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filamentous fungi associated with holothurians from the sea of japan, off the primorye coast of russia.holothurians (holothurioidea, echinodermata) are known to contain triterpene glycosides, which show antifungal activity. nevertheless, fungi can be isolated from all organs of holothurians. during 1995-1996, mycelial fungi from several far-eastern holothurians--apostichopus japonicus, eupentacta fraudatrix, cucumaria japonica--were collected from the sea of japan near the coast of primorye (russia) and studied. twenty-seven species of marine fungi, mostly facultative ones belonging to the mitosp ...200010707818
[screening of marine bacteria for fucoidan hydrolases].twenty-five strains of epiphytic marine bacteria isolated from the brown algae fucus evanescens and chorda filum and fifty-three bacteria isolated from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus were screened for fucoidanases using fucoidans prepared from the brown algae f. evanescens, laminaria cichorioides, and l. japonica. eighteen bacterial epiphytes and thirty-eight bacterial isolates from the sea cucumber were found to contain fucoidanases, which were able to hydrolyze either all of the fucoi ...200010920807
arenibacter gen. nov., new genus of the family flavobacteriaceae and description of a new species, arenibacter latericius sp. nov.five dark-orange-pigmented, gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, aerobic bacterial strains were isolated from sandy sediment samples collected in the south china sea in the indian ocean, from a holothurian, apostichopus japonicus, in the sea of japan and from a brown alga, chorda filum, from the sea of okhotsk in the pacific ocean. phenotypic data were collected, demonstrating that the bacteria are chemo-organotrophic and require seawater-based media for growth. polar lipids were analysed and ...200111760939
[degradation of fucoidan by the marine proteobacterium pseudoalteromonas citrea].it was found that pseudoalteromonas citrea strains kmm 3296 and kmm 3298 isolated from the brown algae fucus evanescens and chorda filum, respectively, and strain 3297 isolated from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus are able to degrade fucoidans. the fucoidanases of these strains efficiently degraded the fucoidan of brown algae at ph 6.5-7.0 and remained active at 40-50 degrees c. the endo-type hydrolysis of fucoidan resulted in the formation of sulfated alpha-l-fucooligosaccharides. the o ...200211910806
[characterization of marine bacteria pseudoalteromonas citrea degradating fucoidan].two strains kmm 3296 and kmm 3298, isolated from the surface of brown algae chorda filum and fucus evanescens thalli and strain kmm 3297, isolated from celomic fluid of holoturian apostichopus japonicus, were identified as pseudoalteromonas citrea on the basis of pheno-, geno- and phylotypic features. the studied bacteria were different from other bacteria of the species as to their ability to destruct sulphated polysaccharides of brown algae, fucoidans.200212190022
innervation of holothurian body wall muscle: inhibitory effects and localization of 5-ht.we investigated innervation to body wall muscles as well as distribution of 5-ht (serotonin) and its effects on longitudinal muscles of body wall (lmbw) of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. with serial sections we found neural branches and fibers extending from hyponeural part of radial nerve towards lmbw and circular muscles of body wall. with the aqueous aldehyde (faglu) method yellow fluorescence indicating indolamines was observed in lmbw and in the mesentery connecting lmbw to the bo ...200212499664
occurrence and diversity of mesophilic shewanella strains isolated from the north-west pacific ocean.although bacteria of the genus shewanella belong to one of the readily cultivable groups of "gammaproteobacteria", little is known about the occurrence and abundance of these microorganisms in the marine ecosystem. studies revealed that of 654 isolates obtained from marine invertebrates (ophiuroid amphiopholis kochii, sipuncula phascolosoma japonicum, and holothurian apostichopus japonicus, cucumaria japonica), seawater and sediments of the north-west pacific ocean (i.e. the sea of japan and itu ...200312866857
vitellibacter vladivostokensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the phylum cytophaga-flavobacterium-bacteroides.a novel heterotrophic, yellow-orange-pigmented, non-motile, asporogenic, strictly aerobic, gram-negative, oxidase and catalase-positive bacterium kmm 3516(t) was isolated from the holothurian apostichopus japonicus collected from troitsa bay in the gulf of peter the great (sea of japan) during november 1997. 16s rdna sequence analysis revealed that strain kmm 3516(t) was a member of the family flavobacteriaceae: the dna g+c content of kmm 3516(t) was 41.3 mol%. major respiratory quinone was mk-6 ...200313130007
intracellular alginolytic enzymes of the marine bacterium pseudoalteromonas citrea kmm 3297.the marine bacterium pseudoalteromonas citrea kmm 3297 is an associate of the holothurian apostichopus japonicus. when grown in a medium containing glucose, the strain produces two intracellular alginolytic enzymes, ali and alii. fucoidan from the brown alga fucus evanescens induces synthesis of one more alginolytic enzyme, aliii. these enzymes were separated using anion-exchange chromatography. the alginate lyase ali completely retains its activity at 35 degrees c, alii and aliii being stable a ...200415061691
salegentibacter holothuriorum sp. nov., isolated from the edible holothurian apostichopus japonicus.strain kmm 3524t was isolated from the holothurian apostichopus japonicus living in the sea of japan. the bacterial strain was pigmented, non-motile, gram-negative, strictly aerobic and oxidase-, catalase- and beta-galactosidase-positive. from the results of 16s rdna sequence analysis, strain kmm 3524t was found to be related closely to salegentibacter salegens (98.1%). dna-dna homology between strains kmm 3524t and s. salegens dsm 5424t was 38%; this showed clearly that the holothurian isolate ...200415280277
[distribution of intracellular fucoidan hydrolases among marine bacteria of the family flavobacteriaceae].a search for fucoidan-degrading enzymes and other o-glycosylhydrolases has been performed among 51 strains of marine bacteria of the family flavobacteriaceae isolated from red, green, and brown algae, as well as from the sea urchin strongylocentrotus intermedius and the holothurian apostichopus japonicus. over 40% of the studied strains synthesized fucoidanases. the marine bacteria mesonia algae kmm 3909(t) (an isolate from green alga acrosiphonia sonderi), as well as maribacter sp. kmm 6211 and ...200617066955
[the ultrastructural patterns of germinal and yolk granules in oocytes and embryonic cells of the holothurian apostichopus japonicus].the yolk germinal granules in oocytes and embryonic cells of apostichopus japonicus were studied by transmission electron microscopy. analysis of the features of synthesis and utilization of yolk granules made it possible to reveal ultrastructural criteria to distinguish between granules of the forming and utilized yolk, and germinal granules. based on these findings, the authors suppose that identification of germ plasm elements in oocytes and embryonic cells of a. japonicus is quite possible w ...200616841492
[the ultrastructural patterns of germinal and yolk granules in oocytes and embryonic cells of the holothurian apostichopus japonicus].the yolk germinal granules in oocytes and embryonic cells of apostichopus japonicus were studied by transmission electron microscopy. analysis of the features of synthesis and utilization of yolk granules made it possible to reveal ultrastructural criteria to distinguish between granules of the forming and utilized yolk, and germinal granules. based on these findings, the authors suppose that identification of germ plasm elements in oocytes and embryonic cells of a. japonicus is quite possible w ...200616568835
