in the dry inner alpine valleys are still unknown. testing the carbon starvation hypothesis, we analysed the seasonal course of mobile carbohydrate pools (nsc) of scots pine growing at a xeric and a dry-mesic site within an inner alpine dry valley (750 m a.s.l., tyrol, austria) during 2009, which was characterised by exceptional soil dryness. although, soil moisture content dropped to ca. 10% at both sites during th ...201221974742
status of the southern carpathian forests in the long-term ecological research network.air pollution, bulk precipitation, throughfall, soil condition, foliar nutrients, as well as forest health and growth were studied in 2006-2009 in a long-term ecological research (lter) network in the bucegi mountains, romania. ozone (o(3)) was high indicating a potential for phytotoxicity. ammonia (nh(3)) concentrations rose to levels that could contribute to deposition of nutritional nitrogen (n) and could affect biodiversity changes. higher that 50% contribution of acidic rain (ph < 5.5) cont ...201222234644
[spread of mitochondrial dna haplotypes in population of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) in northern european russia].the variability of the first intron of the nad7 gene of scots pine mitochondrial dna was investigated in 15 populations in northeast of european russia and in three populations in belarus, sweden, and the voronezh region. restriction fragments length polymorphism of the pcr product (pcr-rflp) and sequencing were used. the investigated samples were compared with the populations studied previously. the haplotype, which is absolutely dominant in the eastern part of the scots pine range, was fixed i ...201223516906
driving factors of a vegetation shift from scots pine to pubescent oak in dry alpine forests.an increasing number of studies have reported on forest declines and vegetation shifts triggered by drought. in the swiss rhone valley (valais), one of the driest inner-alpine regions, the species composition in low elevation forests is changing: the sub-boreal scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) dominating the dry forests is showing high mortality rates. concurrently the sub-mediterranean pubescent oak (quercus pubescens willd.) has locally increased in abundance. however, it remains unclear wheth ...201223504734
[responses of boreal forest landscape in northern great xing'an mountains of northeast china to climate change].with the combination of forest landscape model (landis) and forest gap model (linkages), this paper simulated the effects of climate change on the boreal forest landscape in the great xing'an mountains, and compared the direct effects of climate change and the effects of climate warming-induced fires on the forest landscape. the results showed that under the current climate conditions and fire disturbances, the forest landscape in the study area could maintain its dynamic balance, and larix gmel ...201223479860
vegetation geography of western part of elmacik mountain, turkey.the study examines the western part of elmacik mountain from the perspective of vegetation geography. research area is within the phytogeographical region of euro-siberian that is among the flora and phytogeographical region of turkey. according to turkey's grid square system, the research area is located in the a3 square. the main elements of forest formation consist of fagus orientalis, abies nordmanniana subspp. bommuelleriana, pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana, pinus sylvestris, quercus spp., pl ...201223424832
common mortality factors of woodwasp larvae in three northeastern united states host species.very little is presently known about the natural enemies and mortality factors associated with siricids (hymenoptera: siricidae) in the united states of america (usa), especially those that may directly affect the woodwasp, sirex noctilio fabricius (hymenoptera: siricidae). s. noctilio is an invasive woodwasp, is considered a major economic pest of pine, and has a severe effect on north american pine species planted in the southern hemisphere. the mortality factors of siricid larvae were determi ...201223421560
arboreal insects associated with herbicide-stressed pinus resinosa and pinus sylvestris used as sirex noctilio trap trees in new york.in september of 2004, sirex noctilio f. (hymenoptera: siricidae) was detected in new york state and later found to be established over a larger area, including parts of southeastern canada and the northeastern united states. a key component of s. noctilio detection and management plans in other parts of the world where s. noctilio has become established are chemically girdled trap trees. trap tree usage in north america is confounded by the presence of diverse communities of organisms that inhab ...201223321081
changes in soil bacterial community triggered by drought-induced gap succession preceded changes in soil c stocks and quality.the aim of this study was to understand how drought-induced tree mortality and subsequent secondary succession would affect soil bacterial taxonomic composition as well as soil organic matter (som) quantity and quality in a mixed mediterranean forest where the scots pine (pinus sylvestris) population, affected by climatic drought-induced die-off, is being replaced by holm-oaks (ho; quercus ilex). we apply a high throughput dna pyrosequencing technique and (13)c solid-state nuclear magnetic reson ...201223301169
