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distinguishing molecular features and clinical characteristics of a putative new rhinovirus species, human rhinovirus c (hrv c).human rhinoviruses (hrvs) are the most frequently detected pathogens in acute respiratory tract infections (artis) and yet little is known about the prevalence, recurrence, structure and clinical impact of individual members. during 2007, the complete coding sequences of six previously unknown and highly divergent hrv strains were reported. to catalogue the molecular and clinical features distinguishing the divergent hrv strains, we undertook, for the first time, in silico analyses of all availa ...200818382652
detection of human rhinovirus c in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in south korea.recently, hrv-c was identified as a new species of hrv, but its spectrum of clinical disease is still not clear. the purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of hrvs in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis). a total of 54 hrv-positive samples that were negative for other respiratory viruses were sequenced. hrv-a was detected in 33, hrv-b in 4, and hrv-c in 17 of these samples. all hrv-c-positive patients showed favorable clinical outcomes. we c ...200919415451
pneumonia and pericarditis in a child with hrv-c infection: a case report.human rhinovirus type c is a recently discovered species that has been associated with respiratory tract infections of unusual severity in some cases. however, the precise type of diseases associated with this new human rhinovirus needs to be investigated. in the present report, we used adapted real-time pcr assays to screen different clinical specimens collected from a 14-month-old boy presenting an acute lower respiratory tract disease complicated by a severe pericarditis. rt-pcr identified pi ...200919427260
clinical severity and molecular typing of human rhinovirus c strains during a fall outbreak affecting hospitalized patients.the circulation rate and the clinical severity of infections caused by members of the new human rhinovirus c (hrv-c) species remain to be defined.200919473873
high prevalence of human rhinovirus c infection in thai children with acute lower respiratory tract disease.to determine the prevalence of human rhinoviruses (hrv) infections in children with lower respiratory disease in thailand and monitor the association between species of hrv and clinical presentation in hospitalized paediatric patients.200919556008
human rhinovirus c associated with wheezing in hospitalised children in the middle east.few studies have investigated the disease burden and genetic diversity of human rhinoviruses (hrvs) in developing countries.200919581125
prevalence and clinical characterization of a newly identified human rhinovirus c species in children with acute respiratory tract infections.human rhinovirus c (hrv-c) is a newly identified genotype of hrv found in patients with respiratory tract infections (rtis); however, its epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics are not well understood. in this study, chinese children with rtis were screened for hrv-c and their epidemiological and clinical characteristics were analyzed. from december 2006 to november 2007, 406 nasopharyngeal aspirates from children younger than 14 years of age with rtis were screened for hrv and oth ...200919625482
clinical and molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus c in children and adults in hong kong reveals a possible distinct human rhinovirus c subgroup.a novel human rhinovirus (hrv) species, hrv-c, was recently discovered, but its clinical features and epidemiology, compared with hrv-a and hrv-b, remains poorly understood, especially in adults.200919708791
role of rhinovirus c in apparently life-threatening events in infants, spain.to assess whether infants hospitalized after an apparently life-threatening event had an associated respiratory virus infection, we analyzed nasopharyngeal aspirates from 16 patients. nine of 11 infants with positive virus results were infected by rhinoviruses. we detected the new genogroup of rhinovirus c in 6 aspirates.200919788827
human rhinovirus c: a newly discovered human rhinovirus species.although often ignored, human rhinoviruses (hrvs) are the most frequent causes of respiratory tract infections (rtis). a group of closely related novel rhinoviruses have recently been discovered. based on their unique phylogenetic position and distinct genomic features, they are classified as a separate species, hrv-c. after their discovery, hrv-c viruses have been detected in patients worldwide, with a reported prevalence of 1.4-30.9% among tested specimens. this suggests that the species contr ...201022460392
role of rhinovirus c respiratory infections in sick and healthy children in spain.recently a new genogroup of human rhinovirus (hrv) has been described and named hrv-c. the relative importance of hrv-c in viral respiratory tract illnesses is unknown.201020305581
weekly monitoring of children with asthma for infections and illness during common cold seasons.exacerbations of childhood asthma and rhinovirus infections both peak during the spring and fall, suggesting that viral infections are major contributors to seasonal asthma morbidity.201020392488
