Publications

recovery of divergent avian bornaviruses from cases of proventricular dilatation disease: identification of a candidate etiologic agent.	proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) is a fatal disorder threatening domesticated and wild psittacine birds worldwide. it is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the ganglia of the central and peripheral nervous system, leading to central nervous system disorders as well as disordered enteric motility and associated wasting. for almost 40 years, a viral etiology for pdd has been suspected, but to date no candidate etiologic agent has been reproducibly linked to the disease.	2008	18671869
broad tissue and cell tropism of avian bornavirus in parrots with proventricular dilatation disease.	avian bornaviruses (abv), representing a new genus within the family bornaviridae, were recently discovered in parrots from north america and israel with proventricular dilatation disease (pdd). we show here that closely related viruses are also present in captive european parrots of various species with pdd. the six abv strains that we identified in clinically diseased birds are new members of the previously defined abv genotypes 2 and 4. viruses of both genotypes readily established persistent ...	2009	19297496
experimental induction of proventricular dilatation disease in cockatiels (nymphicus hollandicus) inoculated with brain homogenates containing avian bornavirus 4.	proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) is a fatal disorder of psittacine birds worldwide. the disease is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the central and peripheral nervous systems, leading to gastrointestinal motility and/or central nervous system dysfunction. recently, we detected a significant association between avian bornavirus (abv) infection and clinical signs of pdd in psittacines. however, it remains unclear whether abv infection actually causes pdd. to address this q ...	2009	19589169
novel avian bornavirus in a nonpsittacine species (canary; serinus canaria) with enteric ganglioneuritis and encephalitis.	a canary bird (serinus canaria) died with nonsuppurative ganglioneuritis of the proventriculus and gizzard and encephalitis, lesions comparable to proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) of psittacine birds. recently, several genotypes of a novel avian bornavirus have been linked to pdd. in the canary, bornaviral antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in both neural and extraneural tissues. the widespread viral dissemination was confirmed by reverse transcription-pcr. sequence analysis rev ...	2009	19706702
histopathology and the detection of avian bornavirus in the nervous system of birds diagnosed with proventricular dilatation disease.	avian bornavirus (abv) is currently considered a probable etiologic agent of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) of psittacines. we tested 24 stored avian brain samples, processed for histopathology and retained following their submission for necropsy or histopathology to the schubot exotic bird center diagnostic laboratory in 1992. thirteen of these samples were from birds diagnosed at that time as suffering from pdd. the remaining 11 samples were diagnosed as suffering from diseases other ...	2009	19937526
anatomical distribution of avian bornavirus in parrots, its occurrence in clinically healthy birds and abv-antibody detection.	proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) is a fatal infectious disease of birds that primarily affects psittacine birds. although a causative agent has not been formally demonstrated, the leading candidate is a novel avian bornavirus (abv) detected in post-mortem tissue samples of psittacids with pdd from the usa, israel and, recently, germany. here we describe the presence of abv in a parrot with pdd as well as in clinically normal birds exposed to birds with pdd. in two abv-positive post-mortem ...	2009	19937538
presence of avian bornavirus rna and anti-avian bornavirus antibodies in apparently healthy macaws.	recently a novel avian bornavirus has been described that has been suggested to be the possible etiological agent for proventricular dilatation disease or macaw wasting disease. this article describes two macaws that shed avian bornaviral rna sequences and demonstrated anti-avian bornavirus antibodies as revealed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and western blot, yet are free of outward clinical signs of the disease.	2009	20095158
use of avian bornavirus isolates to induce proventricular dilatation disease in conures.	avian bornavirus (abv) is a newly discovered member of the family bornaviridae that has been associated with the development of a lethal neurologic syndrome in birds, termed proventricular dilatation disease (pdd). we successfully isolated and characterized abv from the brains of 8 birds with confirmed pdd. one isolate was passed 6 times in duck embryo fibroblasts, and the infected cells were then injected intramuscularly into 2 healthy patagonian conures (cyanoliseus patagonis). clinical pdd de ...	2010	20202423
