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measuring the growth rate of uk dairy heifers to improve future productivity.sub-optimal heifer growth is associated with higher disease rates and reduced future performance and longevity in the dairy herd. this report describes a system for measuring heifer growth from birth to first calving that was used on commercial dairy farms in south west england, in order to gather benchmarking data to feed back to farmers. weights (n = 8443) were collected from 20 farms. there was a marked variation in individual and herd mean growth rates. overall, calves gained no weight in th ...201627256019
the effect of subclinical ketosis on activity at estrus and reproductive performance in dairy cattle.our aims were to investigate the influence of subclinical ketosis (sck) on physical activity at estrus using a neck accelerometer device and on future reproductive performance. two hundred three holstein-friesian cows were studied on 3dairy farms in northwest england between september 2013 and march 2014. seventeen percent (35 of 203) of the enrolled cows were affected with sck between 7 and 21d in milk, defined as a blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration of 1.2 to 2.9mmol/l. time to event analys ...201626995121
inbreeding and purging at the genomic level: the chillingham cattle reveal extensive, non-random snp heterozygosity.local breeds of livestock are of conservation significance as components of global biodiversity and as reservoirs of genetic variation relevant to the future sustainability of agriculture. one such rare historic breed, the chillingham cattle of northern england, has a 350-year history of isolation and inbreeding yet shows no diminution of viability or fertility. the chillingham cattle have not been subjected to selective breeding. it has been suggested previously that the herd has minimal geneti ...201626559490
epidemiology of bladder stone of children: precipitating events.urological surgery evolved from the ancient practice of removing primary bladder stones from young boys. bladder stones, once ubiquitous, long ago disappeared from the developed world while pockets of disease still exist in developing countries. two epidemiological studies identified as precipitating events of bladder stone formation the practice of substitutive carbohydrate feedings to newborns. in southeast asia, masticated rice is fed to newborns in stone-endemic villages while in england, du ...201626559057
variation in the interservice intervals of dairy cows in the united kingdom.an understanding of the normal estrous-cycle length of the cow is important when managing and monitoring dairy-herd fertility. although the normal interovulatory interval is widely considered to be 21 d, some studies have found alternative intervals to be more prevalent; previously, most of the variation in interval length was expected to be between cows. the aim of this study was to assess the time between inseminations (interservice interval, isi) in a large number of dairy cows and to explore ...201525529414
public health investigation of two outbreaks of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157 associated with consumption of watercress.an increase in the number of cases of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157 phage type 2 (pt2) in england in september 2013 was epidemiologically linked to watercress consumption. whole-genome sequencing (wgs) identified a phylogenetically related cluster of 22 cases (outbreak 1). the isolates comprising this cluster were not closely related to any other united kingdom strain in the public health england wgs database, suggesting a possible imported source. a second outbreak of stec ...201525841005
navigating the iceberg: reducing the number of parameters within the welfare quality(®) assessment protocol for dairy cows.the welfare quality(®) protocols provide a multidimensional assessment of welfare, which is lengthy, and hence limited in terms of practicality. the aim of this study was to investigate potential 'iceberg indicators' which could reliably predict the overall classification as a means of reducing the length of time for an assessment and so increase the feasibility of the welfare quality(®) protocol as a multidimensional assessment of welfare. full welfare quality(®) assessments were carried out on ...201425159607
investigating the value dairy farmers place on a reduction of lameness in their herds using a willingness to pay approach.a survey was conducted to elicit dairy farmers' willingness to pay (wtp) to reduce the prevalence of lameness in their herds. a choice experiment questionnaire was administered using face-to-face interviews of 163 farmers in england and wales. whole herd lameness assessments by trained researchers recorded a mean lameness prevalence of nearly 24% which was substantially higher than that estimated by farmers. farmers' responses to a series of attitudinal questions showed that they strongly agreed ...201424268682
prevalence and molecular typing of cryptosporidium in dairy cattle in england and wales and examination of potential on-farm transmission routes.an average of 70 samples were collected from 80 dairy farms in england and wales, from cattle, co-grazed sheep, wildlife and farm wastes, to investigate prevalence, potential sources and transmission routes of cryptosporidium. at least one positive sample was detected on 74 of the farms (92.5%) by ifat microscopy. the prevalence in cattle was 10.2% (95% ci 9.4-11.1%), with greater prevalences detected in calf samples, especially from those under 1 month (45.1%). young calves were also more likel ...201424909077
exploring the diversity of arcobacter butzleri from cattle in the uk using mlst and whole genome sequencing.arcobacter butzleri is considered to be an emerging human foodborne pathogen. the completion of an a. butzleri genome sequence along with microarray analysis of 13 isolates in 2007 revealed a surprising amount of diversity amongst a. butzleri isolates from humans, animals and food. in order to further investigate arcobacter diversity, 792 faecal samples were collected from cattle on beef and dairy farms in the north west of england. arcobacter was isolated from 42.5% of the samples and the diver ...201323405126
