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New insight into immunity and immunopathology of Rickettsial diseases.Human rickettsial diseases comprise a variety of clinical entities caused by microorganisms belonging to the genera Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma. These microorganisms are characterized by a strictly intracellular location which has, for long, impaired their detailed study. In this paper, the critical steps taken by these microorganisms to play their pathogenic roles are discussed in detail on the basis of recent advances in our understanding of molecular Rickettsia-host interac ...201221912565
molecular survey and genetic identification of anaplasma species in goats from central and southern china.anaplasma species are obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogens that impact the health of humans and animals. few studies have been carried out on anaplasma infections in central and southern china. this study was conducted to determine the coinfection rates of anaplasma ovis, a. bovis, and a. phagocytophilum from 262 field blood samples of goats in these regions. the average prevalences of single infection of a. ovis, a. bovis, and a. phagocytophilum were 15.3, 16.0, and 6.1%, respectively. ...201222057867
Association and Evidence for Linked Recognition of Type IV Secretion System Proteins VirB9-1, VirB9-2, and VirB10 in Anaplasma marginale.Like several other bacterial pathogens, Anaplasma marginale has an outer membrane that induces complete protection from infection and disease. However, the proteins that confer protective immunity and whether protection requires interacting proteins and/or linked T-cell and immunoglobulin G epitopes are not known. Our goal is to target the conserved type IV secretion system (T4SS) to identify conserved, immunogenic membrane proteins that are interacting and linked recognition candidates. Linked ...201222038917
Control of tick infestations in cattle vaccinated with bacterial membranes containing surface-exposed tick protective antigens.Vaccines containing the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus BM86 and BM95 antigens protect cattle against tick infestations. Tick subolesin (SUB), elongation factor 1a (EF1a) and ubiquitin (UBQ) are new candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. Previous studies showed that R. microplus BM95 immunogenic peptides fused to the Anaplasma marginale major surface protein (MSP) 1a N-terminal region (BM95-MSP1a) for presentation on the Escherichia coli membrane were prot ...201222085549
epidemiology and control of human granulocytic anaplasmosis: a systematic review.abstract granulocytic anaplasmosis caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis worldwide. the obligate intracellular pathogen is transmitted by ixodes ticks and infects neutrophils in humans and animals, resulting in clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic seroconversion to mild, severe, or fatal disease. since the initial description of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) in the united states in 1990, hga has been increasingly recognized in america, europe, an ...201222217177
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodid ticks from equine-inhabited sites in the southeastern united states.abstract anaplasma phagocytophilum is a vector-borne, obligate intracellular bacterium that invades the neutrophils and eosinophils of infected individuals, causing granulocytic anaplasmosis. equine cases have previously been reported in the united states from california, florida, and connecticut, but limited surveillance studies in the southeast have been conducted. the objective of this study was to determine a. phagocytophilum prevalence in ixodes scapularis ticks at southeastern u.s. horse ...201222214269
infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum activates the pi3k/akt and nf-κb survival pathways in neutrophil granulocytes.anaplasma phagocytophilum, a gram negative, obligate intracellular bacterium infects primarily neutrophil granulocytes. infection with a. phagocytophilum leads to inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis and, consequently, contributes to longevity of the host cells. previous studies demonstrated that the infection inhibits the executionary apoptotic machinery in neutrophils. however, little attempts have been made to explore which survival signals are modulated by the pathogen. the aim of the present ...201222252875
adaptive immunity to anaplasma pathogens and immune dysregulation: implications for bacterial persistence.anaplasma marginale is an obligate intraerythrocytic bacterium that infects ruminants, and notably causes severe economic losses in cattle worldwide. anaplasma phagocytophilum infects neutrophils and causes disease in many mammals, including ruminants, dogs, cats, horses, and humans. both bacteria cause persistent infection - infected cattle never clear a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum can also cause persistent infection in ruminants and other animals for several years. this review describes ...201222226382
monoubiquitinated proteins decorate the anaplasma phagocytophilum-occupied vacuolar membrane.an emerging theme among vacuole-adapted bacterial pathogens is the ability to hijack ubiquitin machinery to modulate host cellular processes and secure pathogen survival. mono- and polyubiquitination differentially dictate the subcellular localization, activity, and fate of protein substrates. monoubiquitination directs membrane traffic from the plasma membrane to the endosome and has been shown to promote autophagy. anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that replicate ...201122066989
molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodid ticks in hebei province, china.a total of 3696 ixodid ticks, collected from hebei province, china, were examined by a nested polymerase chain reaction for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. forty-three (15.4%) of 280 pools tested, including 39 (14.6%) of 267 haemaphysalis longicornis and four (30.8%) of 13 dermacentor nuttalli, were positive, but no significant difference was found between d. nuttalli and h. longicornis (p>0.05). sequence and phylogenetic analyses of 16s rrna gene indicated that a. phagocytophilum in ...201121923254
epidemiological aspects on vector-borne infections in stray and pet dogs from romania and hungary with focus on babesia spp.canine arthropod-borne infections are of major interest in small animal practice and have been widely investigated in central and western europe. however, only limited epidemiological data are available from south-eastern european countries, although diseases including babesiosis or dirofilariosis are widely recognised as important canine infections in these countries. a steadily increasing number of dogs imported from south-eastern europe into germany require particular attention by small anima ...201121947342
vector-borne diseases in client-owned and stray cats from madrid, spain.abstract the role of various vector-borne pathogens as a cause of disease in cats has not been clearly determined. the current study evaluated risk factors, clinical and laboratory abnormalities associated with ehrlichia spp., anaplasma spp., neorickettsia spp., leishmania spp., and bartonella spp. infection or exposure in 680 client-owned and stray cats from madrid, spain. our results indicate that a large portion (35.1%) of the cat population of madrid, spain, is exposed to at least one of t ...201122022820