avian bornavirus associated with fatal disease in psittacine birds.	thanks to new technologies which enable rapid and unbiased screening for viral nucleic acids in clinical specimens, an impressive number of previously unknown viruses have recently been discovered. two research groups independently identified a novel negative-strand rna virus, now designated avian bornavirus (abv), in parrots with proventricular dilatation disease (pdd), a severe lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis of the gastrointestinal tract of psittacine birds that is frequently accompanied by ...	2010	20219910
localization of avian bornavirus rna by in situ hybridization in tissues of psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease.	proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) of psittacine birds is caused by a number of different genotypes of a novel viral species, avian bornavirus (abv). here we present an in situ hybridization (ish) procedure using digoxigenin-labeled rna probes for localizing viral genomic and mrna of abv-2 and abv-4 in tissues of affected birds. out of eleven immunohistochemically positive birds ish signals were only found in seven. partial sequencing of the viral genome had shown that four of them were inf ...	2010	20303680
indirect immunofluorescence assay for intra vitam diagnosis of avian bornavirus infection in psittacine birds.	different avian bornavirus (abv) genotypes have recently been detected in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease (pdd), an inflammatory fatal central and peripheral nervous system disorder. an indirect immunofluorescence assay (iifa) for intra vitam demonstration of abv-specific serum antibodies was established since reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assays may not detect all abv variants.	2010	20392921
avian bornavirus is present in many tissues of psittacine birds with histopathologic evidence of proventricular dilatation disease.	proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) is a neurologic disease of psittacine birds suspected to be caused by a recently identified avian bornavirus (abv). in the current report, data supporting the causal association of abv with pdd are presented. immunohistochemistry (ihc) with rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against abv nucleocapsid protein was used to identify cell and organ distribution of viral antigen. the abv antigen was most consistently detected in brain, spinal cord, adrenal gland, ...	2010	20622218
the isolation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, transmission, and control of avian bornavirus and proventricular dilatation disease.	proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) is a common infectious neurologic disease of birds comprising a dilatation of the proventriculus by ingested food as a result of defects in intestinal motility, which affects more than 50 species of psittacines, and is also known as macaw wasting disease, neuropathic ganglioneuritis, or lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis. definitive diagnosis of pdd has been problematic due to the inconsistent distribution of lesions. since its discovery, avian bornavirus ( ...	2010	20682432
proventricular dilatation disease associated with avian bornavirus in a scarlet macaw (ara macao).	a case of proventricular dilatation disease is described in a scarlet macaw (ara macao) from clinical presentation to diagnosis with molecular methods. the initial clinical signs were depression progressing to head pressing over several days. a leukocytosis with toxic heterophil changes, hypoalbuminemia, and increased serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase were present. lead and zinc assays were within reference ranges, and results from chlamydophila and polyomavirus te ...	2010	21088184
analysis of naturally occurring avian bornavirus infection and transmission during an outbreak of proventricular dilatation disease among captive psittacine birds.	a proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) outbreak provided the opportunity to investigate the transmissibility of avian bornavirus (abv) and its linkage to pdd under natural conditions. upon exposure to a bird with a fatal case of pdd, 10 birds became symptomatic and died. abv2 rna was recovered from available tissues. further screening revealed that 12/46 exposed birds were abv2(+). three chicks boarded at this aviary developed pdd. they harbored the same abv2 isolate and transmitted it to fiv ...	2010	19955301
avian bornaviruses escape recognition by the innate immune system.	like other pathogens that readily persist in animal hosts, members of the bornaviridae family have evolved effective mechanisms to evade the innate immune response. the prototype of this virus family, borna disease virus employs an unusual replication strategy that removes the triphosphates from the 5' termini of the viral rna genome. this strategy allows the virus to avoid activation of rig-i and other innate immune response receptors in infected cells. here we determined whether the newly disc ...	2010	21994661