using hormones to manage dairy cow fertility: the clinical and ethical beliefs of veterinary practitioners.in the face of a steady decline in dairy cow fertility over several decades, using hormones to assist reproduction has become common. in the european union, hormones are prescription-only medicines, giving veterinary practitioners a central role in their deployment. this study explored the clinical and ethical beliefs of practitioners, and provides data on their current prescribing practices. during 2011, 93 practitioners working in england completed a questionnaire (95% response rate). of the 7 ...201323638174
coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk of dairy cattle in south-west england. 201222843608
biosecurity on cattle farms: a study in north-west england.few studies have considered in detail the range of biosecurity practices undertaken on cattle farms, particularly within the uk. in this study, 56 cattle farmers in a 100 km(2) area of north-west england were questioned regarding their on-farm biosecurity practices, including those relating to animal movements, equipment sharing and companies and contractors visiting the farms.201222235244
spatial and temporal patterns in antimicrobial resistance of salmonella typhimurium in cattle in england and wales.summarysalmonella is the second most commonly reported human foodborne pathogen in england and wales, and antimicrobial-resistant strains of salmonella are an increasing problem in both human and veterinary medicine. in this work we used a generalized linear spatial model to estimate the spatial and temporal patterns of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella typhimurium in england and wales. of the antimicrobials considered we found a common peak in the probability that an s. typhimurium inciden ...201222214772
fasciola hepatica is associated with the failure to detect bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a significant and intractable disease of cattle caused by mycobacterium bovis. in the united kingdom, despite an aggressive eradication programme, the prevalence of btb is increasing with an unexplained, exponential rise in cases year on year. here we show in a study involving 3,026 dairy herds in england and wales that there is a significant negative association between exposure to the common, ubiquitous helminth parasite, fasciola hepatica and diagnosis of btb. the ...201222617293
zoonotic cryptosporidiosis from petting farms, england and wales, 1992-2009. 201121192888
a novel field-based approach to validate the use of network models for disease spread between dairy herds.summarythe introduction of a centralized system for recording cattle movements in the uk has provided a framework for network-based models for disease spread. however, there are many types of non-reportable contacts between farms which may play a role in disease spread. the lack of real pathogen data with which to test network models makes it difficult to assess whether reported data adequately captures the risk-potential network between farms and improves the accuracy of disease forecasts. a no ...201121320373
responses of farmers to introduction in england and wales of pre-movement testing for bovine tuberculosis.pre-movement testing (prmt) for bovine tuberculosis (btb) was introduced in england and wales in 2 phases starting in 2006. this study used questionnaires (n=800, response rate=31%) and analysis of national cattle movement records between january 2003 and february 2007 to investigate the impact of prmt on specific farm management behaviours. a majority of farmers (65%) believed they had not changed their behaviour in response to prmt; the main reported changes related to decisions regarding sell ...201121377746
a descriptive study of the survival of holstein-friesian heifers through to third calving on english dairy farms.a short herd lifespan severely limits opportunities for on-farm selection of breeding cows in addition to causing financial losses on dairy farms and presenting welfare issues for individual animals. this prospective study monitored survival up to third calving and reasons for culling of a cohort of 468 holstein-friesian heifers on 18 dairy farms across southern england. heifers born during 2003 and 2004 were monitored from 1 mo of age through to third calving. a longevity index was calculated a ...201121426972
investigating transmission of mycobacterium bovis in the united kingdom in 2005 to 2008.due to an increase in bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the united kingdom, we investigated the characteristics of mycobacterium bovis infection in humans and assessed whether extensive transmission of m. bovis between humans has occurred. a cross-sectional study linking demographic, clinical, and dna fingerprinting (using 15-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat [miru-vntr] typing) data on cases reported between 2005 and 2008 was undertaken. a total of 12 ...201121430093
farm-scale risk factors for bovine tuberculosis incidence in cattle herds during the randomized badger culling trial.summarywe analysed the incidence of cattle herd breakdowns due to bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in relation to experimental badger culling, badger populations and farm characteristics during the randomized badger culling trial (rbct). mixed modelling and event history analysis were used to examine the individual risk factors. the interdependencies of covariates were examined using structural equation modelling. there were consistent findings among the different analyses demonstrating ...201121439101
