Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| absence of gibberellin-like substances in filtrates of marasmius perniciosus stahel (witch broom disease of cacao). | 1959 | 13644239 | |
| status of cacao witches' broom: biology, epidemiology, and management. | origins of theobroma cacao and crinipellis perniciosa occurred in the amazon basin region of south america, and their interaction, the witches' broom disease, was first described in the late 1700s. the 100 years of scientific investigations of witches' broom of cacao that began in the 1890s developed the present state of knowledge of the biology and epidemiology of witches' broom that are discussed. recommended management to reduce the deleterious effects of witches' broom on cacao production in ... | 1996 | 15012557 |
| transformation with green fluorescent protein of trichoderma harzianum 1051, a strain with biocontrol activity against crinipellis perniciosa, the agent of witches'-broom disease of cocoa. | a plasmid vector for fungal expression of an enhanced, red-shifted variant of the aequoria victoriae green fluorescent protein was constructed by fusion of the egfp gene to the highly expressed aspergillus nidulans gpd promoter and the a. nidulans trpc terminator. this construction was introduced by cotransformation, using benomyl selection, into trichoderma harzianum strain 1051, a strain being evaluated for the biological control of witches'-broom disease of cocoa caused by crinipellis pernici ... | 1999 | 12501389 |
| characterization of an amylase produced by a trichoderma harzianum isolate with antagonistic activity against crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom of cocoa. | an isolate of trichoderma harzianum showing antagonistic activity against crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of the witches' broom disease of cocoa, produces substantial amounts of hydrolytic enzymes. an amylase purified from isolate 1051 had a molecular mass of about 68.7 kda. maximal activity against soluble starch was determined at ph 4.0 and 60 degrees c. the k(m) and v(max) values were 3.5 mg ml(-1) and 1.67 mg min(-1) of reducing sugar. the end products were mostly malto-oligosacchar ... | 2000 | 10913701 |
| characterization of a protease produced by a trichoderma harzianum isolate which controls cocoa plant witches' broom disease. | several trichoderma strains have been reported to be effective in controlling plant diseases, and the action of fungal hydrolytic enzymes has been considered as the main mechanism involved in the antagonistic process. however, although trichoderma strains were found to impair development of crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of cocoa plant witches' broom disease, no fungal strain is available for effective control of this disease. we have then undertaken a program of construction of hydrol ... | 2002 | 11835696 |
| production and germination of conidia of trichoderma stromaticum, a mycoparasite of crinipellis perniciosa on cacao. | abstract growth characteristics of the fungus trichoderma stromaticum, a mycoparasite on the mycelium and fruiting bodies of crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches'-broom disease of cacao, were evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. the ability of t. stromaticum to produce conidia and germinate on dry brooms was evaluated at three constant temperatures (20, 25, and 30 degrees c) and two constant relative humidities (75 and 100%). t. stromaticum produced abundant conidi ... | 2002 | 18944212 |
| development of a transformation system for crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom in cocoa plants. | protoplasts of the pathogenic plant fungus, crinipellis perniciosa, were transformed to hygromycin b resistance using the pan7-1 plasmid, which contains the escherichia coli hph gene under the control of aspergillus nidulans regulatory sequences. the pan7-1 plasmid was introduced by peg/cacl(2) treatment. transformation frequencies of 1.6-2.5 transformants/microg of dna were achieved. about 54% of the transformants were abortive and 40 analyzed transformants were mitotically stable and showed di ... | 2003 | 12589475 |
| electrophoretic karyotype analysis of crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of theobroma cacao. | pulse-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) was used to determine the genome size and characterize karyotypic differences in isolates of the cacao biotype of crinipellis perniciosa (c-biotype). the karyotype analysis of four isolates from brazil revealed that this biotype could be divided into two genotypes: one presenting six chromosomal bands and the other presenting eight. the size of the chromosomes ranged from 2.7 to 5.3 mb. the different genotypes correlate with telomere-based pcr analysis. the ... | 2003 | 12825518 |
| isolation and purification of functional total rna from different organs of cacao tree during its interaction with the pathogen crinipellis perniciosa. | witches' broom disease, caused by crinipellis perniciosa, is one of the major fungal diseases causing severe losses to cacao tree (theobroma cacao l.) plantations in south america. one of the challenges associated with the understanding of the cacao and crinipellis interaction in genomic studies is the isolation of intact nucleic acids. in this report, we describe a new, successful, and reliable procedure for the isolation of rna from tissues of cacao tree, both infected and uninfected by crinip ... | 2003 | 14513554 |