isolation and characterization of twenty microsatellite loci in japanese sea cucumber (stichopus japonicus).twenty microsatellite markers were first developed from the japanese sea cucumber stichopus japonicus using an enrichment protocol. of the 20 microsatellite loci, 19 loci were polymorphic in the population examined. at these polymorphic loci, the number of alleles per locus varied from 2 to 15, and the observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.03 to 0.97, which is considerably higher than those previously found for allozymes. the high variability of the microsatellite markers identified in this st ...200615906112
acute peristome edema disease in juvenile and adult sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus (selenka) reared in north china.acute peristome edema disease (aped) is a new disease that broke out in cultured sea cucumber along the shangdong and liaoning province coasts in china, pr, and has caused a great deal of death in apostichopus japonicus (selenka) since 2004. here we report virus-like particles found in intestine epithelium of sea cucumbers reared in north china. it is the first time that sea cucumbers are reported to be infected by virus. histological examinations showed that the viral inclusion bodies existed i ...200717462667
molecular and biological characterization of a mannan-binding lectin from the holothurian apostichopus japonicus.to elucidate the origin and evolution of mannan-binding lectins (mbl), a new c-type lectin (ctl) specific for high-mannose glycans (mbl-aj) was isolated from the coelomic plasma of the holothurian apostichopus japonicus. mbl-aj has oligomeric forms with identical 17-kda subunits on sds-page. among natural ligands, lectin hemagglutination activity was competitively inhibited by extracellular low-branched, but not high-branched, alpha-d-mannans isolated from marine halophilic bacteria and composed ...200717890508
polysaccharides from astragalus membranaceus promote phagocytosis and superoxide anion (o2-) production by coelomocytes from sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in vitro.the potential immunostimulatory effects of astralagus membranaceus polysaccharides (aps) on sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus (selenka), were investigated in vitro. phagocytosis and superoxide anion (o(2)(-)) production by phagocytic amoebocytes (pa) from a. japonicus coelomic fluid were measured during incubation at 18 degrees c, 22 degrees c, or 25 degrees c with aps at 0, 10, 20, or 40 microg ml(-1) (n=3). phagocytic activity against yeast cells was quantified by direct visualization, and ...200818221918
effects of acute temperature or salinity stress on the immune response in sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.invertebrates are increasingly raised in mariculture, where it is important to monitor immune function and to minimize stresses that could suppress immunity. the activities of phagocytosis, superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), myeloperoxidase (mpo), and lysozyme (lsz) were measured to evaluate the immune capacities of the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus, to acute temperature changes (from 12 degrees c to 0 degrees c, 8 degrees c, 16 degrees c, 24 degrees c, and 32 degrees c for 72 h) ...200818640284
optimization of kappa-carrageenase production by pseudoalteromonas sp. aj5.to optimize the culture conditions of pseudoalteromonas sp. aj5 for a higher production of extracellular kappa-carrageenase.200818720840
purification, virulence and characterization of an extracellular peptidase produced by aeromonas salmonicida ssp. masoucida isolated from cultured sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.strain h1, aeromonas salmonicida ssp. masoucida isolated from an ulcer on the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus proved to be virulent toward this holothurian at 12 degrees c. extracellular products (ecp) of strain h1 were prepared, and an extracellular peptidase of 42 kda was purified from the ecp using sephadex g-100 gel filtration chromatography and diethylaminoethyl sepharose ion exchange chromatography. stepwise virulence tests on sea cucumbers indicated that the 42 kda peptidase was the v ...200819244974
[bioremediation potential of apostichopus japonicus (selenka) in coastal bivalve suspension aquaculture system].suspension aquaculture of filter-feeding bivalves can produce large amount of faeces and pseudofaeces (biodeposits) that may impact aquaculture environment, while deposit-feeding sea cucumbers may effectively utilize such particulate wastes and act as a scavenger in mariculture system. in this paper, the ingestion, growth, and excretion of deposit-feeder apostichopus japonicus were investigated in situ seasonally to evaluate its bioremediation potential of a suspension aquaculture system of filt ...200818593051
phenotypic plasticity of gut structure and function during periods of inactivity in apostichopus japonicus.apostichopus japonicus is a common sea cucumber that undergoes seasonal inactivity phases and ceases feeding during the summer months. we used this sea cucumber species as a model in which to examine phenotypic plasticity of the digestive tract in response to food deprivation. we measured the body mass, gross gut morphology and digestive enzyme activities of a. japonicus before, during, and after the period of inactivity to examine the effects of food deprivation on the gut structure and functio ...200818479956
microsatellite analysis of japanese sea cucumber, stichopus (apostichopus) japonicus, supports reproductive isolation in color variants.the genetic relationship among the three color variants (red, green, and black) of the japanese sea cucumber, s. japonicus, was investigated using 11 microsatellite markers. genetic differentiation testing among the three sympatric color types showed the strong heterogeneity of red (p<0.001), while no significant difference was observed between green and black (p=0.301 to 0.961). upgma trees constructed from 10 sample lots from 5 localities showed two distinct clusters, one from the red types an ...200817043749
differentiation of dried sea cucumber products from different geographical areas by surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.without any sample pretreatment, mass spectral fingerprints of 486 dried sea cucumber slices were rapidly recorded in the mass range of m/z 50-800 by using surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (dapci-ms). a set of 162 individual sea cucumbers (apostichopus japonicus selenka) grown up in 3 different geographical regions (weihai: 59 individuals, 177 slices; yantai: 53 individuals, 159 slices; dalian: 50 individuals, 150 slices;) in north china sea were succ ...200919788186
a genetic linkage map of the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus (selenka), based on aflp and microsatellite markers.we present the first genetic maps of the sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus), constructed with an f(1) pseudo-testcross strategy. the 37 amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) primer combinations chosen identified 484 polymorphic markers. of the 21 microsatellite primer pairs tested, 16 identified heterozygous loci in one or other parent, and six were fully informative, as they segregated in both parents. the female map comprised 163 loci, spread over 20 linkage groups (which equals the ...200919422359