rhinovirus c and respiratory exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis.to investigate a possible role for human rhinovirus c in respiratory exacerbations of children with cystic fibrosis, we conducted microbiologic testing on respiratory specimens from 103 such patients in são paulo, brazil, during 2006-2007. a significant association was found between the presence of human rhinovirus c and respiratory exacerbations.201020507756
human rhinovirus c infections mirror those of human rhinovirus a in children with community-acquired pneumonia.human rhinoviruses (hrvs) are among the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in children. however, the differential roles of the three hrv species hrv-a, hrv-b, and hrv-c in pediatric cap are not fully understood.201020728404
human rhinovirus c--associated severe pneumonia in a neonate.we present a case of severe pneumonia, associated with a prolonged infection by a species c rhinovirus (hrv) in a 3-week old neonate. hrv rna was identified in nasal and nasopharyngeal secretions, bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial specimens, stool and urine, collected from the patient during a one-month period. no other viral or bacterial agents were detected. sequence analysis of two regions of the viral genome, amplified directly from the clinical specimens revealed a novel hrv-c variant. t ...201121342784
molecular modeling, organ culture and reverse genetics for a newly identified human rhinovirus c.a recently recognized human rhinovirus species c (hrv-c) is associated with up to half of hrv infections in young children. here we propagated two hrv-c isolates ex vivo in organ culture of nasal epithelial cells, sequenced a new c15 isolate and developed the first, to our knowledge, reverse genetics system for hrv-c. using contact points for the known hrv receptors, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (ldlr), inter- and intraspecies footprint analyses ...201121483405
update on rhinovirus and coronavirus infections.rhinoviruses and coronaviruses cause significant morbidity in immunocompetent people of all ages and in patients with underlying chronic medical or immunosuppressed conditions. newer diagnostic tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (pcr), have expanded our understanding of these respiratory viruses in clinical infections. these sensitive diagnostic tests have been used to describe new members of these virus families, such as human rhinovirus c (hrvc) and human coronavirus nl-63 (hcov-nl63). t ...201121858748
Detection of human rhinovirus C viral genome in blood among children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines.Human rhinovirus (HRV) C was recently identified as the third species of HRV using a molecular technique. Infections caused by previously identified HRVs (A and B) are thought to be limited to the respiratory tract; however, pathogenesis of HRVC is still largely unknown. A total of 816 nasopharyngeal swabs from hospitalized children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines (May 2008-May 2009) were tested for HRV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and 243 sa ...201122087272
molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus c in patients with acute respiratory tract infections in osaka city, japan.human rhinovirus (hrv) is a causative agent of acute respiratory tract infection (arti). in 2007, a novel hrv group, hrv-c, was discovered. this study, which assessed whether hrv-c is epidemic among patients with arti, was aimed at analyzing the seasonal prevalence of hrv-c in osaka city, japan. gene amplification tests were performed to detect 10 respiratory viruses in 336 specimens collected during november 2008-october 2009. in total, 364 viruses were detected in 271 specimens. the most ...201122116327
association between human rhinovirus c and severity of acute asthma in children.a new and potentially more pathogenic group of human rhinovirus (hrv), group c (hrvc), has recently been discovered. we hypothesised that hrvc would be present in children with acute asthma and cause more severe attacks than other viruses or hrv groups. children with acute asthma (n = 128; age 2-16 yrs) were recruited on presentation to an emergency department. asthma exacerbation severity was assessed, and respiratory viruses and hrv strains were identified in a nasal aspirate. the majority of ...201120693244
characterization of the viral microbiome in patients with severe lower respiratory tract infections, using metagenomic sequencing.the human respiratory tract is heavily exposed to microorganisms. viral respiratory tract pathogens, like rsv, influenza and rhinoviruses cause major morbidity and mortality from respiratory tract disease. furthermore, as viruses have limited means of transmission, viruses that cause pathogenicity in other tissues may be transmitted through the respiratory tract. it is therefore important to chart the human virome in this compartment. we have studied nasopharyngeal aspirate samples submitted to ...201222355331
