Publications

serial tranquilization of a reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) using xylazine.	a 5-yr-old captive-born reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) was tranquilized with i.m. xylazine 34 times in a 39-day period to allow nursing by her calf. xylazine administered at approximately 0.16 mg/kg i.m. provided adequate sedation of the dam without detrimental side effects to the dam or the calf. while the dam was sedated, the calf was able to ingest adequate amounts of milk to produce acceptable weight gains until he was consistently eating solid foods.	1997	9279408
arthroscopic surgery in a reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).	an 8-mo-old captive male reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) developed an acute lameness (grade iv/v) of the right forelimb, with swelling of the metacarpophalangeal joint. a traumatic injury was suspected based on clinical, radiographic, and arthroscopic evaluation. several abnormalities were identified arthroscopically, including synovitis, cartilage damage, and an osteochondral fragment. medial collateral ligament damage was also suspected based on radiographic evaluation. ...	1999	10572867
obstructive urolithiasis in a reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).		2000	10737299
mycoplasma-associated polyarthritis in a reticulated giraffe.	a case of mycoplasma-associated polyarthritis was diagnosed in a captive reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata). recurrent episodes of lameness with temporary response to antimicrobial therapy characterized the disease. after the fifth episode, the giraffe was immobilized for arthrocentesis of the right front fetlock joint. although the culture was negative, mycoplasma sp. nucleic acid was detected in synovial fluid using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). twelve weeks after compl ...	2003	12685090
fatal herpesvirus encephalitis in a reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).	fatal meningoencephalitis caused by equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) was diagnosed in a reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulate). the giraffe died following a history of stumbling, incoordination, and abdominal pain. gross examination of the brain revealed asymmetric edema and red-brown discoloration, predominantly within the telencephalon. microscopically, there was perivascular lymphohistiocytic cuffing, multifocal gliosis, and neuronal necrosis in the cerebrum. necrotic neurons con ...	2006	16966458
evaluation of progesterone levels in feces of captive reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).	fresh fecal samples were collected from seven adult female reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata). samples were collected for several weeks before, during, and for a few weeks after gestation. fecal samples were analyzed for progesterone levels by radioimmunoassay. there were significant differences in progesterone levels between pregestational and gestational samples and between gestational and postgestational samples. these results demonstrate that fecal progesterone levels ar ...	2006	17319123
teratoma of the umbilical cord in a giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).	a 12-year-old pregnant female giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) died approximately 2 months prior to her anticipated parturition date. at necropsy, a mass measuring approximately 20 x 36 x 20 cm was observed, attached to the umbilical cord, the latter being otherwise normal in appearance. histologically, the mass contained 3 germinal tissue components with areas of squamous epithelium, respiratory epithelium, primitive neural tissues, glial tissue, peripheral nerve, adipose tissue, car ...	2007	17317797
colonic obstruction in three captive reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).	fatal colonic obstructions were diagnosed in three captive, adult, reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata). clinical presentations varied, but all cases displayed decreased activity, anorexia, and considerably decreased fecal production, consistent with intestinal obstruction. case 1 was diagnosed at necropsy with a phytobezoar obstructing the spiral colon. case 2 was diagnosed at necropsy with a fecal impaction of the colon. case 3 was diagnosed during surgery with colonic ileus ...	2009	19368259
cryptosporidium muris in a reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).	cryptosporidium spp. infection in captive exotic mammals was investigated using staining and molecular biological methods. a total of 323 fecal samples from 100 mammalian species (62 artiodactyla, 33 rodentia, 3 perissodactyla, and 2 paenungultata) in 4 zoological gardens in the czech republic was examined. only in a reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) sample was cryptosporidium sp. infection detected. the partial small subunit rrna sequence obtained from the isolate was iden ...	2010	19685941
surgical resolution of an avulsion fracture of the peroneus tertius origin in a giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).	a 4-mo-old, 185-kg male giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) was presented due to stifle effusion and lameness of 3-wk duration. radiographs revealed a fracture of the extensor fossa of the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur at the origin of the peroneus tertius. under anesthesia, dysfunction of the reciprocal apparatus was documented by flexing the stifle while the tarsus remained extended. an avulsion fracture of the origin of the peroneus tertius and extensor digitorum longus muscle ...	2011	22946420