ngfffamide and echinotocin: structurally unrelated myoactive neuropeptides derived from neurophysin-containing precursors in sea urchins.the myoactive neuropeptide ngiwyamide was originally isolated from the holothurian (sea cucumber) apostichopus japonicus but there is evidence that ngiwyamide-like peptides also occur in other echinoderms. here we report the discovery of a gene in the sea urchin strongylocentrotus purpuratus that encodes two copies of an ngiwyamide-like peptide: asn-gly-phe-phe-phe-(nh(2)) or ngfffamide. interestingly, the c-terminal region of the ngfffamide precursor shares sequence similarity with neurophysins ...200919329739
complete mitochondrial genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (echinodermata: holothuroidea): the first representative from the subclass aspidochirotacea with the echinoderm ground pattern.complete mitochondrial genome plays an important role in the accurate revelation of phylogenetic relationships among metazoans. here we present the complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (echinodermata: holothuroidea), which is the first representative from the subclass aspidochirotacea. the mitochondrial genome of a. japonicus is 16,096 bp in length. the heavy strand consists of 31.8% a, 20.2% c, 17.9% g, and 30.1% t bases (at skew=0.027; gc skew=0.062 ...200919306915
gonad-stimulating substance-like molecule from the radial nerve of the sea cucumber.gonad-stimulating substance-like molecule (gssl) was isolated from the radial nerve of the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus (aj-gssl), and its partial dna and protein sequences were characterized. the smaller part of the molecule that also retains gssl activity was estimated. radial nerve extract (rne) induced germinal vesicle breakdown (gvbd) at 3 mg/ml in 85% of immature ovarian oocytes. similar intensity of gssl activity to rne was seen in a fraction that contained peptides between 3 kda ...200919247961
neuronal peptides induce oocyte maturation and gamete spawning of sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.extracts prepared from tissues containing buccal ring nerve or longitudinal radial nerve of sea cucumber induce oocyte maturation and ovulation from ovarian tissues. we purified two small peptides, a pentapeptide and a heptapeptide, from the buccal tissues of japanese common sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicas. both peptides induced oocyte maturation and gamete spawning. the pentapeptide was identified as ngiwyamide. this peptide induced in vitro germinal vesicle breakdown and ovulation of full ...200919059232
[studies on the purification of water-soluble holothurian glycosides from apostichopus japonicus and their tumor suppressing activity].to obtain water-soluble holothurian glycosides with high tumor suppressing activities from apostichopus japonicus, macroporous resin, silica gel and gel-filtration column chromatograghy were used to purify the water-soluble holothurian glycosides, and their tumor suppressing activity and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells were examined in this study. the 70% ethanol fraction of macroporous resin column, the psc-2 and psc-3 fractions from silica gel column showed very strong tumor suppressing acti ...200919350817
[etiology of off-plate syndrome in cultured larval apostichopus japonicus at attachment stage and analysis of reservoir of pathogens].to clarify pathogens and sources of the off-plate syndrome at the attachment stage in the larval culture of apostichopus japonicus, and further to find out effective medicines for this disease.200919637571
biochemical and pathogenic properties of the natural isolate of shewanella algae from peter the great bay, sea of japan.pathogenic properties of the natural isolate of shewanella algae from the coelomic fluid of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (peter the great bay, sea of japan) were investigated. the isolate had oxydative metabolism, was positive for ornithine decarboxylase, cytochrome oxidase, catalase, dnase and gelatinase, hemolytically active, did not produce acid from carbohydrates, and did not hydrolyze urea and esculin. the strain was resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin and suscep ...200919747921
enhancement of non-specific immune response in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) by astragalus membranaceus and its polysaccharides.in this study, the immunostimulatory effect of oral administration of different preparations (conventional fine powder [cp] and superfine powder [sp]) of astragalus membranaceus root or its polysaccharides (aps) in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) was investigated. sea cucumbers with an average initial weight of 49.3 +/- 5.65 g were fed with a diet containing 3% cp or sp or 0.3% aps over a period of 60 days. the non-specific humoral (phenoloxidase, lysozyme and agglutination titer) and cell ...200919748588
post-autotomy regeneration of respiratory trees in the holothurian apostichopus japonicus (holothuroidea, aspidochirotida).specialised respiratory organs, viz. the respiratory trees attached to the dorsal part of the cloaca, are present in most holothurians. these organs evolved within the class holothuroidea and are absent in other echinoderms. some holothurian species can regenerate their respiratory trees but others lack this ability. respiratory trees therefore provide a model for investigating the origin and evolution of repair mechanisms in animals. we conducted a detailed morphological study of the regenerati ...200919238446
interaction of dietary bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide on the growth performance, non-specific immunity of sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.a feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction of probiotic bacillus subtilis and prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (fos) on the growth performance, immunity, intestinal microflora and disease resistance of sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus). five hundred and forty individuals (initial body weight: 5.06 +/- 0.10 g, mean +/- s.e) were fed nine practical diets according to a 3 x 3 factorial design: the basal diet as the control diet supplemented with three levels of b. subtilis ...201020371291
identification of the pathogens associated with skin ulceration and peristome tumescence in cultured sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus (selenka).the aquaculture of sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus (selenka) has developed rapidly in china in recent years, but is increasingly affected by diseases such as skin ulceration and peristome tumescence. previous studies on the pathogens causing these diseases focused largely on bacterial causes. in december 2008, we isolated four dominant bacterial species from lesions present in a. japonicus with the aforementioned diseases, from a farm in yangkou (qingdao, china). with two of these bacterial ...201020561977
production, characterization and application of monoclonal antibody to spherulocytes: a subpopulation of coelomocytes of apostichopus japonicus.one monoclonal antibody (mab 3f6) against coelomocytes of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus was developed by immunization of balb/c mice. analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay test (iifat), immunocytochemical assay (ica), western blotting and fluorescenceactivated cell sorter (facs), mab 3f6 showed specific for spherulocytes of a. japonicus. the mab 3f6 recognized an antigen of molecular weight 136 kda in western blotting. isotype analysis revealed mab 3f6 as igg type. the flow cytomet ...201020659565
biological characteristics and pathogenicity of a highly pathogenic shewanella marisflavi infecting sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.shewanella marisflavi isolate ap629 is described as a novel pathogen of sea cucumber. the ld(50) values (14 days) in sea cucumber, mice and swordtail fish were 3.89 × 10(6) , 6.80 × 10(4) and 4.85 × 10(4) cfu g(-1) body weight, respectively. studies on s. marisflavi were conducted, including morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, haemolysis, whole-cell protein and 16s rdna gene sequence. colonies of s. marisflavi appeared faint red on marine agar and green on thiosulphate-cit ...201021039606
