Publications

competing pressures on populations: long-term dynamics of food availability, food quality, disease, stress and animal abundance.	despite strong links between sociality and fitness that ultimately affect the size of animal populations, the particular social and ecological factors that lead to endangerment are not well understood. here, we synthesize approximately 25 years of data and present new analyses that highlight dynamics in forest composition, food availability, the nutritional quality of food, disease, physiological stress and population size of endangered folivorous red colobus monkeys (procolobus rufomitratus). t ...	0	25870398
vocalizations of east african monkeys. i. red colobus.		1970	4992329
feeding levels and feeding sites of red colobus (colobus badius tephrosceles) in the gombe national park.		1973	4203424
activity patterns of red colobus (colobus badius tephrosceles).		1974	4214736
ranging behaviour of red colobus (colobus badius tephrosceles) in the gombe national park.	the ranging behaviour of one troop of red colobus in the gombe national park is described. the troop moved about its range in a semi-regular fashion, spending much more time in some areas than in others. the distribution of its time was closely correlated with the joint distribution of the three tree species on which the animals fed most. at the time of year when they fed most on shoots and flowers (as opposed to mature leaves) the animals moved furthest each day, visited the greatest number of ...	1975	808989
feeding behaviour of red colobus and black and white colobus in east africa.	the feeding behaviour of one troop of red colobus (colobus badius tephrosceles) was observed between august 1969 and june 1970 in the gombe national park. similar observations were made on two troops of red colobus and two of black and white colobus (c. guereza uellensis) in kibale forest reserve, uganda, between august and october 1970. the red colobus at gombe were highly selective in their choice of food, feeding on the leaves, shoots, flowers and fruit of a wide variety of tree species. the ...	1975	805763
chimpanzee predation as a possible factor in the evolution of red colobus monkey social organization.		1977	28563715
female transference and mate choice among tana river red colobus.	red colobus are one of a small number of primate species in which females have been reported to transfer between breeding groups more commonly than males. several authors have hypothesised that in such species transference may serve to reduce the risk to females of producing offspring of lower fitness through inbreeding. the hypothesis offers no explanation of why females rather than males are responsible for outbreeding in these species, but remains plausible so long as male membership of breed ...	1979	114860
[ontogenesis of facial muscles in primates].	1. the development of facial muscles is studied in embryos of tupaia belangeri, tupaia javanica, nycticebus coucang, galago dimidovii, tarsius bancanus, callithrix jacchus, colobus badius, colobus verus, nasalis larvatus, and homo sapiens. 2. the facial muscles derive from a superficial blastema (anlage of platysma myoides) and another blastema laying beneath the first one (anlage of sphincter colli muscle). both blastemas grow out from mesenchymal cells of the head after the anlagen of all othe ...	1980	7215749
time budget of tana river red colobus.	data on the activity pattern of a group of red colobus monkeys (colobus badius rufomitratus) living along the tana river, kenya, were collected during monthly 5-day observation periods between october 1973 and december 1974. the two most important activities were feeding and resting which occupy about one-third and one-half of daytime, respectively. these proportions vary considerably, however, according to age-sex class, time of day and month of year. compared to a group studied at a rain-fores ...	1981	7194843
diet choice among red colobus (colobus badius rufomitratus) on the tana river, kenya.	the feeding behaviour of a group of red colobus was observed in gallery forest beside the tana river, kenya, between october 1973 and december 1974. food availability was quantified from tree enumeration data and a monthly sample of phenology, 22 species contributed to the annual diet but there was great variation in selection among them. young leaves were not only the most important items in the diet, but also the most consistently selected in relation to their availability. compared to red col ...	1981	7262719
gestation and birth-related behaviors in temminck's red colobus.		1988	3254851
tana river red colobus and crested mangabey: results of recent censuses.	censuses of the tana river red colobus (colobus badius rufomitratus) and crested mangabey (cercocebus galeritus galeritus), primate species endemic to riverine forests of the lower tana river in eastern kenya, showed significant population declines for both species between the mid-1970s and 1980s. red colobus declined in terms of group size and number of groups per forest; the mangabey population declined only in numbers of groups per forest. there was no significant change in mean group age/sex ...	1992	31948170
africa's primates in 1992: conservation issues and options.	there are about 60 species of african primates, and over 50% of these are generally considered to be vulnerable to extinction. planning for the conservation of these primates, and the objective assessment of the degree of endangerment faced by different species and subspecies is hampered, however, by poorly resolved taxonomy and inadequate data on geographic distributions, ecology, and population biology. the african primate species at most imminent risk of extinction may be sclater's guenon, th ...	1994	31936978
patterns of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus monkeys in gombe national park, 1982-1991.	predatory patterns in wild chimpanzees are important evidence in the continuing debate about the role of hunting in the behavior of early hominids. data are presented on the predator-prey ecology of red colobus monkeys colobus badius tephrosceles) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in gombe national park, tanzania, from 1982 through 1991. during this period chimpanzees were observed to kill 429 mammalian prey items, 350 of which were red colobus. hunts were undertaken by chimpanzee ...	1994	8085613
habitat, annual, and seasonal effects on positional behavior in red colobus monkeys.	positional behavior in adult red colobus monkeys (colobus badius) was examined in a variety of ecological contexts. using a focal-animal methodology, we assessed how data collected by different observers, in different years, in different seasons, and in different forests affected estimates of positional behavior. in all, 23,000 bouts were recorded. variation in frequency is greatest in the common behaviors, especially arboreal quadrupedalism. significant behavioral differences occur more often i ...	1995	7726298