viral infections of the lower respiratory tract.lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) are a global burden to public health and are frequently caused by respiratory viruses. advances in molecular diagnostic techniques have allowed the identification of previously undetected viral pathogens and have improved our understanding of respiratory virus infections. here we review the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of recently identified viruses including human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses nl63 and hku1, human rhinovirus c, b ...201222456860
new respiratory viral infections.the first era in the discoveries of respiratory viruses occured between 1933 and 1965 when influenza virus, enteroviruses, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus and coronavirus (cov) were found by virus culture. in the 1990s, the development of high throughput viral detection and diagnostics instruments increased diagnostic sensitivity and enabled the search for new viruses. this article briefly reviews the clinical significance of newly discovered respiratory ...201222366993
toward genetics-based virus taxonomy: comparative analysis of a genetics-based classification and the taxonomy of picornaviruses.virus taxonomy has received little attention from the research community despite its broad relevance. in an accompanying paper (c. lauber and a. e. gorbalenya, j. virol. 86:3890-3904, 2012), we have introduced a quantitative approach to hierarchically classify viruses of a family using pairwise evolutionary distances (peds) as a measure of genetic divergence. when applied to the six most conserved proteins of the picornaviridae, it clustered 1,234 genome sequences in groups at three hierarchical ...201222278238
infection and propagation of human rhinovirus c in human airway epithelial cells.human rhinovirus species c (hrv-c) was recently discovered using molecular diagnostic techniques and is associated with lower respiratory tract disease, particularly in children. hrv-c cannot be propagated in immortalized cell lines, and currently sinus organ culture is the only system described that is permissive to hrv-c infection ex vivo. however, the utility of organ culture for studying hrv-c biology is limited. here, we report that a previously described hrv-c derived from an infectious cd ...201223035218
detection of human rhinovirus c in fecal samples of children with gastroenteritis.despite recent discovery of the novel human rhinovirus species, hrv-c, little is known about the association of hrv-c in diseases other than respiratory tract infections.201222317907
clinical and molecular features of human rhinovirus c.a newly discovered group of human rhinoviruses (hrvs) has been classified as the hrv-c species based on distinct genomic features. hrv-cs circulate worldwide, and are important causes of upper and lower respiratory illnesses. methods to culture and produce these viruses have recently been developed, and should enable identification of unique features of hrv-c replication and biology.201222285901
community-wide, contemporaneous circulation of a broad spectrum of human rhinoviruses in healthy australian preschool-aged children during a 12-month period.human rhinovirus (hrv) replication triggers exacerbation of asthma and causes most acute respiratory illnesses (aris), which may manifest as influenza-like illness. the recent assignment of 60 previously unknown hrv types to a third hrv species, human rhinovirus c, raised questions about the prevalence of these picornavirus types in the community, the extent of hrv diversity at a single site, and whether the hrvs have an equally diverse clinical impact on their hosts. we quantified hrv diversity ...201322829638
growth and characterization of different human rhinovirus c types in three-dimensional human airway epithelia reconstituted in vitro.new molecular diagnostic tools have recently allowed the discovery of human rhinovirus species c (hrv-c) that may be overrepresented in children with lower respiratory tract complications. unlike hrv-a and hrv-b, hrv-c cannot be propagated in conventional immortalized cell lines and their biological properties have been difficult to study. recent studies have described the successful amplification of hrv-c15, hrv-c11, and hrv-c41 in sinus mucosal organ cultures and in fully differentiated human ...201324074561
infection and coinfection of human rhinovirus c in stem cell transplant recipients.in 54 adult stem cell transplant recipients, the presence and persistence of human rhinoviruses (including the novel lineage c) were evaluated by molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis, independently from respiratory symptoms. in the same group of patients, the presence of other coinfecting respiratory pathogens, including the novel enterovirus 109, was also evaluated.201323533453
human rhinovirus c in adult haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with respiratory illness.a previously unidentified species of human rhinovirus, hrv-c, was described in 2006 in association with lower respiratory tract infection (lrti). features of infection in immunosuppressed adults are poorly characterised.201323290385