phenotypic and genetic characterization of bacteria isolated from diseased cultured sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in northeastern china.during the winter-spring from 2004 to 2006 in northeastern china cultured japanese sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus suffered from a serious disease. clinical signs included swollen mouth, skin ulceration and massive mortality. clinical samples taken during this period were studied. thirty-one bacterial samples were isolated from diseased sea cucumbers and identified through biochemical tests, 16s rrna gene sequence analysis and pcr amplification, followed by pathogenicity determination. the r ...201021133322
molecular characterization of the major yolk protein of the japanese common sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) and its expression profile during ovarian development.the most abundant protein in the coelomic fluid of the japanese common sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) was purified through two steps of liquid chromatography. subsequent peptide sequencing and cdna cloning demonstrated that the purified fraction contained two similar but distinct proteins. deduced amino acid sequences of these proteins revealed about 30% identity with those of sea urchin major yolk protein (myp) and therefore they were designated ajmyp1 and ajmyp2. the full-length cdnas f ...201019748596
expression of immune-related genes in embryos and larvae of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.the echinoderm immunity system has been extensively investigated in adults in several classes such as echinoid and holothuroidea. however, the defense mechanism in embryos and larvae remains largely unexplored. to profile the immune-related genes expression in embryos and larvae and to monitor the stimulation of the innate immune response by lipopolysaccharides (lps) challenge, we investigated the expression patterns of nine immune-related genes in embryos and larvae of sea cucumber (apostichopu ...201020673800
difference in thermotolerance between green and red color variants of the japanese sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus selenka: hsp70 and heat-hardening effect.we studied thermal tolerance limits, heat-hardening, and hsp70 to elucidate the difference in thermotolerance between two color variants of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. green and red variants occupy different habitats and have different aestivation responses to high temperature in summer. in the absence of heat-hardening, the variants showed no difference in the temperature at which 50% of the individuals died: green, 31.49 degrees c; red, 31.39 degrees c. however, green specimens ac ...201020203256
discovery of a second salmfamide gene in the sea urchin strongylocentrotus purpuratus reveals that l-type and f-type salmfamide neuropeptides coexist in an echinoderm species.the salmfamides are a family of neuropeptides that act as muscle relaxants in the phylum echinodermata. two types of salmfamides have been identified in echinoderms: firstly, the prototypical l-type salmfamide peptides with the c-terminal sequence leu-x-phe-nh(2) (where x is variable), which have been identified in several starfish species and in the sea cucumber holothuria glaberrima; secondly, f-type salmfamide peptides with the c-terminal sequence phe-x-phe-nh(2), which have been identified i ...201021798202
spatiotemporal expression pattern of gonad-stimulating substance-like peptide of the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.the spatiotemporal expression pattern of gonad-stimulating substance-like peptide-containing polypeptide (gsslp) in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus was examined using immunochemistry. the gsslp was detected in the gonads from shortly before the empirical breeding season (may and june) to july. on the basis of immunoblotting analysis, gsslp showed considerable polymorphism among the organs examined in this study, particularly in the gonads, in which the polymorphism was associated with n- ...201121671913
large scale gene expression profiling during intestine and body wall regeneration in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.sea cucumbers are fascinating invertebrate organisms because of their ability to rapidly regenerate many organs and appendages. in this study 454 cdna sequencing method was used to characterize transcriptome in apostichopus japonicus in order to investigate genes that are active in regeneration. based on sequence similarity with known genes, our analysis identified 6590 genes expressed in the early stages of regeneration of the intestine and body wall. assembled sequences were annotated with gen ...201121501978
[principal component analysis and cluster analysis of inorganic elements in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus].the present study is to investigate the feasibility of multi-elements analysis in determination of the geographical origin of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus, and to make choice of the effective tracers in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus geographical origin assessment. the content of the elements such as al, v, cr, mn, fe, co, ni, cu, zn, as, se, mo, cd, hg and pb in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus samples from seven places of geographical origin were determined by means of icp-ms. t ...201122242530
physiological responses in a variable environment: relationships between metabolism, hsp and thermotolerance in an intertidal-subtidal species.physiological responses to temperature reflect the evolutionary adaptations of organisms to their thermal environment and the capability of animals to tolerate thermal stress. contrary to conventional metabolism theory, increasing environmental temperatures have been shown to reduce metabolic rate in rocky-eulittoral-fringe species inhabiting highly variable environments, possibly as a strategy for energy conservation. to study the physiological adaptations of an intertidal-subtidal species to t ...201122022615
development of new microsatellite dna markers from apostichopus japonicus and their cross-species application in parastichopus parvimensis and pathallus mollis.twenty microsatellite dna markers were developed for sea cucumber and used to investigate polymorphisms of 60 wild apostichopus japonicus individuals collected from china. it revealed that all the markers were polymorphic. a total of 164 alleles were detected at 20 loci. the number of alleles per locus varied from 3 to 17 with an average of 8.2, and the expected heterozygosities of each locus ranged from 0.03 to 0.89 with an average of 0.64. cross-species amplification was also conducted in para ...201122016632
allele-specific pcr genotyping of the hsp70 gene polymorphism discriminating the green and red color variants sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).color variation is a well-known feature of sea cucumbers (apostichopus japonicus), which are classified into three groups based on their colors of red, green and black. it is also one of the most important traits related to how they taste, and it thereby affects their market price. attempts were made to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and to analyze differences associated with snp genotypes between green and red color variants using hsp70 as the target gene. the hsp70 gene, which ...201121867961