[proventricular dilatation disease and avian bornavirus as a possible cause].	proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) is a very important letal disease in parrots. it affects several psittacine species and is a high risk factor for the health of breeding collections, but is rarely observed in other avian families. to date, the etiology of the disease remained unclear, though a virus infection was always assumed. recently, a novel virus (avian bornavirus [abv]) was discovered in parrots suffering from pdd so that abv is now considered as the most likely cause. despite the ...	2010	22331308
Diagnosis of Avian bornavirus infection in psittaciformes by serum antibody detection and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay using feather calami.	Avian bornavirus (ABV) is the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a highly devastating and contagious disease of psittacines (parrots and parakeets), which has resulted in the death of many captive birds. Accurate diagnosis of bornavirus infection is therefore important for the identification and isolation of infected birds. The current study showed that nonvascular contour (chest) feather calami provide a ready and minimally invasive source of RNA for the detection of AB ...	2011	21908270
Vertical transmission of avian bornavirus in psittacines.	TO THE EDITOR: Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a fatal disease in psittacines that jeopardizes critical species conservation projects, such as that involving the Spix's macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii), the world's most endangered bird species (1). The disease is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations in the enteric and central nervous systems (2). Consequently, gastrointestinal and neurologic disorders are the major clinical manifestations. Only recently has the cause of the dise ...	2011	22172160
proventricular dilatation disease in cockatiels (nymphicus hollandicus) after infection with a genotype 2 avian bornavirus.	an isolate of genotype 2 avian bornavirus (abv) was recovered from a cockatiel (nymphicus hollandicus) that was euthanatized for an unrelated lesion and showing no clinical evidence of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd). on histopathologic examination, mild inflammatory lesions were present in the heart and brain, but gastrointestinal lesions characteristic of classic pdd were not observed. to investigate if this abv2 isolate had reduced virulence, the virus was propagated in duck embryo fi ...	2011	22216720
proventricular dilatation disease associated with avian bornavirus infection in a citron-crested cockatoo that was born and hand-reared in japan.	a 5-month-old female citron-crested cockatoo (cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata) that was born and hand-reared in japan died with suspected proventricular dilatation disease (pdd). macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the bird revealed characteristic features of pdd, i.e., distention of the proventriculus and infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in ganglia of various organs and in central and peripheral nerves. a linkage of this pdd case to infection with avian bornavirus (abv) wa ...	2011	21289471
unusual and severe lesions of proventricular dilatation disease in cockatiels (nymphicus hollandicus) acting as healthy carriers of avian bornavirus (abv) and subsequently infected with a virulent strain of abv.	a flock of 14 apparently healthy cockatiels, purchased from a single aviary, was tested for the presence of avian bornavirus (abv). twelve birds were found to be intermittently shedding abv, predominantly genotype 4. four of the cockatiels known to be shedding abv4 were subsequently challenged with the tissue culture derived, virulent m24 strain of abv4. the challenged birds remained in apparent good health until day 92 when one was found dead. the remaining three birds began to exhibit severe n ...	2011	21331944
using a pan-viral microarray assay (virochip) to screen clinical samples for viral pathogens.	the diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence of novel viral pathogens, such as sars coronavirus and 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus, that are not detectable by traditional methods. to address these challenges, we have previously developed and validated a pan-viral microarray platform called the virochip with the capacity to detect all known viruses as well as novel variants on the basi ...	2011	21559002
occurrence of avian bornavirus infection in captive psittacines in various european countries and its association with proventricular dilatation disease.	a total of 1442 live birds and 73 dead birds out of 215 bird collections in spain, germany, italy, the uk and denmark were tested for avian bornavirus (abv) infection by four different methods. the majority of the birds were psittacines belonging to 54 different genera of the order psittaciformes. in total, 22.8% of the birds reacted positive for abv in at least one of the tests. combined testing of swabs from the crop and cloaca, and serum for the diagnosis of abv infection in live birds reveal ...	2011	21812722
new genotype of avian bornavirus in wild geese and trumpeter swans in canada.		2011	21784813