positional behavior in five sympatric old world monkeys.	observations of positional behavior and habitat use were recorded on focal individuals of five species of old world monkeys at kibale forest, uganda, through the dry season of 1990 and 1991. cercopithecus ascanius, cercopithecus mitis, cercocebus albigena, colobus badius, and colobus guereza commonly utilize five similar types of positional behavior (i.e., quadrupedalism, leaping, climbing, sitting, and standing), but in varying frequencies and situations. as a group, colobines use oblique suppo ...	1995	7645673
cercopithecid locomotion, support use, and support availability in the tai forest, ivory coast.	habitat heterogeneity is widely theorized to be important in the evolution of old world monkeys, yet the impact of architecturally distinct forest types on the positional repertoires of african monkeys is largely unknown. as part of a wider project, this study investigates how the locomotor behavior of five sympatric cercopithecids varies in structurally distinct forest areas. fieldwork took place in the tai forest, ivory coast, from june 1993 to august 1994. data were collected on colobus badiu ...	1996	8842324
red colobus and diana monkeys provide mutual protection against predators.	we tested the hypothesis that red colobus monkeys, procolobus badius and diana monkeys, cercopithecus diana in taï national park, ivory coast, associate to increase safety from predation. we recorded stratum use, exposure and vigilance of each species in the presence and in the absence of the partner species. in the presence of diana monkeys, red colobus used lower strata more often, were more exposed to the forest floor and looked down less often while foraging. this suggests that red colobus r ...	1997	9794772
the formation of red colobus-diana monkey associations under predation pressure from chimpanzees.	it is generally assumed that most primates live in monospecific or polyspecific groups because group living provides protection against predation, but hard evidence is scarce. we tested the antipredation hypothesis with observational and experimental data on mixed-species groups of red colobus (procolobus badius) and diana monkeys (cercopithecus diana) in the taï national park, ivory coast. red colobus, but not diana monkeys, are frequently killed by cooperatively hunting chimpanzees. associatio ...	1997	9061972
canine tip wear in male and female anthropoids.	one component of the "dual selection hypothesis" (greenfield [1992a] year. phys. anthropol. 35:153-185) is that the tips of female canines are commonly blunted and more frequently so than those of conspecific males. data derived from two randomly selected age-graded samples of macaca fascicularis (n = 70) and colobus badius (n = 59) show that at least 80% of the females exhibit tip blunting on one or both canines and that frequencies of blunting are far greater than those of conspecific males in ...	1998	9740303
demographic influences on the hunting behavior of chimpanzees.	we investigated hunting in an unusually large community of wild chimpanzees at ngogo in the kibale national park, uganda. aspects of predation were recorded with respect to the prey, the predators, and hunting episodes. during 23 months of observation, the ngogo chimpanzees caught 128 prey items from four primate and three ungulate species. chimpanzees preyed selectively on immature red colobus primarily during group hunts, with adult males making the majority of kills. party size and compositio ...	1999	10423261
within-group vigilance in red colobus and redtail monkeys.	in theory, animals are expected to relax vigilance in the safety of large groups. four controlled studies of primates have failed to detect relaxed vigilance as group size increases. the counter-intuitive behavior of primates might arise if another component of vigilance increases with group size, masking any decrease in outward, anti-predator vigilance. surveillance of associates is a major component of primate vigilance and might be expected to increase with group size due to an increase in co ...	1999	10333431
implications of small scale variation in ecological conditions for the diet and density of red colobus monkeys.	in this 3-year investigation we documented patterns of density, diet, and activity of red colobus monkeys (procolobus tephrosceles) in six areas in or near kibale national park, uganda and related these patterns to availability of food resources. there were large differences in the density and behavior of the red colobus among the sites. for example, the red colobus at one site with a diverse plant community of more than 61 tree species, had a diet that included at least 42 species. in contrast, ...	1999	23179542
analysis of a bone assemblage made by chimpanzees at gombe national park, tanzania.	chimpanzee hunting provides information on prey characteristics and constraints acting on a large-bodied primate lacking a hunting technology, and has important implications for modeling hunting by fossil hominids. analysis of the remains of five red colobus monkeys captured and consumed by gombe chimpanzees in a single hunting bout provides one of the first opportunities to investigate the characteristics of prey bones surviving chimpanzee consumption. four of the five individuals (an older inf ...	2000	10964533
catarrhine photopigments are optimized for detecting targets against a foliage background.	the colour vision of many primates is trichromatic, whereas that of all other mammals is thought to be dichromatic or monochromatic. moreover, the triplets of cone pigments in different catarrhines (old world apes and monkeys) are strikingly similar in their spectral positions. we ask whether the selective advantage of trichromacy lies in an enhanced ability to find edible leaves or fruit. further, we ask whether any factor in these two search tasks has constrained the particular set of cone spe ...	2000	10851115
papio cynocephalus endogenous retrovirus among old world monkeys: evidence for coevolution and ancient cross-species transmissions.	to study the evolutionary history of papio cynocephalus endogenous retrovirus (pcev), we analyzed the distribution and genetic characteristics of pcev among 17 different species of primates. the viral pol-env and long terminal repeat and untranslated region (ltr-utr) sequences could be recovered from all old world species of the papionin tribe, which includes baboons, macaques, geladas, and mangabeys, but not from the new world monkeys and hominoids we tested. the old world genera cercopithecus ...	2000	10627573
scale issues in the study of primate foraging: red colobus of kibale national park.	diet data have been used to address a number of theoretical issues. we often calculate the proportion of time spent eating different foods (e.g., fruits, leaves) to place species into dietary categories and contrast morphological or behavioral traits among categories. yet we have little understanding of how flexible species can be in terms of the plant parts and species consumed. to address this issue, we analyzed data on the diets of red colobus monkeys (procolobus badius) from kibale national ...	2002	11920371