expression of apostichopus japonicus lysozyme in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris.apostichopus japonicus (sea cucumber) is one of the economically important farmed echinoderm species in northern china. as a crucial enzyme in innate immunity, lysozyme plays a key role in the overall defense against pathogens in a. japonicus. in the present study, a lysozyme gene from a. japonicus was cloned by pcr and expressed in pichia pastoris using the expression vector ppic9k. the expressed lysozyme had a molecular mass of ∼14 kd, as shown by sds-page and western-blotting. the expression ...201121241808
[immunomodulatory effects of a mixture of apostichopus japonicus and cordyceps militaris on immunocompromised mice].to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of a mixture of a. japonicus and c. militaris on immune functions of immunocompromized mouse model.201121560314
effects of dietary β-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide and their combinations on growth performance, immunity and resistance against vibrio splendidus of sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.a 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary β-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide (mos) and their combinations on growth performance, immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. sea cucumbers (1215 individuals with initial weight of 3.8 ± 0.2 g) were fed nine practical diets according to a 3 × 3 factorial design: the basal diet as the control supplemented with three levels of β-glucan (0, 0.075, 0.15% w/w), crossed with 0, 0.1% (w/w ...201121672632
molecular characterization and expression analysis of a complement component 3 in the sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).the complement system has been discovered in invertebrates and vertebrates, and plays a crucial role in the innate defense against common pathogens. as a central component in the complement system, complement component 3 (c3) is an intermediary between innate and adaptive immune system. in this study, a new isoform of c3 in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus, termed ajc3-2 was identified. its open reading frame (orf) is 5085 bp and encodes for 1695 amino acids with a putative signal peptide ...201121752342
development of respiratory trees in the holothurian apostichopus japonicus (aspidochirotida: holothuroidea).the development of respiratory trees in the holothurian apostichopus japonicus has been studied using light and electron microscopy. primordial respiratory trees emerge in 2-3-mm-long animals (2 months after fertilization). they arise as two independent outgrowths from the dorsal wall of the anterior part of the cloaca. upon first emerging and throughout the course of development, the left respiratory tree is longer than the right one. a common base develops in 4-mm-long animals (2-3 months afte ...201122160455
analysis and comparison of glucocerebroside species from three edible sea cucumbers using liquid chromatography-ion trap-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.sphingolipids constitute a highly diverse and complex class of molecules and exhibit important physiological functions. glucocerebrosides are anticipated to play a positive role in human nutrition. in this study, complicated glucocerebrosides from three specimens of edible sea cucumbers, specifically, acaudina molpadioides, cucumaria frondosa, and apostichopus japonicus, were rapidly identified using liquid chromatography-ion trap-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (lcms-it-tof), which is a powerf ...201122004409
the molecular characterization and expression of heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and 26 (hsp26) cdnas in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).the heat shock proteins (hsps) are a family of proteins whose expression is enhanced in response to environmental stressors. the apostichopus japonicus hsp90 and hsp26 genes were cloned using expressed sequence tag and rapid amplification of cdna ends techniques. the full-length cdna of aphsp90 and aphsp26 contains 3,458 and 1,688 nucleotides encoding 720 and 236 amino acids, respectively. multiple alignments indicated that the deduced amino acid sequences of aphsp90 and aphsp26 shared a high le ...201121484287
effects of potential probiotic bacillus subtilis t13 on growth, immunity and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.a feeding experiment was conducted to determine influences of potential probiotic bacillus subtilis t13 (isolated from intestine of healthy sea cucumbers) on growth, immunity and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus. animals were fed with diets containing b. subtilis t13 at 0, 10(5), 10(7) and 10(9) cfu/g for 30 days, respectively. at the end of the growth trial, fifteen sea cucumbers from each aquarium were sampled for immune in ...201222342649
molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of a c-type lectin (ajctl) from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.for the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus, a c-type lectin (ajctl) was identified using rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) pcr techniques. the full-length cdna of ajctl is composed of 710bp with a 618bp open reading frame (orf) that encodes a polypeptide of 205 amino acids with a n-terminal signal peptide and a c-terminal c-type lectin domain (ctld). the calculated molecular mass of the whole protein is 22.5kda and its predicted isoelectric point is 5.59. ajctl belongs to the group vii of ...201222285695
the protein precursors of peptides that affect the mechanics of connective tissue and/or muscle in the echinoderm apostichopus japonicus.peptides that cause muscle relaxation or contraction or that modulate electrically-induced muscle contraction have been discovered in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (phylum echinodermata; class holothuroidea). by analysing transcriptome sequence data, here the protein precursors of six of these myoactive peptides (the salmfamides sticho-mfamide-1 and -2, ngiwyamide, stichopin, gn-19 and glrfa) have been identified, providing novel insights on neuropeptide and endocrine-type signalling s ...201222952987
antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of polysaccharides from sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.polysaccharides (ajp) were prepared from apostichopus japonicus by protease hydrolysis method. antioxidant activity in vitro and antihyperlipidemic activity in vivo was investigated. chemical composition analysis indicated that ajp was mainly composed of glucosamine, galactosamine, glucuronic acid, mannose, glucose, galactose and fucose, with an average molecular weight of about 36.2 kda. the antioxidant capacities of ajp were, respectively, evaluated by the assays of scavenging dpph, hydroxyl a ...201222944431
new holostan-type triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.two new holostan-type glycosides, holotoxin d1 (1) and 25,26-dihydroxy-holotoxin a1 (2), together with two known analogues, stichlorosides c1 (3) and bivittoside d (4), were isolated from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka. the structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. glycosides 1 and 3 exhibited potent antifungal activity.201223285801
development of 101 gene-based single nucleotide polymorphism markers in sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are currently the marker of choice in a variety of genetic studies. using the high resolution melting (hrm) genotyping approach, 101 gene-based snp markers were developed for apostichopus japonicus, a sea cucumber species with economic significance for the aquaculture industry in east asian countries. hrm analysis revealed that all the loci showed polymorphisms when evaluated using 40 a. japonicus individuals collected from a natural population. the minor a ...201222837680