Antigen tissue distribution of Avian bornavirus (ABV) in psittacine birds with natural spontaneous proventricular dilatation disease and ABV genotype 1 infection.	Tissues of 10 psittacines from aviary 1 ("case birds") and 5 psittacines from different aviaries were investigated for the presence of Avian bornavirus (ABV) antigen by immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal serum specific for the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein. Seven of 10 case birds had clinical signs, and necropsy findings consistent with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) while 3 case birds and the 5 birds from other aviaries did not exhibit signs and lesions of this disease. In birds ...	2011	21908314
[bornaviruses].	bornaviridae is an enveloped animal virus carrying an 8.9 kb non-segmented, negative-strand rna genome. the genus bornavirus contains two members infecting vertebrates, borna disease virus (bdv) and avian bornavirus (abv), which could preferably infect the nervous systems. bdv causes classical borna disease, a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis, in horses and sheep, and abv is known to induce proventricular dilatation disease, a fatal disease characterized by a lymphocytic, plasmacytic inflamm ...	2012	24153231
vertical transmission of avian bornavirus in psittaciformes: avian bornavirus rna and anti-avian bornavirus antibodies in eggs, embryos, and hatchlings obtained from infected sun conures (aratinga solstitialis).	fertilized eggs were obtained from four pairs of sun conures (aratinga solstitialis) infected with avian bornavirus (abv) genotype 2, as determined by the sequence of the p24 gene. abv rna could be detected in early embryos of all four pairs. abv rna also was detected in brain, liver, and eyes of late-stage embryos of one of the pairs (pair 4) and in blood of a 2-wk-old hatchling of this pair, demonstrating that vertical transmission can occur. abv rna could be detected in the liver but not in t ...	2012	23050462
detection of avian bornavirus 5 rna in eclectus roratus with feather picking disorder.	avian bornavirus (abv) was discovered recently in parrots with proventricular dilatation disease (pdd), a fatal neurological disease. although abv has been shown to be a causative agent of pdd, its virological characteristics are largely unknown. here we report the detection of abv genotype 5 rna in an eclectus roratus with feather picking disorder (fpd). interestingly, although the bird was persistently infected with abv5 for at least 8 months, it had no clinical signs of pdd. although it remai ...	2012	22309239
avian bornavirus genotype 4 recovered from naturally infected psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease in south africa.	the occurrence of proventricular dilatation disease caused by avian bornavirus (abv) in captive psittacine birds has long been suspected in south africa. this report documents the first detection by polymerase chain reaction and gene sequence analyses of abv from three clinical cases of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) in captive bred blue and gold macaws (araara rauna) resident in this country. lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis, gastrointestinal myenteric gangioneuritis and leiomyositis wer ...	2012	23327145
the detection of avian bornavirus within psittacine eggs.	avian bornavirus (abv) is a known cause of proventricular dilatation disease in parrots and encephalitis in waterfowl and is a significant cause of both morbidity and mortality in captive birds. transmission is thought to occur primarily by the fecal-oral route. in an aviary setting, controlling the disease involves a thorough understanding of the complete transmission cycle, including determining whether vertical transmission occurs. in this study, vertical transmission of abv was evaluated by ...	2012	23156976
identification of mixed infections with different genotypes of avian bornaviruses in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease.	proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) is a fatal, progressive neurological disorder of psittacine birds, which is caused by a single-stranded rna virus, the avian bornavirus (abv). the disease pattern includes lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system. seven avian bornavirus genotypes have been identified during the last years. so far only monoinfections with a single genotype of abv have been attributed to pdd cases. however, after a recent survey ...	2012	22856204
complete genome sequence of avian bornavirus genotype 1 from a macaw with proventricular dilatation disease.	avian bornaviruses (abv) were first detected and described in 2008. they are the etiologic agents of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd), a frequently fatal neurologic disease of captive parrots. seven abv genogroups have been identified worldwide from a variety of sources, and that number may increase as surveillance for novel bornaviruses continues. here, we report the first complete sequence of a genogroup 1 avian bornavirus (abv1).	2012	22628404