bone geometry in cercopithecoid mandibles.	this study explores the relation between cortical bone geometry in the mandibular corpus and in vivo masticatory stress patterns and dietary specialization in cercopithecoid primates. cortical bone distribution in the mandibles of three species of old world monkeys (macaca fascicularis, procolobus badius, lophocebus albigena) was measured by computed tomography. the arrangement of bone within sections was quantified as (1) the ratio of cortical area to the enclosed (total) subperiosteal area; (2 ...	2002	11922874
foraging challenges of red colobus monkeys: influence of nutrients and secondary compounds.	the diet selection of two groups of red colobus monkeys (procolobus badius) in kibale national park, uganda are considered with respect to protein, fiber, digestibility, alkaloids, total phenolics, tannins, saponins, and cyanogenic glycosides. both groups selected young leaves over mature leaves and young leaves had more protein, were more digestible, and had a higher protein to fiber ratio than mature leaves. young and mature leaves did not differ with respect to secondary compounds. there were ...	2002	12443942
functional implications of enamel thickness in the lower molars of red colobus (procolobus badius) and japanese macaque (macaca fuscata).	the purpose of this study is to determine whether teeth are likely to retain their functional efficiency throughout an individual's life time. this was done by comparing the enamel volume, the cross-sectional enamel area and the pattern of enamel distribution on unworn m(2)s of folivorous (procolobus badius: red colobus; n=8) and frugivorous (macaca fuscata: japanese macaque; n=6) cercopithecids. the enamel volume of m. fuscata is significantly greater than that of p. badius. as the lower molars ...	2002	12457851
the single species hypothesis: truly dead and pushing up bushes, or still twitching and ripe for resuscitation?	frank livingstone proclaims himself to be the last living proponent of the single species hypothesis. in sharp contrast, a species-rich, bushy phylogeny is favored by most human paleontologists. is livingstone's proclamation merely contrarian posturing, or does closer inspection warrant reconsideration of just how speciose the hominin lineage is? the high-speciation perspective draws on evidence of speciosity in the cercopithecoidea and punctuated equilibria theory for support. if blue monkeys a ...	2003	14655873
partial molecular characterization of two simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv) from african colobids: sivwrc from western red colobus (piliocolobus badius) and sivolc from olive colobus (procolobus verus).	in order to study primate lentivirus evolution in the colobinae subfamily, in which only one simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been described to date, we screened additional species from the three different genera of african colobus monkeys for siv infection. blood was obtained from 13 west african colobids, and hiv cross-reactive antibodies were observed in 5 of 10 piliocolobus badius, 1 of 2 procolobus verus, and 0 of 1 colobus polykomos specimens. phylogenetic analyses of partial pol se ...	2003	12477880
determinants of colobine monkey abundance: the importance of food energy, protein and fibre content.	a fundamental ecological question is what determines the abundance of animals? answering this question is vital in the formulation of effective management plans for endangered or threatened species. however, there are few general hypotheses proposed to account for variation in animal abundance. studies of folivorous primates are a notable exception. in this group, the protein to fibre ratio of mature leaves is a significant predictor of biomass. however, dasilva (1992) suggested that the availab ...	2003	30893972
high variety of different simian t-cell leukemia virus type 1 strains in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) of the taï national park, côte d'ivoire.	we found human t-cell leukemia virus type 1- and simian t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (stlv-1)-related infections in 5 of 10 chimpanzees originating from three groups of wild chimpanzees. the new virus isolates showed a surprising heterogeneity not only in comparison to stlv-1 described previously in other primate species but also between the different chimpanzee groups, within a group, or even between strains isolated from an individual animal. the interdisciplinary combination of virology, mole ...	2004	15047848
significance of color, calories, and climate to the visual ecology of catarrhines.	here we describe correlations among visual ecology and the physiochemical properties of fruits and leaves consumed by four species of catarrhine primate: cercopithecus ascanius, colobus guereza, pan troglodytes, and piliocolobus badius. collectively, their diet was diverse, with each species relying on fruits and leaves to different extents. the mean chromaticity of both foods, as perceived by the green-red and yellow-blue signals that catarrhines decode, was distinct from background foliage. ho ...	2004	15027092
parasite prevalence and richness in sympatric colobines: effects of host density.	factors that influence proximity and the number and duration of contacts among individuals can influence parasite transmission among hosts, and thus parasite prevalence and species richness are expected to increase with increasing host density. to examine this prediction we took advantage of a unique situation. following the clearing of a forest fragment that supported red colobus (piliocolobus tephrosceles) and black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza), the animals moved into a neighboring frag ...	2005	16229007
red colobus as prey: the leaping habits of five sympatric old world monkeys.	this study explored the leaping habits of five sympatric old world monkeys (colobus badius, colobus guereza, cercopithecus ascanius, cercopithecus mitis and cercocebus albigena) in an attempt to determine why chimpanzees prefer to hunt red colobus. we videotaped the leaps of the monkeys for 3 months in uganda's kibale national park. data were collected on leap preparation time as well as several other variables of the leaps. the leap preparation time of red colobus was found to be about double t ...	2005	15775681
group size in folivorous primates: ecological constraints and the possible influence of social factors.	the ecological-constraints model assumes that food items occur in depletable patches and proposes that an increase in group size leads to increased day range due to more rapid patch depletion. smaller groups become advantageous when an increase in travel costs is not repaid by an increase in energy gained or some other fitness advantage. on the other hand, we also know that group size can be influenced by social factors. here we contrast the diet and group size of red colobus (procolobus badius) ...	2005	15197599
gastrointestinal parasites of the colobus monkeys of uganda.	from august 1997 to july 2003, we collected 2,103 fecal samples from free-ranging individuals of the 3 colobus monkey species of uganda-the endangered red colobus (piliocolobus tephrosceles), the eastern black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza), and the angolan black-and-white colobus (c. angolensis)--to identify and determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. helminth eggs, larvae, and protozoan cysts were isolated by sodium nitrate flotation and fecal sedimentation. coprocultures ...	2005	16108549