picornavirus and enterovirus diversity with associated human diseases.members of the picornaviridae family are non-enveloped, positive-stranded rna viruses with a 30nm icosahedral capsid. this virus family exhibits a considerable amount of genetic variability driven both by mutation and recombination. recently, three previously unknown human picornaviruses, namely the human saffold cardiovirus, cosavirus and salivirus, have been identified in stools or respiratory samples from subjects presenting symptoms ranging from gastroenteritis to acute flaccid paralysis. ho ...201323201849
biological characteristics and propagation of human rhinovirus-c in differentiated sinus epithelial cells.information about the basic biological properties of human rhinovirus-c (hrv-c) viruses is lacking due to difficulties with culturing these viruses. our objective was to develop a cell culture system to grow hrv-c. epithelial cells from human sinuses (hsec) were differentiated at air-liquid interface (ali). differentiated cultures supported 1-2 logs growth of hrv-c15 as detected by quantitative rt-pcr. two distinguishing features of hrvs are acid lability and optimal growth at 33-34 °c. we used ...201323199420
human rhinovirus c: age, season, and lower respiratory illness over the past 3 decades.human rhinoviruses (hrvs) cause common colds, and the recently discovered hrv-c is increasingly associated with lower respiratory illness among populations such as children and asthmatic patients.201323146382
comparison of anyplex ii rv16 with the xtag respiratory viral panel and seeplex rv15 for detection of respiratory viruses.a novel multiplex real-time pcr approach (anyplex ii rv16 [rv16]; seegene, south korea) was compared with a multiplex endpoint pcr kit (seeplex rv15 ace detection kit [rv15]; seegene) and a liquid bead-based assay (xtag respiratory viral panel [xtag]; abbott, united states). of nasopharyngeal swabs or aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples submitted for rv15 testing, 199 retrospectively collected positive specimens and 283 prospectively collected specimens were further tested with rv ...201323363824
population structure and evolution of rhinoviruses.rhinoviruses, formerly known as human rhinoviruses, are the most common cause of air-borne upper respiratory tract infections in humans. rhinoviruses belong to the family picornaviridae and are divided into three species namely, rhinovirus a, -b and -c, which are antigenically diverse. genetic recombination is found to be one of the important causes for diversification of rhinovirus species. although emerging lineages within rhinoviruses have been reported, their population structure has not bee ...201424586469
type i diabetes mellitus: genetic factors and presumptive enteroviral etiology or protection.we review type 1 diabetes and host genetic components, as well as epigenetics and viruses associated with type 1 diabetes, with added emphasis on the enteroviruses, which are often associated with triggering the disease. genus enterovirus is classified into twelve species of which seven (enterovirus a, enterovirus b, enterovirus c, and enterovirus d and rhinovirus a, rhinovirus b, and rhinovirus c) are human pathogens. these viruses are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route; they may also s ...201425574400
solution structure of the 2a protease from a common cold agent, human rhinovirus c2, strain w12.human rhinovirus strains differ greatly in their virulence, and this has been correlated with the differing substrate specificity of the respective 2a protease (2apro). rhinoviruses use their 2apro to cleave a spectrum of cellular proteins important to virus replication and anti-host activities. these enzymes share a chymotrypsin-like fold stabilized by a tetra-coordinated zinc ion. the catalytic triad consists of conserved cys (c105), his (h34), and asp (d18) residues. we used a semi-automated ...201424937088
first report of severe parainfluenza virus 4b and rhinovirus c coinfection in a liver transplant recipient treated with immunoglobulin.we describe the first reported case of severe pneumonia due to coinfection by parainfluenza virus type 4b and rhinovirus c in a liver transplant recipient. the patient responded promptly to intravenous immunoglobulin and timely infection control measures prevented spreading of the infections. this report highlights respiratory viral coinfections as a possible cause of severe morbidity in transplant recipients and the importance of efficient molecular diagnostic technologies with major impact on ...201425453574
molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus in children with acute respiratory diseases in chongqing, china.human rhinovirus-c (hrv-c) has been increasingly detected in patients with acute respiratory diseases (ards). prolonged surveillance was performed on children with ard to investigate the molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hrv in chongqing, china. nasopharyngeal aspirates (npa) were collected from hospitalized children with ard during 2009-2012. hrv-c was genotyped by sequencing the vp4/vp2 coding region. among the 1,567 npas obtained, 223 (14.2%) were hrv positive, and 75.3% ...201425328042