managing public demand for badger rehabilitation in an area of england with endemic tuberculosis.badgers are a popular and protected species in england, despite their association with tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis infection) in cattle. casualty badgers are commonly presented to veterinarians and wildlife rescue centres following injury, as a result of disease, or as orphans. strict policies are adopted for their rehabilitation and release, with respect to the prevention of spread of tuberculosis, these policies differ between adult badgers and badger cubs. adult badger casualties are no ...201121440385
the association between high milk somatic cell counts in the first lactation and somatic cell counts in the second lactation.with the advent of web-based recording and analysis systems, individual cow composite somatic cell count (scc) data are being increasingly used for decision support in mastitis control at both the individual cow and herd level. scc data from first and second lactation dairy cows (n=1912) from 12 farms were analysed using multinomial logistic regression to investigate possible associations between high scc patterns in the first lactation and the subsequent lactation. animals with three non-consec ...201121459636
bluetongue serotype 8 vaccine coverage in northern and south-eastern england in 2008.a postal survey of all registered cattle and sheep farmers in east anglia was carried out from july 2008 to determine bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv-8) vaccine uptake in the region. the vaccine was available to farmers in this region from may 2008. the survey was repeated in cumbria and northumberland at the beginning of 2009. in these regions, the vaccine was not available until september 1, 2008. holding-level vaccine uptake was estimated to be 85 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [c ...201121493449
risk factors for transmission of foot-and-mouth disease during an outbreak in southern england in 2007.during an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in southern england in 2007, a case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for infection and to investigate the relative impact of risk factors on transmission between the infected farms. seven of the eight case farms in the outbreak and 22 control farms participated. data were collected via questionnaires and subjected to comparative statistical analysis. case farms were further classified as primary or secondary according to the ...201121493486
animal health: animal health projects benefit from rural development funding. 201121493526
psoroptic mange in cattle confirmed in england. 201121498222
pilot programme to help farmers learn about bvd. 201121511774
verocytotoxin-producing and attaching and effacing activity of escherichia coli isolated from diseased farm livestock.between may 2005 and june 2008, strategically selected isolates of escherichia coli obtained from clinical submissions to veterinary laboratories agency (vla) regional laboratories in england and wales were serogrouped and examined by pcr for verocytotoxin (vt) production and attaching and effacing (eae) genes, both of which are zoonotic determinants. vt-encoding genes were detected in 54 (5.3 per cent) of the 1022 isolates examined. only one isolate (0.1 per cent) was identified as verocytotoxi ...201121546408
characterization of plasmids encoding cefotaximases group 1 enzymes in escherichia coli recovered from cattle in england and wales.in the study, we examined the molecular characteristics of cattle-associated escherichia coli carrying ctx-m genes and their plasmids. between july 2006 and july 2007, 18 e. coli were collected from cattle that were found to possess a bla(ctx-m) belonging to group 1. bla(ctx-m-15/28) was the predominant type, and it was associated with plasmids of several different inc/rep types. in addition, bla(ctx-m-1) and bla(ctx-m-3) were also detected. plasmids encoding the bla(ctx-m) genes belonged to inc ...201121612507
meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus with a novel meca homologue in human and bovine populations in the uk and denmark: a descriptive study.background: animals can act as a reservoir and source for the emergence of novel meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) clones in human beings. here, we report the discovery of a strain of s aureus (lga251) isolated from bulk milk that was phenotypically resistant to meticillin but tested negative for the meca gene and a preliminary investigation of the extent to which such strains are present in bovine and human populations. methods: isolates of bovine mrsa were obtained from the vet ...201121641281
emergence of suspected type d botulism in ruminants in england and wales (2001 to 2009), associated with exposure to broiler litter.scanning surveillance by the veterinary laboratories agency revealed the emergence of suspected botulism in ruminants in 2003, presented as flaccid paralysis. from 2003 to 2009, 168 cattle and 19 sheep incidents were recorded, with mortality between 5 and 80 per cent. all sheep incidents and 95 per cent of cattle incidents had proximity to broiler litter. from july 2006, the gut contents collected from 74 affected cattle and 10 affected sheep were tested for clostridium botulinum toxins using mi ...201121652657
demographic consequences of increased winter births in a large aseasonally breeding mammal (bos taurus) in response to climate change.1.ôçéstudies examining changes in the scheduling of breeding in response to climate change have focused on species with well-defined breeding seasons. species exhibiting year-round breeding have received little attention and the magnitudes of any responses are unknown. 2.ôçéwe investigated phenological data for an enclosed feral population of cattle (bos taurus l.) in northern england exhibiting year-round breeding. this population is relatively free of human interference. 3.ôçéwe assessed wheth ...201121668894
further consultation on proposals for a badger cull in england. 201121784797
prevalence of johne's disease among cattle in orkney. 201121697192