| nuclear and mitochondrial rdna variability in crinipellis perniciosa from different geographic origins and hosts. | genetic variability in crinipellis perniciosa, the causal organism of witches' broom disease in theobroma cacao, was determined in strains originating from t. cacao and other susceptible host species heteropterys acutifolia and solanum lycocarpum in brazil, in order to clarify host specificity and geographical variability. rflp analysis of the ribosomal dna its regions (rdna its), and the mitochondrial dna small subunit ribosomal dna gene (mtdna ssu rdna) did not reveal any genetic variability i ... | 2003 | 12735241 |
| creation of bac genomic resources for cocoa ( theobroma cacao l.) for physical mapping of rga containing bac clones. | we have constructed and validated the first cocoa ( theobroma cacao l.) bac library, with the aim of developing molecular resources to study the structure and evolution of the genome of this perennial crop. this library contains 36,864 clones with an average insert size of 120 kb, representing approximately ten haploid genome equivalents. it was constructed from the genotype scavina-6 (sca-6), a forastero clone highly resistant to cocoa pathogens and a parent of existing mapping populations. val ... | 2004 | 15235775 |
| purification and characterization of an n-acetylglucosaminidase produced by a trichoderma harzianum strain which controls crinipellis perniciosa. | isolate 1051 of trichoderma harzianum, a mycoparasitic fungus, was found to impair development of the phytopathogen, crinipellis perniciosa, in the field. this trichoderma strain growing in liquid medium containing chitin produced substantial amounts of chitinases. the n-acetylglucosaminidase present in the culture-supernatant was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, as demonstrated by sds-page analysis. the enzyme had a molecular mass of 36 kda a ... | 2004 | 14673545 |
| antifungal activities of four fatty acids against plant pathogenic fungi. | the effect of the fatty acids linolenic acid, linoleic acid, erucic acid and oleic acid on the growth of the plant pathogenic fungi rhizoctonia solani, pythium ultimum, pyrenophora avenae and crinipellis perniciosa were examined in in vitro studies. linolenic and linoleic acids exhibited activity against all of the fungi. however, whereas linolenic acid reduced mycelial growth of r. solani and c. perniciosa at 100 microm, the concentration had to be increased to 1000 microm before any effect on ... | 2004 | 15008350 |
| relationships between black pod and witches'-broom diseases in theobroma cacao. | abstract field observations were conducted from 1998 to 2001 at the international cocoa genebank, trinidad, to evaluate 57 cacao clones for resistance to black pod (bp) and witches'-broom (wb) diseases (caused by phytophthora sp. and crinipellis perniciosa, respectively). each month ripe pods were harvested and the number of healthy and diseased was recorded. the number of brooms on vegetative shoots was recorded three times a year on selected branches. twenty-three clones showed less than 10% o ... | 2005 | 18943361 |
| development and pathogenicity of the fungus crinipellis perniciosa on interaction with cacao leaves. | abstract we investigated developmental changes in the primary mycelium of crinipellis perniciosa upon its interaction with immature and mature leaves of theobroma cacao. on nutritive medium, the primary mycelium grew significantly slower in the presence of host tissue than without host tissue. in the absence of the cacao leaves, incomplete phase transition occurred after 5 days, wherein older hyphae progressed to the dikaryotic state and growing tips remained monokaryotic. phase transition occur ... | 2005 | 18943842 |
| crinipellis brasiliensis, a new species based on morphological and molecular data. | crinipellis perniciosa infects a diversity of hosts causing severe damage to t. cacao production in many brazilian growing regions. we compared isolates of crinipellis from different geographic origins and hosts in brazil by structural analysis using light (lm) and scanning electronic microscopy (sem), as well as rflp and sequence data based on the nuclear rdna its region. statistical analyses of morphometric data of basidia and basidiospores revealed a distinct group of isolates of crinipellis ... | 2005 | 16722225 |
| the causal agents of witches' broom and frosty pod rot of cacao (chocolate, theobroma cacao) form a new lineage of marasmiaceae. | the two most devastating diseases of cacao (theobroma cacao)--the source of chocolate--in tropical america are caused by the fungi crinipellis perniciosa (witches' broom disease) and moniliophthora roreri (frosty pod rot or moniliasis disease). despite the agricultural, socio-economic and environmental impact of these fungi, most aspects of their life cycles are unknown, and the phylogenetic relationships of m. roreri have yet to be conclusively established. in this paper, extensive phylogenetic ... | 2005 | 16596953 |