gastrointestinal parasites of critically endangered primates endemic to tana river, kenya: tana river red colobus (procolobus rufomitratus) and crested mangabey (cercocebus galeritus).	we conducted fecal egg counts of gastrointestinal parasites of 2 critically endangered primates endemic to the forest of tana river, kenya. we aimed to use the fecal egg counts as proxies to quantify the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites between the 2 primates. the tana river red colobus (procolobus rufomitratus) and crested mangabey (cercocebus galeritus) are of similar body size, but their behavioral ecology is very different. we predicted that mangabeys would have a higher prevalence o ...	2006	17152930
do food availability, parasitism, and stress have synergistic effects on red colobus populations living in forest fragments?	identifying factors that influence animal density is a fundamental goal in ecology that has taken on new importance with the need to develop informed management plans. this is particularly the case for primates as the tropical forest that supports many species is being rapidly converted. we use a system of forest fragments adjacent to kibale national park, uganda, to examine if food availability and parasite infections have synergistic affects on red colobus (piliocolobus tephrosceles) abundance ...	2006	16958077
prediction of parasite infection dynamics in primate metapopulations based on attributes of forest fragmentation.	although the effects of forest fragmentation on species and ecological processes have been the focus of considerable research in conservation biology, our capacity to predict how processes will be altered and which taxonomic or functional groups will be most affected by fragmentation is still poor. this problem is exacerbated by inherent temporal and spatial variability in fragment attributes. to improve our understanding of this interplay, we examined how various fragment attributes affect one ...	2006	16903105
killing of a pearl-spotted owlet (glaucidium perlatum) by male red colobus monkeys (procolobus tephrosceles) in a forest fragment near kibale national park, uganda.	adult male red colobus (procolobus tephrosceles) were observed capturing and killing an owl (glaucidium perlatum) in the rurama forest fragment near kibale national park in western uganda. the owl was not subsequently eaten by the colobus, their conspecifics, or the other primates present during the attack. because the incident was preceded by an agonistic encounter with a raptor, the event is best interpreted as a misdirected antipredator behavior. although antipredator behaviors are not unknow ...	2006	16892411
life on the edge: gastrointestinal parasites from the forest edge and interior primate groups.	humans are responsible for massive changes to primate habitats, and one unanticipated consequence of these alterations may be changes in host-parasite interactions. edges are a ubiquitous aspect of human disturbance to forest landscapes. here we examine how changes associated with the creation of edges in kibale national park, uganda, alter the parasite community that is supported by two species of african colobines: the endangered red colobus (piliocolobus tephrosceles) and the black-and-white ...	2006	16534810
spatial distribution of primates in a mosaic of colonizing and old growth forest at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda.	primate censuses were conducted in a mosaic of colonizing (two locations) and old-growth forests using line transect methods at the ngogo study site, kibale national park, uganda. black and white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) were encountered more frequently in the colonizing forests than in the old growth forest, while chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) were encountered more frequently in the old growth forest than in colonizing forests. although not significant, results suggest that blue monkey ...	2006	16479411
extra-group sexual consortship in the tana river red colobus (procolobus rufomitratus) ?		2006	12399660
drinking observations in temminck's red colobus.		2006	12207061
absence of intragroup coalitions in adult male red colobus (colobus badius tephrosceles) in the kibale national park, uganda.		2006	11275753
vegetative predictors of primate abundance: utility and limitations of a fine-scale analysis.	determining ecological predictors of primate abundance is important for both theoretical and applied conservation management. for forest primates, research has focused on comparisons of primate abundance and vegetation in different forest blocks or forest compartments with different management histories. however, great variation in primate abundance often occurs within single forests, especially in mountainous areas or in areas with habitat mosaics due to past disturbance. here we assess, for th ...	2007	17358022
taphonomic analysis of skeletal remains from chimpanzee hunts at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda.	this study provides a taphonomic analysis of the largest known sample of bone fragments collected from chimpanzee hunts. the entire sample consists of 455 bone fragments from 57 chimpanzee hunting episodes of 65 prey individuals at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda. it has low taxonomic diversity, consisting overwhelmingly of primates, especially red colobus monkeys. the age distribution of the prey remains is skewed towards pre-adults. cranial bones are the dominant element, followed by long ...	2007	17346774
primate abundance along five transect lines at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda.	using the line transect methods, i studied the primate density at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda for 18 months. comparisons with other studies show that the population of red colobus monkeys (procolobus rufomitratus) and blue monkeys (cercopithecus mitis) is declining, whereas the populations of black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza), red-tailed monkeys (cercopithecus ascanius), grey-cheeked mangabeys (lophocebus albigena), baboons (papio anubis), and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) remain ...	2007	17330309
giardia sp. and cryptosporidium sp. infections in primates in fragmented and undisturbed forest in western uganda.	in june 2005, we collected 115 fecal samples from wild primates in western uganda and examined them for cryptosporidium sp. and giardia sp. with the use of immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) detection. we sampled primates from an undisturbed forest in kibale national park and from 3 highly disturbed forest fragments outside the park. of disturbed forest samples, red colobus (pilocolobus tephrosceles) and red-tailed guenons (cercopithecus ascanius) harbored species of cryptosporidium or giardia, bu ...	2007	17539436