emerging incidence of lyme borreliosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in australia.borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease (ld), and babesia, bartonella, and ehrlichia species (spp.) are recognized tick-borne pathogens in humans worldwide. using serology and molecular testing, the incidence of these pathogens was investigated in symptomatic patients from australia.201122267937
the biological basis of severe outcomes in anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.anaplasma phagocytophilum causes granulocytic anaplasmosis, an acute disease in humans that is also often subclinical. however, 36% are hospitalized, 7% need intensive care, and the case fatality rate is 0.6%. the biological basis for severe disease is not understood. despite a. phagocytophilum's mechanisms to subvert neutrophil antimicrobial responses, whether these mechanisms lead to disease is unclear. in animals, inflammatory lesions track with ifnγ and il-10 expression and infection of ifng ...201122098465
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in brazilian dogs by real-time polymerase chain reaction.anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in dogs from brazil in the municipalities of seropédica and itaguaí, rio de janeiro state, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using sybr green to detect the amplification. of 253 samples, 18 (7.11%) were positive, with a threshold cycle (ct) ranging from 31 to 35 cycles. the pcr product from a positive sample was cloned and sequenced. the sequence obtained demonstrated 100% identity with other a. phagocytophilum sequences published in the genbank ...201121908321
first molecular evidence of anaplasma ovis and rickettsia spp. in keds (diptera: hippoboscidae) of sheep and wild ruminants.to evaluate the presence of rickettsial agents in hippoboscid flies with molecular methods, 81 sheep keds (melophagus ovinus) were collected from 23 sheep, 144 deer keds (lipoptena cervi) were caught in the environment, and a further 463 and 59 individuals of the latter species were obtained from fresh carcasses of 29 red deer and 17 roe deer, respectively. dna was extracted individually or in pools. anaplasma ovis was demonstrated in all examined sheep keds, and from one pool of free-living dee ...201121923269
molecular evidence for anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks from greece.human granulocytic anaplasmosis is increasingly being recognized in the united states and europe. ixodes ricinus tick is considered the primary vector of the causative pathogen, anaplasma phagocytophilum, in europe. although previous studies in humans support the presence of a. phagocytophilum in greece, detection of a. phagocytophilum dna in i. ricinus ticks has been not yet reported. a total of 405 i. ricinus ticks (45 pools) collected from goats in eight prefectures of northern greece were te ...201121923272
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus in bavarian public parks, germany.previous studies have shown that public parks provide extraordinary habitats for ticks and tick-borne pathogens. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the tick abundance (ticks/100 m(2)) in urban areas and the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. collection of ticks was performed by the flagging method in selected bavarian public parks in a 2-year survey. dna from 30 ticks of each developmental stage, sampling site and month was extracted and screened by specific real-time pcr ...201122108012
agents of human anaplasmosis and lyme disease at camp ripley, minnesota.the transmission dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophilum (ap) and borrelia burgdorferi (bb) among ixodes scapularis (is) and mammalian hosts was investigated at camp ripley, an area representative of central minnesota. prevalence of white-footed mouse infection with ap and bb were 20% and 42%, respectively, with a coinfection level of 14%. peak levels of infection with both agents occurred in may. the average levels of seropositivity to ap and bb were 29.3% and 48%, respectively. of the mice infec ...201121867420
the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis in china.the incidence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), a tick-borne disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum, has increased across the world. however, information on hga is lacking in china. the purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical features and outcomes of hga patients in china.201122015246
elimination of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodent reservoirs and ixodes scapularis ticks using a doxycycline hyclate-laden bait.a field trial was conducted in a lyme disease-endemic area of new jersey to determine the efficacy of a doxycyline hyclate rodent bait to prophylactically protect and cure small-mammal reservoirs and reduce infection rates in questing ixodes scapularis ticks for borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum. the doxycycline-laden bait was formulated at a concentration of 500 mg/kg and delivered during the immature tick feeding season in rodent-targeted bait boxes. the percentage of infected ...201122144454
Evolution of Antigen Variation in the Tick-Borne Pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligately intracellular tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen of humans and other animals. During the course of infection, A. phagocytophilum utilizes gene conversion to shuffle ~100 functional pseudogenes into a single expression cassette of the msp2(p44) gene, which codes for the major surface antigen and major surface protein 2 (MSP2). The role and extent of msp2(p44) recombination, particularly in hosts that only experience acute infections, is not clear. In th ...201121965342
Ixodes scapularis salivary gland protein P11 facilitates migration of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from the tick gut to salivary glands.Ixodes ticks harbour several human pathogens belonging to the order Rickettsiales, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis. When ticks feed on A. phagocytophilum-infected mice, the pathogen enters the ticks' gut. The bacteria then migrate from the gut to infect the salivary glands of the ticks and are transmitted to the next host via the saliva. The molecular mechanisms that enable the migration of A. phagocytophilum from the gut to the salivary glands are poorly und ...201121921936
molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens of the family anaplasmataceae in brazilian brown brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira, fischer, 1814) and marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus, illiger, 1815).deer are important natural reservoir hosts of anaplasmataceae. the present study used nested pcr and nucleotide sequencing to evaluate the occurrence of anaplasmataceae species in 23 free-living and six captive specimens of the cervids mazama gouazoubira and blastocerus dichotomus in minas gerais state, brazil. blood samples were tested for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma spp. using npcr assays and sequencing of the msp4, msp1 and 16s rrna genes. the identity of each sequence was confirm ...201122136597
Acute phase response in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale.This study was undertaken to evaluate the acute phase responses via the assessment of the concentration of serum sialic acids (total, lipid bound and protein bound), inflammatory mediators (IFN-? and TNF-a) and acute phase proteins (Hp and SAA) in 20 adult crossbred cattle naturally infected by Anaplasma marginale. The infected animals were divided into 2 subgroups on the basis of parasitemia rate (<20% and >20%). Also, as a control group, 10 clinically healthy cattle from the same farms were sa ...201121940118
