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VALIDATION OF QUANTITATIVE ELISAs FOR MEASURING ANTI-YERSINIA PESTIS F1 AND V ANTIBODY CONCENTRATIONS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATE SERA.This study systematically validated two quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for determining Yersinia pestis anti-F1 or anti-V IgG concentration in cynomolgus macaque sera. The results demonstrated that these ELISAs are reliable, reproducible, and suitable for their intended use to measure both anti-F1 and anti-V IgG in monkey sera following vaccination with a heterologous recombinant fusion F1-V protein (rF1-V). Statistical analysis demonstrated assay precision, accuracy, sp ...201222181824
Simultaneous Detection of Six Diarrhea-Causing Bacterial Pathogens with an In-House PCR-Luminex Assay.Diarrhea can be caused by a range of pathogens, including several bacteria. Conventional diagnostic methods, such as culture, biochemical tests, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are laborious. We developed a 7-plex PCR-Luminex assay to simultaneously screen for several of the major diarrhea-causing bacteria directly in fecal specimens, including pathogenic Aeromonas, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella, Shigella, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), Vibrio, and ...201222075596
Advanced Development of the rF1V and rBV A/B Vaccines: Progress and Challenges.The development of vaccines for microorganisms and bacterial toxins with the potential to be used as biowarfare and bioterrorism agents is an important component of the US biodefense program. DVC is developing two vaccines, one against inhalational exposure to botulinum neurotoxins A1 and B1 and a second for Yersinia pestis, with the ultimate goal of licensure by the FDA under the Animal Rule. Progress has been made in all technical areas, including manufacturing, nonclinical, and clinical devel ...201222028978
in vitro antimicrobial studies of silver carbene complexes: activity of free and nanoparticle carbene formulations against clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria.silver carbenes may represent novel, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that have low toxicity while providing varying chemistry for targeted applications. here, the bactericidal activity of four silver carbene complexes (sccs) with different formulations, including nanoparticles (nps) and micelles, was tested against a panel of clinical strains of bacteria and fungi that are the causative agents of many skin and soft tissue, respiratory, wound, blood, and nosocomial infections.201221972270
shotgun genome sequence of a yersinia enterocolitica isolate from the philippines.the first shotgun genome sequence of a microbial pathogen from the philippines is reported. yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearctica strain phrbd_ye1 is the first y. enterocolitica strain sequenced from an animal source, swine, which is a natural source of yersiniosis. the closest phylogenetic match is a human clinical isolate from germany.201222207747
pasteurization of milk: the heat inactivation kinetics of milk-borne dairy pathogens under commercial-type conditions of turbulent flow.this is the first study to report kinetic data on the survival of a range of significant milk-borne pathogens under commercial-type pasteurization conditions. the most heat-resistant strain of each of the milk-borne pathogens staphylococcus aureus, yersinia enterocolitica, pathogenic escherichia coli, cronobacter sakazakii (formerly known as enterobacter sakazakii), listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella was selected to obtain the worst-case scenario in heat inactivation trials using a pilot-pla ...201222192181
haemophilia-associated yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype o:1 septicaemia: the role of iron.septicaemia and septic arthritis due to yersinia pseudotuberculosis are rare diseases with high mortality rates. reactive arthritis caused by yersinia infection is a well-known complication but septic arthritis is found at a much lower frequency. it has already been established that there is a relationship between yersiniosis and iron but there are currently no data about yersiniosis and haematological disorders such as haemophilia. we report a case of septic arthritis due to y. pseudotuberculos ...201222184209
differential immune response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) at early developmental stages (larvae and fry) against the bacterial pathogen yersinia ruckeri.innate immune factors play a crucial role in survival of young fish especially during early stages of life when adaptive immunity is not fully developed. in the present study, we investigated the immune response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae and fry at an early stage of development. we exposed 17 and 87° days post hatch larvae and fry (152 and 1118 degree days post hatch; avg. wt. 70 and 770 mg, respectively) to the bacterial pathogen, yersinia ruckeri for 4h by bath challenge. s ...201221945730
expression, purification, structural and functional analysis of sycb: a type three secretion chaperone from yersinia enterocolitica.in yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1b, a genome encoded ttss designated as ysa-ysp system is used for virulence. sycb is an annotated chaperone to this system. sycb is soluble in presence of translocator yspc. sycb and its truncated form (∆sycb((1-114))) exist as dimers. yspc forms a 1:1 complex with sycb. homology model of sycb shows a flexible n-terminal may be required for solubility and dimerization; and concave core formed by antiparallel helices of tprs. far uv cd spectra confirm that sycb ...201222170450
early systemic bacterial dissemination and a rapid innate immune response characterize genetic resistance to plague of seg mice.background. although laboratory mice are usually highly susceptible to yersinia pestis, we recently identified a mouse strain (seg) that exhibited an exceptional capacity to resist bubonic plague and used it to identify immune mechanisms associated with resistance. methods. the kinetics of infection, circulating blood cells, granulopoiesis, lesions, and cellular populations in the spleen, and cytokine production in various tissues were compared in seg and susceptible c57bl/6j mice after subcutan ...201222090450
a protective epitope in type iii effector yope is a major cd8 t cell antigen during primary infection with yersinia pseudotuberculosis.virulence in human-pathogenic yersinia species is associated with a plasmid-encoded type iii secretion system that translocates a set of yop effector proteins into host cells. one effector, yope, functions as a rho gtpase-activating protein (gap). in addition to acting as a virulence factor, yope can function as a protective antigen. c57bl/6 mice infected with attenuated yersinia pestis generate a dominant h2-k(b)-restricted cd8 t cell response to an epitope in the n-terminal domain of yope (yop ...201222064714
A proteome reference map and virulence factors analysis of Yersinia pestis 91001.In this report, we carried out the in-depth proteomic analysis of Yersinia pestis strain 91001 under in vitro flea-simulated condition using three technique routes, SDS-PAGE combined with LTQ-FT, two-dimensional liquid chromatography peptide (2D-LC peptide) separation combined with LTQ-FT and intact protein separation followed by 2D-LC peptide separation combined with LTQ-FT. Totally, 1926 proteins (13082 peptides) were identified, covering 46.50% (1926/4142) of the predicted proteome. Transcrip ...201222040741