emerging respiratory viruses other than influenza.non-influenza respiratory virus infections are common worldwide and contribute to morbidity and mortality in all age groups. the recently identified middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been associated with rapidly progressive pneumonia and high mortality rate. adenovirus 14 has been increasingly recognized in severe acute respiratory illness in both military and civilian individuals. rhinovirus c and human bocavirus type 1 have been commonly detected in infants and young children wi ...201424856535
genome sequences of rhinovirus c isolates from wisconsin pediatric respiratory studies.human rhinovirus (rv) isolates from the rv-c species are recently discovered infectious agents that are closely linked to asthma and wheezing etiologies in infants. clinical study samples collected at the university of wisconsin-madison describe 41 nearly complete genome sequences representing 21 rv-c genotypes.201424675858
modeling of the human rhinovirus c capsid suggests a novel topography with insights on receptor preference and immunogenicity.features of human rhinovirus (rv)-c virions that allow them to use novel cell receptors and evade immune responses are unknown. unlike the rv-a+b, these isolates cannot be propagated in typical culture systems or grown for structure studies. comparative sequencing, i-tasser, modeller, robetta, and refined alignment techniques led to a structural approximation for c15 virions, based on the extensive, resolved rv-a+b datasets. the model predicts that all rv-c vp1 proteins are shorter by 21 residue ...201424314648
modeling of the human rhinovirus c capsid suggests possible causes for antiviral drug resistance.human rhinoviruses of the rv-c species are recently discovered pathogens with greater clinical significance than isolates in the rv-a+b species. the rv-c cannot be propagated in typical culture systems; so much of the virology is necessarily derivative, relying on comparative genomics, relative to the better studied rv-a+b. we developed a bioinformatics-based structural model for a c15 isolate. the model showed the vp1-3 capsid proteins retain their fundamental cores relative to the rv-a+b, but ...201424314639
propagation of rhinovirus-c strains in human airway epithelial cells differentiated at air-liquid interface.rhinovirus-c (rv-c) were discovered recently using molecular methods. classical methods failed to detect them since they could not grow in standard cell culture. the complete genome sequences of several rv-c strains are now available but there is little information about their biological characteristics. hrv-c were first grown in organ culture, and more recently, we developed a system for culturing rv-c strains in differentiated epithelial cells of human airway at air-liquid interface (ali). the ...201525261307
human rhinovirus c infections in pediatric hematology and oncology patients.children with cancer and hsct recipients are at high risk for common viral infections. we sought to define the viral etiology of ari and identify risk factors. nasal wash samples were collected from pediatric hematology-oncology patients and hsct recipients with ari during the 2003-2005 winter seasons. real-time rt-pcr was performed to detect flu a, influenza b, rsv, piv 1-3, human mpv, and hrv. hrv specimens were sequenced and genotyped. seventy-eight samples from 62 children were included. vir ...201525377237
cadherin-related family member 3, a childhood asthma susceptibility gene product, mediates rhinovirus c binding and replication.members of rhinovirus c (rv-c) species are more likely to cause wheezing illnesses and asthma exacerbations compared with other rhinoviruses. the cellular receptor for these viruses was heretofore unknown. we report here that expression of human cadherin-related family member 3 (cdhr3) enables the cells normally unsusceptible to rv-c infection to support both virus binding and replication. a coding single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330, c529y) was previously linked to greater cell-surface ex ...201525848009
correction for hao et al., infection and propagation of human rhinovirus c in human airway epithelial cells. 201525759493
production, purification, and capsid stability of rhinovirus c types.the rhinovirus c (rv-c) were discovered in 2006 and these agents are an important cause of respiratory morbidity. little is known about their biology. rv-c15 (c15) can be produced by transfection of recombinant viral rna into cells and subsequent purification over a 30% sucrose cushion, even though yields and infectivity of other rv-c genotypes with this protocol are low. the goal of this study was to determine whether poor rv-c yields were due to capsid instability, and moreover, to develop a r ...201525724434
degenerate pcr primer design for the specific identification of rhinovirus c.human rhinovirus (hrv)-a and -b is a common cause of upper respiratory tract infections. recently, a third species, hrv-c, was categorized based on molecular typing studies. the results showed that the hrv-c genome had diverged from that of hrv-a and -b. despite its late identification, increasing evidence suggests that hrv-c causes more severe pathogenic infections than hrv-a or -b; however, a large amount of epidemiological data is required to confirm this association in different clinical set ...201525483126