follow-up investigations on different courses of natural avian bornavirus infections in psittacines.	to study the course of natural avian bornavirus (abv) infection, 63 psittacines of three bird collections where abv had been demonstrated were investigated over a period of 1 yr. the psittacines were clinically observed and swabs of crop and cloaca as well as serum samples were collected three separate times at intervals of 2-6 mo. according to the results of detection of abv rna by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and of anti-abv antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence ...	2012	22545541
pathogenesis of avian bornavirus in experimentally infected cockatiels.	avian bornavirus (abv) is the presumed causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd), a major fatal disease in psittacines. however, the influencing factors and pathogenesis of pdd are not known and natural abv infection exhibits remarkable variability. we investigated the course of infection in 18 cockatiels that were intracerebrally and intravenously inoculated with abv. a persistent abv infection developed in all 18 cockatiels, but, as in natural infection, clinical disease patte ...	2012	22304809
avian bornavirus and proventricular dilatation disease: diagnostics, pathology, prevalence, and control.	avian bornavirus (abv) has been shown the cause of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) in psittacines. many healthy birds are infected with abv, and the development of pdd in such cases is unpredictable. as a result, the detection of abv in a sick bird is not confirmation that it is suffering from pdd. treatment studies are in their infancy. abv is not restricted to psittacines. it has been found to cause pdd-like disease in canaries. it is also present at a high prevalence in north american ...	2013	23642866
avian bornaviruses are widely distributed in canary birds (serinus canaria f. domestica).	avian bornavirus (abv) was identified in 2008 as the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) in psittacine birds. in addition, abv variants were detected in wild waterfowl and in a canary bird. pdd-like diseases were also reported in various other avian species, but it remains unknown whether abv is involved. in this study we detected abv in 12 of 30 tested canary bird flocks (40%), indicating a wide distribution of abv in captive canary birds in germany. sequence analysis ide ...	2013	23631925
molecular epidemiology of avian bornavirus from pet birds in japan.	recently, avian bornavirus (abv) was detected in proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) affected-birds and feather picking diseases affected-birds. however, the pathogenicity of abv has not been thoroughly investigated. in this study, we surveyed abv in pet birds in japan. we found four abv-infected birds among 93 pet birds using rt-pcr, and genotypes of the abv were determined as abv-2 and -4. two of the birds positive for abv-4 showed proventricular dilatation typically found in pdd, and chro ...	2013	23609929
complete genome sequence of an avian bornavirus isolated from a healthy canadian goose (branta canadensis).	a recent survey among wild birds demonstrated the presence of a unique genotype of avian bornavirus (abv) in wild geese and swans in north america. here, we report the first complete genome sequence of an avian bornavirus of the goose genotype.	2013	24158553
pathology and diagnosis of avian bornavirus infection in wild canada geese (branta canadensis), trumpeter swans (cygnus buccinator) and mute swans (cygnus olor) in canada: a retrospective study.	nine hundred and fifty-five pathology cases collected in ontario between 1992 and 2011 from wild free-ranging canada geese, trumpeter swans and mute swans were retrospectively evaluated for the pathology associated with avian bornavirus (abv) infection. cases were selected based on the presence of upper gastrointestinal impaction, central nervous system histopathology or clinical history suggestive of abv infection. the proportion of birds meeting at least one of these criteria was significantly ...	2013	23581438
the x proteins of bornaviruses interfere with type i interferon signalling.	borna disease virus (bdv) is a neurotropic, negative-stranded rna virus causing persistent infection and progressive neurological disorders in a wide range of warm-blooded animals. the role of the small non-structural x protein in viral pathogenesis is not completely understood. here we investigated whether the x protein of bdv and avian bornavirus (abv) interferes with the type i interferon (ifn) system, similar to other non-structural proteins of negative-stranded rna viruses. in luciferase re ...	2013	23100370
fatal proventricular dilatation disease in captive native psittacines in brazil.	an outbreak of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd), a fatal inflammatory disease of psittacines (aves: psittaciformes), is described in native brazilian psittacines. twenty captive psittacines that died of suspected pdd were necropsied and 10 were submitted to histopathology, reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr), and immunohistochemistry (ihc) for avian bornavirus (abv). examined species were one pileated parrot (pionopsitta pileata), three vinaceous-breasted parrots (amazona vinacea), two blu ...	2014	24758135