Identification of three oligo-/polysaccharide-specific ligases in Yersinia enterocolitica.In lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis of Gram-negative bacteria the lipid A-core oligosaccharide (LA-core) and O-polysaccharide (O-PS) biosynthesis pathways proceed separately and converge in periplasmic space where the waaL-encoded ligase joins O-PS onto LA-core. Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) biosynthesis follows that of O-PS except that ECA is usually ligated to phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and only rarely to LA-core. In Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 LPS is composed of LA-inner c ...201222053911
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Interleukin-1a Intracrine Signaling Is Modulated by YopP during Yersinia enterocolitica Infection.Yersinia enterocolitica is a food-borne pathogen that preferentially infects the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, causing an acute inflammatory reaction. Even though Y. enterocolitica induces a robust inflammatory response during infection, the bacterium has evolved a number of virulence factors to limit the extent of this response. We previously demonstrated that interleukin-1a (IL-1a) was critical for the induction of gut inflammation characteristic of Y. enterocolitica infection. M ...201222083707
Conserved Structural Mechanisms for Autoinhibition in IpaH Ubiquitin Ligases.The IpaH family of novel E3 ligase (NEL) enzymes occur in a variety of pathogenic and commensal bacteria that interact with eukaryotic hosts. We demonstrate that the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) substrate recognition domains of different IpaH enzymes autoinhibit the enzymatic activity of the adjacent catalytic novel E3 ligase domain by two distinct but conserved structural mechanisms. Autoinhibition is required for the in vivo biological activity of two IpaH enzymes in a eukaryotic model system. Au ...201222065585
Application of nanoparticles for the detection and sorting of pathogenic bacteria by flow-cytometry.In this paper we will describe a new developed contribution of fluorescence nano-crystal (q-dots) as a fluorescence label for detecting pathogenic bacteria by flow cytometry (FCM) and the use of nano-magnetic particles to improve bacterial sorting by Flow cytometry cell sorting (FACS).FCM or FACS systems are based upon single cell detection by light scatter and Immunofluorescence labeling signals. The common FACS systems are based upon single or dual excitation as excitation source both for ligh ...201222101709
lack of antimicrobial resistance in yersinia pestis isolates from 17 countries in the americas, africa, and asia.yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, a fulminant disease that is often fatal without antimicrobial treatment. plasmid (inca/c)-mediated multidrug resistance in y. pestis was reported in 1995 in madagascar and has generated considerable public health concern, most recently because of the identification of inca/c multidrug-resistant plasmids in other zoonotic pathogens. here, we demonstrate no resistance in 392 y. pestis isolates from 17 countries to eight antimicrobials used for trea ...201222024826
microchip capillary electrophoresis of multi-locus vntr analysis for genotyping of bacillus anthracis and yersinia pestis in microbial forensic cases.bacillus anthracis and yersinia pestis are etiological agents of anthrax and plague respectively, and are also considered among the most feared potential bioterrorism agents. these microorganisms show intraspecies genome homogeneity, making strains differentiation difficult, while strains identification and comparison with known genotypes may be crucial for naturally occurring outbreaks vs. bioterrorist events discrimination.here an mlva application for b. anthracis and y. pestis strains differe ...201222139674
the outer membrane protein a (ompa) of yersinia pestis promotes intracellular survival and virulence in mice.the plague bacterium yersinia pestis has a number of well-described strategies to protect itself from both host cells and soluble factors. in an effort to identify additional anti-host factors, we employed a transposon site hybridization (trash)-based approach to screen 10(5)y. pestis mutants in an in vitro infection system. in addition to loci encoding various components of the well-characterized type iii secretion system (t3ss), our screen unambiguously identified ompa as a pro-survival gene. ...201222023991
Transmission of flea-borne zoonotic agents (*).Flea-borne zoonoses such as plague (Yersinia pestis) and murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) caused significant numbers of human cases in the past and remain a public health concern. Other flea-borne human pathogens have emerged recently (e.g., Bartonella henselae, Rickettsia felis), and their mechanisms of transmission and impact on human health are not fully understood. Our review focuses on the ecology and epidemiology of the flea-borne bacterial zoonoses mentioned above with an emphasis on rece ...201221888520
Identification of Yersinia ruckeri from diseased salmonid fish by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), which mainly affects salmonid fish. Isolates of Y. ruckeri from diseased salmonid fish were obtained over a 6-year period from eight fish farms in the State of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany. The strains were characterized by biochemical methods and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) combined with artificial neural network analysis. These methods were complemented by 16S rDNA sequencing for several isol ...201222103737
nlrc4 inflammasomes in dendritic cells regulate noncognate effector function by memory cd8(+) t cells.memory t cells exert antigen-independent effector functions, but how these responses are regulated is unclear. we discovered an in vivo link between flagellin-induced nlrc4 inflammasome activation in splenic dendritic cells (dcs) and host protective interferon-γ (ifn-γ) secretion by noncognate memory cd8(+) t cells, which could be activated by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, yersinia pseudotuberculosis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. we show that cd8α(+) dcs were particularly efficient at s ...201222231517
structure of the yersinia pestis fabv enoyl-acp reductase and its interaction with two 2-pyridone inhibitors.the recently discovered fabv enoyl-acp reductase, which catalyzes the last step of the bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis (fas-ii) pathway, is a promising but unexploited drug target against the reemerging pathogen yersinia pestis. the structure of y. pestis fabv in complex with its cofactor reveals that the enzyme features the common architecture of the short-chain dehydrogenase reductase superfamily, but contains additional structural elements that are mostly folded around the usually flexible ...201222244758