| diversity of endophytic fungal community of cacao (theobroma cacao l.) and biological control of crinipellis perniciosa, causal agent of witches' broom disease. | the basidiomycete fungus crinipellis perniciosa (stahel) singer is the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao (theobromacacao l.) which is the main factor limiting cacao production in the americas. pod losses of up to 90% are experienced in affected areas as evidenced by the 50% drop in production in bahia province, brazil following the arrival of the c. perniciosa in the area in 1989. the disease has proven particularly difficult to control and many farmers in affected areas have given ... | 2005 | 15951847 |
| biochemical changes during the development of witches' broom: the most important disease of cocoa in brazil caused by crinipellis perniciosa. | witches' broom disease (wbd) is caused by the hemibiotrophic basidiomycete fungus crinipellis perniciosa, which is one of the most important diseases of cocoa in the western hemisphere. in this study, the contents of soluble sugars, amino acids, alkaloids, ethylene, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, pigments, malondialdehyde (mda), glycerol, and fatty acids were analysed in cocoa (theobroma cacao) shoots during the infection and development of wbd. alterations were observed in the content of solub ... | 2005 | 15642708 |
| broken hyphae of the basidiomycete crinipellis perniciosa allow quantitative assay of toxicity. | breaking of hyphae derived from growth of the phytopathogenic fungus crinipellis perniciosa in liquid media yielded cell aggregates that performed as "quasi single cell" in toxicity assays. when treated with the chemical mutagens 4-nitroquinoleine-1-oxide (4nqo), hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), or paraquat (paq) as well as with ultraviolet light (uvc), broken hyphae of c. perniciosa gave a single cell-like response, i.e., survival curves similar to those obtained when treating single-cell suspensions. ... | 2006 | 16586019 |
| genetic variability and chromosome-length polymorphisms of the witches' broom pathogen crinipellis perniciosa from various plant hosts in south america. | crinipellis perniciosa has been classified into at least four known biotypes associated with members of unrelated plant families. in this study, genetic variability is shown for 27 c (cacao), 4 s (solanum), and 7 l biotype (liana) isolates of c. perniciosa collected from different regions of brazil and south america. the objective was to investigate the genetic variability of the pathogen in the cacao-producing region of bahia, brazil, and elsewhere, through microsatellite analysis, and attempt ... | 2006 | 16876701 |
| rapid and efficient protocol for dna extraction and molecular identification of the basidiomycete crinipellis perniciosa. | dna isolation from some fungal organisms is difficult because they have cell walls or capsules that are relatively unsusceptible to lysis. beginning with a yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic dna isolation method, we developed a 30-min dna isolation protocol for filamentous fungi by combining cell wall digestion with cell disruption by glass beads. high-quality dna was isolated with good yield from the hyphae of crinipellis perniciosa, which causes witches' broom disease in cacao, from three ... | 2006 | 17183493 |
| in vitro production of biotrophic-like cultures of crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of theobroma cacao. | witches' broom disease (wbd) of cacao, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus, crinipellis perniciosa, exhibits a succession of symptoms that are caused by the biotrophic phase of the fungus. however, the study of this biotrophic phase is limited by its exclusive growth inside the plant or in the presence of callus. here we report for the first time a method for the growth and maintenance of the biotrophic-like phase of c. perniciosa on a defined medium with metabolites found in the diseased tissue ... | 2006 | 16502292 |
| genetic and biological diversity of trichoderma stromaticum, a mycoparasite of the cacao witches'-broom pathogen. | abstract the witches'-broom disease, caused by the basidiomycete crinipellis perniciosa, is the most limiting factor for cacao cultivation in brazil. trichoderma stromaticum is a mycoparasite of the witches'-broom pathogen of cacao that is currently being applied in the field to manage the disease in bahia state, brazil. in this work, molecular and traditional methods were used to study the genetic and biological diversity of this mycoparasite. ninety-one isolates, mostly collected from farms no ... | 2006 | 18944205 |
| cacao diseases: a global perspective from an industry point of view. | abstract diseases of cacao, theobroma cacao, account for losses of more than 30% of the potential crop. these losses have caused a steady decline in production and a reduction in bean quality in almost all the cacao-producing areas in the world, especially in small-holder farms in latin america and west africa. the most significant diseases are witches' broom, caused by moniliophthora perniciosa, which occurs mainly in south america; frosty pod rot, caused by m. roreri, which occurs mainly in ce ... | 2007 | 18943730 |
| cacao diseases-the trilogy revisited. | abstract this paper reviews the significant advances by the diseases themselves, as well as by the scientists, in the intervening period since the disease trilogy was first delimited in 1989. the impact of these diseases, black pod, witches' broom, and frosty pod rot, has increased dramatically. in addition, there have been radical changes in the taxonomic profiles of these pathogens, which have been based on both traditional (morphological, cytological) and modern (molecular) approaches. black ... | 2007 | 18943725 |