Investigation of the presence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in the North Wales and West Midlands areas of the UK in 2007 to 2008 using scanning surveillance.Between November 5, 2007 and November 4, 2008, faecal samples from cattle and sheep submitted for diagnostic purposes to the Aberystwyth and Shrewsbury Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) (now AHVLA) regional laboratories (covering North Wales and the West Midlands) were screened for the presence of Escherichia coli that produces CTX-M extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) using the selective medium CHROMagar CTX. Samples from 113 farms were tested and eight ESBL-positive farms identified. Of th ...201122021063
Herd-level risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in England and Wales after the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic.We present the results of a 2005 case-control study of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) breakdowns in English and Welsh herds. The herd management, farming practices, and environmental factors of 401 matched pairs of case and control herds were investigated to provide a picture of herd-level risk factors in areas of varying bTB incidence.201121955576
Establishing a pilot bovine viral diarrhoea virus eradication scheme in Somerset.Beginning in April 2006, 41 farms were recruited onto a pilot Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) eradication programme across the south of England with the majority of study herds concentrated in Somerset. Each herd was assessed and where relevant cleared of persistently infected (PI) animals. Seven farms dropped out before whole herd screening could be performed. Of the remaining 34 farms, 20 (59 per cent) were classified as infected although two of these were initially misclassified as BVDV-f ...201122027186
[2011: a wave of chimeras in england]. 201121922727
Bovine TB eradication programme for England. 201122193587
Insulin research in China and the U.K.Insulin has been extensively studied since it was discovered by Banting and Best in 1921. Early in 1934, Dorothy Crowfoot and John Desmond Bernal obtained the first X-ray diffraction photograph of an enzyme protein: pepsin. In 1935, they took another photograph of a protein hormone: insulin. The chemical structure of protein was unknown until the amino acid sequence of bovine insulin was solved by Fred Sanger and colleagues in 1955. In 1958, the chemical synthesis of bovine insulin started in Ch ...201121936809
husbandry risk factors associated with subclinical coccidiosis in young cattle.this paper describes an observational longitudinal study of cattle farms in england and wales, which aimed to identify management practices associated with the presence of eimeria spp. infection in young cattle. thirty cattle farms situated in england and wales were selected and one group of more than 20 young cattle aged 5-18months of age was monitored on each farm. three variables were identified as significantly associated with status in a multivariable model. the odds of finding eimeria spp. ...201122082508
Investigation of serology for diagnosis of outbreaks of botulism in cattle.Serology has been used to diagnose retrospectively types C and D outbreaks of botulism in cattle in Australia and this study has investigated whether the approach would be applicable in England and Wales. Three hundred sera from routine surveillance submissions in England and Wales were used as a negative control population. Some stored sera were available from a small number of clinical cases of botulism and 125 samples were collected from cohort groups of clinical cases in four new outbreaks o ...201121955441
dr roger mcneill and public health in the highlands and islands of scotland.roger mcneill was born in 1853 on colonsay in the inner hebrides, the son of a cattle herder. he graduated with a degree in medicine from edinburgh university, where he studied with joseph lister, among others. after working in london during a smallpox epidemic, he received a gold medal and honours for his m.d. thesis in 1881. mcneill returned to scotland as the resident medical officer at gesto hospital on the isle of skye. from there, he launched and published the first statistical research ab ...201122184575
Bacteriophage lysis of enterococcus host strains: a tool for microbial source tracking?This paper describes the isolation of Enterococcus host strains, for potential use as simple bacteriophage (phage)-based microbial source tracking (MST) tools. Presumptive Enterococcus host strains were isolated from cattle feces, raw municipal wastewater, agricultural runoff, and waters impacted by farms or wastewater treatment works (WWTW) in southern England, United Kingdom (UK). All enterococcal host strains (n = 390) were first screened for their ability to detect phage in samples of ra ...201122047499
evaluating an automated haptic simulator designed for veterinary students to learn bovine rectal palpation.simulators provide a potential solution to some of the challenges faced when teaching internal examinations to medical or veterinary students. a virtual reality simulator, the haptic cow, has been developed to teach bovine rectal palpation to veterinary students, and significant training benefits have been demonstrated. however, the training needs to be delivered by an instructor, a requirement that limits availability. this article describes the development and evaluation of an automated versio ...201021330807
assessing the consequences of an incursion of a vector-borne disease. ii. spread of bluetongue in scotland and impact of vaccination.bluetongue is a viral disease of ruminants transmitted by culicoides biting midges, which has spread across europe over the past decade. the disease arrived in south-east england in 2007, raising the possibility that it could pose a risk to the valuable scottish livestock industry. as part of an assessment of the economic consequences of a bluetongue virus incursion into scotland commissioned by scottish government, we investigated a defined set of feasible incursion scenarios under different va ...201021352784