polymorphisms in the lcrv gene of yersinia enterocolitica and their effect on plague protective immunity.current efforts to develop plague vaccines focus on lcrv, a polypeptide that resides at the tip of type iii secretion needles. lcrv-specific antibodies block yersinia pestis type iii injection of yop effectors into host immune cells, thereby enabling phagocytes to kill the invading pathogen. earlier work reported that antibodies against y. pestis lcrv cannot block type iii injection by yersinia enterocolitica strains and suggested that lcrv polymorphisms may provide for escape from lcrv-mediated ...201222252870
label-free detection of a bacterial pathogen using an immobilized siderophore, deferoxamine.pathogenic bacteria obtain the iron necessary for survival by releasing an iron chelator, termed a siderophore, and retrieving the iron-siderophore complex via a cell surface siderophore receptor. we have exploited the high affinity of yersinia enterocolitica for its siderophore, deferoxamine, to develop a rapid method for capture and identification of yersinia. in this methodology, a deferoxamine-bovine serum albumin conjugate is printed onto a gold-plated chip in a parallel line pattern. after ...201222274807
innate immunity in the small intestine.purpose of review: this article reviews the most recent publications on innate immunity in the small intestine. we will go over the innate immune receptors that act as sensors of microbial presence or cell injury, paneth cells as the main epithelial cell type that secrete antimicrobial peptides, and mucosal production of immunoglobulin a (iga). in addition, we will give an update on examples of imbalance of the innate immune response resulting in clinical disease with the most relevant example b ...201222241076
the patient presenting with acute dysentery - a systematic review.objectives: the etiologies, clinical presentations and diagnosis of acute pathogen-specific dysentery in children and adults in industrialized and developing regions is described to help develop recommendations for therapy. methods: we conducted a systematic review of literature published between january 2000 and june 2011 to determine the frequency of occurrence of pathogen-specific dysentery. results: shigella, salmonella, and campylobacter remain the most frequent bacterial causes of dysenter ...201222266388
cloning, expression and characterization of the recombinant yersinia pseudotuberculosisl-asparaginase.we have cloned ansb (yptb1411) gene from yersinia pseudotuberculosis q66cj2 and constructed stable inducible expression system that overproduce l-asparaginase from y. pseudotuberculosis (ypa) in escherichiacoli bl21 (de3) cells. for purification of ypa we used q-sepharose and deae-toyopearl column chromatography. we examined kinetics of the enzyme reaction, catalytic activity as a function of ph, temperature and ionic strength, thermostability and other enzyme properties. biochemical properties ...201122226870
bioresponsive systems based on polygalacturonate containing hydrogels.polysaccharide acid (psa) based devices (consisting of alginic acid and polygalacturonic acid) were investigated for the detection of contaminating microorganisms. psa-cacl(2) hydrogel systems were compared to systems involving covalent cross-linking of psa with glycidylmethacrylate (psa-gma) which was confirmed with fourier transformed infrared (ftir) analysis. incubation of psa-cacl(2) and psa-gma beads loaded with alizarin as a model ingredient with trigger enzymes (polygalacturonases or pect ...201122112943
In-vitro antimicrobial activity and synergistic/antagonistic effect of interactions between antibiotics and some spice essential oils.Spices and herbs have been used for many years by different cultures. The aim of the present study is (1) to investigate in-vitro antimicrobial effects of different spices and herbs (5 species: Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce subsp. Brachycalyx P.H. Davis (White micromeria), Cumium cyminum (cumin), Mentha piperita (Peppermint) against different bacteria and fungi species, and (2) to discuss the in-vitro possible effects between t ...201121888227
effects of temperature on the transmission of yersinia pestis by the flea, xenopsylla cheopis, in the late phase period.traditionally, efficient flea-borne transmission of yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, was thought to be dependent on a process referred to as blockage in which biofilm-mediated growth of the bacteria physically blocks the flea gut, leading to the regurgitation of contaminated blood into the host. this process was previously shown to be temperature-regulated, with blockage failing at temperatures approaching 30°c; however, the abilities of fleas to transmit infections at different t ...201121958555
development and validation of real-time pcr for the detection of yersinia ruckeri.yersiniosis (enteric red mouth disease) is a contagious bacterial disease caused by yersinia ruckeri, which primarily affects salmonids. a real-time pcr assay using a molecular beacon has been developed and validated to improve the detection of the causative biotypes of y. ruckeri. the assay, which targets the glna (glutamine synthetase) gene, proved to have 100% analytical specificity and analytical sensitivities of 5 fg and 3 × 10(3)  cfu g(-1) for dna and seeded kidney tissue, respectively. ...201122175801
A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death.Technological advances in DNA recovery and sequencing have drastically expanded the scope of genetic analyses of ancient specimens to the extent that full genomic investigations are now feasible and are quickly becoming standard. This trend has important implications for infectious disease research because genomic data from ancient microbes may help to elucidate mechanisms of pathogen evolution and adaptation for emerging and re-emerging infections. Here we report a reconstructed ancient genome ...201121993626
revision of the o-polysaccharide structure of yersinia pseudotuberculosis o:1a; confirmation of the function of wbym as paratosyltransferase.an o-polysaccharide was isolated by mild acid degradation at ph 4.5 of the long-chain lipopolysaccharide of yersinia pseudotuberculosis pb1 (serotype o:1a) and studied using 2d nmr spectroscopy. it was found to contain two uncommon monosaccharides: paratose (3,6-dideoxy-d-ribo-hexose, par) in the furanose form and 6-deoxy-d-manno-heptose (d-6dmanhep). the following structure of a branched tetrasaccharide repeat (o-unit) with a disaccharide side chain was established: this structure is at varianc ...201122269980
Yersinia High Pathogenicity Island Genes Modify the Escherichia coli Primary Metabolome Independently of Siderophore Production.Bacterial siderophores may enhance pathogenicity by scavenging iron, but their expression has been proposed to exert a substantial metabolic cost. Here we describe a combined metabolomic-genetic approach to determine how mutations affecting the virulence-associated siderophore yersiniabactin affect the Escherichia coli primary metabolome. Contrary to expectations, we did not find yersiniabactin biosynthesis to correspond to consistent metabolomic shifts. Instead, we found that targeted deletion ...201122035238