the fecal virome of children with hand, foot, and mouth disease that tested pcr negative for pathogenic enteroviruses.hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) affects infant and young children. a viral metagenomic approach was used to identify the eukaryotic viruses in fecal samples from 29 thai children with clinical diagnosis of hfmd collected during the 2012 outbreak. these children had previously tested negative by pcr for enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 and a6. deep sequencing revealed nine virus families: picornaviridae, astroviridae, parvoviridae, caliciviridae, paramyxoviridae, adenoviridae, reovirida ...201526288145
detection of respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus in healthy infants.despite the research importance of rhinovirus detection in asymptomatic healthy infants, the literature remains sparse.201526608824
infection in severe asthma exacerbations and critical asthma syndrome.in chronic persistent asthma and severe acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma, infectious agents are the predominant triggers that drive disease and airway pathobiology. in acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma (aeba) including near fatal and fatal asthma, viral agents, particularly human rhinovirus-c, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza a appear to be the more prevalent and recurring threats. both viral, and to a lesser extent bacterial agents, can play a role, and co-infection may al ...201524984968
disseminated rhinovirus c8 infection with infectious virus in blood and fatal outcome in a child with repeated episodes of bronchiolitis.we report a fatal case of acute lower respiratory tract disease with human rhinovirus c (hrv-c) as the unique cause in a 19-month-old girl with a history of repeated episodes of bronchiolitis. hrv-c type 8 nucleic acids were observed in respiratory, stool, and cerebrospinal fluid samples, and infectious virions were isolated from patient serum after inoculation onto reconstituted airway epithelia.201525694520
identification of a novel human rhinovirus c type by antibody capture vidisca-454.causative agents for more than 30 percent of respiratory infections remain unidentified, suggesting that unknown respiratory pathogens might be involved. in this study, antibody capture vidisca-454 (virus discovery cdna-aflp combined with roche 454 high-throughput sequencing) resulted in the discovery of a novel type of rhinovirus c (rv-c). the virus has an rna genome of at least 7054 nt and carries the characteristics of rhinovirus c species. the gene encoding viral protein 1, which is used for ...201525606972
detection and characterization of respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory illness and asthma exacerbation in children during three different season (2011-2014) in mexico city.viral infections play a significant role as cause of acute respiratory infections (aris) and exacerbations of chronic diseases. aris are now the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. recently human rhinovirus (hrv) infection has been emerged as an important cause of pneumonia and asthma exacerbation.201526289993
the plasma virome of febrile adult kenyans shows frequent parvovirus b19 infections and a novel arbovirus (kadipiro virus).viral nucleic acids present in the plasma of 498 kenyan adults with unexplained fever were characterized by metagenomics analysis of 51 sample pools. the highest to lowest fraction of plasma pools was positive for parvovirus b19 (75 %), pegivirus c (gbv-c) (67 %), alpha anellovirus (59 %), gamma anellovirus (55 %), beta anellovirus (41 %), dengue virus genotype 2 (denv-2) (16 %), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (6 %), human herpesvirus 6 (6 %), hbv (4 %), rotavirus (4 %), hepatitis b virus ( ...201627902331
[an epidemiological study on human rhinovirus c in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections].to investigate the detection rates, epidemical characteristics, and clinical features of human rhinovirus c (hrv-c) in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections (rtis) in suzhou, china.201627817772
mutations in vp1 and 3a proteins improve binding and replication of rhinovirus c15 in hela-e8 cells.viruses in the rhinovirus c species (rv-c) can cause severe respiratory illnesses in children including pneumonia and asthma exacerbations. a transduced cell line (hela-e8) stably expressing the cdhr3-y529 receptor variant, supports propagation of rv-c after infection. c15 clinical or recombinant isolates replicate in hela-e8, however progeny yields are lower than those of related strains of rv-a and rv-b. serial passaging of c15 in hela-e8 resulted in stronger cytopathic effects and increased ( ...201627743961
atomic structure of a rhinovirus c, a virus species linked to severe childhood asthma.isolates of rhinovirus c (rv-c), a recently identified enterovirus (ev) species, are the causative agents of severe respiratory infections among children and are linked to childhood asthma exacerbations. the rv-c have been refractory to structure determination because they are difficult to propagate in vitro. here, we report the cryo-em atomic structures of the full virion and native empty particle (nep) of rv-c15a. the virus has 60 "fingers" on the virus outer surface that probably function as ...201627511920