gene cloning and function analysis of complement b factor-2 of apostichopus japonicus.in this study, a homologue of complement b factor (ajbf-2, genbank id: jn634069.1) was cloned and characterized from apostichopus japonicus by using bioinformatics methods and molecular biotechnologies including homology cloning and race. the full-length cdna of ajbf-2 was composed of 3261bp. the sequence shows 268bp in the 5'ut region, 395bp in the 3'ut region, and 2595 bp in the open reading frame. ajbf-2 gene encodes 865 amino acids. the deduced amino acids sequence and domain structure of aj ...201222728118
new bioactive sulfated alkenes from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.two new alkene sulfates, (5z)-dec-5-en-1-yl sulfate (4) and (3e)-dec-3-en-1-yl sulfate (5), together with three known sulfated alkanes, 2,6-dimethylheptyl sulfate (1), octyl sulfate (2), and decyl sulfate (3), were isolated from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. the structures of the new compounds 4 and 5 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including ¹h-, ¹³c-, and 2d-nmr, esi-ms, and hr-esi-ms. compounds 2 and 3 were isolated from natural sources for the first time. in preliminary ...201222700234
characterization of skin ulceration syndrome associated micrornas in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus by deep sequencing.micrornas (mirnas) constitute a family of small rna species which have been demonstrated to be one of key effectors in mediating host-pathogen interaction. in this study, two haemocytes mirna libraries were constructed with deep sequenced by illumina hiseq2000 from healthy (l1) and skin ulceration syndrome apostichopus japonicus (l2). the high throughput solexa sequencing resulted in 9,579,038 and 7,742,558 clean data from l1 and l2, respectively. sequences analysis revealed that 40 conserved mi ...201222626809
characterization of fifteen snp markers by mining est in sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus. 201222552336
cloning and characterization of a trypsin-like serine protease gene, a novel regeneration-related gene from apostichopus japonicus.trypsin-like serine protease (tls) plays an important role in many physiological processes including wound healing, phlogosis reaction, blood clotting, regeneration etc. in this paper, a 1216 bp full-length cdna sequence of tls including 39 bp 5' utr and 355 bp 3'utr coding for a theoretical 273 amino acids protein was cloned from apostichopus japonicus by means of the race technique for the first time. bioinformatic analysis revealed that the gene with a 20 residues n-terminal signal peptide an ...201222546222
antifungal nortriterpene and triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka.a nortriterpene glycoside, 26-nor-25-oxo-holotoxin a1 (1), four triterpene glycosides, including both holostane and non-holostane types analogues, holotoxins d-g (2-5), together with three known triterpene glycosides, holotoxins a1 and b (6, 7), and cladoloside b (8), were isolated from the warty sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka, a traditional tonic with high economic value in china. the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by a combination of detailed spectroscopic analysi ...201226434293
microbial communities associated with holothurians: presence of unique bacteria in the coelomic fluid.marine invertebrates interact with various microorganisms ranging from pathogens to symbionts. one-to-one symbiosis between a single microbial species and a single host animal has served as a model for the study of host-microbe interactions. in addition, increasing attention has recently been focused on the complex symbiotic associations, e.g., associations between sponges and their symbionts, due to their biotechnological potential; however, relatively little is known about the microbial divers ...201222446312
transcriptome sequencing and characterization for the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (selenka, 1867).sea cucumbers are a special group of marine invertebrates. they occupy a taxonomic position that is believed to be important for understanding the origin and evolution of deuterostomes. some of them such as apostichopus japonicus represent commercially important aquaculture species in asian countries. many efforts have been devoted to increasing the number of expressed sequence tags (ests) for a. japonicus, but a comprehensive characterization of its transcriptome remains lacking. here, we perfo ...201222428017
development and characterization of 70 novel microsatellite markers for the sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).the sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) is an important item in asian cuisine. it is currently produced through aquaculture, especially in china, after being overexploited in the wild in the 1990s. we isolated 70 novel polymorphic microsatellite loci using an enrichment-colony hybridization protocol. all loci were characterized in 48 individuals from a natural population in rongcheng (shandong, china) using genomic dna isolated from muscle tissue. the number of alleles ranged from 2 to 17 (mea ...201222427035
pimarane diterpenes from the fungus epicoccum sp. hs-1 associated with apostichopus japonicus.three new pimarane diterpenes (1, 2 and 3) as well as a known compound 4, were isolated from the marine-derived fungus hs-1 from apostichopus japonicus. their structures and relative stereochemistry of 1-3 were elucidated using a combination of nmr spectroscopy and cd. in the primary bioassay, compounds 1, 2 and 4 inhibited the growth of kb and kbv200 with ic(50) of 3.51, 2.34 μg/ml, 20.74, 14.47 μg/ml, and 3.86, 6.52 μg/ml, respectively.201222418279
identification and expression analysis of two toll-like receptor genes from sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).toll-like receptors (tlrs) are a family of type i integral membrane glycoproteins which play pivotal roles in innate immunity. in this study, two tlrs named ajtlr3 and ajtoll were cloned from sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus). the full-length cdna sequences of ajtlr3 and ajtoll are 3484 bp and 4211 bp, with an open reading frame (orf) of 2679 bp and 2853 bp, encoding 892 and 950 amino acids, respectively. both ajtlr3 and ajtoll are composed of a leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domain, a transmembr ...201323103635
aj-rel and aj-p105, two evolutionary conserved nf-κb homologues in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) and their involvement in lps induced immunity.the nuclear factor κb (nf-κb) has been evolutionary conserved from insects to mammals and plays a major regulatory role in the initiation of physiological responses. in this study, we identified and characterized a primitive and functional nf-κb pathway active in the immune defence of the sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus). the ancient nf-κb homologues, aj-rel and aj-p105, share numerous signature motifs with their vertebrate orthologues, notably the rel homology domain, rel protein signature ...201323022054
neiella marina gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.a novel strain, designated j221(t), was isolated from the intestine of a sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus, collected from earthen ponds in qingdao, china. the strain was gram-negative, oxidase-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile by means of one to several polar flagella. growth of strain j221(t) was observed at temperatures between 10 and 40 °c with optimum growth between 25 and 28 °c. the ph range for growth was 5.0-9.0 with optimum growth at ph 7.5-8.0. the dominant fatty acids were s ...201322904222