assessing the consequences of an incursion of a vector-borne disease i. identifying feasible incursion scenarios for bluetongue in scotland.following the arrival of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv-8) in southeast england in september 2007, the scottish government commissioned research to assess the economic consequences of a btv-8 incursion to scotland. here we present the first component of the assessment, which entailed identifying feasible incursion scenarios for the virus. our analyses focused on three routes of introduction: wind-borne dispersal of infected vectors, import of infected animals and northwards spread of btv from ...201021352785
comparison of arcobacter isolation methods, and diversity of arcobacter spp. in cheshire, united kingdom.the aims of this study were, firstly, to compare five published methods for the isolation of arcobacter spp. from animal feces in order to determine the most sensitive and specific method. second, we analyzed the resulting isolates by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) in order to investigate the diversity of the isolates recovered. third, we investigated the ability to recover arcobacter spp. from frozen fecal samples. seventy-seven fecal samples from cattle, sheep, and badgers were subjected to ...201021193675
trends in bovine viral diarrhoea in scottish cattle.review of bovine viral diarrhoea virus-related disease, 1996 to 2009. diverse range of respiratory diseases diagnosed in cattle. caseous lymphadenitis confirmed in a suffolk ram lamb aged only four months. extramedullary haematopoiesis of unknown cause in a pig. coccidiosis diagnosed frequently in pheasants and partridges. these are among matters discussed in the disease surveillance report for july from sac consulting: veterinary services (sac c vs).201021257395
fasciolosis prevalent among cattle in england and wales. 201021257462
cryptosporidium species in calves submitted for postmortem examination in england and wales. 201021262716
statistical modeling of holding level susceptibility to infection during the 2001 foot and mouth disease epidemic in great britain.an understanding of the factors that determine the risk of members of a susceptible population becoming infected is essential for estimating the potential for disease spread, as opposed to just focusing on transmission from an infected population. furthermore, analysis of the risk factors can reveal important characteristics of an epidemic and further develop understanding of the processes operating.201019647465
temporal and farm-management-associated variation in the faecal-pat prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in ruminants.in a 2-year longitudinal study of adult animals on 15 dairy farms and four sheep farms in lancashire, uk. c. jejuni was isolated from all farms, although not on every occasion. faecal samples were collected and cultured using standard techniques for isolation of campylobacter. assignment to species was via pcr assays. peak prevalence of c. jejuni in both cattle and sheep was observed during the summer and in cattle this apparent seasonality was associated with grazing pasture [odds ratio (or) 2. ...201019845998
"little, if at all, removed from the illiterate farrier or cow-leech": the english veterinary surgeon, c.1860-1885, and the campaign for veterinary reform. 201020046263
surveillance: parasitic and tickborne diseases in cattle and sheep in england. 201020081176
investigation of farms linked to human patients with cryptosporidiosis in england and wales.the study investigates farms suspected of being sources of zoonotic human cryptosporidiosis. a variety of implicated farm animal species were sampled and tested to detect cryptosporidium oocysts and investigate genetic linkage with human patients. risk factor information was collected from each farm and analysed by multivariable logistic regression to detect significant associations between factors and cryptosporidium in animals. the results showed that average sample prevalence of cryptosporidi ...201020096944
[doctor brown-sequard's therapy].pioneer in the field of hormone therapy, charles-edward brown-séquard (1817-1894) tried to stop the effects of aging on his contemporaries by injecting animal testicle extracts. his therapy was very popular in the last years of the 19th century. he even had followers in the following century, amongst whom serge voronoff (1866-1951), who grafted monkey testicles in replacement of human ones, or paul niehans (1882-1971) who practiced therapy using calf embryo cells in switzerland.201020167305
assessment of lameness prevalence and associated risk factors in dairy herds in england and wales.visits were made to 205 dairy farms in england and wales between october 2006 and may 2007 by 1 or more of 4 researchers. at each visit, all milking cows were locomotion scored (lameness scored) using a 4-point scale (0=sound locomotion, 1=imperfect locomotion, 2=lame, 3=severely lame). the mean prevalence of lameness (scores 2 and 3) across the study farms was 36.8% (range=0-79.2%). on each farm, the presence within the housing and grazing environments of commonly reported risks for increased l ...201020172213
the spread of bluetongue virus serotype 8 in great britain and its control by vaccination.bluetongue (bt) is a viral disease of ruminants transmitted by culicoides biting midges and has the ability to spread rapidly over large distances. in the summer of 2006, btv serotype 8 (btv-8) emerged for the first time in northern europe, resulting in over 2000 infected farms by the end of the year. the virus subsequently overwintered and has since spread across much of europe, causing tens of thousands of livestock deaths. in august 2007, btv-8 reached great britain (gb), threatening the larg ...201020179768
evils of the modern british diet. 1910. 201020198934