reliable quantification of rhinovirus species c using real-time pcr.rhinovirus c (rv-c) is an important respiratory pathogen of children, but little is known about its contribution to disease severity, though viral load appears to be important. difficulty in rv-c cultivation and target sequence variation has precluded the development of a pcr based quantification method.201627216896
comparative genetic analyses of human rhinovirus c (hrv-c) complete genome from malaysia.human rhinovirus-c (hrv-c) has been implicated in more severe illnesses than hrv-a and hrv-b, however, the limited number of hrv-c complete genomes (complete 5' and 3' non-coding region and open reading frame sequences) has hindered the in-depth genetic study of this virus. this study aimed to sequence seven complete hrv-c genomes from malaysia and compare their genetic characteristics with the 18 published hrv-cs. seven malaysian hrv-c complete genomes were obtained with newly redesigned primer ...201627199901
evidence of nosocomial transmission of human rhinovirus in a neonatal intensive care unit.nosocomial respiratory infections cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially among the extremely susceptible neonatal population. human rhinovirus c is a common viral respiratory illness that causes significant complications in children <2 years old. we describe a nosocomial outbreak of human rhinovirus c in a level ii-iii neonatal intensive care unit in an urban public safety net hospital.201626775935
rhinovirus-c detection in children presenting with acute respiratory infection to hospital in brazil.human rhinovirus (rv) is a common cause of acute respiratory infection (ari) in children. we aimed to characterize the clinical and demographic features associated with different rv species detected in children attending hospital with ari, from low-income families in north-east brazil. nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 630 children <5 years with ari. clinical diagnosis and disease severity were also recorded. samples were analyzed by multiplex pcr for 18 viral and atypical bacterial p ...201626100591
viral pathogen detection by metagenomics and pan viral group pcr in children with pneumonia lacking identifiable etiology.community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a leading cause of pediatric hospitalization. pathogen identification fails in ~20% of children but is critical for optimal treatment and prevention of hospital-acquired infections. we used two broad-spectrum detection strategies to identify pathogens in test-negative children with cap and asymptomatic controls.201728368491
rhinovirus c is associated with wheezing and rhinovirus a is associated with pneumonia in hospitalized children in morocco.human rhinovirus (rv) is commonly associated with severe acute lower respiratory infections (alri) in children. we aimed to describe the distribution of rv species and associations between rv species and clinical features in children hospitalized with clinically severe pneumonia (csp) in morocco. nasopharyngeal aspirates (npas) were collected from 700 children, 2-59 months of age, admitted with csp to the hôpital d'enfants de rabat in morocco. at least one respiratory virus was identified in 92% ...201727677921
human rhinovirus c infection is associated with asthma in children determined by xtag respiratory viral panel fast. 201728389993
genetic association of the functional cdhr3 genotype with early-onset adult asthma in japanese populations.recent studies have demonstrated that a coding snp (rs6967330, cys529→tyr) in cadherin-related family member 3 (cdhr3), which was previously associated with wheezing illness and hospitalizations in infancy, could support efficient human rhinovirus c (rv-c) entry and replication. here, we sought to examine the genetic contribution of this variant to the development of adult asthma.201728318885
rhinovirus c, asthma, and cell surface expression of virus receptor cdhr3.human rhinoviruses (rvs) of the a, b, and c species are defined agents of the common cold. but more than that, rv-a and rv-c are the dominant causes of hospitalization category infections in young children, especially those with asthma. the use of cadherin-related family member 3 (cdhr3) by rv-c as its cellular receptor creates a direct phenotypic link between human genetics (g versus a alleles cause cys529 versus tyr529 protein variants) and the efficiency with which rv-c can infect cells. with ...201728100615
simultaneous virus identification and characterization of severe unexplained pneumonia cases using a metagenomics sequencing technique.many viruses can cause respiratory diseases in humans. although great advances have been achieved in methods of diagnosis, it remains challenging to identify pathogens in unexplained pneumonia (up) cases. in this study, we applied next-generation sequencing (ngs) technology and a metagenomic approach to detect and characterize respiratory viruses in up cases from guizhou province, china. a total of 33 oropharyngeal swabs were obtained from hospitalized up patients and subjected to ngs. an unbias ...201727921234
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