| cacao diseases: important threats to chocolate production worldwide. | abstract theobroma cacao, cacao, is an ancient, neotropical domesticate. it is now grown throughout the humid, lowland tropics and is the basis of a multibillion dollar confectionary trade. diverse diseases impact production of the crop. they reduce yields by ca. 20%, but could cause far greater losses if certain highly damaging diseases were to become more widely distributed. among the most potentially dangerous of these diseases are frosty pod, caused by moniliophthora roreri, and witches' bro ... | 2007 | 18943724 |
| neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) components: candidates for the control of crinipellis perniciosa and phytophthora ssp. | witches' broom and pod rot are the two most devastating diseases of cocoa in south america and africa, respectively. their control by means of phytosanitation and chemical fungicides is labor-intensive, costly and, in many cases, environmentally undesirable. therefore efforts are made in order to identify alternative, environmentally safe and cost-efficient methods for the control of these pathogens. promising candidates are components of the neem tree (azadirachta indica), that have been used f ... | 2007 | 16872817 |
| moniliophthora perniciosa produces hormones and alters endogenous auxin and salicylic acid in infected cocoa leaves. | moniliophthora perniciosa is the causative agent of witches' broom disease in theobroma cacao. exogenously provided abscisic acid (aba), indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), jasmonic acid (ja), and salicylic acid (sa) promoted mycelial growth, suggesting the ability of the pathogen to metabolize plant hormones. aba, iaa, ja, and sa were found endogenously in the mycelium and in the fruiting body of the pathogen. the pathogen contained high amounts of sa in the mycelium (0.5+/-0.04 microg g(-1) dw) and ia ... | 2007 | 17610511 |
| genes differentially expressed in theobroma cacao associated with resistance to witches' broom disease caused by crinipellis perniciosa. | summary the basidiomycete crinipellis perniciosa is the causal agent of witches' broom disease of theobroma cacao (cocoa). hypertrophic growth of infected buds ('brooms') is the most dramatic symptom, but the main economic losses derive from pod infection. to identify cocoa genes differentially expressed during the early stages of infection, two cdna libraries were constructed using the suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) approach. subtraction hybridization was conducted between cdnas fr ... | 2007 | 20507499 |
| development of a marker assisted selection program for cacao. | abstract production of cacao in tropical america has been severely affected by fungal pathogens causing diseases known as witches' broom (wb, caused by moniliophthora perniciosa), frosty pod (fp, caused by m. roreri) and black pod (bp, caused by phytophthora spp.). bp is pan-tropical and causes losses in all producing areas. wb is found in south america and parts of the caribbean, while fp is found in central america and parts of south america. together, these diseases were responsible for over ... | 2007 | 18943731 |
| frosty pod of cacao: a disease with a limited geographic range but unlimited potential for damage. | abstract moniliophthora roreri, the cause of frosty pod rot (fp), is a specialized fungal pathogen (family marasmiaceae) that invades only actively growing pods of cacao, theobroma cacao, and related species of theobroma and herrania. fp damages pods and the commercially important seeds that some of these species produce. m. roreri was confined to northwestern south america until the 1950s. its appearance in panama in 1956 signaled a change in its geographic distribution. now, it is found in 11 ... | 2007 | 18943726 |
| comparative analysis of expressed genes from cacao meristems infected by moniliophthora perniciosa. | witches' broom disease is caused by the hemibiotrophic basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa, and is one of the most important diseases of cacao in the western hemisphere. because very little is known about the global process of such disease development, expressed sequence tags (ests) were used to identify genes expressed during the theobroma cacao-moniliophthora perniciosa interaction. | 2007 | 17557832 |
| characterization of necrosis and ethylene-inducing proteins (nep) in the basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom in theobroma cacao. | the hemibiotrophic basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa causes witches' broom disease of theobroma cacao. analysis of the m. perniciosa draft genome led to the identification of three putative genes encoding necrosis and ethylene-inducing proteins (mpneps), which are apparently located on the same chromosome. mpnep1 and 2 have highly similar sequences and are able to induce necrosis and ethylene emission in tobacco and cacao leaves. mpnep1 is expressed in both biotrophic and saprotrophic myce ... | 2007 | 17512713 |