disease transmission from companion parrots to dogs and cats: what is the real risk?a number of common misconceptions exist regarding the degree of transmission from companion parrots to dogs and cats. concern regarding bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic transmission is generally unfounded, because disease transmission between companion parrots and dogs and cats is not well-documented. infections with mycobacterium spp, aspergillus spp, giardia spp, chlamydophila psittaci, salmonella spp, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, cryptococcus neoformans, histoplasma capsulatum, cryptos ...201122041215
Characterization of the Na?/H? antiporter from Yersinia pestis.Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that historically accounts for the Black Death epidemics, has nowadays gained new attention as a possible biological warfare agent. In this study, its Na?/H? antiporter is investigated for the first time, by a combination of experimental and computational methodologies. We determined the protein's substrate specificity and pH dependence by fluorescence measurements in everted membrane vesicles. Subsequently, we constructed a model of the protein's structure and val ...201122102858
liver abscess due to yersinia bacteremia in a well-controlled type i diabetic patient.yersiniae enterocolitica, a gram negative rod-like organism, causes terminal ileitis and mesenteric adenitis in adolescents and adults. some forms present with liver and spleen abscesses and have worse prognosis. we report a type 1 diabetic patient with a liver abscess mimicking metastatic liver disease who was successfully treated with percutaneous drainage and antibiotic administration; culture from blood was positive for yersinia enterocolitica, but drainage material from the liver abscess di ...201121879478
[clinicoimmunological monitoring of therapy in patients with associated forms of yersiniosis].characteristics of the clinical process and immunological profile in children with yersiniosis as a monoinfection or in association with acute intenstinal infections and virus hepatitis a are presented. the efficacy of the immunotropic therapy with cycloferon, an interferon inductor, and recombinant interferon in the patients with the viral and bacterial association of the disease (yersiniosis + hepatitis a) and initial disbalance of the serum cytokines was estimated. dependence of the interfero ...201122145231
An experimentally-supported genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction for Yersinia pestis CO92.Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes plague, a disease linked historically to the Black Death in Europe during the Middle Ages and to several outbreaks during the modern era. Metabolism in Y. pestis displays remarkable flexibility and robustness, allowing the bacterium to proliferate in both warm-blooded mammalian hosts and cold-blooded insect vectors such as fleas.201121995956
proteomic analysis of arsenite - mediated multiple antibiotic resistance in yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1a.arsenic is one of the most important global environmental pollutants. in the present study, fifty one clinical strains of yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1a showed high resistance to arsenite and arsenate. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of arsenite (0.625-20 mm) was lower than arsenate (10-80 mm). growth of y. enterocolitica in 2 mm arsenite led to 2-8 fold increase in mics of the five antibiotics (amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, kanamycin and tetracycline), suggesting expression ...201121953586
long-term trends in the epidemiology and resistance of childhood bacterial enteropathogens in crete.in this study, we investigated the long-term trends in the epidemiology and susceptibility of bacterial enteropathogens among children in a well-defined area of adequate health standards. the study included all children younger than 14 years of age treated for enteritis at heraklion university general hospital on the island of crete during the 18-year period from january 1993 to december 2010. stool specimens were tested for salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, enteropathogenic escherichia coli ...201122207394
In vivo-induced InvA-like autotransporters Ifp and InvC of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis promote interactions with intestinal epithelial cells and contribute to virulence.The Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Ifp and InvC molecules are putative autotransporter proteins with a high homology to the invasin (InvA) protein. In order to characterize the function of these surface proteins we expressed both factors in Escherichia coli K-12 and demonstrated attachment of Ifp- and InvC-expressing bacteria to human-, mouse- and pig-derived intestinal epithelial cells. Ifp was also found to mediate microcolony formation and internalization into polarized human enterocytes. The if ...201122158741
Molecular characterization of transcriptional regulation of rovA by PhoP and RovA in Yersinia pestis.Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague. The two transcriptional regulators, PhoP and RovA, are required for the virulence of Y. pestis through the regulation of various virulence-associated loci. They are the global regulators controlling two distinct large complexes of cellular pathways.201121966533
Pseudoceramines A-D, new antibacterial bromotyrosine alkaloids from the marine sponge Pseudoceratina sp.Bioassay-guided fractionation of the CH(2)Cl(2)/MeOH extract of the Australian marine sponge Pseudoceratina sp. resulted in the purification of four new bromotyrosine alkaloids, pseudoceramines A-D (1-4), along with a known natural product, spermatinamine (5). The structures of 1-5 were determined by spectroscopic methods. Pseudoceramines A (1) and B (2) feature a rare bromotyrosyl-spermine-bromotyrosyl sequence, and pseudoceramine C (3) is the first example of bromotyrosine coupled with an N-me ...201121850326
Gene flow in a Yersinia pestis vector, Oropsylla hirsuta, during a plague epizootic.Appreciating how Yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague, spreads among black - tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies (BTPD), is vital to wildlife conservation programs in North American grasslands. A little - studied aspect of the system is the role of Y. pestis vectors, i.e. fleas, play in the spreading of plague in natural settings. We investigated the genetic structure and variability of a common prairie dog flea (Oropsylla hirsuta) in BTPD colonies in order to examine ...201121946710
cethromycin-mediated protection against the plague pathogen yersinia pestis in a rat model of infection and comparison with levofloxacin.the gram-negative plague bacterium, yersinia pestis, has historically been regarded as one of the deadliest pathogens known to mankind, having caused three major pandemics. after being transmitted by the bite of an infected flea arthropod vector, y. pestis can cause three forms of human plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic, with the latter two having very high mortality rates. with increased threats of bioterrorism, it is likely that a multidrug-resistant y. pestis strain would be employed ...201121859946