[population structure and understory species diversity of different aged pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in nenjiang sandy land of northeast china].taking the pinus sylvestris var. mongolica sand-fixing plantations at different development stages (24-, 29-, 39-, and 43 years old) in nenjiang sandy land as test objects, this paper studied their population structure, understory species composition, and species diversity. no regenerated seedlings were found in all the four p. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. the mean individual height and dbh of the populations differed significantly with development stage. with the increasing age of the ...201223285985
methylobacterium-induced endophyte community changes correspond with protection of plants against pathogen attack.plant inoculation with endophytic bacteria that normally live inside the plant without harming the host is a highly promising approach for biological disease control. the mechanism of resistance induction by beneficial bacteria is poorly understood, because pathways are only partly known and systemic responses are typically not seen. the innate endophytic community structures change in response to external factors such as inoculation, and bacterial endophytes can exhibit direct or indirect antag ...201223056459
[responses of pinus sylvestris var. mongolica radial growth to climate warming in great xing' an mountins: a case study in mangui].based on the theory and methodology of dendrochronology, the tree ring width chronology of pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in mangui of great xing' an mountains was developed, and the relationships between the standardized tree ring width chronology and local climate factors (temperature and precipitation) as well as the effects of climate factors on the p. sylvestris var. mongolica radial growth were analyzed. in this region, the mean monthly temperature in april-august of current year was the ...201122384574
[genetic polymorphism for got and gdh loci of scotch pine seed embryos in the area of nitrogen emissions from the chemical enterprise].variability for the loci got and gdh of seed embryos of three subpopulations of pinus sylvestris l. exposed to the emissions from the chemical enterprise manufacturing nitrogen fertilizers was studied during four years. the trend to heterozygosity reduction and increased occurrence of the cases of significant deviation of the distribution of genotypes from the theoretically expected one was shown.201122329160
identification of volatiles from pinus silvestris attractive for monochamus galloprovincialis using a spme-gc/ms platform.a myriad of volatile organic compounds (vocs) released by terrestrial vegetation plays an important role in environmental sciences. a thorough chemical identification of these species at the molecular level is essential in various fields, ranging from atmospheric chemistry to ecology of forest ecosystems. in particular, the recognition of vocs profiles in a context of plant-insect communication is a key issue for the development of forest protection tools.201122322293
nucleotide diversity and gene expression of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in irradiated scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) from the chernobyl exclusion zone.in the chernobyl exclusion zone forest trees have to tolerate and to adapt to ionizing radiation, therefore the molecular basis of their adaptive responses is of the utmost interest. based on snp analysis and real time pcr nucleotide diversity and expression profiles of gene fragments of catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx), which are known as radical scavenging genes, were analysed in the needles of irradiated pine trees of the chernobyl exclusion zone. in acutely and chronically irr ...201122304996
[dynamics and ecological-genetic variability of cytogenetic disturbances in scots pine populations experiencing technogenic impact].scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) populations in the vicinity of nuclear industry facilities were monitored. aberrant cells occurrence in root meristem of germinated seeds from the impacted pine populations was found to be significantly above the reference level during all six years of observations. in the reference population, changes of cytogenetic disturbances with time appeared to be cyclic while in the impacted populations, technogenic stress was strong enough to destroy the natural regulari ...201122292283
adaptive potential of northernmost tree populations to climate change, with emphasis on scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.).the adaptive potential of the northernmost pinus sylvestris l. (and other northern tree) populations is considered by examining first the current patterns of quantitative genetic adaptive traits, which show high population differentiation and clines. we then consider the postglacial history of the populations using both paleobiological and genetic data. the current patterns of diversity at nuclear genes suggest that the traces of admixture are mostly visible in mitochondrial dna variation patter ...201121715569