| carbon source-dependent variation of acquired mutagen resistance of moniliophthora perniciosa: similarities in natural and artificial systems. | the basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa causes witches' broom disease in theobroma cacao. we studied the influence of carbon source on conditioning hyphae to oxidative stress agents (h(2)o(2), paraquat, 4nqo) and to uvc, toward the goal of assessing the ability of this pathogen to avoid plant defenses involving ros. cells exhibited increased resistance to h(2)o(2) when shifted from glucose to glycerol and from glycerol to glycerol. when exposed to paraquat, cells grown in fresh medium were a ... | 2008 | 18378474 |
| the mitochondrial genome of the phytopathogenic basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa is 109 kb in size and contains a stable integrated plasmid. | we present here the sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the basidiomycete phytopathogenic hemibiotrophic fungus moniliophthora perniciosa, causal agent of the witches' broom disease in theobroma cacao. the dna is a circular molecule of 109,103 base pairs, with 31.9% gc, and is the largest sequenced so far. this size is due essentially to the presence of numerous non-conserved hypothetical orfs. it contains the 14 genes coding for proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation, the two rr ... | 2008 | 18786820 |
| a genome survey of moniliophthora perniciosa gives new insights into witches' broom disease of cacao. | the basidiomycete fungus moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches' broom disease (wbd) in cacao (theobroma cacao). it is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that colonizes the apoplast of cacao's meristematic tissues as a biotrophic pathogen, switching to a saprotrophic lifestyle during later stages of infection. m. perniciosa, together with the related species m. roreri, are pathogens of aerial parts of the plant, an uncommon characteristic in the order agaricales. a genome survey (1.9x c ... | 2008 | 19019209 |
| differential gene expression between the biotrophic-like and saprotrophic mycelia of the witches' broom pathogen moniliophthora perniciosa. | moniliophthora perniciosa is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes witches' broom disease (wbd) in cacao. marked dimorphism characterizes this fungus, showing a monokaryotic or biotrophic phase that causes disease symptoms and a later dikaryotic or saprotrophic phase. a combined strategy of dna microarray, expressed sequence tag, and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses was employed to analyze differences between these two fungal stages in vitro. in all, 1,131 putativ ... | 2008 | 18533830 |
| protein extraction for proteome analysis from cacao leaves and meristems, organs infected by moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of the witches' broom disease. | preparation of high-quality proteins from cacao vegetative organs is difficult due to very high endogenous levels of polysaccharides and polyphenols. in order to establish a routine procedure for the application of proteomic and biochemical analysis to cacao tissues, three new protocols were developed; one for apoplastic washing fluid (awf) extraction, and two for protein extraction--under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions. the first described method allows a quick and easy collection of a ... | 2008 | 18435495 |
| moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao: what's new from this old foe? | moniliophthora perniciosa (=crinipellis perniciosa) causes one of the three main fungal diseases of theobroma cacao (cacao), the source of chocolate. this pathogen causes witches' broom disease (wbd) and has brought about severe economic losses in all of the cacao-growing regions to which it has spread with yield reductions that range from 50 to 90%. cacao production in south america reflects the severity of this pathogen, as the yields in most of the infected regions have not returned to pre-ou ... | 2008 | 19018989 |
| use of response surface methodology to examine chitinase regulation in the basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa. | we report here the first analysis of chitinase regulation in moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of the witches' broom disease of cacao. a multivariate statistical approach was employed to evaluate the effect of several variables, including carbon and nitrogen sources and cultivation time, on m. perniciosa non-secreted (detected in mycelium, i.e. in symplasm and cell wall) and secreted (detected in the culture medium) chitinase activities. non-secreted chitinase activity was enhanced by ... | 2008 | 18308529 |
| production of calcium oxalate crystals by the basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao. | oxalic acid has been shown as a virulence factor for some phytopathogenic fungi, removing calcium from pectin and favoring plant cell wall degradation. recently, it was published that calcium oxalate accumulates in infected cacao tissues during the progression of witches' broom disease (wbd). in the present work we report that the hemibiotrophic basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of wbd, produces calcium oxalate crystals. these crystals were initially observed by polarized ... | 2008 | 18172716 |