temporal dynamics of nutrition, parasitism, and stress in colobus monkeys: implications for population regulation and conservation.	the need to develop conservation plans calls for the ability to identify ecological factors that influence population density. because stress is known to affect fecundity and mortality, increasing stress may provide a warning of potential population declines. we examined the effects of temporal variation in nutrition and parasitism on stress in endangered red colobus monkeys in kibale national park, uganda. first, we tested the hypothesis that parasitism and nutrition would individually affect s ...	2007	17596853
scavenging by chimpanzees at ngogo and the relevance of chimpanzee scavenging to early hominin behavioral ecology.	chimpanzees regularly hunt a variety of prey species. however, they rarely scavenge, which distinguishes chimpanzee carnivory from that of some modern hunter-gatherers and, presumably, at least some plio-pleistocene hominins. i use observations made over an 11-year period to document all known opportunities for scavenging encountered by chimpanzees at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda, and describe all cases of scavenging. i also review data on scavenging from other chimpanzee research sites. ...	2008	17900659
prevalence and genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living red colobus monkeys (piliocolobus badius badius) from the taï forest, côte d'ivoire sivwrc in wild-living western red colobus monkeys.	numerous african primates are infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). it is now well established that the clade of sivs infecting west-central african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) represent the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), whereas hiv-2 results from different cross-species transmissions of sivsmm from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys atys). we present here the first molecular epidemiological ...	2008	17916449
mitochondrial relationships and divergence dates of the african colobines: evidence of miocene origins for the living colobus monkeys.	the african colobines represent a neglected area of cercopithecid systematics. resolving the phylogenetic relationships and estimating divergence dates among the living forms will provide insight into the evolution of this group and may shed light upon the evolution of other african primates as well. this is the first molecular assessment of the evolutionary relationships among the modern colobus monkeys, which are comprised of the black-and-white, olive, and red colobus groups. over 4,000 base ...	2008	18423802
full molecular characterization of a simian immunodeficiency virus, sivwrcpbt from temminck's red colobus (piliocolobus badius temminckii) from abuko nature reserve, the gambia.	simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) are found in an extensive number of african primates, and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling of primate bushmeat. the purpose of our study was to examine to what extent piliocolobus badius subspecies are infected with siv in order to better characterize sivwrc in general and to gain further insight into the impact of geographic barriers and subspeciation on the evolution of sivwrc. we analysed sixteen faecal samples and t ...	2008	18442839
frequent water drinking by zanzibar red colobus (procolobus kirkii) in a mangrove forest refuge.	isolated populations of procolobus kirkii on uzi island, zanzibar, use rhizophora mucronata-dominated mangrove forest for refuge. three groups, observed over 14 months, spent up to 85% of total observation time in mangroves with brief excursions to adjacent upland coral rag forest, habitat degraded by human cutting. a large proportion of monkeys' diets consisted of plant parts of five mangrove species. water drinking was common and 326 water-drinking events were recorded at a rate of up to 0.87 ...	2008	18651613
bigger groups have fewer parasites and similar cortisol levels: a multi-group analysis in red colobus monkeys.	if stress and disease impose fitness costs, and if those costs vary as a function of group size, then stress and disease should exert selection pressures on group size. we assessed the relationships between group size, stress, and parasite infections across nine groups of red colobus monkeys (procolobus rufomitratus) in kibale national park, uganda. we used fecal cortisol as a measure of physiological stress and examined fecal samples to assess the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal he ...	2008	18666135
measuring physical traits of primates remotely: the use of parallel lasers.	physical traits, such as body size, and processes like growth can be used as indices of primate health and can add to our understanding of life history and behavior. accurately measuring physical traits in the wild can be challenging because capture is difficult, disrupts animals, and may cause injury. to measure physical traits of arboreal primates remotely, we adapted a parallel laser technique that has been used with terrestrial and marine mammals. two parallel lasers separated by a known dis ...	2008	18767123
morphology of enterobius (colobenterobius) colobis vuylstéke, 1964 (nematoda: oxyuridae: enterobiinae) collected from an ashy red colobus, procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles (elliot, 1907) (primates: cercopithecidae: colobinae), in uganda.	enterobius (colobenterobius) colobis vuylstéke, 1964 (nematoda: oxyuridae) is redescribed based on males and females collected from an ashy red colobus, procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles (elliot, 1907) (primates: cercopithecidae: colobinae), in uganda. two morphotypes are recognized among females, which are readily distinguished by tail length, termination level of lateral alae, and egg size. the relative position of cellular wall greatly varied in the ovijector, indicating its limited system ...	2008	18973417
serologic evidence for novel poxvirus in endangered red colobus monkeys, western uganda.	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and virus neutralization assays indicated that red colobus monkeys in kibale national park, western uganda, had antibodies to a virus that was similar, but not identical, to known orthopoxviruses. the presence of a novel poxvirus in this endangered primate raises public health and conservation concerns.	2008	18439366
influence of chimpanzee predation on the red colobus population at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda.	frequent hunting of red colobus monkeys (procolobus rufomitratus) takes place at all long-term chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) study sites where both species are present. red colobus are the most commonly selected prey of chimpanzees even when other monkey species are more abundant. in particular, the chimpanzee community at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda, preys heavily on red colobus monkeys: the chimpanzee hunting success rate is extremely high, and chimpanzees kill many individuals per succ ...	2008	17906844
forest fragmentation, the decline of an endangered primate, and changes in host-parasite interactions relative to an unfragmented forest.	forest fragmentation may alter host-parasite interactions in ways that contribute to host population declines. we tested this prediction by examining parasite infections and the abundance of infective helminths in 20 forest fragments and in unfragmented forest in kibale national park, uganda. over 4 years, the endangered red colobus (procolobus rufomitratus) declined by 20% in fragments, whereas the black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza) in fragments and populations of both colobines in unfra ...	2008	17879941