introduction to the alpha-proteobacteria: wolbachia and bartonella, rickettsia, brucella, ehrlichia, and anaplasma.wolbachia is an obligate intracellular endosymbiont and likely mutualist living within the heartworm dirofilaria immitis and a number of other filarial nematodes in the family onchocercidae. the bacterial infection is passed from worm to worm transovarially; the organisms are in ovarian cells, the developing microfilariae, and multiply and persist in all later developmental stages through the mosquito and into the next host. besides being present in the ovaries of the adult worms, they also are ...201122152604
The sequences of groESL operon of Anaplasma phagocytophilum among human patients in Slovenia.Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne pathogen. Great genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum has been described in animals and ticks. The present study is focused on the genetic variabilty of the groESL operon of A. phagocytophilum in human patients in Slovenia. During 1996 - 2008 there were 66 serologically confirmed patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Of these 46 were tested with a screening PCR for a small part of the 16S rDNA of A. phagocytophilum and 28 (60.9%) wer ...201122067085
Expansion of the Midwestern focus for human granulocytic anaplasmosis into the region surrounding La Crosse, Wisconsin.Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), shares the same enzootic life cycle as Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Although La Crosse, WI, is a well-recognized Lyme disease focus with an abundance of Ixodes scapularis vector ticks and the first documentation of HGA occurred in patients from northwestern Wisconsin, local transmission of A. phagocytophilum has not to date been documented. In this study, we evaluated DNA extrac ...201121918026
Molecular analyses of a potentially novel Anaplasma species closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Japan.An Anaplasma species closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in sika deer in Hokkaido, Japan was molecularly analyzed using 16S rRNA, citrate synthase (gltA), and heat-shock operon (groEL) gene sequences. Genome walking was performed to determine its complete gltA and groEL sequences (1233bp and 1650bp, respectively). Percent identities to the closest A. phagocytophilum sequences from the US and European strains were 98.6-98.8%, 76.5%, and 80.3-80.8% for 16S rRNA, gltA, and groEL g ...201122204789
Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, and Dirofilaria immitis among dogs in Canada.The seropositivity of dogs to Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies, and Dirofilaria immitis antigen was assessed in Canada. Borrelia burgdorferi had the highest seroprevalence, while that of Dirofilaria immitis has not changed significantly in the past 20 y. The risk for these vector-borne infectious agents in Canadian dogs is low but widespread with foci of higher prevalence.201122043075
dexamethasone-induced cytokine changes associated with diminished disease severity in horses infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the zoonotic cause of granulocytic anaplasmosis. we hypothesized that immune response, specifically gamma interferon (ifn-γ), plays a role in disease severity. to test this, horses were infected and ifng expression was pharmacologically downregulated using corticosteroids. eight horses were infected with a. phagocytophilum; 4 received dexamethasone on days 4 to 8 of infection. clinical signs, hematologic parameters, and transcription of cytokine/chemokine genes were ...201121880854
prevalence of selected zoonotic and vector-borne agents in dogs and cats in costa rica.to estimate the prevalence of enteric parasites and selected vector-borne agents of dogs and cats in san isidro de el general, costa rica, fecal and serum samples were collected from animals voluntarily undergoing sterilization. each fecal sample was examined for parasites by microscopic examination after fecal flotation and for giardia and cryptosporidium using an immunofluorescence assay (ifa). giardia and cryptosporidium ifa positive samples were genotyped after pcr amplification of specific ...201121846585
Typical and atypical manifestations of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in dogs.Eighteen clinically ill dogs, naturally infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, were examined at a veterinary practice in Baxter, Minnesota. A clinical examination, complete blood cell count, enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for A phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies and Dirofilaria immitis antigen, and a polymerase chain reaction test for A phagocytophilum DNA were obtained for all dogs. Physical examination findings included fever, arthropathy, lymph ...201122058372
Molecular Study of Free-ranging Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer from British Columbia, Canada, for Evidence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp.Twenty-three free-ranging white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) and six mule deer (MD; Odocoileus hemionus) from south-central British Columbia, Canada, were tested for Anaplasma marginale by msp5 gene-specific PCR and Ehrlichia spp. by 16S rRNA or citrate synthase (gltA) gene-specific PCR, as well as by PCR with universal 16S rRNA primers detecting a wide range of bacteria. No deer tested positive for A. marginale. Amplification with universal 16S rRNA primers followed by sequencing o ...201121933360
granulocytic anaplasmosis in a horse from nova scotia caused by infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum.a 16-year-old paint stallion was presented with intermittent fever, inappetance, lethargy, icterus, distal limb edema, and submandibular lymphadenopathy. the horse was native to nova scotia and had never left that province. morulae were detected in granulocytes. ananaplasma phagocytophilum infection was confirmed by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the horse responded to treatment with oxytetracycline.201122043078
isolation, propagation and preliminary characterisation of anaplasma phagocytophilum from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in the tick cell line ide8.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium causing granulocytic anaplasmosis in dogs, horses, and humans and tick-borne fever of ruminants. the bacterium has been detected in a variety of other mammals including wild ruminants without overt clinical signs of disease. isolates in cell culture have been obtained from humans, dogs, horses, sheep, and ticks, but no strain from wild ruminants exists in cell culture in europe. from september to november 2010, edta blood samples w ...201122108013
anaplasmataceae and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the sand lizard lacerta agilis and co-infection of these bacteria in hosted ixodes ricinus ticks.anaplasmataceae and borrelia burgdorferi s.l. are important tick-borne bacteria maintained in nature by transmission between ticks and vertebrate hosts. however, the potential role of lizards as hosts has not been sufficiently studied.201121933412
Identification of Anaplasma marginale Type IV Secretion System Effector Proteins.Anaplasma marginale, an obligate intracellular alphaproteobacterium in the order Rickettsiales, is a tick-borne pathogen and the leading cause of anaplasmosis in cattle worldwide. Complete genome sequencing of A. marginale revealed that it has a type IV secretion system (T4SS). The T4SS is one of seven known types of secretion systems utilized by bacteria, with the type III and IV secretion systems particularly prevalent among pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. The T4SS is predicted to play an i ...201122140462