| development of novel microsatellites from moniliophthora perniciosa, causal agent of the witches' broom disease of theobroma cacao. | moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of the witches' broom disease of cacao. based on available genomic sequences, we identified 30 new microsatellite loci, which were analysed using 50 isolates from four populations sampled over a wide geographical area in brazil, including three populations from the amazon, the fungal putative centre of diversity, plus one from bahia. nine loci were polymorphic, with an average of 2.9 alleles per locus. the level of polymorphism observed was low, but ... | 2008 | 21585891 |
| high-affinity copper transport and snq2 export permease of saccharomyces cerevisiae modulate cytotoxicity of pr-10 from theobroma cacao. | a pathogenesis-related (pr) protein from theobroma cacao (tcpr-10) was identified from a cacao-moniliophthora perniciosa interaction cdna library. nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed homology with other pr-10 proteins having p loop motif and betv1 domain. recombinant tcpr-10 showed in vitro and in vivo ribonuclease activity, and antifungal activity against the basidiomycete cacao pathogen m. perniciosa and the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled tcpr-10 was ... | 2009 | 19061401 |
| homology modelling of pyrophosphosrylase, enzyme involved in chitin pathway of moniliophthora perniciosa. | moniliophthora perniciosa (sthael) (singer) phillips-mora is the causal agent of witches' broom disease, which can infect theobroma cacao decreasing the production of cocoa about 60%. m. perniciosa has a set of potential enzymes that can be useful targets for design of new inhibitors. after the release of the aminoacid sequence of pyrophosphorylase of m. perniciosa, a comparative modelling approach was carried out to obtain the 3d structure of this target. this model can be useful to develop new ... | 2009 | 19324600 |
| early development of moniliophthora perniciosa basidiomata and developmentally regulated genes. | the hemibiotrophic fungus moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches' broom, a disease of theobroma cacao. the pathogen life cycle ends with the production of basidiocarps in dead tissues of the infected host. this structure generates millions of basidiospores that reinfect young tissues of the same or other plants. a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the sexual phase of this fungus may help develop chemical, biological or genetic strategies to control the disease. | 2009 | 19653910 |
| single nucleotide polymorphisms from theobroma cacao expressed sequence tags associated with witches' broom disease in cacao. | in order to increase the efficiency of cacao tree resistance to witches' broom disease, which is caused by moniliophthora perniciosa (tricholomataceae), we looked for molecular markers that could help in the selection of resistant cacao genotypes. among the different markers useful for developing marker-assisted selection, single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) constitute the most common type of sequence difference between alleles and can be easily detected by in silico analysis from expressed s ... | 2009 | 19681032 |
| carbon source-induced changes in the physiology of the cacao pathogen moniliophthora perniciosa (basidiomycetes) affect mycelial morphology and secretion of necrosis-inducing proteins. | quantitative and qualitative relationships were found between secreted proteins and their activity, and the hyphal morphology of moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in theobroma cacao. this fungus was grown on fermentable and non-fermentable carbon sources; significant differences in mycelial morphology were observed and correlated with the carbon source. a biological assay performed with nicotiana tabacum leaves revealed that the necrosis-related activity of ex ... | 2009 | 19731201 |
| dsrna-induced gene silencing in moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao. | the genome sequence of the hemibiotrophic fungus moniliophthora perniciosa revealed genes possibly participating in the rnai machinery. therefore, studies were performed in order to investigate the efficiency of gene silencing by dsrna. we showed that the reporter gfp gene stably introduced into the fungus genome can be silenced by transfection of in vitro synthesized gfpdsrna. in addition, successful dsrna-induced silencing of endogenous genes coding for hydrophobins and a peroxiredoxin were al ... | 2009 | 19602443 |
| reactive oxygen species and autophagy play a role in survival and differentiation of the phytopathogen moniliophthora perniciosa. | the hemibiotrophic basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa causes "witches' broom disease" in cacao (theobroma cacao). during plant infection, m. perniciosa changes from mono to dikaryotic life form, an event which could be triggered by changes in plant nutritional offer and plant defense molecules, i.e., from high to low content of glycerol and hydrogen peroxide. we have recently shown that in vitro glycerol induces oxidative stress resistance in dikaryotic m. perniciosa. in order to understand ... | 2009 | 19324099 |
| comparative modeling of dna and rna polymerases from moniliophthora perniciosa mitochondrial plasmid. | background: the filamentous fungus moniliophthora perniciosa (stahel) aime & phillips-mora is a hemibiotrophic basidiomycota that causes witches' broom disease of cocoa (theobroma cacao l.). this disease has resulted in a severe decrease in brazilian cocoa production, which changed the position of brazil in the market from the second largest cocoa exporter to a cocoa importer. fungal mitochondrial plasmids are usually invertrons encoding dna and rna polymerases. plasmid insertions into host mito ... | 2009 | 19744344 |