impacts of changing climate on the productivity of norway spruce dominant stands with a mixture of scots pine and birch in relation to water availability in southern and northern finland.a process-based ecosystem model was used to assess the impacts of changing climate on net photosynthesis and total stem wood growth in relation to water availability in two unmanaged norway spruce (picea abies) dominant stands with a mixture of scots pine (pinus sylvestris) and birch (betula sp.). the mixed stands were grown over a 100-year rotation (2000-99) in southern and northern finland with initial species shares of 50, 25 and 25% for norway spruce, scots pine and birch, respectively. in a ...201121436231
do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of scots pine monoterpenes?a central issue in our understanding of the evolution of the diversity of plant secondary metabolites (psms) is whether or not compounds are functional, conferring an advantage to the plant, or non-functional. we examine the hypothesis that the diversity of monoterpene psms within a plant species (scots pine pinus sylvestris) may be explained by different compounds acting as defences against high-impact herbivores operating at different life stages. we also hypothesize that pairwise coevolution, ...201121444308
ectomycorrhiza succession patterns in pinus sylvestris forests after stand-replacing fire in the central alps.fires shape fundamental properties of many forest ecosystems and climate change will increase their relevance in regions where fires occur infrequently today. in ecosystems that are not adapted to fire, post-fire tree recruitment is often sparse, a fact that might be attributed to a transient lack of mycorrhizae. ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi play an important role for recruitment by enhancing nutrient and water uptake of their hosts. the questions arise whether and for how long the ecm community ...201121468664
pinosylvin suppresses lps-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase expression via the myd88-independent, but trif-dependent downregulation of irf-3 signaling pathway in mouse macrophage cells.since inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) have been considered as potential anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive agents, we have evaluated the inhibitory effects on the production of nitric oxide (no) in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-stimulated murine macrophage raw 264.7 cells with natural and synthetic compounds. pinosylvin (3,5-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a stilbenoid mainly found in heartwood of pinus sylvestris, exhibited the inhibition of inos protein and mrna expression ...201121471724
pollen proteases compromise the airway epithelial barrier through degradation of transmembrane adhesion proteins and lung bioactive peptides.to cite this article: vinhas r, cortes l, cardoso i, mendes vm, manadas b, todo-bom a, pires e, veríssimo p. pollen proteases compromise the airway epithelial barrier through degradation of transmembrane adhesion proteins and lung bioactive peptides. allergy 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02598.x. abstract: background:  allergic disorders, such as seasonal rhinitis and asthma, are increasing causes of morbidity worldwide and often result from exposure to airborne pollen. pollen allergy has ...201121480927
quantification of extraradical soil mycelium and ectomycorrhizas of boletus edulis in a scots pine forest with variable sporocarp productivity.the availability of most edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms depends on their natural fructification. sporocarp formation of these fungi is linked to habitat characteristics and climate conditions, but these data alone do not explain all the trends of fungal fruiting and dynamics. it could be hypothesized that the amount of soil mycelia could also be related to the production of carpophores. soil samples (five cylinders of 250 cm(3) per plot) were taken monthly, from september to november, in five ...201121494822
embryogenic potential and expression of embryogenesis-related genes in conifers are affected by treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor.somatic embryogenesis is used for vegetative propagation of conifers. embryogenic cultures can be established from zygotic embryos; however, the embryogenic potential decreases during germination. in arabidopsis, leafy cotyledon (lec) genes are expressed during the embryonic stage, and must be repressed to allow germination. treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin a (tsa) causes de-repression of lec genes. abscisic acid3 (abi3) and its zea mays ortholog viviparous1 (vp1) ac ...201121541665
response of living tissues of pinus sylvestris to the saprotrophic biocontrol fungus phlebiopsis gigantea.the saprotrophic fungus phlebiopsis gigantea has been used for several years as a biocontrol agent against the conifer pathogen heterobasidion annosum. although the effectiveness of p. gigantea in biocontrol has been shown empirically, the long-term effect on living conifer trees as well as the mechanism underlying its antagonistic activity is still unknown. an additional concern is the potential of p. gigantea to acquire a necrotrophic habit through adaptation to living wood tissues. by using a ...201121551358
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