targeted enrichment of ancient pathogens yielding the ppcp1 plasmid of yersinia pestis from victims of the black death.although investigations of medieval plague victims have identified yersinia pestis as the putative etiologic agent of the pandemic, methodological limitations have prevented large-scale genomic investigations to evaluate changes in the pathogen's virulence over time. we screened over 100 skeletal remains from black death victims of the east smithfield mass burial site (1348-1350, london, england). recent methods of dna enrichment coupled with high-throughput dna sequencing subsequently permitted ...201121876176
Evaluation of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell expression and IFN-?, perforin secretion for B-T constructs of F1 and V antigens of Yersinia pestis.Yersinia pestis is a facultative bacterium that can survive and proliferate inside host macrophages and cause bubonic, pneumonic and systemic infection. Understanding the immune response generated by epitopes recognized by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is important for the development of safe and effective vaccines designed to promote protective cellular immunity. Apart from humoral response, CD4+ T cells have shown to have a major role in combating the pneumonic form of the disease. In the present stud ...201122094541
The use of a real-time PCR primer/probe set to observe infectivity of Yersinia ruckeri in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), and steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum).Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), a common pathogen affecting aquaculture facilities and implicated in large losses of cultured fish. Fisheries scientists continue to gain a greater understanding of the disease and the pathogen by investigating methods of identification and pre- and post-infection treatment. In this study, a real-time PCR probe set for Y. ruckeri was developed to detect daily changes in the bacterial load during pathogen challenges. Two s ...201121916903
phosphorylated cpxr restricts production of the rova global regulator in yersinia pseudotuberculosis.rova is a global transcriptional regulator of gene expression in pathogenic yersinia. rova levels are kept in check by a sophisticated layering of distinct transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. in the enteropathogen y. pseudotuberculosis, we have previously reported that the extracytoplasmic stress sensing cpxa-cpxr two-component regulatory system modulates rova expression.201121876746
evidence of an antimicrobial-immunomodulatory role of atlantic salmon cathelicidins during infection with yersinia ruckeri.cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides that act as effector molecules of the innate immune system with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. these evolutionary conserved cationic host-defence peptides are integral components of the immune response of fish, which are generally believed to rely heavily on innate immune defences to invading pathogens. in this study we showed that atlantic salmon cathelicidin 1 and 2 (ascath1 and ascath2) stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes incre ...201121858109
evolution of inca/c blacmy-2-carrying plasmids by acquisition of the blandm-1 carbapenemase gene.the bla(ndm-1) gene has been reported to be often located on broad-host-range plasmids of the inca/c type in clinical but also environmental bacteria recovered from the new delhi, india, area. inca/c-type plasmids are the main vehicles for the spread of the cephalosporinase gene bla(cmy-2), frequently identified in the united states, canada, and europe. in this study, we completed the sequence of inca/c plasmid pndm-kn carrying the bla(ndm-1) gene, recovered from a klebsiella pneumoniae isolate ...201122123704
Effects of orange juice pH on survival, urease activity and DNA profiles of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis stored at 4 degree C.The objective of this study was to determine the survival, growth rate and possible cellular adaptation mechanisms of Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica in orange juice under different pH conditions. Yersinia was inoculated in orange juice with adjusted pH levels of 3.9, 4.0, and 7.0 and stored at 4 C for 3, 24, 72 and 168 hours (h). The inter-and intra-species variation is significant to the pH and time of incubation variables (p<0.05). At 3.9 pH the CFU (colony forming units) count de ...201122081735
microbiological contamination of digested products from anaerobic co-digestion of bovine manure and agricultural by-products.this study was performed to investigate the microbiological contamination of digestate product (dp) obtained from the anaerobic co-digestion of bovine manure and agricultural by-products.201121899580
global discovery of small rnas in yersinia pseudotuberculosis identifies yersinia-specific small, noncoding rnas required for virulence.a major class of bacterial small, noncoding rnas (srnas) acts by base-pairing with mrnas to alter the translation from and/or stability of the transcript. our laboratory has shown that hfq, the chaperone that mediates the interaction of many srnas with their targets, is required for the virulence of the enteropathogen yersinia pseudotuberculosis. this finding suggests that srnas play a critical role in the regulation of virulence in this pathogen, but these srnas are not known. using a deep sequ ...201121876162
role of immune response in yersinia pestis infection.yersinia pestis (y. pestis) is an infamous pathogen causing plague pandemics throughout history and is a selected agent of bioterrorism threatening public health. y. pestis was first isolated by alexandre yersin in 1894 in hong kong and in the following years from all continents. plague is enzootic in different rodents and their fleas in africa, north and south america, and asia, including the middle/far east and ex-ussr countries. comprehending the multifaceted interaction between y. pestis and ...201121918303
[the mode of spot test of plague and pseudotuberculosis agents mix cultures].it is supposed to implement the polymerase chain reaction with mix of two pairs of "chromosome" primers "vlm12for'/"is216rev" and "js for"/jsrev" species-specific for y. pestis and y. psdtbc correspondingly in spot test of plague and pseudotuberculosis. the additional immunodiagnostics is applied to find defective and full-fledged on plague bacteria f1-antigen synthesis in the volume agglomeration reaction and paragglutination with diagnosticums of plasmid-dependent f1 antigen and chromosome fv ...201121899119
the metj regulon in gammaproteobacteria determined by comparative genomics methods.whole-genome sequencing of bacteria has proceeded at an exponential pace but annotation validation has lagged behind. for instance, the metj regulon, which controls methionine biosynthesis and transport, has been studied almost exclusively in e. coli and salmonella, but homologs of metj exist in a variety of other species. these include some that are pathogenic (e.g. yersinia) and some that are important for environmental remediation (e.g. shewanella) but many of which have not been extensively ...201122082356
3d structure of the yersinia entomophaga toxin complex and implications for insecticidal activity.toxin complex (tc) proteins are a class of bacterial protein toxins that form large, multisubunit complexes. comprising tca, b, and c components, they are of great interest because many exhibit potent insecticidal activity. here we report the structure of a novel tc, yen-tc, isolated from the bacterium yersinia entomophaga mh96, which differs from the majority of bacterially derived tcs in that it exhibits oral activity toward a broad range of insect pests, including the diamondback moth (plutel ...201122158901