the development of linear regression models using environmental variables to explain the spatial distribution of fasciola hepatica infection in dairy herds in england and wales.fasciolosis caused by fasciola hepatica is a major cause of economic loss to the agricultural community worldwide as a result of morbidity and mortality in livestock. spatial models developed with the aid of geographic information systems (gis) can be used to develop risk maps for fasciolosis for use in the formulation of disease control programmes. here we investigate the spatial epidemiology of f. hepatica in dairy herds in england and wales and develop linear regression models to explain obse ...201020227416
risk factors for herd breakdown with bovine tuberculosis in 148 cattle herds in the south west of england.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is caused by mycobacterium bovis. the disease has a long latent period, heterogenous spread, can infect many species and can persist in the environment. in the uk, the rate of herd breakdowns (hbd) with btb is increasing. a retrospective cohort study of 148 cattle herds was set up to investigate risk factors for hbd from october 2001 to november 2004. herds were selected from farms located in the randomised badger culling trial (rbct) and comprised holdings (24%) that w ...201020399521
sampling strategies for monitoring lameness in dairy cattle.evaluating the prevalence of lameness within herds of dairy cattle is important for management and certification purposes; however, sampling strategies that could reduce the time taken for an assessment would be valuable. the prevalence of lame and severely lame cows on 224 united kingdom dairy farms was available for analysis. presence of more than 1 severely lame cow on a farm was a useful indication of a lameness problem. the vast majority (80%) of the 182 farms that had > or = 1 severely lam ...201020412910
seroprevalence and spatial distribution of fasciola hepatica-infected dairy herds in england and wales.the seroprevalence of fasciola hepatica infection in a population of commercial dairy herds in england and wales was estimated using an elisa that detected antibodies to f hepatica in bulk tank milk. a total of 3130 milk samples, obtained as convenience samples from two commercial milk-testing laboratories, were tested during the winter of 2006/07. herds considered to be seropositive were categorised as low positive, medium positive or high positive. a geospatial map was drawn to show the distri ...201020472872
[much news on the prion front]. 201020521593
somatic cell count dynamics in a large sample of dairy herds in england and wales.an essential reason to record and evaluate patterns of cow somatic cell count (scc) within a dairy herd is to help in making clinical decisions on the control of mastitis. an understanding of when new infections occur and how patterns of infection influence herd bulk milk somatic cell count (bmscc) are critical when implementing mastitis control because it enables advisors to target specific problem areas. the objective of this research was to evaluate individual cow scc patterns in terms of the ...201020627342
cattle, weather and water: mapping escherichia coli o157:h7 infections in humans in england and scotland.entero-haemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 is a zoonotic pathogen, responsible for a relatively small number of food poisoning and illness outbreaks each year, when compared with other food-borne bacteria capable of causing infections in the population. nevertheless, e. coli o157:h7 is a bacterial pathogen associated with severe human illnesses including bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uremic syndrome occurring in both outbreak and sporadic settings. in england and wales approximately 1% of al ...201020642796
high incidence of liver fluke in cattle herds in england and wales. 201020643883
bluetongue virus serotype 8-associated hydranencephaly in two calves in south-eastern england. 201020693506
fostering integrated learning and clinical professionalism using contextualized simulation in a small-group role-play.teaching and learning in a clinical setting is important in veterinary and medical training but presents many challenges, including providing enough hands-on experience while not putting patients (animal or human) at risk. some of the issues have been addressed with the introduction of clinical skills laboratories and communication skills training using role play. however, in both instances skills are learned in isolation, whereas the real task requires the integration of many skills including t ...201020847333
bovine jugular vein valved conduit: up to 10 years follow-up.the present study evaluated the mortality and conduit failure in bovine jugular vein (bjv) conduits.201020884023
large-scale immunohistochemical examination for lymphoreticular prion protein in tonsil specimens collected in britain.there have been 173 cases of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) in the uk, as of 5 july 2010, as a result of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy epidemic. the number of individuals subclinically infected with vcjd, and thus the eventual number of cases, remains, however, uncertain. in an attempt to address this problem, 63,007 tonsil tissue specimens were previously tested by enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the presence of disease-related prion protein (prp(res)) and found to be negative. to ...201020922767
bacillus calmette-guerin vaccination reduces the severity and progression of tuberculosis in badgers.control of bovine tuberculosis (tb) in cattle has proven particularly challenging where reservoirs of infection exist in wildlife populations. in britain and ireland, control is hampered by a reservoir of infection in eurasian badgers (meles meles). badger culling has positive and negative effects on bovine tb in cattle and is difficult, costly and controversial. here we show that bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccination of captive badgers reduced the progression, severity and excretion of myc ...201021123260