Longitudinal field study on bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections during a grazing season in Belgium.Anaplasmosis and babesiosis are major tick-borne diseases with a high economic impact but are also a public health concern. Blood samples collected in the spring, summer, and autumn of 2010 from 65 cows in seven different farms in Belgium were monitored with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test to assess seroprevalence against these pathogens. Seroprevalences to Babesia spp. were measured as 10.7%, 20%, and 12.3% in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively, whereas seroprevalences to Ana ...201121947341
Targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection by Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina.The ultimate goal of vector vaccines is the control of vector infestations while reducing pathogen infection and transmission to protect against the many diseases caused by vector-borne pathogens. Previously (Vaccine 2011;29:2248-2254), we demonstrated that subolesin vaccination and release of tick larvae after subolesin knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) were effective for the control of cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestations in cattle. In this study, we used the fact t ...201121951878
"Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Lyme disease spirochetes in questing European vector ticks and in feeding ticks removed from people.To estimate the likelihood of people coming into contact with the recently described tick-borne agent "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", we compared its frequencies with those of Lyme disease spirochetes and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing adult Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in various Central European sites and examined ticks, which had been removed from people, for the presence of these pathogens. Whereas spirochetes infected questing adult ticks most frequently (22.3%), more than a ...201122205824
Identification of a Mycoplasma ovis-like organism in a herd of farmed white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in rural Indiana.Mycoplasma ovis is a hemoplasma parasite of sheep, goats, and reindeer; however, natural hemoplasma infection in white-tailed deer has not previously been reported. Subsequent to finding many coccoid, bacillary, and ring-shaped organisms, consistent with hemotropic mycoplasmas, on RBCs from a 72-day-old female white-tailed fawn, we sought to (1) identify the putative hemoplasma observed in blood from the fawn, (2) evaluate others in the herd for hemoplasma infection, and (3) identify clinicopath ...201122112325
human anaplasmosis in belgium: a 10-year seroepidemiological study.human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is a tick-borne rickettsial infection of neutrophils caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. although the pathogen was known as a veterinary agent as early as 1932, the link with human disease was first established in 1990. in the past decennium, the involvement of hga as an important and frequent cause of fever with a history of tick bite was increasingly recognized in many regions of europe. this paper presents a 10-year a. phagocytophilum serosurveillance (2 ...201121890069
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the hard tick ixodes ricinus in the city of hanover (germany).the castor bean tick ixodes ricinus has been found to be the main vector for lyme borreliosis spirochetes and anaplasma phagocytophilum in central europe. 1646 i. ricinus ticks from hanover, a city located in northern germany, were examined for infection with a. phagocytophilum and coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) to obtain so far missing prevalence data for this region. the total a. phagocytophilum infection rate was 3.2% (52/1646 ticks), divided into 4.1% (32/777) adults a ...201121919727
Genome-wide screening and identification of antigens for rickettsial vaccine development.The capacity to identify immunogens for vaccine development by genome-wide screening has been markedly enhanced by the availability of microbial genome sequences coupled to proteomic and bioinformatic analysis. Critical to this approach is in vivo testing in the context of a natural host-pathogen relationship, one that includes genetic diversity in the host as well as among pathogen strains. We aggregate the results of three independent genome-wide screens using in vivo immunization and protecti ...201122066488
downregulation of cxcl12 signaling and altered hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell trafficking in a murine model of acute anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.infection with a variety of bacterial pathogens results in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (hspc) mobilization. the mechanism and kinetics of hspc mobilization during infection are largely unknown. previously, we found altered hspc activity in bone marrow, spleen and blood during infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis. we hypothesized that altered cxcl12/cxcr4 signaling, a central pathway for hspc homing to, and retention within, the bone marrow, ...201121964802
Evaluation of clinical specimens for Rickettsia, Bartonella, Borrelia, Coxiella, Anaplasma, Franciscella and Diplorickettsia positivity using serological and molecular biology methods.We monitored clinical samples from patients of different age groups from selected regions in Slovakia. Overall seroprevalence evaluated by immunofluorescence (IFA) using nine Bartonella, two Borrelia, six rickettsial (spotted fever and typhus group), two Coxiella, and one human granulocytic ehrlichiosis Anaplasma, Franciscella tularensis and Diplorickettsia massiliensis antigens, in rural and city populations of Slovak Republic, was found to be 32% positive for spotted fever group rickettsiae. O ...201122098390
anaplasma, ehrlichia, and "candidatus neoehrlichia" bacteria: pathogenicity, biodiversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review.the family anaplasmataceae includes gram-negative obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria, which amplify within membrane-bound vacuoles. the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia as well as the recently specified cluster "candidatus neoehrlichia" comprise all bacteria of the family that are transmitted by ixodid ticks to mammalian hosts and cause infections in humans and numerous domestic and wild animal species. totally, six anaplasma, five ehrlichia, and two "candidatus neoehrlichia" species as we ...201121983560
identification of anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick populations in estonia, the european part of russia and belarus.clin microbiol infect abstract: anaplasma phagocytophilum is associated with diseases of goats, sheep, cattle, dogs and horses. in the beginning of the 1990s it was identified as a human pathogen, causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) in the usa, europe and the far east of russia. a. phagocytophilum is maintained in nature in an enzootic cycle including ticks as the main vector and a wide range of mammalian species as reservoirs. ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus ticks were collected in ...201121199155