resistance to plague among black-tailed prairie dog populations.abstract in some rodent species frequently exposed to plague outbreaks caused by yersinia pestis, resistance to the disease has evolved as a population trait. as a first step in determining if plague resistance has developed in black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus), animals captured from colonies in a plague-free region (south dakota) and two plague-endemic regions (colorado and texas) were challenged with y. pestis at one of three doses (2.5, 250, or 2500 mouse ld50s). south dakota p ...201121923261
transfusion-transmitted yersinia enterocolitica sepsis.bacterial sepsis has become the most frequent infectious complication of transfusion. although yersinia enterocolitica is a common enteropathogen usually causing relatively mild disease, it is nevertheless a prominent cause of life-threatening post-transfusion infection. to gain a better understanding of the clinical presentation and prognosis of this rare occurrence, we performed a systematic and detailed review of 55 published cases, which we present here after a description of the mechanisms ...201121865196
[comparative evaluation of protein hydrolysates in designing their based universal culture medium for the diagnosis of plague and cholera].various protein hydrolysates made in russia and foreign countries were comparatively evaluated to use them to design a universal agarized culture medium for the diagnosis of plague and cholera. pancreatic baker's yeast broth was found to be most effective among the test media.201121851013
Host innate recognition of an intestinal bacterial pathogen induces TRIF-dependent protective immunity.Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which signals through the adapter molecules myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-ß (TRIF), is required for protection against Gram-negative bacteria. TRIF is known to be important in TLR3-mediated antiviral signaling, but the role of TRIF signaling against Gram-negative enteropathogens is currently unknown. We show that TRIF signaling is indispensable for establishing innate protective immuni ...201122124111
extraction, purification, and identification of yersiniabactin, the siderophore of yersinia pestis.this unit describes in detail the extraction, purification, and identification of yersiniabactin the siderophore of yersinia pestis. iron is essential for bacterial growth. although relatively abundant, access to iron is limited in nature by low solubility. this problem is exacerbated for pathogenic bacteria, which must also defeat the host organism's innate defenses, including mechanisms to sequester iron. one solution to these problems is production of water soluble, small molecules with high ...201122045585
immunogenic proteins of brucella abortus to minimize cross reactions in brucellosis diagnosis.to overcome the limitations of serological diagnosis, including false positive reactions caused by other pathogens, specific antigens for diagnosis of brucellosis other than lps have been required. the present study was conducted to separate and identify immuno-dominant insoluble proteins of brucella abortus against the antisera of cattle infected with b. abortus, or/and yersinia enterocolitica, or the sera of non-infected cattle. after separating insoluble proteins of b. abortus by two dimensio ...201122192360
structural analysis of chi1 chitinase from yen-tc: the multisubunit insecticidal abc toxin complex of yersinia entomophaga.yersinia entomophaga mh96 is a native new zealand soil bacterium that secretes a large abc-type protein toxin complex, yen-tc, similar to those produced by nematode-associated bacteria such as photorhabdus luminescens. y. entomophaga displays an exceptionally virulent pathogenic phenotype in sensitive insect species, causing death within 72 h of infection. because of this phenotype, there is intrinsic interest in the mechanism of action of yen-tc, and it also has the potential to function as a n ...201122108167
opportunistic pathogens relative to physicochemical factors in water storage tanks.household water in oman, as well as in other countries in the region, is stored in tanks placed on house roofs that can be subjected to physicochemical factors which can promote microbial growth, including pathogens and opportunistic pathogens which pose health risks. water samples were collected from 30 houses in a heavily populated suburb of muscat. the tanks used were either glass reinforced plastic (grp), polyethylene or galvanised iron (gi). heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms, faecal colifor ...201121942202
comparative study of different msdna (multicopy single-stranded dna) structures and phylogenetic comparison of reverse transcriptases (rts): evidence for vertical inheritance.the multi-copy single-stranded dna (msdna) is yielded by the action of reverse transcriptase of retro-element in a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. upon this phenomenon, it has been shown that msdna is only produced by eubacteria because many eubacteria species contained reverse transcriptase in their special retro-element. we have screened around 111 archaea at kegg (kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) database available at genome net server and observed three methanosarcina species (m.a ...201122102774
[Preparation and identification of monoclonal antibodies against Pla protein of Yersinia pestis].To prepare the monoclonal antibody of Pla with recombinant Pla (rPla) by hybridoma cell technology, which will lay the foundation for related research work.201121906473
Effects of dietary Ergosan on cutaneous mucosal immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).The effects of dietary Ergosan on the growth performance and mucosal immunity in rainbow trout skin were investigated. 60 rainbow trout (100-110 g) were randomly assigned to 2 groups in triplicates and fed one of the experimental diet formulated with 5 g kg(-1) Ergosan or control diet for 50 days. Results showed that on the 45th day of feeding trial, Ergosan supplementation significantly enhanced the growth performance compared to control group. Various enzyme activities, namely lysozyme, protea ...201122166733
functional characterization and biological significance of yersinia pestis lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes.in silico analysis of available bacterial genomes revealed the phylogenetic proximity levels of enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (lps) of yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, to homologous proteins of closely related yersinia spp. and some other bacteria (serratia proteamaculans, erwinia carotovora, burkholderia dolosa, photorhabdus luminescens and others). isogenic y. pestis mutants with single or double mutations in 14 genes of lps biosynthetic pathways were construc ...201121999543