memsahibs and health in colonial medical writings, c. 1840 to c. 1930.medical literature in colonial india, written mainly for the guidance of colonial personnel, became an important tool for dissemination of western medical knowledge and information but also reinforced wider colonial agendas. focused mainly on men's health, only few books or sections in this genre of literature addressed white middle class women's health issues. this article examines several medical manuals within the wider parameters of race, class, gender and imperialism, seeking to understand ...201021128370
molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of campylobacter jejuni in ruminants.summarymulti-locus sequence typing was performed on 1003 campylobacter jejuni isolates collected in a 2-year longitudinal study of 15 dairy farms and four sheep farms in lancashire, uk. there was considerable farm-level variation in occurrence and prevalence of clonal complexes (cc). clonal complexes st61, st21, st403 and st45 were most prevalent in cattle while in sheep cc st42, st21, st48 and st52 were most prevalent. cc st45, a complex previously shown to be more common in summer months in hu ...201021134320
aggregation in insect communities colonizing cattle-dung.ruminant dung is a highly ephemeral, patchily distributed resource, which is used by a diverse community of invertebrate species. in such environments, high levels of insect aggregation may be important in facilitating stability and coexistence across patchily distributed populations. the aim of the present work was to quantify the aggregation of the insects colonising cow-dung in cattle pasture in southwest england and to test the hypothesis that the dung-pat community assemblage observed was t ...201020003575
continued diagnosis of idiopathic haemorrhagic diathesis in calves. 200920008342
surveillance. november 2008. 200919151403
a four year longitudinal sero-epidemiological study of bovine herpesvirus type-1 (bhv-1) in adult cattle in 107 unvaccinated herds in south west england.bovine herpesvirus type-1 (bhv-1) is an important pathogen of cattle that presents with a variety of clinical signs, including the upper respiratory tract infection infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr). a seroepidemiological study of bhv-1 antibodies was conducted in england from 2002 - 2004: 29,782 blood samples were taken from 15,736 cattle from 114 herds which were visited on up to three occasions. antibody concentration was measured using a commercial elisa. farm management information wa ...200919183476
factors influencing the presence and concentration of e. coli o157 and e. coli in farm waste on six cattle farms in north-west england.to investigate the factors influencing the presence and burden of escherichia coli o157 in farm wastes.200919200325
have your say on bovine tb. 200919202181
seroprevalence and epidemiological characteristics of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on 114 cattle farms in south west england.between december 2002 and april 2006, 114 cattle farms in the south west of england were visited at least once, with 100 farms visited three times. a total of 29,782 serum samples were collected from 15,736 individually identified cattle. the sera were tested for the presence of antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the mean seroprevalence in herds sampled three times was 7.1%; 10.1% of cattle had at leas ...200919327856
variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease: french versus british. 200919334065
temporal patterns and risk factors for escherichia coli o157 and campylobacter spp, in young cattle.escherichia coli o157 and campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are zoonotic pathogens originating from farm animals. cattle are the main reservoir for e. coli o157 and also contribute to human cases of campylobacteriosis through contaminated milk, direct contact, and environmental contamination. thirty groups of young cattle on 30 farms were observed for 7 months and sampled on 4 to 6 separate occasions for e. coli o157 and c. jejuni/coli to characterize shedding patterns and identify ris ...200919343935
risk factors for increased rates of sole ulcers, white line disease, and digital dermatitis in dairy cattle from twenty-seven farms in england and wales.claw lesion treatment records were recorded by farmers on 27 dairy farms (3,074 cows, 36,432 records) in england and wales between february 2003 and february 2004. these were combined with farm environment and management data collected using a combination of direct observations, interviews with farmers, and milk recording data. multilevel models were constructed for the 3 most frequently reported lesions related to lameness, namely, sole ulcers, white line disease, and digital dermatitis. risks ...200919389954
verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli o157 in animals on public amenity premises in england and wales, 1997 to 2007.at the request of the public health authorities, 31 public amenity premises in england and wales containing animals of various species were investigated for the presence of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) o157 between 1997 and 2007, because of putative associations with human cases. vtec o157 was confirmed in one or more species on 19 (61.3 per cent) of the premises. there were significant associations between the presence of vtec o157 and the number of species sampled, the size of the ...200919411683
establishing relative release kinetics of faecal indicator organisms from different faecal matrices.a laboratory assay for comparative characterization of various faecal matrices with respect to faecal indicator organism (fio) release using, artificial rain water.200919422475