pcr detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in goat flocks in an area endemic for tick-borne fever in switzerland.central switzerland is a highly endemic region for tick-borne fever (tbf) in cattle, however, little is known about a. phagocytophilum in goats. in the present study, 72 animals from six goat flocks (373 edta blood-samples) in central switzerland were analysed for a. phagocytophilum dna. a real-time pcr targeting the msp2 gene of a. phagocytophilum was performed and in positive samples the partial 165 rrna, groel and msp4 gene were amplified for sequence analysis. four dna extracts were positive ...201121395206
molecular survey of anaplasma and ehrlichia infections of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan.infection by anaplasma and ehrlichia in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan, was examined by molecular methods. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screen for anaplasmataceae, based on 16s rrna, showed that 38 (5.4%) of 699 raccoons examined were positive. these 38 positive samples were examined for anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma bovis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia canis infection by species-specific nested pcr. nested pcr results indicated that 36 of the 38 samples wer ...201121395415
detection of anaplasma bovis in an undescribed tick species collected from the eastern rock sengi elephantulus myurus.abstract ticks are important vectors of numerous pathogens causing illness, fatalities, and economic loss worldwide. infectious disease episodes are increasing and novel tick-borne pathogens are described frequently. identification of novel reservoir hosts and vectors of tick-borne pathogens are essential if control measures are to be successful. in south africa, the eastern rock sengi, elephantulus myurus, hosts a number of tick species of veterinary importance. despite this, there remains a pa ...201121711102
[serology of lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in 2005-2010].the subject of this study is serological screening of blood and csf (cerebrospinal fluid) samples for the presence of borrelial and ehrlichial antibodies. a total of 165 patients suspected to be at risk of lyme disease were tested. indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassay were used as diagnostic methods. ehrlichial antibodies were detected in 36 (21.8%) patients. borrelial antibodies were found in 70 samples (42.4%). the widening range of tick-borne diseases brings about the need for m ...201121838175
the ifn-+¦-inducible gtpase, irga6, protects mice against toxoplasma gondii but not against plasmodium berghei and some other intracellular pathogens.clearance of infection with intracellular pathogens in mice involves interferon-regulated gtpases of the irg protein family. experiments with mice genetically deficient in members of this family such as irgm1(lrg-47), irgm3(igtp), and irgd(irg-47) has revealed a critical role in microbial clearance, especially for toxoplasma gondii. the in vivo role of another member of this family, irga6 (iigp, iigp1) has been studied in less detail. we investigated the susceptibility of two independently gener ...201121698150
genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum from 14 equine granulocytic anaplasmosis cases.equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (ega) is caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted, obligate intracellular bacterium. in europe, it is transmitted by ixodes ricinus. a large number of genetic variants of a. phagocytophilum circulate in nature and have been found in ticks and different animals. attempts have been made to assign certain genetic variants to certain host species or pathologies, but have not been successful so far. the purpose of this study was to investigate the causi ...201121843364
polymerase chain reaction confirmation of babesia canis canis and anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs suspected of babesiosis in slovakia.canine babesiosis was considered an imported tick transmitted disease until the first case of autochthonous canine babesiosis in slovakia was described in 2002. since then, the number of cases kept increasing every year. the causative agent of babesiosis in dogs is not yet characterized; therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the agent and the rate of infection in the vector tick d. reticulatus in slovakia. babesia canis canis was detected in 80 out of 87 blood samples from dogs with c ...201121736486
rapid, simple, and sensitive detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum by loop-mediated isothermal amplification of the msp2 gene.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, which is prevalent throughout china. in this study, we describe a rapid, simple, and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay targeting the msp2 gene of a. phagocytophilum that is ideal for application in rural areas in china. this assay has the potential to detect a. phagocytophilum early in infection as an alternative to existing methods. a total of 42 suspected cases of infection with a. ...201121976758
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection induces apoptosis in hl-60 cells.anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligate intra-cellular bacterium that survives in neutrophils by delaying apoptosis. the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line hl-60 has been the ultimate choice for culturing anaplasma in vitro. in this study, we assessed the various events of drug-induced apoptosis in a. phagocytophilum-infected hl-60 cells. anaplasma infection reduced the cell viability and increased the apoptosis in hl-60 cells and sta ...201122003270
Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids.The aim of the current study was to investigate the exposure of captive wild felids to various infectious pathogens using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids from 28 captive settings in Brazil were tested. While antibodies against Feline parvovirus and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), Feline calicivirus and Bartonella spp. were frequently detected by serologic tests, antibodies against Felid herpesvirus 1 or infection with hemotropic myco ...201121908268
relationship of molecular and clinical findings on anaplasma phagocytophilum involved in natural infections of dogs. 201122012012
molecular characterization reveals distinct genospecies of anaplasma phagocytophilum from diverse north american hosts.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne pathogen that infects humans, domestic animals and wildlife throughout the holarctic. in the far-western united states, multiple rodent species have been implicated as natural reservoirs for a. phagocytophilum. however, the presence of multiple a. phagocytophilum strains has made it difficult to determine which reservoir hosts pose the greatest risk to humans and domestic animals. here we characterized three genetic markers (23s-5s rrna interge ...201121921109
Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Anaplasma marginale in cattle from south Mozambique.The current study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to Anaplasma marginale in cattle from Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane provinces, south Mozambique. A total of 809 serum samples from cattle were obtained and tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA). The chi-square test at 5% significance was used to assess the association between seroprevalence and the variables gender, age and geographic origin of animals. The overall seropositivity was 76.5% (n = 619) ...201122166387