[membranotropic effect of some triterpene glycosides possessing immunostimulating properties].the peculiarities of the interaction between cell membrane lipids and triterpene glycosides from holothurians apostichopus japonicus s. and cucumaria japonica (holotoxin a1 and cucumarioside a2-2, respectively) were studied in comparison with plant saponins from quillaja saponaria, known as hemolytic, adjuvant, and structure-forming components of immunostimulating complexes. similar to quillaja saponins, the sea glycosides, holotoxin a1 and cucumarioside a2-2 were shown to possess a high hemolyt ...201318634319
cloning and expression analysis of wnt6 and hox6 during intestinal regeneration in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.many developmental genes play important roles in regeneration. here, we cloned the two developmental genes, wnt6 and hox6, from apostichopus japonicus by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the wnt6 full-length cdna is 1140 bp long with a 1029-bp open reading frame encoding 342 amino acids. the deduced wnt6 protein contained a 22-amino acid signal peptide and a 274-amino acid mature peptide. the hox6 (ajhbox6) full-length cdna contained 1312 bp with a 966-bp ...201324301793
high-throughput sequencing reveals differential expression of mirnas in intestine from sea cucumber during aestivation.the regulatory role of mirna in gene expression is an emerging hot new topic in the control of hypometabolism. sea cucumber aestivation is a complicated physiological process that includes obvious hypometabolism as evidenced by a decrease in the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion, as well as a serious degeneration of the intestine into a very tiny filament. to determine whether mirnas play regulatory roles in this process, the present study analyzed profiles of mirna expr ...201324143179
de novo assembly of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus hemocytes transcriptome to identify mirna targets associated with skin ulceration syndrome.de novo transcriptome sequencing is a robust method of predicting mirna target genes, especially samples without reference genomes. differentially expressed mirnas have been previously identified in hemocytes collected from healthy skin and from skin affected by skin ulceration syndrome (sus) in apostichopusjaponicus. target identification for these differentially expressed mirnas is a major challenge for this non-model organism.201324069201
identification and assessment of differentially expressed genes involved in growth regulation in apostichopus japonicus.rapid and efficient growth is a major consideration and challenge for global mariculture. the differential growth rate of the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus, has significantly hampered the total production of the industry. in the present study, forward and reverse suppression subtractive hybridization libraries were constructed and sequenced from a fast-growth group and a slow-growth group of the sea cucumber. a total of 142 differentially expressed sequence tags (ests) with insertions lon ...201324065658
identification of forty-five gene-derived polymorphic microsatellite loci for the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus. 201323981927
rna-seq reveals dynamic changes of gene expression in key stages of intestine regeneration in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. [corrected].sea cucumbers (holothuroidea; echinodermata) have the capacity to regenerate lost tissues and organs. although the histological and cytological aspects of intestine regeneration have been extensively studied, little is known of the genetic mechanisms involved. there has, however, been a renewed effort to develop a database of expressed sequence tags (ests) in apostichopus japonicus, an economically-important species that occurs in china. this is important for studies on genetic breeding, molecul ...201323936330
comparison of cells free in coelomic and water-vascular system of sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus possesses a variety of cells populating in both the coelomic (cells in the coelomic are called coelomocytes) and water-vascular system. in this study, we compared cells in these two systems of a. japonicus on total cell number, cell types and surface antigens through monoclonal antibodies against coelomocytes. the results demonstrated that the cell types observed in coelomic also could be found in water-vascular system, but the total cell number and perce ...201323911653
gonadogenesis and expression pattern of the vasa gene in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus during early development.vasa has been extensively used as a germ-line marker to trace the origin and migration pathway of primordial germ cells (pgcs) in many organisms, but little work has been reported on vasa genes and the origin of pgcs in holothurians. using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, vasa mrna and protein of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (aj-vasa) was detected in the cytoplasm of the unfertilized egg and was equally distributed in the cytoplasm of early embryos, from the two-cell em ...201323836407
identification of differential expressed proteins and characterization their mrna expression in thermally stressed apostichopus japonicus.in this study, we present a comparative proteomic analysis of the global protein expression changes in sea cucumber after 7 days exposure at 25°c. using two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by maldi-tof ms/ms, 27 protein spots with significant differences in abundance were identified and characterized. the identified proteins belonged primarily to the following four functional categories: cytoskeletal, material and energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis and extracellular matrix. the mrna exp ...201323727926
expression pattern of vasa in gonads of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus during gametogenesis and reproductive cycle.the vasa gene is a reliable germline marker to study the origin and development of germ cells and gonads, although the gene product (mrna or protein) varies between different species. however, there has been little study on vasa genes in holothuroids to date. here we determined the expression characteristics of the apostichopus japonicus vasa gene (aj-vasa) during gametogenesis in the ovary and testis using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. during oogenesis, the expression pattern ...201323542063
the evolution and diversity of salmfamide neuropeptides.the salmfamides are a family of neuropeptides that act as muscle relaxants in echinoderms. two types of salmfamides have been identified: l-type (e.g. the starfish neuropeptides s1 and s2) with the c-terminal motif lxfamide (x is variable) and f-type with the c-terminal motif fxfamide. in the sea urchin strongylocentrotus purpuratus (class echinoidea) there are two salmfamide genes, one encoding l-type salmfamides and a second encoding f-type salmfamides, but hitherto it was not known if this ap ...201323536859
physiological characterization of aerobic culturable bacteria in the intestine of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.various aerobic culturable bacteria (1,133 isolates) were isolated from the gut of apostichopus japonicus (black adult, green adult, black small, green small, black juvenile, and green juvenile sea cucumbers) and from the sea sediment and the seawater using different culture conditions and without enrichment culture. by molecular analysis of partial 16s rrna gene sequences of 231 isolates, they were tentatively affiliated with 53 described species in the phyla firmicutes (42 species), proteobact ...201323518513
eelgrass detritus as a food source for the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka (echinidermata: holothuroidea) in coastal waters of north china: an experimental study in flow-through systems.eelgrass ecosystems have a wide variety of ecological functions in which living tissues and detritus may be a food source for many marine animals. in this study, we conducted a laboratory simulating experiment to understand the trophic relationship between the eelgrass zostera marina l and the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. a mixture of decaying eelgrass debris and seafloor surface muddy sediments was used as food to feed a. japonicus, and then specific growth rates (sgr) and fecal product ...201323505480