successful management of acute-onset torticollis in a giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).	a 2-yr-old male reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) presented with severe midcervical segmental torticollis upon arrival as an incoming shipment. despite initial medical management, the giraffe developed marked neck sensitivity, focal muscle spasms, and decreased cervical range of motion. using operant conditioning to assist patient positioning and tolerance to cervical manipulation, a series of manually applied chiropractic treatments were applied to the affected cervical ve ...	2013	23505724
genotypic variations in field isolates of theileria species infecting giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi and giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) in kenya.	recently, mortalities among giraffes, attributed to infection with unique species of piroplasms were reported in south africa. although haemoparasites are known to occur in giraffes of kenya, the prevalence, genetic diversity and pathogenicity of these parasites have not been investigated. in this study, blood samples from 13 giraffes in kenya were investigated microscopically and genomic dna extracted. pcr amplicons of the hyper-variable region 4 (v4) of theileria spp. small subunit ribosomal r ...	2013	23792245
the use of magnetic resonance imaging to better define hoof pathology in the reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).	a 22-yr-old bull giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) with severely altered hoof conformation in both forelimbs was presented for necropsy following acute mortality. due to multiple challenges that prevented safe immobilization, corrective hoof trimming procedures were never performed on this animal. to better define the extent of the damage of the soft tissue structures and bone within the hoof, a magnetic resonance imaging (mri) system was used to obtain images of these structures. the ...	2014	25314840
insufficient colostrum ingestion is a risk factor for polyarthritis and/or phlegmon in hand-reared reticulated giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata): 7 cases (2003-2012).	seven reticulated giraffes were hand-reared at nogeyama zoological gardens, because the dam had agalactia. six of the 7 calves exhibited polyarthritis and/or phlegmon in the lower legs. however, the cause of the disorder was unclear. the present study reviewed the clinical records of the 7 giraffes, including the type and amount of colostrum ingested during the first 72 hr. the disorder involved the fetlocks and carpal and tarsal joints in 6 of the 7 calves within an average of 8 days of birth. ...	2014	24758869
phenotypical and genotypical properties of an arcanobacterium pluranimalium strain isolated from a juvenile giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).	the present study was designed to characterize phenotypically and genotypically an arcanobacterium pluranimalium strain (a. pluranimalium 4868) following necropsy from a juvenile giraffe. the species identity could be confirmed by phenotypical investigations and by maldi-tof ms analysis, by sequencing the 16s rdna, pluranimaliumlysin encoding gene pla, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoding gene gap with sequence similarities to a. pluranimalium reference strain dsm 13483(t) of 99 ...	2014	26464930
training giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) for front foot radiographs and hoof care.	for a large herd of reticulated giraffes, a mainly operant-based training program was created for front foot radiographs and hoof trims in an effort to diagnose and better manage lameness. behaviors were shaped in a restricted contact set-up, using a positive reinforcement procedure to teach a series of mastered cued behaviors. this training was used to obtain lateral and lateral oblique front foot radiographs for the entire herd. radiographs were diagnostic for multiple possible causes of lamen ...	2016	26991999
osteochondrosis in the distal femurs of an adult reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata): macroscopic, radiologic, and histologic findings.	an adult male reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) was presented for postmortem examination. during radiologic examination of the hindlimbs, osseous cyst-like lesions were detected in both medial femoral condyles. these lesions were subsequently examined macroscopically and histologically. the gross appearance suggested a diagnosis of bilateral osteochondrosis that was confirmed with histopathologic examination. this finding has not previously been reported in giraffes. macros ...	2016	27010303
histological features of the vomeronasal organ in the giraffe, giraffa camelopardalis.	the vomeronasal organ (vno) that preferentially detects species-specific substances is diverse among animal species, and its morphological properties seem to reflect the ecological features of animals. this histological study of two female reticulated giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) found that the vno is developed in giraffes. the lateral and medial regions of the vomeronasal lumen were covered with sensory and nonsensory epithelia, respectively. the vomeronasal glands were positive ...	2017	28094892