[Detection of DNA erlichia and anaplasma in ticks Ixodes trianguliceps in Tyumen Province].The data on the study of Ixodes trianguliceps Bir. collected from small mammals in the southern taiga forests of Tyumen Province with the PCR-hybridization with fluorescent detection method are given. DNA of Erlichua and Anaplasma was revealed in ticks of this species for the first time; mixed infection with both these pathogens was also demonstrated.201122141249
anaplasma spp. in wild mammals and ixodes ricinus from the north of spain.our objectives were to investigate the presence of anaplasma spp. infection in red deer, wild boars, and ixodes ricinus removed from deer surveyed in la rioja, as well as to analyze the presence of anaplasma spp. in i. ricinus from different spanish regions--ours included. a total of 21 deer and 13 wild boar blood samples as well as 295 i. ricinus removed from deer, vegetation, or asymptomatic people were tested by polymerase chain reaction targeting anaplasma spp. 16s rrna gene and groesl heat ...201120528172
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in fallow deer (dama dama) and feeding ticks from an italy preserve.up to date, information concerning the anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in fallow deer is scant, therefore, to verify its prevalence in these ungulates serological and pcr screenings were performed on blood of 72 fallow deer hunted in a central-northern italian preserve. molecular analyses were also performed on 90 ticks removed from the animals. a. phagocytophilum infection in fallow deer was confirmed in 20 out 72 by ifa assay and in 11 out 72 by pcr. the sequence obtained revealed a comple ...201120561656
haemorrhagic diathesis in a ram with anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.a 10-month-old ram with fever, inappetence and haemorrhagic diathesis had petechiae and ecchymoses at various body sites and was infested by ticks. haematological examination revealed pancytopenia, while serum biochemistry indicated hepatic dysfunction. blood smears were negative for ehrlichia spp. and other haemoparasites. paired sera revealed infection by anaplasma phagocytophilum, but testing by polymerase chain reaction was negative. treatment with oxytetracycline was effective. this is the ...201120591440
molecular detection of ehrlichia canis, anaplasma bovis, anaplasma platys, candidatus midichloria mitochondrii and babesia canis vogeli in ticks from israel.: ticks are vectors of important pathogens of human and animals. therefore, their microbial carriage capacity is constantly being investigated. the aim of this study was to characterize the diversity of domestic animal pathogens in ticks collected from vegetation and the ground, from different parts of israel. non-engorged questing adult ticks were collected from 13 localities. a total of 1196 ticks in 131 pools-83 pools of rhipicephalus turanicus and 48 of rhipicephalus sanguineus (with two to ...201120636417
co-circulation of emerging tick-borne pathogens in middle germany.abstract from may until october 2007, a total of 658 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected off birds (189), rodents (273), and vegetation (196) in a certain area of middle germany and investigated for infection with babesia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia spp. overall, 13.1% (86/658) of the ticks were infected with at least one pathogen; co-infections occurred in 0.6% (4/658). babesia spp. specific dna was detected in 9.7% (64/658) of the ticks, 1.4% (9/658) were infected with a. p ...201120846013
comparative strain analysis of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection and clinical outcomes in a canine model of granulocytic anaplasmosis.a pilot study was conducted to determine whether existing human or canine strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum would reproduce clinical disease in experimentally inoculated dogs similar to dogs with naturally acquired granulocytic anaplasmosis. six hounds were inoculated intravenously with one human and two canine strains of a. phagocytophilum that were propagated in vitro in hl-60 cells or in infected autologous neutrophils. infected dogs were monitored for lethargy, anorexia, petechiae, lympha ...201120846015
tick-borne disease agents in various wildlife from mississippi.because tick-borne diseases are becoming increasingly important throughout the world, monitoring their causative agents in wildlife may serve as a useful indicator of potential human exposure. we assessed the presence of known and putative zoonotic, tick-borne agents in four wildlife species in mississippi. animals were tested for exposure to or infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichia ewingii, borrelia lonestari, rickettsia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and francisella tularensis. who ...201120846016
fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in china.heightened surveillance of acute febrile illness in china since 2009 has led to the identification of a severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) with an unknown cause. infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum has been suggested as a cause, but the pathogen has not been detected in most patients on laboratory testing.201121410387
pathogens of emerging tick-borne diseases, anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia spp., and babesia spp., in ixodes ticks collected from rodents at four sites in switzerland (canton of bern).this study is part of a project that aimed to better understand the role of small mammals in the maintenance of the tick-borne encephalitis virus at four different sites in switzerland. here we focused on the detection of three intracellular pathogens, anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia spp., and babesia spp., in field-derived ticks that detached from 79 small mammals. we analyzed 465 ixodes ricinus larvae after their molt and 14 semiengorged i. trianguliceps that were feeding on rodents. no ...201121417929
new genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma bovis from korean water deer (hydropotes inermis argyropus).wild deer are one of the important natural reservoir hosts of anaplasma species, which cause granulocytic anaplasmosis in equines, canines, and humans. the objective of the present study was to determine whether and what species of anaplasma naturally infect korean water deer (kwd) in the republic of korea. a total of 66 spleens from kwd carcasses were collected by the conservation genome resource bank for korean wildlife in korea between march 2008 and may 2009. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ...201121417930
tick-borne bacteria in mouflons and their ectoparasites in cyprus.the cypriot mouflon (ovis orientalis ophion), a once almost extirpated species of wild sheep, is under strict surveillance because it can be threatened by likely transmission of pathogenic bacteria, such as anaplasma spp., rickettsia spp., and coxiella burnetii, primarily from domestic ungulates. we collected 77 blood samples from cypriot mouflons and 663 of their ectoparasites (rhipicephalus turanicus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, hyalomma margin ...201121441182
the common shrew (sorex araneus): a neglected host of tick-borne infections?although the importance of rodents as reservoirs for a number of tick-borne infections is well established, comparatively little is known about the potential role of shrews, despite them occupying similar habitats. to address this, blood and tick samples were collected from common shrews (sorex araneus) and field voles (microtus agrestis), a known reservoir of various tick-borne infections, from sites located within a plantation forest in northern england over a 2-year period. of 647 blood sampl ...201121453011