| the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of moniliophthoraperniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of theobroma cacao. | this report describes the cloning, sequence and expression analysis of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) gene of moniliophthora perniciosa, the most important pathogen of cocoa in brazil. southern blot analysis revealed the presence of a single copy of the gapdh gene in the m. perniciosa genome (mpgapdh). the complete mpgapdh coding sequence contained 1,461 bp with eight introns that were conserved in the gapdh genes of other basidiomycete species. the cis-elements in the prom ... | 2009 | 21637692 |
| identification and characterization of a class iii chitin synthase gene of moniliophthora perniciosa, the fungus that causes witches' broom disease of cacao. | chitin synthase (chs) is a glucosyltransferase that converts udp-n-acetylglucosamine into chitin, one of the main components of fungal cell wall. class iii chitin synthases act directly in the formation of the cell wall. they catalyze the conversion of the immediate precursor of chitin and are responsible for the majority of chitin synthesis in fungi. as such, they are highly specific molecular targets for drugs that can inhibit the growth and development of fungal pathogens. in this work, we ha ... | 2009 | 19763417 |
| identification of a second family of genes in moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao, encoding necrosis-inducing proteins similar to cerato-platanins. | the hemibiotrophic basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao. this is a dimorphic species, with monokaryotic hyphae during the biotrophic phase, which is converted to dikaryotic mycelia during the saprophytic phase. the infection in pod is characterized by the formation of hypertrophic and hyperplasic tissues in the biotrophic phase, which is followed by necrosis and complete degradation of the organ. we found at least five sequences in the fu ... | 2009 | 18796332 |
| mating-type orthologous genes in the primarily homothallic moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao. | the cacao-pathogenic moniliophthora perniciosa c-biotype is a primarily homothallic agaricomycete of which the genome has recently become available. searching of the genome sequence with mating type proteins from other basidiomycetes detected one or possibly two potential genes for hd1 homeodomain transcription factors, 7 or possibly 8 genes for potential pheromone receptors and five genes for putative pheromone precursors. apparently, the fungus possesses gene functions encoded in the tetrapola ... | 2010 | 20586074 |
| searching for moniliophthora perniciosa pathogenicity genes. | the basidiomycete moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches' broom disease of theobroma cacao (cacao). pathogenesis mechanisms of this hemibiotrophic fungus are largely unknown. an approach to identify putative pathogenicity genes is searching for sequences induced in mycelia grown under in vitro conditions. using this approach, genes from m. perniciosa induced under limiting nitrogen and light were identified from a cdna library enriched by suppression subtractive hybridization a ... | 2010 | 20943194 |
| genes acquired by horizontal transfer are potentially involved in the evolution of phytopathogenicity in moniliophthora perniciosa and moniliophthora roreri, two of the major pathogens of cacao. | moniliophthora perniciosa and moniliophthora roreri are phytopathogenic basidiomycete species that infect cacao causing two important diseases in this crop: "witches' broom" and "frosty pod rot", respectively. the ability of species from this genus (moniliophthora) to cause disease is exceptional in the family marasmiaceae. species in closely related genera including, marasmius, crinipellis, and chaetocalathus, are mainly saprotrophs and are not known to cause disease. in this study, the possibi ... | 2010 | 20033398 |
| expression analysis of transcription factors from the interaction between cacao and moniliophthora perniciosa (tricholomataceae). | cacao (theobroma cacao) is one of the most important tropical crops; however, production is threatened by numerous pathogens, including the hemibiotrophic fungus moniliophthora perniciosa, which causes witches' broom disease. to understand the mechanisms that lead to the development of this disease in cacao, we focused our attention on cacao transcription factors (tfs), which act as master regulators of cellular processes and are important for the fine-tuning of plant defense responses. we devel ... | 2010 | 20623454 |
| a new topology of acbp from moniliophthora perniciosa. | acyl-coa binding protein (acbp) is a housekeeping protein and is an essential protein in human cell lines and in trypanosoma brucei. the acbp of moniliophthora perniciosa is composed of 104 amino acids and is possibly a non-classic isoform exclusively from basidiomycetes. the m. perniciosa acbp gene was cloned, and the protein was expressed and purified. acyl-coa ester binding was analyzed by isoelectric focusing, native gel electrophoresis and isothermal titration calorimetry. our results sugge ... | 2010 | 19782157 |