PhoP and OxyR transcriptional regulators contribute to Yersinia pestis virulence and survival within Galleria mellonella.The virulence of Yersinia pestis KIM6+ was compared with multiple isolates of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica toward larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Although Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis were able to cause lethal infection in G. mellonella, these species appeared less virulent than the majority of Y. enterocolitica strains tested. Y. pestis survived primarily within hemocytes of G. mellonella, and induced a strong antibacterial peptide response ...201121964409
[Etiological aspects of acute gastroenteritis--a ten-year review (1.01. 2001-31.12.2010)].Acute gastroentritis is one of the most common diseases in humans, and continues to be a significant cause of morbidity worldwide.201122046776
Humoral and cellular immune responses to Yersinia pestis infection in long-term recovered plague patients.Plague is one of the most dangerous diseases and is caused by Yersinia pestis. Effective vaccine development requires understanding of immune protective mechanisms against the bacterium in humans. In this study, the humoral and memory cellular immune responses in plague patients (n=65) recovered from Y. pestis infection during the past 16 years were investigated using protein microarray and enzyme-linked immunospot assay (Elispot). The seroprevealence to F1 antigen in all recovered patients is 7 ...201122190397
a case of reactive arthritis after salmonella enteritis in in a 12-year-old boy.reactive arthritis comprises a subgroup within infection-associated arthritides in genetically susceptible hosts. researchers and clinicians recognize two clinical forms of reactive arthritis which occurs after genitourinary tract infection and after gastrointestinal tract infection. chlamydia infection has been implicated as the most common agent associated with post-venereal reactive arthritis. studies have proposed shigella infection, salmonella infection, or yersinia infection as the microor ...201122025926
Use of a DNA microarray for detection and identification of bacterial pathogens associated with fishery products.We established a microarray for the simultaneous detection and identification of diverse putative pathogens often associated with fishery products by targeting specific genes of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Yersinia enterocolitica and the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris. The microarray contained 26 sp ...201121965411
multiple origins of endosymbiosis within the enterobacteriaceae (gamma-proteobacteria): convergence of complex phylogenetic approaches.abstract: background: the bacterial family enterobacteriaceae gave rise to a variety of symbiotic forms, from the loosely associated commensals, often designated as secondary (s) symbionts, to obligate mutualists, called primary (p) symbionts. determination of the evolutionary processes behind this phenomenon has long been hampered by the unreliability of phylogenetic reconstructions within this group of bacteria. the main reasons have been the absence of sufficient data, the highly derived nat ...201122201529
enhanced humoral and mucosal immune responses after intranasal immunization with chimeric multiple antigen peptide of lcrv antigen epitopes of yersinia pestis coupled to palmitate in mice.yersinia pestis is the causative agent of the most deadly disease plague. f1 and v antigens are the major vaccine candidates. six protective epitopes of v antigen of varying length (15-25aa) were assembled on a lysine backbone as multiple antigen peptide (map) using standard fmoc chemistry. palmitate was coupled at amino terminus end. amino acid analysis, sds-page, immunoblot and immunoreactivity proved the authenticity of map. map was immunized intranasally encapsulated in plga (polylactide-co- ...201122001881
[reasons of low epizootic activity of natural foci of plague in russia at the beginning of the 21st century].establish the main reasons of low epizootic activity of natural foci of plague in russian federation in 2000-2009.201122145344
a transposon site hybridization screen identifies galu and wecbc as important for survival of yersinia pestis in murine macrophages.yersinia pestis is able to survive and replicate within murine macrophages. however, the mechanism by which y. pestis promotes its intracellular survival is not well understood. to identify genes that are important for y. pestis survival in macrophages, a library comprised of ∼31,500 y. pestis kim6+ transposon insertion mutants (input pool) was subjected to negative selection in primary murine macrophages. genes underrepresented in the output pool of surviving bacteria were identified by transpo ...201122139502
[Fleas notified on Microtus fuscus foci in Sichuan province].To analyzed the variant information on the indices regarding fleas from natural foci of Microtus plague in Sichuan epidemic area during 2000 to 2008.201121933540
A novel post-exposure medical countermeasure L-97-1 improves survival and acute lung injury following intratracheal infection with Yersinia pestis.Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacillus causing plague and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classified Category A pathogen, has high potential as a bioweapon. Lipopolysaccharide, a virulence factor for Y. pestis, binds to and activates A(1) adenosine receptor (AR)s and, in animals, A(1)AR antagonists block induced acute lung injury (ALI) and increase survival following cecal ligation and perforation. In this study, rats were infected intratracheally with viable Y. pestis [CO99 ...201121862597
Characterization of anti-ECA antibodies in rabbit antiserum against rough Yersinia enterocolitica O:3.Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is a characteristic surface component in bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is generally integrated in the outer membrane via a linkage to phosphatidylglycerol (ECA(PG)) and at the same time in some special cases via a linkage to lipopolysaccharide (ECA(LPS)); the latter form is immunogenic. Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 expresses both ECA(PG) and ECA(LPS). To study whether ECA-immunogenicity of Y. enterocolitica O:3 is temperature-regulate ...201121999545
population differences in host immune factors may influence survival of gunnison's prairie dogs (cynomys gunnisoni) during plague outbreaks.over the past 40 yr, epizootics of plague (yersinia pestis) in northern arizona have reduced populations of the gunnison's prairie dog (cynomys gunnisoni), with the exception of a large population found in the aubrey valley (av). to examine potential mechanisms accounting for their survival, we collected prairie dog serum samples in 2005-2006 from av and a neighboring population near seligman (se), arizona. we quantified gene expression at 58 diverse immune proteins using a multiplexed enzyme-li ...201122102668
Genomics: Plague's progress. 201122031436
plague genome: the black death decoded. 201122031418
impact of the n-terminal secretor domain on yopd translocator function in yersinia pseudotuberculosis type iii secretion.type iii secretion systems (t3sss) secrete needle components, pore-forming translocators, and the translocated effectors. in part, effector recognition by a t3ss involves their n-terminal amino acids and their 5' mrna. to investigate whether similar molecular constraints influence translocator secretion, we scrutinized this region within yopd from yersinia pseudotuberculosis. mutations in the 5' end of yopd that resulted in specific disruption of the mrna sequence did not affect yopd secretion. ...201121965570