avian bornavirus in free-ranging waterfowl: prevalence of antibodies and cloacal shedding of viral rna.	we surveyed free-ranging canada geese (branta canadensis), trumpeter swans (cygnus buccinator), mute swans (cygnus olor), and mallards (anas platyrhynchos) to estimate the prevalence of antibodies to avian bornavirus (abv) and of cloacal shedding of abv rna in southern ontario, canada. blood samples and cloacal swabs were collected from 206 free-ranging canada geese, 135 trumpeter swans, 75 mute swans, and 208 mallards at 10 main capture sites between october 2010 and may 2012. sera were assesse ...	2014	24779463
evolution of mammalian and avian bornaviruses.	recently, avian bornavirus (abv) was identified to be a new member of the bornaviridae family consisting solely of the mammal-infecting borna disease virus (bdv). here, to gain more insights into the evolution of these bornaviruses, the time-stamped n gene sequences of bdv genotype 1 (bdv1) and abv were subjected to bayesian coalescent analyses. the nucleotide substitution rates and the divergence times were estimated. age calculations suggested that the first diversification event of the analyz ...	2014	25046276
borna disease virus infection in cats.	bornaviruses are known to cause neurological disorders in a number of animal species. avian bornavirus (abv) causes proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) in birds and borna disease virus (bdv) causes borna disease in horses and sheep. bdv also causes staggering disease in cats, characterised by ataxia, behavioural changes and loss of postural reactions. bdv-infection markers in cats have been reported throughout the world. this review summarizes the current knowledge of borna disease viruses i ...	2014	24480411
characterization of a new genotype of avian bornavirus from wild ducks.	avian bornaviruses (abv) are a recently described group of intranuclear negative-stranded rna viruses (order mononegavirales, family bornaviridae). at least 13 different abv genotypes have been described. one genotype, the canada goose genotype (abv-cg), has been isolated from geese and swans and is widely distributed across north america.	2014	25408146
investigation into the possibility of vertical transmission of avian bornavirus in free-ranging canada geese (branta canadensis).	to investigate the possibility of in ovo infection with avian bornavirus (abv) in wild canada geese (branta canadensis), 53 eggs were opportunistically collected at various stages of embryonic development from 16 free-ranging goose nests at a large urban zoo site where abv infection is known to be present in this species. abv rna was detected in the yolk of one of three unembryonated eggs using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. abv rna was not identified in the brains fr ...	2014	24801979
discovery of a new avian bornavirus genotype in estrildid finches (estrildidae) in germany.	avian bornaviruses (abv) are known to be the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) in parrots and their relatives (psittaciformes). a broad range of abv genotypes has been detected not only in psittacine birds, but also in other avian species including canary birds (serinus canaria forma domestica) and bengalese finches (lonchura striata f. dom.), which are both members of the order songbirds (passeriformes). during this study 286 samples collected from captive and wild bird ...	2014	24389254
avian bornavirus in free-ranging psittacine birds, brazil.	avian bornavirus (abv) has been identified as the cause of proventricular dilatation disease in birds, but the virus is also found in healthy birds. most studies of abv have focused on captive birds. we investigated 86 free-ranging psittacine birds in brazil and found evidence for natural, long-term abv infection.	2014	25417715
impact of antigenic diversity on laboratory diagnosis of avian bornavirus infections in birds.	avian bornaviruses (abvs) are a group of genetically diverse viruses within the bornaviridae family that can infect numerous avian species and represent the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease, an often fatal disease that is widely distributed in captive populations of parrots and related species. the current study was designed to assess the antigenic variability of the family bornaviridae and to determine its impact on abv diagnosis by employing fluorescent antibody assays. it ...	2014	25135010
avian bornaviruses: diagnosis, isolation, and genotyping.	these protocols apply to all currently known genotypes of avian bornavirus (abv). first, they include four basic protocols for molecular techniques that should enable an investigator to detect abv infection in a live or dead bird. these include both reverse transcriptase and real-time pcr assays. second, they include three protocols enabling abv infections to be diagnosed by serologic techniques including indirect immunofluorescence assays, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunoassays. third ...	2014	25082005