host density and human activities mediate increased parasite prevalence and richness in primates threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation.	1. habitat loss and fragmentation are the principal causes of the loss of biological diversity. in addition, parasitic diseases are an emerging threat to many animals. nevertheless, relatively few studies have tested how habitat loss and fragmentation influence the prevalence and richness of parasites in animals. 2. several studies of nonhuman primates have shown that measures of human activity and forest fragmentation correlate with parasitism in primates. however, these studies have not tested ...	2009	19120603
species, age and sex differences in type and frequencies of injuries and impairments among four arboreal primate species in kibale national park, uganda.	animals in the wild often have physical impairments that can affect their fitness. the aim of this study was to compare injuries and impairments of four different primate species (black-and-white colobus, red colobus, red-tailed monkeys, and grey-cheeked mangabeys) living in kibale national park (uganda), and estimate the proportion of injured and impaired individuals among the sexes and age classes. the species differed in the proportion of individuals with injuries and impairments, with 16.7% ...	2009	19067112
dental topography and diets of four old world monkey species.	dental topographic analysis allows comparisons of variably worn teeth within and between species to infer relationships between dental form and diet in living primates, with implications for reconstructing feeding adaptations of fossil forms. although analyses to date have been limited mainly to the m(2)s of a few primate taxa, these suggest that dental topographic analysis holds considerable promise. still, larger samples including a greater range of species and different tooth types are needed ...	2009	19367586
craniofacial variation and dietary adaptations of african colobines.	african colobine monkeys show considerable craniofacial variation among species, although the evolutionary causes of this diversity are unclear. in light of growing evidence that diet varies considerably among colobine species, we investigated whether colobine craniofacial morphology varies as a function of their diet. we compared craniofacial morphology among five african species: colobus angolensis, c. guereza, c. polykomos, piliocolobus badius, and p. verus. matrix correlation analysis indica ...	2009	19447469
the primates of the udzungwa mountains: diversity, ecology and conservation.	the udzungwa mountains are one of the most important areas in africa for primate diversity and conservation, with two endemic monkeys (udzungwa red colobus procolobus gordonorum and sanje mangabey cercocebus [galeritus] sanjei), and the near-endemic kipunji monkey rungwecebus kipunji, a new genus and species discovered in 2004 and found in udzungwa and southern highlands. with six species of galagos, or bushbabies, the area is also of exceptional importance for nocturnal primates. the form of mo ...	2009	19663171
coinfection of ugandan red colobus (procolobus [piliocolobus] rufomitratus tephrosceles) with novel, divergent delta-, lenti-, and spumaretroviruses.	nonhuman primates host a plethora of potentially zoonotic microbes, with simian retroviruses receiving heightened attention due to their roles in the origins of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. however, incomplete taxonomic and geographic sampling of potential hosts, especially the african colobines, has left the full range of primate retrovirus diversity unexplored. blood samples collected from 31 wild-living red colobus monkeys (procolobus [piliocolobus] rufomitratus te ...	2009	19692478
full-length genome characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus lineage (sivolc) from olive colobus (procolobus verus) and new sivwrcpbb strains from western red colobus (piliocolobus badius badius) from the tai forest in ivory coast.	simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) are found in an extensive number of african primates and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling of primate bushmeat. full-length genome sequences were obtained from sivs derived from two colobinae species inhabiting the taï forest, ivory coast, each belonging to a different genus: sivwrc from western red colobus (piliocolobus badius badius) (sivwrcpbb-98ci04 and sivwrcpbb-97ci14) and sivolc (sivolc-97ci12) from olive colobus ...	2009	18922864
material property variation of mandibular symphyseal bone in colobine monkeys.	the anterior mandibular corpus of anthropoid primates is routinely subjected to masticatory loads that result in relatively high local levels of stress and strain. while structural morphological responses to these loads have been extensively explored, relatively little is known about material property variation in mandibular bone of nonhuman primates. consequently, the role of regional and local variation in bone stiffness in conditioning stress and strain gradients is poorly understood. we samp ...	2009	18946868
masturbation observations in temmnick's red colobus.		2009	15010587
understanding long-term primate community dynamics: implications of forest change.	understanding the causes of population declines often involves comprehending a complex set of interactions linking environmental and biotic changes, which in combination overwhelm a population's ability to persist. to understand these relationships, especially for long-lived large mammals, long-term data are required, but rarely available. here we use 26-36 years of population and habitat data to determine the potential causes of group density changes for five species of primates in kibale natio ...	2010	20349839
high prevalence, coinfection rate, and genetic diversity of retroviruses in wild red colobus monkeys (piliocolobus badius badius) in tai national park, cote d'ivoire.	simian retroviruses are precursors of all human retroviral pathogens. however, little is known about the prevalence and coinfection rates or the genetic diversity of major retroviruses-simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), simian t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (stlv-1), and simian foamy virus (sfv)-in wild populations of nonhuman primates. such information would contribute to the understanding of the natural history of retroviruses in various host species. here, we estimate these parameters for ...	2010	20484508
play behavior of red colobus monkeys in kibale national park, uganda.	play is a conspicuous behavior in primates, yet there are few detailed species-specific accounts of primate play. this article presents the results of a 1-year study of play in red colobus monkeys (procolobus rufomitratus). descriptions of play frequencies and types of play are provided from infancy through adulthood. age and sex comparisons are discussed in light of other research and hypotheses that may explain these observations.	2010	20881405