| theobroma cacao cystatins impair moniliophthora perniciosa mycelial growth and are involved in postponing cell death symptoms. | three cystatin open reading frames named tccys1, tccys2 and tccys3 were identified in cdna libraries from compatible interactions between theobroma cacao (cacao) and moniliophthora perniciosa. in addition, an orf named tccys4 was identified in the cdna library of the incompatible interaction. the cdnas encoded conceptual proteins with 209, 127, 124, and 205 amino acid residues, with a deduced molecular weight of 24.3, 14.1, 14.3 and 22.8 kda, respectively. his-tagged recombinant proteins were pu ... | 2010 | 20859638 |
| establishing references for gene expression analyses by rt-qpcr in theobroma cacao tissues. | lack of continuous progress in theobroma cacao (malvaceae) breeding, especially associated with seed quality traits, requires more efficient selection methods based on genomic information. reverse transcript quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) has become the method of choice for gene expression analysis, but relative expression analysis requires various reference genes, which must be stable across various biological conditions. we sought suitable reference genes for various tissues of cacao, espec ... | 2011 | 22095481 |
| hydrogen peroxide formation in cacao tissues infected by the hemibiotrophic fungus moniliophthora perniciosa. | in plant-pathogen interaction, the hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) may play a dual role: its accumulation inhibits the growth of biotrophic pathogens, while it could help the infection/colonization process of plant by necrotrophic pathogens. one of the possible pathways of h(2)o(2) production involves oxalic acid (oxa) degradation by apoplastic oxalate oxidase. here, we analyzed the production of h(2)o(2), the presence of calcium oxalate (caox) crystals and the content of oxa and ascorbic acid (asa ... | 2011 | 21641227 |
| production, purification and characterization of a thermostable β-1,3-glucanase (laminarinase) produced by moniliophthora perniciosa. | the enzyme glucanase from moniliophthora perniciosa was produced in liquid medium and purified from the culture supernatant. a multivariate statistical approach (response surface methodology - rsm) was employed to evaluate the effect of variables, including inducer (yeast extract) and fermentation time, on secreted glucanase activities m. perniciosa detected in the culture medium. the crude enzyme present in the supernatant was purified in two steps: precipitation with ammonium sulfate (70%) and ... | 2011 | 21625799 |
| endophytic and pathogenic isolates of the cacao fungal pathogen moniliophthora perniciosa (tricholomataceae) are indistinguishable based on genetic and physiological analysis. | we evaluated the genetic and physiological variability of moniliophthora perniciosa obtained from healthy and diseased branches of cacao (theobroma cacao) plants. the diversity of the isolates was evaluated by rapd technique and by studies of virulence and exoenzyme production. the genetic variability of endophytic and pathogenic m. perniciosa was evaluated in association with pathogenicity assays. rapd analysis showed eight genetic groups, which were not related to plant disease status (healthy ... | 2011 | 21365548 |
| expression of an oxalate decarboxylase impairs the necrotic effect induced by nep1-like protein (nlp) of moniliophthora perniciosa in transgenic tobacco. | oxalic acid (oa) and nep1-like proteins (nlp) are recognized as elicitors of programmed cell death (pcd) in plants, which is crucial for the pathogenic success of necrotrophic plant pathogens and involves reactive oxygen species (ros). to determine the importance of oxalate as a source of ros for oa- and nlp-induced cell death, a full-length cdna coding for an oxalate decarboxylase (fvoxdc) from the basidiomycete flammulina velutipes, which converts oa into co(2) and formate, was overexpressed i ... | 2011 | 21405988 |
| the crystal structure of necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein 2 from the causal agent of cacao's witches' broom disease reveals key elements for its activity. | the necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (nep1)-like proteins (nlps) are proteins secreted from bacteria, fungi and oomycetes, triggering immune responses and cell death in dicotyledonous plants. genomic-scale studies of moniliophthora perniciosa, the fungus that causes the witches' broom disease in cacao, which is a serious economic concern for south and central american crops, have identified five members of this family (termed mpnep1-5). here, we show by rna-seq that mpnep2 is virtually ... | 2011 | 21999603 |
| the biocontrol fungus trichoderma stromaticum downregulates respiratory burst and nitric oxide in phagocytes and ifn-gamma and il-10. | trichoderma stromaticum, a biocontrol agent of the cacao witches' broom pathogen moniliophthora perniciosa, has been used in brazil as part of the integrated pest management of cacao. at the present time, little is known about the effects of t. stromaticum on the modulation of in vitro or in vivo immune responses. the present study examined the interaction of t. stromaticum spores with cellular and molecular components of the immune system following intranasal sensitization of mice. our results ... | 2011 | 21623538 |