no contact transmission of avian bornavirus in experimentally infected cockatiels (nymphicus hollandicus) and domestic canaries (serinus canaria forma domestica).	avian bornaviruses (abv) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd), a widely distributed disease of parrots. distinct abv lineages were also found in various non-psittacine avian species, such as canaries, but the pathogenic role of abv in these species is less clear. despite the wide distribution of abv in captive parrots and canaries, its mode of transmission is poorly understood: both horizontal transmission via the urofaecal-oral route and vertical transmission are ...	2014	24933163
detection of avian bornavirus in multiple tissues of infected psittacine birds using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.	avian bornavirus (abv), the cause of proventricular dilation disease in psittacine birds, has been detected in multiple tissues of infected birds using immunohistochemical staining (ihc) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). in the current study, real-time rt-pcr, using primers targeting the abv matrix gene, was used to detect abv in 146 tissues from 7 abv-infected psittacine birds. eighty-six percent of the samples tested positive, with crossing point values ranging from ...	2014	24518276
avian bornaviruses in north american gulls.	avian bornaviruses, recently described members of the family bornaviridae, have been isolated from captive parrots and passerines as well as wild waterfowl in which they may cause lethal neurologic disease. we report detection of avian bornavirus rna in the brains of apparently healthy gulls. we tested 439 gull brain samples from 18 states, primarily in the northeastern us, using a reverse-transcriptase pcr assay with primers designed to detect a conserved region of the bornavirus m gene. nine b ...	2015	25973630
identification of avian bornavirus in a himalayan monal (lophophorus impejanus) with neurological disease.	a one-year-old male himalayan monal (lophophorus impejanus) was presented for veterinary attention with a history of chronic wasting, weakness and ataxia. the bird died, and post-mortem findings included mild non-suppurative encephalitis and degenerative encephalopathy, lymphoplasmacytic myenteric ganglioneuritis (particularly of the proventriculus), and wallerian degeneration of the sciatic nerves. avian bornavirus (abv) was identified in the brain by immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcript ...	2015	25980634
the genome sequence of parrot bornavirus 5.	although several new avian bornaviruses have recently been described, information on their evolution, virulence, and sequence are often limited. here we report the complete genome sequence of parrot bornavirus 5 (pabv-5) isolated from a case of proventricular dilatation disease in a palm cockatoo (probosciger aterrimus). the complete genome consists of 8842 nucleotides with distinct 5' and 3' end sequences. this virus shares nucleotide sequence identities of 69-74 % with other bornaviruses in th ...	2015	26403158
coding-complete sequencing classifies parrot bornavirus 5 into a novel virus species.	in this study, we determined the sequence of the coding region of an avian bornavirus detected in a blue-and-yellow macaw (ara ararauna) with pathological/histopathological changes characteristic of proventricular dilatation disease. the genomic organization of the macaw bornavirus is similar to that of other bornaviruses, and its nucleotide sequence is nearly identical to the available partial parrot bornavirus 5 (pabv-5) sequences. phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains formed a monop ...	2015	26282234
parrot bornavirus-2 and -4 rna detected in wild bird samples in japan are phylogenetically adjacent to those found in pet birds in japan.	bornaviruses (family bornaviridae) are non-segmented negative-strand rna viruses. avian bornaviruses (abvs), which are causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease, are a genetically diverse group with at least 15 genotypes, including parrot bornaviruses (pabvs) and aquatic bird bornavirus 1(abbv-1). borna disease virus 1(bodv-1), which infects mammals and causes neurological diseases, has also been reported to infect avian species, although the numbers of the cases have been markedly f ...	2015	26315330
taxonomic reorganization of the family bornaviridae.	knowledge of bornaviruses has expanded considerably during the last decade. a possible reservoir of mammalian borna disease virus has been identified, divergent bornaviruses have been detected in birds and reptiles, and endogenous bornavirus-like elements have been discovered in the genomes of vertebrates of several species. previous sequence comparisons and alignments have indicated that the members of the current family bornaviridae are phylogenetically diverse and are not adequately classifie ...	2015	25449305
viral vector vaccines expressing nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein genes of avian bornaviruses ameliorate homologous challenge infections in cockatiels and common canaries.	avian bornaviruses are causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd), an often fatal disease of parrots and related species (order psittaciformes) which is widely distributed in captive psittacine populations and may affect endangered species. here, we established a vaccination strategy employing two different well described viral vectors, namely recombinant newcastle disease virus (ndv) and modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) that were engineered to express the phosphoprotein and ...	2016	27830736