characterization of the fecal microbiome from non-human wild primates reveals species specific microbial communities.	host-associated microbes comprise an integral part of animal digestive systems and these interactions have a long evolutionary history. it has been hypothesized that the gastrointestinal microbiome of humans and other non-human primates may have played significant roles in host evolution by facilitating a range of dietary adaptations. we have undertaken a comparative sequencing survey of the gastrointestinal microbiomes of several non-human primate species, with the goal of better understanding ...	2010	21103066
reduced stiffness of alveolar bone in the colobine mandible.	alveolar bone has several mechanical functions, including tooth support and accommodation of occlusal and other masticatory forces. its unique functional-mechanical environment is reflected by its structural characteristics, but whether alveolar bone is materially distinct from bone elsewhere in the primate facial skeleton is uncertain. this uncertainty is attributable not only to a limited amount of data but also to conflicting findings among these data. we evaluated elastic modulus variation i ...	2010	21302268
molecular epidemiology of cross-species giardia duodenalis transmission in western uganda.	giardia duodenalis is prevalent in tropical settings where diverse opportunities exist for transmission between people and animals. we conducted a cross-sectional study of g. duodenalis in people, livestock, and wild primates near kibale national park, uganda, where human-livestock-wildlife interaction is high due to habitat disturbance. our goal was to infer the cross-species transmission potential of g. duodenalis using molecular methods and to investigate clinical consequences of infection.	2010	20485494
the presence of a vpu gene and the lack of nef-mediated downmodulation of t cell receptor-cd3 are not always linked in primate lentiviruses.	nef is an accessory protein critical for the ability of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv) to replicate efficiently in their respective hosts. previous analyses of members of 15 different primate lentivirus lineages revealed a link between nef function and the presence of a vpu gene. in particular, nef proteins of all vpu-containing viruses had lost their ability to downmodulate the t cell (tcr-cd3) receptor. here we examined nef proteins from eight additional siv lineages, ...	2010	21068258
no evidence for transmission of sivwrc from western red colobus monkeys (piliocolobus badius badius) to wild west african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) despite high exposure through hunting.	simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) are the precursors of human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs) which have led to the worldwide hiv/aids pandemic. by studying sivs in wild primates we can better understand the circulation of these viruses in their natural hosts and habitat, and perhaps identify factors that influence susceptibility and transmission within and between various host species. we investigated the siv status of wild west african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) which frequently ...	2011	21284842
joint inference of microsatellite mutation models, population history and genealogies using transdimensional markov chain monte carlo.	we provide a framework for bayesian coalescent inference from microsatellite data that enables inference of population history parameters averaged over microsatellite mutation models. to achieve this we first implemented a rich family of microsatellite mutation models and related components in the software package beast. beast is a powerful tool that performs bayesian mcmc analysis on molecular data to make coalescent and evolutionary inferences. our implementation permits the application of exi ...	2011	21385725
long-term research sites as refugia for threatened and over-harvested species.	the presence of researchers, ecotourists or rangers inside protected areas is generally assumed to provide a protective effect for wildlife populations, mainly by reducing poaching pressure. however, this assumption has rarely been empirically tested. here, we evaluate and quantify the conservation benefits of the presence of a long-term research area in taï national park, côte d'ivoire. a wildlife survey following 225 km of line transects revealed considerably higher primate and duiker encounte ...	2011	21450724
novel, divergent simian hemorrhagic fever viruses in a wild ugandan red colobus monkey discovered using direct pyrosequencing.	simian hemorrhagic fever virus (shfv) has caused lethal outbreaks of hemorrhagic disease in captive primates, but its distribution in wild primates has remained obscure. here, we describe the discovery and genetic characterization by direct pyrosequencing of two novel, divergent shfv variants co-infecting a single male red colobus monkey from kibale national park, uganda.	2011	21544192
primate population dynamics over 32.9 years at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda.	we present census data for eight primate species spanning 32.9 years along the same transect at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda, demonstrating major changes in the composition of the primate community. correlated with an estimated decline of ∼89% in the red colobus population was an increase in encounter rates with chimpanzee parties. our data, along with the unusually high rates of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus at ngogo and the fact that the chimpanzee community at ngogo is the la ...	2011	21557287
Novel Multiplexed HIV/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody Detection Assay.	Like most emerging infectious disease viruses, HIV is also of zoonotic origin. To assess the risk for cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from nonhuman primates to humans in the Democratic Republic of Congo, we collected 330 samples derived from nonhuman primate bushmeat at 3 remote forest sites. SIV prevalences were estimated by using a novel high-throughput assay that included 34 HIV and SIV antigens in a single well. Overall, 19% of nonhuman primate bushmeat w ...	2011	22172157
lack of evidence of simian immunodeficiency virus infection among nonhuman primates in taï national park, côte d'ivoire: limitations of noninvasive methods and siv diagnostic tools for studies of primate retroviruses.	it is now well established that the human immunodeficiency viruses, hiv-1 and hiv-2, are the results of cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv) naturally infecting nonhuman primates in sub-saharan africa. sivs are found in many african primates, and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling primate bushmeat. sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) and western red colobus (piliocolobus badius badius) are infected with siv at a high rate in the t ...	2011	23950618