molecular modeling studies of yersinia pestis dihydrofolate reductase.considering the risk represented by plague today as a potential biological warfare agent, we propose cytosolic yersinia pestis dihydrofolate reductase (ypdhfr) as a new target to the design of selective plague chemotherapy. this enzyme has a low homology with the human enzyme and its crystallographic structure has been recently deposited in the protein data bank (pdb). comparisons of the docking energies and molecular dynamic behaviors of five known dhfr inhibitors inside a 3d model of ypdhfr (a ...201121875154
rna helicase csda is needed for growth of yersinia pseudotuberculosis ip32953 at low temperature.the expression of csda, encoding an rna helicase, was induced at 3°c in yersinia pseudotuberculosis. the role of csda in y. pseudotuberculosis at cold was confirmed by impaired growth of insertional csda mutants at 3°c. the results suggest csda is central for y. pseudotuberculosis survival in the chilled food chain.201122156424
antibodies for biodefense.potential bioweapons are biological agents (bacteria, viruses, and toxins) at risk of intentional dissemination. biodefense, defined as development of therapeutics and vaccines against these agents, has seen an increase, particularly in the us following the 2001 anthrax attack. this review focuses on recombinant antibodies and polyclonal antibodies for biodefense that have been accepted for clinical use. these antibodies aim to protect against primary potential bioweapons, or category a agents a ...201122123065
the yersinia enterocolitica phage shock proteins b and c can form homodimers and heterodimers in vivo with the possibility of close association between multiple domains.the yersinia enterocolitica phage shock protein (psp) stress response is essential for virulence and for survival during the mislocalization of outer membrane secretin proteins. the cytoplasmic membrane proteins pspb and pspc are critical components involved in regulating psp gene expression and in facilitating tolerance to secretin-induced stress. interactions between pspb and pspc monomers might be important for their functions and for pspc stability. however, little is known about these inter ...201121856846
real-time multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, shigella and yersinia species in fecal samples.diarrheal diseases due to notifiable bacterial infections require rapid diagnosis of the causative pathogens. to facilitate detection, a real-time multiplex pcr was developed that identifies common diarrhea-causing bacteria in fecal samples. on the basis of published sequence data, sets of primers and probes were designed that were specific for campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, shigella/enteroinvasive escherichia coli eiec, and yersinia species, suitable for use in a one-tube pcr assay. the assa ...201121855409
assessment of a recombinant f1-v fusion protein vaccine intended to protect canada lynx (lynx canadensis) from plague.as part of an ongoing restoration program in colorado, usa, we evaluated adverse reactions and seroconversion in captive canada lynx (lynx canadensis) after vaccination with a recombinant f1-v fusion protein vaccine against yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague. ten adult female lynx received the f1-v vaccine; 10 source- and age-matched lynx remained unvaccinated as controls. all of the vaccinated and control lynx remained apparently healthy throughout the confinement period. we obse ...201122102659
m cells expressing the complement c5a receptor are efficient targets for mucosal vaccine delivery.in the mucosal immune system, m cells are known as specialized epithelial cells that take up luminal antigens, although the receptors on m cells and the mechanism of antigen uptake into m cells are not well-understood. here, we report the expression of the complement c5a receptor (c5ar) on the apical surface of m cells. c5ar mrna expression in co-cultured caco-2 human m-like cells was six-fold higher than in mono-cultured cells. c5ar expression was detected together with glycoprotein 2, an m-cel ...201121887786
chemical scaffolds with structural similarities to siderophores of nonribosomal peptide-polyketide origin as novel antimicrobials against mycobacterium tuberculosis and yersinia pestis.mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) and yersinia pestis (yp) produce siderophores with scaffolds of nonribosomal peptide-polyketide origin. compounds with structural similarities to these siderophores were synthesized and evaluated as antimicrobials against mtb and yp under iron-limiting conditions mimicking the iron scarcity these pathogens encounter in the host and under standard iron-rich conditions. several new antimicrobials were identified, including some with increased potency in the iron-li ...201121940166
expression during host infection and localization of yersinia pestis autotransporter proteins.yersinia pestis co92 has 12 open reading frames encoding putative conventional autotransporters (yaps), nine of which appear to produce functional proteins. here, we demonstrate the ability of the yap proteins to localize to the cell surface of both escherichia coli and yersinia pestis and show that a subset of these proteins undergoes processing by bacterial surface omptins to be released into the supernatant. numerous autotransporters have been implicated in pathogenesis, suggesting a role for ...201121873491
Structural insights into Ail-mediated adhesion in Yersinia pestis.Ail is an outer membrane protein from Yersinia pestis that is highly expressed in a rodent model of bubonic plague, making it a good candidate for vaccine development. Ail is important for attaching to host cells and evading host immune responses, facilitating rapid progression of a plague infection. Binding to host cells is important for injection of cytotoxic Yersinia outer proteins. To learn more about how Ail mediates adhesion, we solved two high-resolution crystal structures of Ail, with no ...201122078566
herd factors associated with the serological yersinia prevalence in fattening pig herds.abstract recent epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that pork is an important source of yersiniosis in humans. identifying risk factors and potential interventions in swine production that may decrease the risk of pork production contamination during harvest and processing is an important step before controlling yersinia spp. therefore, management strategies and production processes that might be associated with fattening pigs testing seropositive for pathogenic yersinia spp. were invest ...201121939350
yersinia pestis acrab-tolc in antibiotic resistance and virulence.the efflux pump acrab is important in the antibiotic resistance and virulence of several pathogenic bacteria. we report that deletion of the yersinia pestis acrab-tolc homolog leads to increased susceptibility to diverse substrates, including, though unlike in escherichia coli, the aminoglycosides. neither is the y. pestis pump affected by the efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine beta-naphthylamide. in mouse plague models, pump deletion does not have a significant effect on tissue coloni ...201122083483
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