exposure to infectious agents in dogs in remote coastal british columbia: possible sentinels of diseases in wildlife and humans.ranked among the top threats to conservation worldwide, infectious disease is of particular concern for wild canids because domestic dogs (canis familiaris) may serve as sources and reservoirs of infection. on british columbia's largely undeveloped but rapidly changing central and north coasts, little is known about diseases in wolves (canis lupus) or other wildlife. however, several threats exist for transfer of diseases among unvaccinated dogs and wolves. to gain baseline data on infectious ag ...201121461190
anaplasma phagocytophilum intragranulocytic morulae in aborting sheep: a herd case in sicily.the present report describes the haematological and serological findings observed in a dairy sheep farm during an aborting outbreak. fifty ewes divided into two groups were included in the study: group a consisted of 35 healthy ewes and group b consisted of 15 ill subjects. from each ewe, blood samples were collected for microscopic examination and serological assay. after 3 months, all ewes were subjected to microscopic examination, serological and biochemical assay. morula-containing granulocy ...201121463497
development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of anaplasma ovis.anaplasma ovis is an intraerythrocytic rickettsial pathogen of small ruminants. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a nucleic acid detection method in which the target dna can be efficiently amplified with high specificity and sensitivity under isothermal conditions. in this study, a lamp method was developed for the specific detection of a. ovis, using lamp primers designed on the basis of the major surface protein 4 gene. lamp was performed at 65°c for 30 min. its specificity was ...201121471346
prevalence of lyme disease agents and several emerging pathogens in questing ticks from the german baltic coast.in summer 2008, a total of 512 ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) ticks was collected from vegetation in four areas at the baltic coast of germany and tested for the presence of lyme disease spirochetes. among them, 293 ticks from three areas were screened for anaplasma phagocytophilum (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae), and babesia spp. (piroplasmida: babesiidae), respectively. borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies (spiro ...201121485387
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in dermacentor reticulatus ticks. 201121493539
cloning of the major outer membrane protein expression locus in anaplasma platys and seroreactivity of a species-specific antigen.anaplasma platys infects peripheral blood platelets and causes infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia in canines. the genes, proteins, and antigens of a. platys are largely unknown, and an antigen for serodiagnosis of a. platys has not yet been identified. in this study, we cloned the a. platys major outer membrane protein cluster, including the p44/msp2 expression locus (p44es/msp2es) and outer membrane protein (omp), using dna isolated from the blood of four naturally infected dogs from venezuela ...201121498646
spatial variation of tick abundance and seroconversion rates of indigenous cattle to anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and theileria parva infections in uganda.tick abundance and seroconversion rates of 640 indigenous cattle in a mixed crop-livestock system in uganda were investigated in a 14 months longitudinal study. up to 100% of the cattle in buyimini, kubo, nanjeho, ojilai and sitengo villages (high tick challenge zone) were consistently infested with rhipicephalus appendiculatus, whereas on average 50% of the cattle in bunghaji, hitunga and magoje villages (low tick challenge zone) were inconsistently infested. likewise, up to 50% of the cattle i ...201121499913
temporal characterisation of the organ-specific rhipicephalusmicroplus transcriptional response to anaplasma marginale infection.arthropods transmit important infectious diseases of humans and animals. importantly, replication and the development of pathogen infectivity are tightly linked to vector feeding on the mammalian host; thus analysis of the transcriptomes of both vector and pathogen during feeding is fundamental to understanding transmission. using anaplasma marginale infection of rhipicephalusmicroplus as the experimental model, we tested three hypotheses exploring the temporal and organ-specific nature of the t ...201121514300
investigating the persistence of tick-borne pathogens via the r0 model.summaryin the epidemiology of infectious diseases, the basic reproduction number, r0, has a number of important applications, most notably it can be used to predict whether a pathogen is likely to become established, or persist, in a given area. we used the r0 model to investigate the persistence of 3 tick-borne pathogens; babesia microti, anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in an apodemus sylvaticus-ixodes ricinus system. the persistence of these pathogens was also det ...201121518464
[an outbreak of endemic typhus in baoshan city, yunnan province.]objective: to understand the epidemiologic characteristics of endemic typhus in baoshan city. methods: epidemiological data were collected and characteristics were analyzed. igg antibody (ab) of rickettsia mooseri and orientia tsutsugamushi in serum of patients were tested using both weil-felix and ifa method. the rickettsia mooseri glta gene, rickettsia prowazekii glta gene, orientia tsutsugamushi 56 kda protein gene, sfgr ompa gene, ehrlichia sp. 16s rrna gene and anaplasma sp. 16s rrna gene i ...201121518541
multitarget test for emerging lyme disease and anaplasmosis in a serosurvey of dogs, maine, usa.to determine if the range of deer ticks in maine had expanded, we conducted a multitarget serosurvey of domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris) in 2007. an extension of exposure to borrelia burgdorferi to the northern border and local transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum throughout southern areas was found.201121529407
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks, china-russia border.to the editor: anaplasma phagocytophilum, an emerging human pathogen of public health importance, is transmitted to humans most commonly by tick bites (1). the agent has been detected in various species of ixodes ticks around the world (2) and in dermacentor silvarum ticks in northeastern people's republic of china (3), where 3 a. phagocytophilum strains were isolated from wild and domestic animals (4). in the asiatic region of russia adjacent to china, a. phagocytophilum was identified in ixode ...201121529418
anaplasma phagocytophilum infects mast cells via {alpha}1,3-fucosylated but not sialylated glycans and inhibits ige-mediated cytokine production and histamine release.mast cells are sentinels for infection. upon exposure to pathogens, they release their stores of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and histamine. mast cells are also important for the control of certain tick-borne infections. anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular tick-transmitted bacterium that infects neutrophils to cause the emerging disease, granulocytic anaplasmosis. a. phagocytophilum adhesion to and infection of neutrophils depends on sialylated and α1,3-fucosylated g ...201121536789