hunting, law enforcement, and african primate conservation.	primates are regularly hunted for bushmeat in tropical forests, and systematic ecological monitoring can help determine the effect hunting has on these and other hunted species. monitoring can also be used to inform law enforcement and managers of where hunting is concentrated. we evaluated the effects of law enforcement informed by monitoring data on density and spatial distribution of 8 monkey species in taï national park, côte d'ivoire. we conducted intensive surveys of monkeys and looked for ...	2012	22394275
patch depletion behavior differs between sympatric folivorous primates.	food competition in group-living animals is commonly accepted as a critical determinant of foraging strategies and social organization. here we examine food patch depletion behavior in a leaf-eating (folivorous) primate, the guereza (colobus guereza). snaith and chapman (2005) studied the sympatric folivorous red colobus (procolobus rufomitratus), which shares many food resources with the guereza. they determined that red colobus deplete the patches (feeding trees) they use, while we found contr ...	2012	21909710
variable microsatellite loci for population genetic analysis of old world monkey lice (pedicinus sp.).	parasitic lice have been valuable informants of their host's evolutionary history because they complete their entire life cycle on the host and move between hosts primarily through direct host-to-host contact. therefore, lice are confined to their hosts both in ecological and evolutionary time. lice on great apes have been studied to examine details of their host's evolutionary history; however, species of pedicinus, which parasitize the old world monkeys, are less well known. we sampled lice fr ...	2012	22509906
primate dna suggests long-term stability of an african rainforest.	red colobus monkeys, due to their sensitivity to environmental change, are indicator species of the overall health of their tropical rainforest habitats. as a result of habitat loss and overhunting, they are among the most endangered primates in the world, with very few viable populations remaining. traditionally, extant indicator species have been used to signify the conditions of their current habitats, but they have also been employed to track past environmental conditions by detecting previo ...	2012	23170217
estrogenic plant consumption predicts red colobus monkey (procolobus rufomitratus) hormonal state and behavior.	numerous studies have examined the effects of anthropogenic endocrine disrupting compounds; however, very little is known about the effects of naturally occurring plant-produced estrogenic compounds (i.e., phytoestrogens) on vertebrates. to examine the seasonal pattern of phytoestrogen consumption and its relationship to hormone levels (407 fecal samples analyzed for estradiol and cortisol) and social behavior (aggression, mating, and grooming) in a primate, we conducted an 11-month field study ...	2012	23010620
attempted predation by nigeria-cameroon chimpanzees (pan troglodytes ellioti) on preuss's red colobus (procolobus preussi) in the ebo forest, cameroon.	we describe the first observation of a predation attempt by nigerian-cameroon chimpanzees (pan troglodytes ellioti) on preuss's red colobus (procolobus preussi) in the ebo forest, cameroon. the activity, which was observed for 15 min, primarily involved 1 chimpanzee and 1 red colobus individual, with a further 2 chimpanzees observing the event. although the behaviour was interrupted when we were detected by the chimpanzees, we believe that this is the first recorded observation of hunting behavi ...	2012	23363592
estrogenic plant foods of red colobus monkeys and mountain gorillas in uganda.	phytoestrogens, or naturally occurring estrogen-mimicking compounds, are found in many human plant foods, such as soybeans (glycine max) and other legumes. because the consumption of phytoestrogens may result in both health benefits of protecting against estrogen-dependent cancers and reproductive costs of disrupting the developing endocrine system, considerable biomedical research has been focused on the physiological and behavioral effects of these compounds. despite this interest, little is k ...	2012	22460223
parasitology of five primates in mahale mountains national park, tanzania.	parasitological surveillance in primates has been performed using coprological observation and identification of specimens from chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in mahale mountains national park, tanzania (mahale). in this study, we conducted coprological surveillance to identify the fauna of parasite infection in five primate species in mahale: red colobus (procolobus badius tephrosceles), red-tailed monkeys (cercopithecus ascanius schmidti), vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops p ...	2012	22661394
fecal microbiomes of non-human primates in western uganda reveal species-specific communities largely resistant to habitat perturbation.	primate gastrointestinal microbial communities are becoming increasingly appreciated for their relevance to comparative medicine and conservation, but the factors that structure primate "microbiomes" remain controversial. this study examined a community of primates in kibale national park, uganda, to assess the relative importance of host species and location in structuring gastrointestinal microbiomes. fecal samples were collected from primates in intact forest and from primates in highly distu ...	2013	24285224
is markhamia lutea's abundance determined by animal foraging?	understanding the determinants of tropical forest tree richness and spatial distribution is a central goal of forest ecology; however, the role of herbivorous mammals has received little attention. here we explore the potential for red colobus monkeys (procolobus rufomitratus) to influence the abundance of markhamia lutea trees in a tropical forest by feeding extensively on the tree's flowers, such that this tree population is not able to regularly set fruit. using 14 years of data from kibale n ...	2013	24288436
emergent group level navigation: an agent-based evaluation of movement patterns in a folivorous primate.	the foraging activity of many organisms reveal strategic movement patterns, showing efficient use of spatially distributed resources. the underlying mechanisms behind these movement patterns, such as the use of spatial memory, are topics of considerable debate. to augment existing evidence of spatial memory use in primates, we generated movement patterns from simulated primate agents with simple sensory and behavioral capabilities. we developed agents representing various hypotheses of memory us ...	2013	24205174
microsatellite dna suggests that group size affects sex-biased dispersal patterns in red colobus monkeys.	dispersal is a major life history trait of social organisms influencing the behavioral and genetic structure of their groups. unfortunately, primate dispersal is difficult to quantify, because of the rarity of these events and our inability to ascertain if individuals dispersed or died when they disappear. socioecological models have been partially developed to understand the ecological causes of different dispersal systems and their social consequences. however, these models have yielded confus ...	2013	23307485