drug-resistant salmonella typhimurium dt 120: use of pfge and mlva in a putative international outbreak investigation.isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium belonging to definitive phage type (dt) 120 (salmonella typhimurium dt 120) from simultaneous outbreaks of infection in the england and denmark have been compared on the basis of antibiogram, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (mlva). isolates from england had the resistance profile (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline), mlva profiles 2-4-4-0-2, 2-4-5-0-2, ...200919432517
quarter and cow risk factors associated with the occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy cows in the united kingdom.quarter and cow risk factors associated with the development of clinical mastitis (cm) during lactation were investigated during a 12-mo longitudinal study on 8 commercial holstein-friesian dairy farms in the southwest of england. the individual risk factors studied on 1,677 cows included assessments of udder and leg hygiene, teat-end callosity, and hyperkeratosis; body condition score; and measurements of monthly milk quality and yield. several outcome variables for cm were used for statistical ...200919447987
prevalence of disease related prion protein in anonymous tonsil specimens in britain: cross sectional opportunistic survey.to establish with improved accuracy the prevalence of disease related prion protein (prp(cjd)) in the population of britain and thereby guide a proportionate public health response to limit the threat of healthcare associated transmission of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd).200919460798
two unusual bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases detected in great britain.bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) was first identified in great britain (gb) in 1986 and was subsequently detected in many other countries, worldwide. a decade after the start of the bovine epidemic, the first cases of new variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) in humans were linked to probable ingestion of bse infected tissue, highlighting a new zoonotic disease. an abnormal protease-resistant protein (prp(res)) in a diseased subject, derived from a post-translational change of a normal ...200919497088
quarter and cow risk factors associated with a somatic cell count greater than 199,000 cells per milliliter in united kingdom dairy cows.quarter and cow risk factors associated with a somatic cell count (scc) >199,000 cells/ml at the next milk recording during lactation were investigated during a 12-mo longitudinal study on 8 commercial holstein-friesian dairy herds in southwest england, united kingdom. the individual risk factors studied on 1,677 cows included assessments of udder and leg hygiene, teat-end callosity and hyperkeratosis, body condition score (bcs), and measurements of monthly milk quality and yield. the outcome va ...200919528588
bayesian analysis of a mastitis control plan to investigate the influence of veterinary prior beliefs on clinical interpretation.the fundamental objective for health research is to determine whether changes should be made to clinical decisions. decisions made by veterinary surgeons in the light of new research evidence are known to be influenced by their prior beliefs, especially their initial opinions about the plausibility of possible results. in this paper, clinical trial results for a bovine mastitis control plan were evaluated within a bayesian context, to incorporate a community of prior distributions that represent ...200919576643
vaccination of badgers against bovine tb. 200919617617
a case of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 from a private barbecue in south east england.the following case report describes a cluster of escherichia coli o157 cases in the united kingdom related to undercooked beef at a barbecue, resulting in an intensive care admission in france with haemolytic uraemic syndrome and highlighting the need to cook beef properly.200919643051
changes to the bovine tb surveillance and control programme in england. 200919850859
estimating the risk of cattle exposure to tuberculosis posed by wild deer relative to badgers in england and wales.wild deer populations in great britain are expanding in range and probably in numbers, and relatively high prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (btb, caused by infection with mycobacterium bovis) in deer occurs locally in parts of southwest england. to evaluate the m. bovis exposure risk posed to cattle by wild deer relative to badgers in england and wales, we constructed and parameterized a quantitative risk model with the use of information from the literature (on deer densities, activity pattern ...200919901384
spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of salmonella infection in dairy herds in england and wales.using data from a cohort study conducted by the veterinary laboratories agency (vla), evidence of spatial clustering at distances up to 30 km was found for s. agama and s. dublin (p values of 0.001) and borderline evidence was found for spatial clustering of s. typhimurium (p=0.077). the evolution of infection status of study farms over time was modelled using a markov chain model with transition probabilities describing changes in status at each of four visits, allowing for the effect of sampli ...200918808727
evaluation of the cervidtb stat-pak for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in wild deer in great britain.deer are acknowledged as hosts of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (btb), and determining the prevalence of infection in deer species is one of the key steps in understanding the epidemiological role played by cervids in the transmission and maintenance of btb in the united kingdom. this study evaluated a rapid lateral-flow test for the detection of btb in samples from wild deer species in the united kingdom. fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), ...200919656989
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