sequence determination of a new parrot bornavirus-5 strain in japan: implications of clade-specific sequence diversity in the regions interacting with host factors.	in this study, the genome sequence of a new parrot bornavirus-5 (pabv-5) detected in eclectus roratus was determined. phylogenetic analysis showed that the genus bornavirus is divided into three major clades and that pabv-5 belongs to clade 2, which contains avian viruses that exhibit infectivity to mammalian cells. sequence comparisons of the regions known to interact with host factors indicated that the clade 2 avian viruses possess sequences intermediate between the clade 1 mammalian viruses ...	2016	27166599
synergistic antiviral activity of ribavirin and interferon-α against parrot bornaviruses in avian cells.	avian bornaviruses are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd), a widely distributed and often fatal disease in captive psittacines. because neither specific prevention measures nor therapies against pdd and bornavirus infections are currently available, new antiviral strategies are required to improve animal health. we show here that the nucleoside analogue ribavirin inhibited bornavirus activity in a polymerase reconstitution assay and reduced viral load in avian cell l ...	2016	27439314
antiviral activity of favipiravir (t-705) against mammalian and avian bornaviruses.	bornaviruses, non-segmented, negative-strand rna viruses, are emerging agents with the potential for causing various types of neurological symptoms. previous studies have shown that ribavirin, a nucleic acid analog with broad-spectrum antiviral activity, has a potent antiviral effect on infections with a mammalian bornavirus, borna disease virus (bodv-1), as well as avian bornaviruses. however, ribavirin-based treatment does not eliminate bornaviruses from persistently infected cells and viral r ...	2017	28465146
evidence-based advances in avian medicine.	this article presents relevant advances in avian medicine and surgery over the past 5 years. new information has been published to improve clinical diagnosis in avian diseases. this article also describes new pharmacokinetic studies. advances in the understanding and treatment of common avian disorders are presented in this article, as well. although important progress has been made over the past years, there is still much research that needs to be done regarding the etiology, pathophysiology, d ...	2017	28781035
investigation of different infection routes of parrot bornavirus in cockatiels.	the aim of this study was to determine the natural infection route of parrot bornavirus (pabv), the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) in psittacines. for this purpose, nine cockatiels ( nymphicus hollandicus ) were inoculated orally, and nine cockatiels were inoculated intranasally, with a pabv-4 isolate. to compare the results of the trials, the same isolate and the same experimental design were used as in a previous study where infection was successful by intravenous a ...	2017	28301249
aquatic bird bornavirus 1 infection in a captive emu (dromaius novaehollandiae): presumed natural transmission from free-ranging wild waterfowl.	an adult female emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) presented with anorexia, maldigestion, weight loss, and various subtle nervous deficits. after four months of unrewarding diagnostics, treatments, and supportive care, the emu was euthanized due to lack of clinical improvement and progressive weight loss. gross pathology revealed a very narrow pylorus and multiple flaccid diverticula of the small intestines. histopathological findings included severe lymphoplasmacytic encephalomyelitis and multifoca ...	2017	28862888
viral vector vaccines protect cockatiels from inflammatory lesions after heterologous parrot bornavirus 2 challenge infection.	avian bornaviruses are causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (pdd), a chronic neurologic and often fatal disorder of psittacines including endangered species. to date no causative therapy or immunoprophylaxis is available. our previous work has shown that viral vector vaccines can delay the course of homologous bornavirus challenge infections but failed to protect against pdd when persistent infection was not prevented. the goal of this study was to refine our avian bornavirus va ...	2017	28017426
avian ganglioneuritis in clinical practice.	avian ganglioneuritis (ag) comprises one of the most intricate pathologies in avian medicine and is researched worldwide. avian bornavirus (abv) has been shown to be a causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease in birds. the avian bornaviridae represent a genetically diverse group of viruses that are widely distributed in captive and wild populations around the world. abv and other infective agents are implicated as a cause of the autoimmune pathology that leads to ag, similar to human ...	2018	29146031