anaplasmosis in two dogs in france and molecular and phylogenetic characterization of anaplasma phagocytophilum.two dogs in france were diagnosed with anaplasma phagocytophilum infection by real-time pcr. the most remarkable hematologic and biochemical findings were severe thrombocytopenia, mild neutrophilia, morulae in neutrophils, and increased serum concentration of the α2-globulin fraction detected by agarose gel electrophoresis of serum proteins. using sequencing of the partial 16s rrna and anka genes, molecular characterization of the a. phagocytophilum strains showed that the organisms from both do ...201121554371
rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury secondary to anaplasma phagocytophilum and concomitant statin use.we report the case of a patient with rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure occurring in the setting of anoplasma phagocytophilum infection based on the presence of morulae in neutrophils and concomitant statin use. although the pathogenesis is unknown, we believe the combination of concurrent statin use in the setting of the infection promoted this complication. we describe proposed mechanisms including cytokine activation, alteration of the muscle membrane components, and ionic balance as ...201121560563
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection and effect on lamb growth.abstract: background: a major challenge in sheep farming during the grazing season along the coast of south-western norway is tick-borne fever (tbf) caused by the bacteria anaplasma phagocytophilum that is transmitted by the tick ixodes ricinus. methods: a study was carried out in 2007 and 2008 to examine the prevalence of a. phagocytophilum infection and effect on weaning weight in lambs. the study included 1208 lambs from farms in sunndal ram circle in more and romsdal county in mid-norway, wh ...201121569524
prevalence of bartonella species, haemoplasmas and toxoplasma gondii in cats in scotland.the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence rates for select infectious agents of cats presented to the royal (dick) school of veterinary studies at the university of edinburgh, scotland. whole blood, serum, and oral mucosal and nail bed swabs were collected. while ehrlichia species, anaplasma species or rickettsia felis dna were not amplified from any cat, 44.2% of the cats had evidence of infection or exposure to either a bartonella species (15.3% were seropositive and 5.8% pol ...201121570883
expression of anaplasma marginale ankyrin repeat-containing proteins during infection of the mammalian host and tick vector.transmission of tick-borne pathogens requires transition between distinct host environments with infection and replication in host-specific cell types. anaplasma marginale illustrates this transition: in the mammalian host the bacteria infects and replicates in mature (non-nucleated) erythrocytes while in the tick vector replication occurs in nucleated epithelial cells. we hypothesized that proteins containing ankyrin motifs would be expressed by a. marginale only in tick cells and would traffic ...201121576345
multistrain genome analysis identifies candidate vaccine antigens of anaplasma marginale.anaplasmosis in domestic livestock is an impediment to animal health and production worldwide, especially in developing countries in africa, asia, and south america. vaccines have been developed and marketed against the causative organism, anaplasma marginale; however, these have not been widely used because of breakthrough infections caused by heterologous strains and because of the risk of disease induced by live vaccine strains themselves. recently, molecular studies have enabled progress to ...201121596083
comparative evaluation of a point-of-care immunochromatographic test snap 4dx with molecular detection tests for vector-borne canine pathogens in hong kong.abstract there are no comprehensive studies on the performance of commonly used point-of-care diagnostic enzyme immunoassay for common arthropod-borne canine pathogens. a comparative evaluation of an immunochromatographic test for these infections with a comprehensive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test panel was performed on 100 pet dogs and 100 stray dogs without obvious clinical symptoms. of the 162 positive test results from both immunochromatographic test and pcr, there was 85.2% concordan ...201121612526
genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes persulcatus ticks and small mammals in the asian part of russia.abstract the specimens of 3552 questing adult ixodes persulcatus and 1698 blood/tissue samples of small mammals collected in ural, siberia, and far east of russia were assayed for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. totally, a. phagocytophilum was detected in 112 tick and 88 mammalian samples. the nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna gene and groesl operon (1244-1295 bp) were determined for a. phagocytophilum samples from 65 ticks and 25 small mamm ...201121612528
the importance of ixodes arboricola in transmission of rickettsia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the czech republic, central europe.abstract wild birds are known to be a reservoir of infectious disease agents and disseminatory hosts of ticks. the purpose of this work was to obtain information about the occurrence of rickettsial, anaplasmal, and borrelial infections in some ticks that parasitize wild birds in the czech republic. a total of 549 subadult ticks of three species ixodes arboricola (75.0%), ixodes ricinus (23.1%), and haemaphysalis concinna (1.8%) were collected from 20 species of birds (passeriformes). rickettsiae ...201121612531
rickettsia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, and bartonella in ticks and fleas from dogs and cats in bangkok.abstract flea and tick specimens (5-10 fleas or ticks) on dogs and cats from various sites in bangkok were tested by polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing to detect dna of bacteria rickettsia (glta and 17 kda genes), anaplasmataceae (16s rrna gene), and bartonella (pap31 and its genes). we confirmed that rickettsia sp. related to rickettsia felis was detected in 66 of 98 (67.4%) flea specimens from dogs, whereas 8 bartonella henselae and 2 bartonella clarridgeiae were detected in 10 of 54 ...201121612535
prevalence and genetic diversity of babesia and anaplasma species in cattle in sudan.disease prevalence studies are one of the most valuable tools to demonstrate the risk or impact of certain infections in local and global economies. the data obtained in these studies contribute to develop strategies for disease control. the present study aims to provide information about the prevalence of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in the northern regions of sudan. blood samples from four different states of sudan were collected from apparently healthy cattle (n=692), dna was extracted and the ...201121612870
the ecology of tick-transmitted infections in the redwood chipmunk (tamias ochrogenys).the redwood chipmunk contributes to the maintenance of tick-borne diseases in northern california. the range of redwood chipmunks overlaps that of western black-legged ticks and tick-borne disease, including granulocytic anaplasmosis and lyme borreliosis. chipmunks have high anaplasma phagocytophilum pcr- and seroprevalence, are infested with a diversity of ixodes spp. ticks, and are reservoir competent for borrelia burgdorferi. we hypothesized that chipmunks could maintain tick-borne disease on ...201121643481
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