molecular cloning and expression-profile analysis of sea cucumber dna (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 and methyl-cpg binding domain type 2/3 genes during aestivation.the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka survives high summer temperature by entering aestivation, characterized by hypometabolism and global gene silencing. we investigated the hypothesis that aestivation is associated with dna methylation-dependent epigenetic mechanisms by cloning, sequencing and measuring the transcript abundances of two genes dnmt1 and mbd2/3, which comprise the dna methylation system in a. japonicus selenka. the deduced amino acid sequences and characteristic motifs ...201323466393
molecular characterization and expression analysis of heat shock cognate 70 after heat stress and lipopolysaccharide challenge in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).a gene encoding hsc70 was cloned from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and named ajhsc70. the full-length cdna sequence was 2,508 bp, containing a 5'-utr of 77 bp, an orf of 2,010 bp encoding 670 amino acids, and a 3'-utr of 421 bp. quantitative rt-pcr analysis revealed that ajhsc70 was expressed constitutively in all of the tested tissues with respiratory tree tissue showing the highest expression level. ajhsc70 expression was significantly induced by lipopolysaccharide, and the expressi ...201323430115
effects of dietary live yeast hanseniaspora opuntiae c21 on the immune and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.a feeding experiment was conducted to determine effects of hanseniaspora opuntiae c21 on immune response and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus. sea cucumbers were fed with either diets containing c21 at 10(4), 10(5) and 10(6) cfu g(-1) feed or a control diet for 30-50 days, respectively. after feeding for 30 days and 45 days, five sea cucumbers from each tank were sampled for immunological analyses. results indicated that c21 ...201323063538
divergent metabolic responses of apostichopus japonicus suffered from skin ulceration syndrome and pathogen challenge.skin ulceration syndrome (sus) is the main limitation in the development of apostichopus japonicus culture industries, in which vibrio splendidus has been well documented as one of the major pathogens. however, the intrinsic mechanisms toward pathogen challenge and disease outbreak remain largely unknown at the metabolic level. in this work, the metabolic responses were investigated in muscles of sea cucumber among natural sus-diseased and v. splendidus-challenged samples. the pathogen did not i ...201324127639
characterization of two negative regulators of the toll-like receptor pathway in apostichopus japonicus: inhibitor of nf-κb and toll-interacting protein.the toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling cascade plays a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens via the specific recognition of distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). however, no negative regulators of the tlr-signaling cascade have been described in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus). in the present study, two negative regulators known as the inhibitor of nf-κb (iκb) and toll-interacting protein (tollip) have been identified in coelomocytes ...201323978566
two adaptor molecules of myd88 and traf6 in apostichopus japonicus toll signaling cascade: molecular cloning and expression analysis.myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (traf6) are two key adaptor molecules in toll-like receptor signal transduction that triggers downstream cascades involved in innate immunity. here we reported the isolation and characterization the full-length cdnas of myd88 and traf6 from sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (denoted as ajmyd88 and ajtraf6, respectively). both of two factors shared a remarkable high degree of structural conservation ...201323886491
[elaboration of immune stimulating lipid-saponin subunit antigen carrier based on glycolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from sea macrophytes and triterpene glycosides from cucumaria japonica].the ability of some triterpene glycosides of holothurians: holotoxin a1 from apostichopus japonicus and a mixture of monosulphated triterpene glycosides from cucumaria japonica called cucumarioside (cd) to form supramolecular complexes with cholesterol (chol) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (mgdg) or phosphatidylcholine (pc) was studied. a transmission electron microscopy method was used to observe supramolecular lipid-saponin complexes formed by holotoxin a1 and cd with cholesterol in the pres ...201425508798
[elaboration of immune stimulating lipid-saponin subunit antigen carrier based on glycolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from sea macrophytes and triterpene glycosides from cucumaria japonica].the ability of some triterpene glycosides of holothurians: holotoxin a1 from apostichopus japonicus and a mixture of monosulphated triterpene glycosides from cucumaria japonica called cucumarioside (cd) to form supramolecular complexes with cholesterol (chol) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (mgdg) or phosphatidylcholine (pc) was studied. a transmission electron microscopy method was used to observe supramolecular lipid-saponin complexes formed by holotoxin a1 and cd with cholesterol in the pres ...201425481946
itraq-based proteomics reveals novel members involved in pathogen challenge in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.skin ulceration syndrome (sus) is considered to be a major constraint for the stable development of apostichopus japonicus culture industries. in this study, we investigated protein changes in the coelomocytes of a. japonicus challenged by vibrio splendidus using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) over a 96 h time course. consequently, 228 differentially expressed proteins were identified in two itraqs. a comparison of the protein expression profiles among different t ...201424949634
identification and characterization of mir-92a and its targets modulating vibrio splendidus challenged apostichopus japonicus.mir-92a is a kind of disease related fine-tuning regulator which is not only related with tumorigenesis and tumor development but also participates in host-pathogen interaction in vertebrates. in present study, the potential targets of mir-92a in apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes were screened by high-throughout sequencing and pcr approaches. total of 10 annotated candidates were identified by hybrid pcr, and 23 were verified from rna-seq, in which smurf, pcbp and megf were found in both metho ...201424747055
cloning and gene expression of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (aif-1) provide new insights into injury and bacteria response of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (selenka, 1867).allograft inflammatory factor-1 (aif-1) is an interferon (ifn)-γ-inducible ca(2+)-binding cytokine that associates with the immune defense and inflammatory response. in this study, we reported aif-1 gene in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (ajaif-1). the full-length cdna of ajaif-1 is 1541 bp with an open reading frame (orf) of 477 bp encoding 158 amino acids. two ef-hand ca(2+)-binding motifs were found in the deduced ajaif-1. ajaif-1 was widely expressed in all tested tissues (body wall, in ...201424704420
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